EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Entry 1
2. Entry 2.
3.

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 Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 2
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 3
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 4
1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Project Location and Accessibility .................................................................................. 6
1.3 Physiography ................................................................................................................ 8
1.4 Climate ......................................................................................................................... 8

2. Hydrogeology .......................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Drainage System ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Local Geology .............................................................................................................. 11

4. Vertical Electrical Sounding ...................................................................................... 16

4.1 Concepts & Principles .................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Data Acquisition .......................................................................................................... 29
6.4. Data Processing ........................................................................................................... 34
6.5 Results ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7. ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

8. Conclusions.............................................................................................................. 54
References...................................................................................................................... 55
Appendices ..................................................................................................................... 56
8.5 Appendix A: 1D layered Model of VES Stations..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 List of Figures

Figure 1 Location map of the prospect area in Brgy. Kayrilaw, Nasugbu, Batangas. ................... 7
Figure 2 Prominent geomorphic features in the vicinity of the project area. Source: NAMRIA
1:50,000 maps......................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR)-derived topography of the project
area and vicinity plotted over IFSAR digital terrain model. Source: NAMRIA. .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 4 Climate map of Luzon based on Modified Corona Classification (1951-2015). Source:
PAGASA. ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5 Distribution of Neogene volcanic belts in Central to Southern Luzon (adopted from
Defant et al., 1988). ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 6 Tectonic map of Luzon showing active faults and trenches near the project area. . Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 7 Generalized geologic map of the Kayrilaw prospect area. . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 8 Schematic geologic cross-section AA’. ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 9 Schematic geologic cross-section BB’. ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 10 Location map of outcrops and georesistivity lines in the area. .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 11 A tuff outcrop found in 175. Highlighted in red is an andesite boulder within the tuff
outcrop. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 12 Fresh surface of the tuff in 175 showing ash. ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 13 Traces of accretionary lapilli (outlined in red) within the tuff deposit. ............... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 14 A pyroclastic breccia outcrop found in 178.................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 15 An outcrop located in 176 showing andesite flow overlain by tuff. ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 16 Closer look of the fresh andesite on an outcrop in 176. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 17 An oxidized andesite in 176. ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 19 Electrode configuration of Multiple Gradient array (adapted from Dahlin and Zhou,
2006) ........................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 18 ABEM TERRAMETER LS (ERT) .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 20 ERT Line 1 (Looking NNE). .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 21 ERT Line 2 (Looking NE). ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 22 ERT Line 3 (Looking NE). ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 23 ERT Line 4 (Looking N). ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 24 Subsurface geologic model of the aggregate resource. . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 25 Location of the proposed quarry area. ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 26 Geologic cross-section AA’ of the proposed quarry area. ............ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 27 Geologic cross-section BB’ of the proposed quarry area. ............ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 25 Isopach map of the overburden tuff relative to the proposed quarry area. .......... Error!
Bookmark not defined.

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 List of Tables

Table 1 Area of the parcels constituting the prospect area................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 2 ERT Survey Geometry .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3 Transmitter Parameters ....................................................................................................... 32
Table 4 Receiver Parameters ............................................................................................................ 32
Table 5 Approximate thickness of layers in each ERT lines. ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 6 Specifications of the proposed quarry area ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7 Corners of the proposed quarry area...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Eagle Cement Corporation (ECC) proposes to drill groundwater wells in

Barangays Alagao, Akle, and Talbak in the municipality of San Ildefonso, Bulacan.
This project is part of the Social Development and Management Program (SDMP)
in EEC’s limestone quarry and cement plant property in San Ildefonso. ECC
commissioned MEGA Philippines, Inc. (MPI) to implement a groundwater study
through geo-resistivity survey to identify and configure possible aquifer zones as
potential targets for water well drilling for the three (3) barangays.

The study is divided into technical research, reconnaissance geologic mapping and
geophysical surveying, respectively. Research work involves the assessment and
inventory of existing water/artesian wells within the project area. Reconnaissance
geologic mapping includes the identification and classification of rock units found
in nearby outcrops to establish the predominant lithologic units. Tectonic structures
such as joints, faults and folds identified from existing geologic reports of the area
will also be verified.

Geophysical surveying encompasses the conduct of geo-electrical surveying

particularly vertical electrical sounding (VES). The aim of this survey is to
determine the distribution of subsurface materials and relate with survey results.

The primary aim of the survey is to postulate detailed subsurface groundwater

models for each of the survey areas. Geological and geophysical parameters will
also be provided to best identify possible zones for water well drilling.

