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Construcction Production Rates 2019
Construcction Production Rates 2019
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Working Platforms
Metal KwikStage, 5 Boards with 2m lifts m run hours 11.10 11.90 12.50 0.0901 0.0840 0.0800
Metal KwikStage, 5 Boards with 3m lifts m run hours 9.10 10.00 10.50 0.1099 0.1000 0.0952
Metal KwikStage, House Scaffold with 3 lifts m run hours 2.80 3.20 3.80 0.3571 0.3125 0.2632
Metal Tube and Fittings, 5-6 Boards wide m run hours 3.20 3.70 4.60 0.3125 0.2703 0.2174
Tube and Fitting Platforms, 50-250m3 m3 hours 10.60 12.50 18.50 0.0943 0.0800 0.0541
Tube and Fitting Platforms, 250-1000m3 m3 hours 18.50 22.50 24.50 0.0541 0.0444 0.0408
Tube and Fitting Platforms, over 1000m3 m3 hours 24.50 30.00 33.50 0.0408 0.0333 0.0299
Tube and Fitting Platforms, striking % x erect - 200.00 - - 200.00 -
Waterproofing
Asphalt coatings, horizontal surfaces m2 hours 3.50 4.20 5.80 0.2857 0.2381 0.1724
Asphalt coatings, vertical surfaces m2 hours 1.20 1.70 2.20 0.8333 0.5882 0.4545
Bituminous Brushed application, 2 coats m2 hours 4.80 5.00 6.30 0.2083 0.2000 0.1587
Bituminous Brushed application, 3 coats m2 hours 3.30 3.50 4.40 0.3030 0.2857 0.2273
Bituminous Sheets, horizontal surfaces m2 hours 3.80 4.00 4.80 0.2632 0.2500 0.2083
Bituminous Sheets, vertical surfaces m2 hours 3.30 3.50 4.20 0.3030 0.2857 0.2381
Polythene Sheets, horizontal surfaces m2 hours - 20.00 - - 0.0500 -
Bentonite Sheets, horizontal surfaces m2 hours 18.70 25.00 31.30 0.0535 0.0400 0.0319
Bentonite Sheets, vertical surfaces m2 hours 11.20 15.00 17.30 0.0893 0.0667 0.0578
Epoxy Based application, 1 coat m2 hours - 75.00 - - 0.0133 -
Epoxy Based application, 2 coat m2 hours - 38.00 - - 0.0263 -
Wallpapering
Strip Existing Wallpaper (3 layers) & Prepare Walls m2 hours - 5.00 - - 0.2000 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Wall Finishes
Mosaic Tiling, 0.045x0.045m no hours - 1.10 1.50 - 0.9091 0.6667
Clay, quarry Tiles, Window Cills, setout and level m hours - 55.50 - - 0.0180 -
Clay, quarry Tiles, Window Cills, fix, grout and clean m2 hours - 1.50 - - 0.6667 -
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Ledges/Upstands no hours 20.40 27.10 32.00 0.0490 0.0369 0.0313
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Areas under 1.5m2 per room m2 hours 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.1111 1.0000 0.8333
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Areas of 1.5-2.5m2 per room m2 hours 1.40 1.60 1.90 0.7143 0.6250 0.5263
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Areas over 2.5m2 per room m2 hours 1.50 1.70 2.10 0.6667 0.5882 0.4762
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Extra Over for Cutting no hours - 41.60 - - 0.0240 -
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Ledges/Upstands no hours - 62.50 - - 0.0160 -
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Areas under 1.5m2 per room m2 hours 1.00 1.30 1.50 1.0000 0.7692 0.6667
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Areas of 1.5-2.5m2 per room m2 hours 1.60 1.80 2.10 0.6250 0.5556 0.4762
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Areas over 2.5m2 per room m2 hours 1.70 1.90 2.20 0.5882 0.5263 0.4545
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Extra Over for Cutting no hours - 125.00 - - 0.0080 -
Ceramic Tiles, Grouting Works m2 hours 2.20 2.50 2.60 0.4545 0.4000 0.3846
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Underpinning
Concrete Pinning, 4th or 5th pin cycles m day - 1.20 2.20 - 0.8333 0.4545
Brickwork Pinning, 1.0 brick thick m2 hours - 0.40 0.70 - 2.5000 1.4286
Brickwork Pinning, 1.5 brick thick m2 hours 0.10 0.30 - 10.0000 3.3333 -
Brickwork Pinning, 2.0 brick thick m2 hours - 0.20 - - 5.0000 -
Wedge and Pin Method, 102mm wall m hours - 0.80 - - 1.2500 -
Wedge and Pin Method, 215mm wall m hours - 0.70 - - 1.4286 -
Wedge and Pin Method, 317mm wall m hours - 0.50 - - 2.0000 -
Trench Excavation
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Sand/Soil m3 hours 5.60 7.10 8.20 0.1786 0.1408 0.1220