Initial geologic and geophysical surveys (ERT) were conducted from 26 April to 6
May 2019. VES surveys were accomplished from 4 to 21 June 2019 to further
determine the resistivity characteristics of the subsurface to a maximum depth of
300 meters.

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 Coordinate system used for the maps presented herein is Geographic Coordinate
System (GCS) where the datum is World Geodetic System (WGS) 84 Zone 51N.

1.2 Objectives

The primary aim of this survey is to determine the depth, thickness and viability of
potential aquifers in the area through geological and geophysical methods. As
stated in P.O. No. 3300000186, the following sub-objectives shall also be met:

1. Mapping and correlation of the site geology to aid interpretation of the results
of geo-resistivity survey;
2. Identify and characterize the present water sources and existing water wells of
residents in the vicinity, and correlate with the proposed water wells;
3. Identify the various aquifers in the area and determine the local groundwater
level as well as the depth and thickness of the potential aquifers in each
barangay; and
4. Provide technical parameters for well design based on the results of geo-
resistivity survey.

1.3 Project Location and Accessibility

Barangays Alagao and Akle are within the jurisdiction of the municipality of San
Ildefonso, Bulacan while Barangay Talbak is within the municipality of Doña
Remedios Trinidad (DRT). These three barangays are adjacent to each other and
can be accessed from Manila thru the North Luzon Expressway, then through Valte
Road along the Plaridel bypass exit. Alternatively, the three barangays can be
accessed from Quirino Hi-way in Fairview, Quezon City by passing the
municipalities of San Jose del Monte, Norzagaray, Angat, and Doña Remedios
Trinidad.

The location map of the ECC property indicating the three (3) proposed wells is
shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 Location map of the proposed well sites in Barangays Alagao, Akle, and Talbak

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1.4 Physiography

Bulacan province is part of the Region III (Central Luzon) region. It is bounded by
the provinces of Nueva Ecija to the north, Aurora and Quezon to the east, the
Pampanga and Manila Bay to the west and Metro Manila and Rizal to the south.

The topography of the province is generally flat with hilly and rolling to rugged
terrain. Urbanized areas are confined in flat areas scattered around the province
particularly along low-lying coastal expanses. The hilly and rolling to rugged and
mountainous terrain are concentrated at the eastern part of the province which
covers the municipalities of Angat, Doña Remedios Trinidad, Norzagaray, San
Ildefonso, and San Miguel, respectively.

The three barangays lie along the western foot slopes of the southern Sierra Madre
(Figure 2). It is characterized by gently sloping and rolling hills and surrounded by
valleys incised by intermittent streams.

1.5 Climate

Bulacan Province is characterized by two climates based on the Modified Corona

Classification as shown in Figure 3. Majority of the province from its western
shores going to the east to the low-lying plains is characterized as having the Type
I climate. This climate type has two pronounced seasons: dry from November to
April and wet during the rest of the year.

The eastern extremities particularly the hilly and mountainous regions of the
province is experiencing Type III climate with no pronounced seasons: dry from
November to April and wet for the rest of the year. The annual average temperature
in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, is 26.6°C. January is the coldest month with
mean temperature of 25.5°C while the warmest occurs in May with mean
temperature of 28.3°C. Relative humidity in the Philippines varies between 71%
and 85% (PAGASA, 2019).

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Figure 2 Prominent geomorphic features in the vicinity of the project area. Source:
NAMRIA 1:50,000 maps.

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Figure 3 Climate map of Luzon based on Modified Corona Classification (1951-2015).
Source: PAGASA.

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2. Hydrogeology

2.1 Drainage System

Two perennial river systems dissect the relatively low relief terrains of the three
barangays (Figure 2 and 4 – hindi ko Makita mga ilog sa Fig 2 n 4), paki lagyan
pangalan). Both river systems originate east of the project area possibly from Sierra
Madre. First is the Conlong River, which incises Talbak down west to the northern
borders of Akle and Alagao. A segment of the river is subterranean as it enters the
karstic caves from Talbak to Akle.

The second river is Salapangan River, which runs from the east in Barangay Camachin,
DRT down west to the southern boundary of Akle and Alagao.

2.2 Local Geology

the project area and its vicinity is underlain by three tectonostratigraphic formations
namely the Bayabas Formation (BF), Angat Formation (AF), and Madlum Formation
(MF) (Figure 4, Based on the available geologic map from Mines and Geosciences
Bureau, properly note this here as reference and include in the Reference Section). The
oldest rock unit in the project area is the Bayabas Formation. This rock unit consists of
Late Eocene to Early Oligocene metavolcanic andesite (or metaandesite?? flows and
pyroclastic tuff breccia as well as siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate with
marbleized limestone lenses (Pelayo, 1981). These rocks were observed in outcrops
OC-5, OC-7, and OC-8 (Figures 5 to 7). Please put these figures 4 to 7 DIRECTLY
BELOW THIS PAGE

Unconformably overlying the BF is the Angat Formation (AF). AF is composed of

1,950m-thick Early Miocene rocks comprising of calcareous shale, clayey sandstone
with sandy limestone lenses, and reefal limestones (Gonzales et al., 1971). The
limestone member of this unit was observed in OC-2 (Figure 8). FIGURE 8 put after
Figure 7

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Conformably overlying the Early Miocene sediments is the Middle Miocene Madlum
Formation. This >1000m-thick rock unit is divided into lower clastic, middle Alagao
Volcanics, and upper Buenacop Limestone members (Williams, 1960). The lower
clastics member is generally composed of bedded sandstone and silty shale with minor
basal conglomerate and occasional limy sandstone interbeds. The sandstone member of
this formation was noted in OC 1 and OC 4 in Sinambalan area (Figures 9 & 10). The
middle member is generally consists of andesite flow, pyroclastic breccias, tuff,
greywacke and argillite. volcano clastics member noted widely exposed in the Akle
Quarry, M. Valte Road and along the road going to San Idelfonso former open waste
dumping site (Figures 11 & 12). In these locations, it was noted to be overlain by
creamy to buff, massive to bedded limestone body preferably belonging to Buenacop
limestone. This limestone was noted in OC 3 and within the vicinities of Alagao well
and station VES A05 (Figure 13).

2.3 Well Inventory

Residents within the three barangays use water basically for domestic use and
farming. Main water source in the area comes from installed water wells, springs or
river waters and sometimes from local water concessionaires.

Existing groundwater wells were mapped and characterized (Figure 14). However,
electrical conductivity, static water level, and temperature measurements were only
done on operational open wells (Location map?). These measurements are used to
assess the general characteristics of groundwater in shallow aquifer and surface
sources.

A summary of inventoried wells within the proposed well location are shown in
Tables 1, 2, and 3.

Typical length of the steel pipes used for construction of existing water wells are
6m (20ft) long. Each pipe is stacked on top of another to increase height and reach
the target depth of the aquifer.

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Figure 4 Location of observed outcrops overlain on the general geology of the project area. Source: MGB.

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Figure 5 OC-5: Metasediments of the what formation?

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Figure 6 OC-7: Bedded Sandstone of the what formation?.

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Figure 7 OC-8: Bedded Sandstone with Silstone Clasts of the what formation?

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Figure 8 OC-2: Reefal limestones of the what formation?

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Figure 9 OC-1: Reefal limestones Weathered Sandstone Beds of the what formation?

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Figure 10 OC-4: Bedded and Laminated Sandstone of the what formation?

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Figure 11 Akle Quarry where Alagao Volcanics was noted overlain by limestone

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 Figure 12 Former San Idelfonso Open Waste Dumping Site.

Figure 13 OC-3: Massive to Bedded Limestone of the what formation?

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Figure 14 Location Map of Existing Wells, ECC Quarry and Cement Plant Property

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 Installed Static Water
Well ID Depth (m) Ø (inches) Temp. EC (uS/cm) Remarks
Casings (m) Level (m)
Water Station; three sets of installed pipes at 60ft
Well-01 33.528 2.5 18.288 14.41 28°C 474
each

Well-02 33.528 2.5 18.288 NA NA NA Closed well, Just fronting water station

Well-03 48.768 2.5 18.288 NA NA NA Closed well, located nearby Brgy. hall & School
Notes:
There are about 100 wells installed on Brgy. Alagao mainly utilized for domestic purposes. Most of the wells only installed two length (20ft.length) of
Table 1 Wells in Alagao
steel pipes or 40ft (12.192m). All wells are locked and not available for opening to measure electrical conductivity and static water level. Based on interview
with Mr. Joey Reyes, local well contractor.