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Gravel Beds m3 hours 4.80 6.10 7.30 0.2083 0.1639 0.1370
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk m3 hours 4.80 6.10 7.10 0.2083 0.1639 0.1408
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Hard Ground m3 hours 9.70 5.40 6.40 0.1031 0.1852 0.1563
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Sand/Soil m3 hours 20.50 25.00 29.20 0.0488 0.0400 0.0342
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Gravel Beds m3 hours 18.20 22.20 26.00 0.0549 0.0450 0.0385
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk m3 hours 18.20 22.20 26.00 0.0549 0.0450 0.0385
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Hard Ground m3 hours 17.00 20.00 23.40 0.0588 0.0500 0.0427
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Sand/Soil m3 hours 26.00 28.60 33.10 0.0385 0.0350 0.0302
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Gravel Beds m3 hours 26.30 28.60 33.20 0.0380 0.0350 0.0301
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk m3 hours 26.30 28.60 33.20 0.0380 0.0350 0.0301
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Hard Ground m3 hours 22.70 25.00 28.80 0.0441 0.0400 0.0347
Excavate and Board Trench, 0.5-1.5m deep, < 2.0m wide m2 hours 3.30 4.50 6.80 0.3030 0.2222 0.1471
Excavate and Board Trench, 1.5-3.0m deep, < 2.0m wide m2 hours 3.00 4.20 6.50 0.3333 0.2381 0.1538
Excavate and Board Trench, 3.0-4.5m deep, < 2.0m wide m2 hours 2.70 4.00 6.00 0.3704 0.2500 0.1667
Excavate and Board Trench, 0.5-1.5m deep, > 2.0m wide m2 hours 6.60 7.10 8.80 0.1515 0.1408 0.1136
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Trackwork
FST Floating Track Slab, side restraints m days 9.60 - - 0.1042 - -
FST Floating Track Slab, resin pads m days 10.20 - - 0.0980 - -
FST Floating Track Slab, slab units m days 10.60 - - 0.0943 - -
PCBT - Pre-cast Concrete Block Track, in Bored Tunnels m days 17.10 41.00 - 0.0585 0.0244 -
PCBT - Pre-cast Concrete Block Track, in Cut and Cover Tunnels m days - 35.00 - - 0.0286 -
PCBT - Pre-cast Concrete Block Track, in Station Tunnels m days - 35.00 - - 0.0286 -
IST - Isolated Slab Track, in Bored Tunnels m days - 20.00 - - 0.0500 -
IST - Isolated Slab Track, in Cut and Cover Tunnels m days - 34.00 - - 0.0294 -
IST - Isolated Slab Track, in Station m days - 29.00 - - 0.0345 -
FST - Floating Slab Track, in Station m days 3.60 4.60 5.70 0.2778 0.2174 0.1754
Ballasted Track, in Mainline m days 57.00 71.00 115.00 0.0175 0.0141 0.0087
Ballasted Track, in Depot m days - 28.00 - - 0.0357 -
Non-Ballasted Track, in Depot m days 8.50 12.80 17.40 0.1176 0.0781 0.0575
Embedded / Paved Track, in Depot m days - 71.00 - - 0.0141 -
Heavy Maintenance / Train Wash Track, in Depot m days - 29.00 - - 0.0345 -
Maintenance Pit, in Depot m days - 52.00 - - 0.0192 -
Siding Trackwork, in Depot m days - 38.00 - - 0.0263 -
Tower Cranes
Erect and Setup 50m gib days - - - - 11.00 7.50
Dismantle 50m gib days - - - - 10.00 -
Lifting, Reinforcement Bins and Cages, 1st 15m lift lift mins - - - - 3.20 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Timber Frames
Roof Trusses no hours - 1.30 - - 0.7692 -
Wall Plates m hours - 2.70 - - 0.3704 -
Roof Rafters m hours - 1.20 - - 0.8333 -
Ceiling Joists m hours - 32.10 - - 0.0312 -
Roof Carcass, Common Rafters, under 3m no hours 18.20 20.00 21.70 0.0549 0.0500 0.0461
Roof Carcass, Common Rafters, 3-6mm no hours 13.30 16.60 18.20 0.0752 0.0602 0.0549
Roof Carcass, Common Rafters, over 6m no hours 14.10 15.60 16.10 0.0709 0.0641 0.0621
Roof Carcass, Jack Rafters, under 3m no hours 18.80 20.10 21.70 0.0532 0.0498 0.0461
Roof Carcass, Jack Rafters, 3-6mm no hours 10.40 16.10 16.60 0.0962 0.0621 0.0602
Roof Carcass, Purlins, under 3m no hours 5.10 5.40 5.80 0.1961 0.1852 0.1724
Roof Carcass, Purlins, 3-6mm no hours 4.30 4.80 5.10 0.2326 0.2083 0.1961
Roof Carcass, Purlins, over 6m no hours 3.50 4.30 4.60 0.2857 0.2326 0.2174
Roof Carcass, Binders, under 3m no hours 5.70 6.60 7.60 0.1754 0.1515 0.1316
Roof Carcass, Binders, 3-6mm no hours 2.10 2.30 2.50 0.4762 0.4348 0.4000
Roof Carcass, Binders, over 6m no hours 1.30 1.50 1.60 0.7692 0.6667 0.6250
Roof Carcass, Hangers, under 3m no hours 8.20 9.00 9.60 0.1220 0.1111 0.1042