Installed Static Water

Well ID Depth (m) Ø (inches) Temp. EC (uS/cm) Remarks
Casings (m) Level (m)
Well-01 45.72 2.5 36.576 NA NA NA Operational - main source of water at site

Well-02 60.96 2.5 60.96 NA NA NA Exclusive for Lingasa compound

Notes:
Only two existing manually pumped wells being utilized for domestic use at Sinambalan, Akle. One well supplies around 100 family in the area while
Table 2
drinking water were sourced from local distributors. Wells in Sitio Sinambalan, Akle.

Installed Static Water

Well ID Depth (m) Ø (inches) Temp. EC (uS/cm) Remarks
Casings (m) Level (m)
Well-01 30 2 25 NA NA NA Primary source for domestic use; operational

Well-02 30 2 25 NA NA NA 20m from primary source; locked well

Operation during rainy season only; locked

Well-03 5 1 5 NA NA NA
well

Well-04 10.8 Open 10.8 3.22 27°C 271 Open Tosang; used during rainy season only

Well-05 12 2 6 NA NA NA Locked well, for household consumption only

Well-06 12 2 6 NA NA NA Locked well, for household consumption only

Chapel, municipal well, not operational when

Well-07 48.768 4 48.768 NA NA NA
surveyed

Well-08 12 3 12 NA NA NA Judi Ann Esgera: Abandoned for 5 years

Well-09 NA 2.5 NA NA NA NA Abandoned

Well-10 6 2 6 NA NA NA Abandoned for 7 years

Well-11 12 2 12 NA NA NA Abandoned for 4 years

Notes:
Most of existing and abandoned local wells at Balaong and proper Talbak are locked, hence no chance of getting the static water level and electrical
conductivity Table 3 Wells in Talbak.

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4. Vertical Electrical Sounding

4.1 Concepts & Principles

The VES resistivity method is a geophysical technique that measures the

distribution of subsurface materials based on their electrical properties. This
technique has been widely used in groundwater studies, mainly to establish the
location of water bearing layers or aquifers.

Electrical properties, particularly resistivity, are derived from electrical current

flowing through subsurface materials via free electrons (e.g. metals) or via
movement of ions in groundwater. Several factors influence the amount of
electrical current flowing through the subsurface that includes the presence of
groundwater, fractures, porosity, clay content, and salinity (Loke, 2016). Thus,
resistivity of the subsurface may vary depending on the degree of the
aforementioned material properties.

Measuring the resistivity of rocks requires an electrical current injected into the
ground surface through a pair of electrodes called current electrodes. The current
forms a potential difference (voltage) that is measured through a second pair of
electrodes called potential electrodes. From the measured current and potential
difference, resistance can be measured using Ohm's Law (Equation 1). Further
computation by multiplying the resistance and the geometric factor yield the
resistivity.

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 (Equation 1)

4.2 Methodology

The VES surveys were conducted using the Abem Terrameter LS instrument
(Figure 15???) where the resulting survey output is presented as subsurface
resistivity curves of the area of interest. This method injects an electrical current
into the ground through a pair of metal electrodes (AB), whilst measuring the

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resultant potential difference (voltage) between other pairs of electrodes (MN).
From the current and potential values, resistance is calculated and, by considering
the relative positions of the current and potential electrodes, this can be converted
to an “apparent resistivity”.

The measured apparent resistivity signatures will undergo an inversion process to

convert these values into “real world” resistivity model, which allows analysis of
the subsurface structure. Resistivity can be used to analyze rock quality, depth to
bedrock, pollution plumes, and carry out groundwater studies, with interpretation
based on absolute values compared with published tables of resistivity (Figure 16)
or alternatively the relative variation and / or change over time.

The Schlumberger method is widely used survey configuration for VES surveys.
This configuration provides good vertical resolution of the resistivity layers and is
not much affected by lateral heterogeneity. In this method, the MN electrodes are
placed between the AB electrodes along a straight line where all electrodes
symmetrically disposed from the center of the line (Figure 17). The spread length
controls the depth of investigation (maximum depth is approximately 1/3 – 1 /5 of
the active spread length).

The data are recorded on-board the instrument, which is entirely standalone with
no requirement for an external computer. Quality assessment is possible during
measurements with a real-time sounding curve (graphical representation of
recorded apparent resistivity) and readouts of transmission current and voltage,
recorded voltage, calculated resistance and apparent resistivity as well as the
standard deviation between repeated readings. Once downloaded to a PC, the
recorded files are exported as text files and were processed further using IP2Win
1D inversion software. The final subsurface model is a resistivity sounding curve
with a residual error value, which indicates how close the recorded data from the
theoretical values. A low residual error indicates higher accuracy of the subsurface
model. Multiple VES sounding curves are interpolated to produce a cross-sectional
profile and provide meaningful interpretation of data.

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Figure 15 ABEM Terrameter LS (ERT)

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Figure 16 Electrical conductivity and resistivity of common rocks (adapted from
Miensopust, 2010).

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Figure 17 Electrode configuration of Schlumberger array (adapted from
Meshram and Khadse, 2015).

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 Data can be presented in tabulated form, individual resistivity sounding curves, and
as cross-sectional profiles based from multiple VES. Graphical data are typically
generated using Surfer software.

4.3 Data Acquisition

A total of eighteen (18) field locations were established for the VES survey
wherein each barangay/site constituting of 5 VES points with the proposed well at
the center (How about the rest of the 3 field locations?). Prior to actual VES
measurements, instrumentation calibration and preliminary readings were done
along VES lines near existing wells to determine the resistivity signature of the
aquifer zones flowing to the wells. The calibration exercises also provided an
indication of the resistivity readings of the ECC proposed wells – conveniently
located adjacent to the existing water wells. (Figure 18, PUT AFTER THIS
PAGE). Resistivity data from the first survey conducted by Ric Alzate was also
inputted in the final VES modelling.

A summary of transmitter and receiver parameters are shown in Tables 4 and 5,

respectively. PUT Tables 4 and 5 after Figure 18

Schlumberger array was used in each survey line to measure resistivity of

subsurface materials. The AB line with a total length of 1,500m, was laid out along
a straight line with the VES survey point at the center. Line MN with a total length
of 280m, was laid out from the same VES survey point, coinciding with the longer
line AB. The midpoints of lines AB and MN were on the same location, thus the
electrode distances on each end were symmetric with respect to the midpoint of the
line.

Current was then injected to the ground to record resistance and corresponding
apparent resistivity. After measurement, the AB and MN electrodes are moved to
the next AB and MN distance for the next recording. The same process continues
until the required data is all obtained.

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Field lay out of this configuration is shown in Figure 19.

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Figure 18 Location map of VES survey points.

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 Minimum stack 1
Minimum current 0.1 mA
Maximum current 200 mA
Max power 150 W
Max output voltage 600 V
Electrode test Focus 1
Bad electrode 1 kΩ
Fail electrode 300 kΩ
Electrode test current 20 mA
Load variation margin 10%
Table 4 Transmitter Parameters

Minimum stack 1
Maximum stack 4
Error limit 1%
Delay time 0.3 s
Acquisition time 0.5 s
Record full waveform Yes
Powerline frequency 60 Hz
Table 5 Receiver Parameters

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Figure 19 Schematic field setup of VES survey, ECC Quarry & Cement Plant Property

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 Negative resistivity values are often encountered during data acquisition, the
causes of which are possibly due to high contact resistances or dirt and moisture in
the cable connectors. These values degrade the overall data quality of the inversion
profile. Measurement points where negative resistivity values occur are addressed
by clearing the cable connectors and recoupling the electrodes into the ground.

The inverted 1D model of the measured VES stations are included in Annex A of
this report.

Discuss the ID model to mention the check on the validity of data collected.

6.4. Data Processing

The raw resistivity data was initially evaluated and exported as text files thru the
Terrameter LS Toolbox software. The text data are then processed and inverted
using IPI2win software. One-dimensional cross-sections were also produced using
this software and exported as Surfer software-readable format for better
interpolation, visualization, and interpretation.

6.5 Interpretation & Presentation

Survey results of the VES survey are depicted in maps and isoresistivity profiles.
Plan maps showing the resistivity and/or isoresistivity at surface, at 50mabsl, mean
sea level and at 100mbsl are shown in Figures 20 to 23 for the Alagao area;
Figures 24 to 26 for the Sinambalan area; and Figures 27 to 29 for the Talbak
area, respectively.

Isoresistivity profiles coupled with their corresponding interpreted lithological ID

schematic sections are shown in Figures 30 to xx for Alagao area; Figures xx to yy
for Sinambalan area; and Figures xx to xx for Talbak area, respectively.

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6.5.1 Isoresistivity Plan Maps
6.5.1.1 Alagao Area

The surface resistivity of the surveyed area in Alagao is characterized by a NE-

trending, highly conductive zone. This conductive zone is bordered to the north,
west and south by a belt of moderate to highly resistivity values (30-70 ohm-m).
This resistivity signature probably reflects formational and lithological contact
characteristics of the survey area of which the conductive zone corresponds to the
alluvial deposits and weathered sections of Madlum Formation (MF). The
moderate to high resistivity values correspond to the upper limestone member of
MF.

The existing Alagao well and the proposed Well 1 of ECC at station VES A01 lies
within the moderate resistivity zone (20-30 ohm-m) coincident with the contact of
Upper limestone and middle Alagao Volcanics. Based on the coincident as well as
the disposition of the 10-20 ohm-m contour fluid flow feeding the aquifer zone
beneath Alagao well and VES A01 can be inferred. Fluid flow originated on the
eastern sector of the survey area and the permeability which facilitates the flow of
water at depth probably occurred between the contact of Upper limestone member
and the middle Alagao Volcanics. From there the groundwater flows and
accumulated beneath Alagao well and VES A01. The increasing resistivity noted
on the north, west and south of the area coinciding with the location of Buenacop
limestone suggest that limestone bodies act as aquitard preventing further
migration of the groundwater to the west.

The resistivity plan map at surface elevation of the Alagao area is shown in Figure
20.

At 50 m above sea level, the northeast trending low resistive zone (10 ohm-m)
identified at the surface increases considerably in size and is open toward the west.
This low resistive zone is still bordered on the north and south by moderate to high
resistivity values (Figure 21). As stated earlier, the coincident of the trend of the
conductive zone with the lithologic contact of limestone and volcanics indicates

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that fluid flow within the contact of the Buenacop limestone and Middle Alagao
Volcanics toward the Alagao Well and VES A01. Alagao well and VES A01
probably share the same groundwater reservoir as indicated by the 20 ohm-m
contour.

The isoresistivity plan map at 50m above sea level of the Alagao area is shown in
Figure 21.

At mean sea level, the postulated aquifer zone feeding the Alagao well and VES
A01 are clearly defined on this horizon outlined by the 20 ohm-m contour. The
configuration of the moderate to high resistivity contours (30-70 ohm-m) bounding
it suggest that the aquifer zone beneath Alagao Well and VES A01 are confined
aquifer zone bordered by Buenacop and/or Angat limestone bodies.

The isoresistivity plan map at mean sea level of the Alagao area is shown in Figure
22.

At 100 m below sea level, the aquifer zone identified above decreased considerably
on this horizon and was now confined beneath station VES A01. This could be an
indication of the near bottoming of aquifer zone beneath VES A01. Alagao well on
the other hand, now lies within the high resistivity zone suggesting that the aquifer
zone feeding the said well has already bottomed out. Obvious also on this horizon
is the tremendous increased of resistivity gradient indicating the massiveness and
widespread occurrence of limestone basement.

The isoresistivity plan map at 100m below sea level of the Alagao area is shown in
Figure 23.

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Figure 20 Resistivity Map at the Surface Showing Profile Lines – Alagao Area

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Figure 21 Isoresistivity Map at 50masl– Alagao Area

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Figure 22 Isoresistivity Map at Mean Sea Level– Alagao Area

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 SSE

Figure 23 Isoresistivity Map at 100basl– Alagao Area

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 6.5.1.2 Sinambalan Area

The surface resistivity of the area is characterized by a highly conductive zone (10
ohm-m) located on the middle eastern sector of the survey area that is in turn bordered
by moderately high resistivity values (20-30 ohm-m). The conductive zone probably
represents the alluvial deposits and weathered clastics of MF while the moderately
high values could be the layered/bedded sandstone units of MF mapped at OC 1 and
OC 4. Sinambalan well lies within the moderately high zone while the proposed well
2 of ECC (VES S01) lies within the highly conductive zone that is consistent with the
mapped lithology of the VES site consisting of alluvial deposit of silty-sandy clay
composition with fragments/boulders of limestone.

The resistivity plan map at surface elevation of the Sinambalan area is shown in
Figure 24.

At 50 m above sea level, the conductive zone identified above was entirely gone on
this horizon and was now replaced by two conductive zones separated at the middle
by moderately high to high resistive body (50-70 ohm-m). These two conductive
zones are bordered by high to extremely high resistive block (100-300 ohm-m) on the
east. As stated previously, these two conductive zones probably represents the
bedded/layered sandstone unit of MF while the moderately high to extremely high
resistive body probably correspond to the limestone mass associated with Angat
Formation. Lying within the two conductive zones are Sinambalan well and VES S01
specifically within the 20 ohm-m contour indicating that the two wells share similar
aquifer zone. Based on the disposition of the resistivity contours fluid flow can be
inferred originating from the east and goes toward the aquifer zone of Sinambalan
well and VES S01 via the contact between the limestone mass and bedded/layered
sandstone/clastics unit of MF. The limestone body beneath station VES A012
probably acts as aquitard separating further migration of the fluid to the south and
southeast portion of the survey area.

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The isoresistivity plan map at 50m above sea level of the Sinambalan area is shown in
Figure 25.

At mean sea level, aquifer zone hosting the Sinambalan well and VES S01 already
bottomed out on this horizon and was now replaced by high to extremely high
resistive values pertaining to the massive to bedded limestone mass associated with
the Angat Formation. What was striking on this horizon was the circular feature of the
resistivity contours which mean that aquifer zone consisting of bedded/layered
sandstone and clastics units of MF was probably deposited in a shallow depression
that could be conducive to development of shallow unconfined aquifer zones.

The isoresistivity plan map at mean sea level of the Sinambalan area is shown in
Figure 26.

6.5.1.3. Talbak Area

The surface resistivity of the area is characterized by widespread low to moderately

high resistivity zone (10-30 ohm-m) on the north and northeast and by isolated
moderately high to relatively high resistivity zone (30-60 ohm-m) on the southwest
(Figure 26). This resistivity signature is indicative of the surface geology of the
surveyed area of which the low resistivity zone (10 ohm-m) represent the silty-sandy
clay deposits capping the bedded/layered sandstone deposits with silty clasts noted at
OC 8 and OC-7 (Clastics Units of BF) while the isolated moderately to relatively high
body probably represents the limestone lenses associated with BF. Talbak well (VES
T05) and proposed well 3 of ECC (VES T01) lies within the edge of the 20-30 ohm-m
contour indicating that the 9.1 m deep well beneath VES T05 as well as the immediate
depth of VES T01 is hosted by sandstone-siltstones clastics associated with BF.
Permeability which governs fluid flow is attributed mainly to lithologic contact and
partly from the fractures system in bedded clatics of BF.

The resistivity plan map at surface elevation of the Talbak area is shown in Figure 27.

At 50 m above sea level, the potential aquifer zone beneath VES T05 and VES T01
had already bottomed out as the two well sites now lies within the high to extremely
high resistivity zones (100-500 ohm-m). On the other hand, the moderately high
resistivity zone (30-40 ohm-m) observed within the vicinity of station VES T020 is

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attributed mainly to the thick pile of clastic units of BF that may or may not host
groundwater aquifer.

The isoresistivity plan map at 50m above sea level of the Talbak area is shown in
Figure 28.

At 100 m above sea level, the survey area is marked by strong resistivity contrast
consisting of a northwest trending low to moderately high resistivity zone (10-40
ohm-m) on the north and high to extremely high resistivity zone (50-500 ohm-m) in
the south. The presence of a concentric low to moderately high resistivity zone in the
north could be attributed to the pile of bedded sandstone and clastic units that possibly
host the confined aquifer zone beneath VES T05 and VES T01 while the presence of
high to extremely high resistivity body in the south could be due to the
metamorphosed sediments units of BF. VES T05 and VES T01 both lies within the 20
ohm-m contour which suggest presence of confined aquifer zone where the local of
Talbak are presently getting their water. The well of Talbak water district which was
drilled by the LGU of DRT at 60.3 m below the surface is approximately 100 m NE
of VES T05 and is generally believed to be within this confined aquifer zone.
However, the size of this aquifer zone compared with the size of potential aquifer
zone beneath VEST01 is relatively small and that’s probably the main reason why
Talbak water district could not extract so much water from this well.

The isoresistivity plan map at 100m above sea level of the Talbak area is shown in
Figure 29.

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Figure 24 Resistivity or Isoresistivity Map at the Surface Showing Profile
Lines – Sinambalan Area

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Figure 25 Resistivity or Isoresistivity Map at the 50masl – Sinambalan Area

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Figure 26 Resistivity or Isoresistivity Map at the Mean Sea level –
Sinambalan Area

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Figure 27 Resistivity or Isoresistivity Map at Surface Elevation– Talbak
Area

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Figure 28 Resistivity or Isoresistivity Map at 100masl– Talbak Area

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Figure 29 Resistivity or Isoresistivity Map at 50masl– Talbak Area

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6.5.2 Isoresistivity Profile Line

Two isoresistivity profile lines were drawn per site area with the proposed well of
ECC at the center. The VES data from the water well that was used in instrument
calibration was also included in the isoresistivity profile while selected VES data
taken from resistivity profiling study done last April 2019 was likewise used as infill
to augment distances between the VES points.

6.5.2.1 Alagao Area

Line 1 trend NW-SE and covers station VES A05, Alagao Well, VES A040, VES
A01 and VES A03 (Figure 29). The generated profile exported in surfer depicts a
three layer model that basically reflects the mapped lithological units in the survey
area. The top layer with resistivities ranging from 40-100 ohm-m were noted beneath
station VES A05, Alagao Well and VES A040. It is few meter thick at station VES
A05, 50 m thick beneath Alagao well and almost 80 m thick beneath station VES
A040. Underneath the top layer is the middle conductive layer with resistivity ranging
from 10-40 ohm-m. This layer is moderately thick beneath station VES A05, very
thick at VES A01 and thin at VES A03. Relatively obvious on this layer horizon is the
presence of the 20-30 ohm-m contours that coincide with location of Alagao well and
the proposed well 1 of ECC. Alagao well has corresponding depth of 100 ft. (30.48
m) and was operational since 1987. The coincident of the depth of Alagao well with
the location of the said isoresistivity contours clearly suggest that an aquifer zone
exists beneath Alagao well where the locals sourced their waters. This aquifer zone is
probably connected to the deeper aquifer zone beneath VES A01 which is more than
200 m below the surface due to similar isoresistivity contours and hence could be
treated as one potential groundwater reservoir source. Serving as the basement
controlling the flow, deposition and further migration of the fluid is the highly
resistive bottom layer occurring beneath the potential aquifer zone with resistivity
ranging from 40 to 200 ohm-m. Geological interpretation of this line shows that the
first layer probably correspond to the limestone lenses belonging to the upper member
of MF (Figure 30). As stated earlier these limestone lenses were noted in Akle quarry,
OC 3 and the road leading to former open waste dumping site of San Idelfonso
overlying the Alagao Volcanics. The middle conductive layer probably corresponds to
the lower clastics sequence of the Alagao Volcanics. The potential aquifer or water
bearing zone beneath Alagao Well and VES A01 outlined by the 20 ohm-m contour
line might either be the fractured volcanoclastics or the conglomerate sequence of the
Clastics unit of MF. The occurrence of the conglomerate as possibly hosting the
aquifer zone in VES A01 was invoked based on the occurrence of conglomerate
within the alluvial deposits noted along the road leading to Narra, Akle near the ECC

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complex. On the other hand the bottom resistive layer in profile 1 might either be the
limestone associated with the Upper member of MF or the AF. These limestone units
were noted in the field as massive to bedded, marbleized and highly resistive to the
flow of electrical current.

Line 2 trend NE-SW and cover stations VES A04, Alagao well, VES A040, VES
A01, VES A09 and VES A02 (Figure 31). The line depicts a three (3) layer resistivity
model that is similar to Line 1 consisting of moderately high to high capping, middle
conductive layer and highly resistive basement. The middle conductive layer is very
thick beneath station VES A01 and is relatively thick beneath Alagao well and VES
A040. In the NE, it is overlain by low resistive strip (10 ohm-m) while in the SW it is
capped by moderately high to extremely layer. The potential aquifer zone which is
directly beneath Alagao well, VES A040 and VES A01 is outlined by 20 ohm-m. The
20 ohm-m contour in turn is bounded by 30 ohm-m contour giving impression that
Alagao well and VES A01 share the same aquifer zone. Terminating the conductive
layer at depth 10 (VES A04) to 100 m (Alagao well) below sea level is the moderately
high to extremely high resistive basement (40-300 ohm-m). Geological interpretation
of this line indicates that the top layer in the SW noted at stations VES A04 and VES
A040 probably correspond to the upper limestone member of MF while the low
resistive strip noted at stations VES A09 and VES A02 capping the middle
conductive layer probably represent the alluvial deposits and weathered units of
Madlum Formation. On the other hand, the middle conductive layer is in part or
totally consists of fractured middle Alagao volcanic and lower clastic sequence of
MF. The potential aquifer zone beneath Alagao well, VES A040 and VES A01 is
hosted either by the conglomerate sub-member of the Lower Clastics of MF or the
fractured Alagao Volcanics. The highly resistive bottom layer is interpreted to be
consists either by the limestone member of MF or the Angat Formation.

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7. Conclusions

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References

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Appendices

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