Roof Carcass, Collars under 3m no hours 7.60 8.00 9.10 0.1316 0.1250 0.1099
Roof Carcass, Collars 3-m no hours 6.50 7.40 8.30 0.1538 0.1351 0.1205
Roof Carcass, Ridge Boards under 3m no hours 12.00 13.10 15.30 0.0833 0.0763 0.0654
Roof Carcass, Cut Rafter Feet to line no hours 142.00 166.00 175.00 0.0070 0.0060 0.0057
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Structural Steelwork
Simple Universal Beam Steel Bridge, erect support steel H frames no days - 0.8333 - - 1.2000 -
Simple Universal Beam Steel Bridge, erect 15m truss m days - 3.30 - - 0.3030 -
Stonework
Fix 0.5m2 Stones to Metal Support Frame m2 days 5.60 7.00 7.80 0.1786 0.1429 0.1282
Fix 0.5-0.75m2 Stones to Metal Support Frame m2 days 7.20 9.00 10.10 0.1389 0.1111 0.0990
Fix 0.75-1.0m2 Stones to Metal Support Frame m2 days 6.90 8.70 9.70 0.1449 0.1149 0.1031
Fix Complex Stonework to Metal Support Frame m2 days - 1.80 - - 0.5556 -
Fix Curved Stone Cladding m2 days 6.90 8.00 9.20 0.1449 0.1250 0.1087
Fix Stone Edge Beams/Window Reveals m2 days - 2.30 3.20 - 0.4348 0.3125
Fix Stone Soffits m2 days - 4.00 - - 0.2500 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Steel Strutting
Steel Frames
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Site Investigation
Site Clearance
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Sheeted Roofs
Sheet Piling
Secant Piling
Screeding
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Rule of Thumb
Rock Tunnels
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Restoration Works
Rendering
Removable Anchors
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Reinforcement Ratios
Reinforcement
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Rainwater Works
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Power Supply
Post Tensioning
Plastering
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Plasterboard
Partitioning
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Painting
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
NATM Tunnels
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Insitu Permanent Lining, extra over excavate/lining time to allow for permanent lining
% - 25.00 - - - -
Metal Decking
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Lift Installation
Landscaping
Land Drains
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Ground Compaction
Formwork
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Floor Finishes
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Fencing Works
Escalators
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Electrical System
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Drainage
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Blockwork
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Dewatering
Demolition
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Decking
Cutting Switchboxes
Cutting Chases
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Cutting Back
Curtain Walling
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Concrete Placement
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Concrete Mixing
Concrete Finishing
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Commercial Kitchen
Ceiling Finishes
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Carpentry Carcassing
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Bulk Excavation
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Breaking Out
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Barrette Piles
Basement Excavation
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Bored Piling
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
1.1 Introduction
Cost is important to all industry. Costs can be divided into two general classes; absolute costs and relative costs.
Absolute cost measures the loss in value of assets. Relative cost involves a comparison between the chosen course of
action and the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action - the action not taken - is often
called the "opportunity cost".
The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost. However, the forest engineer, the planner, the
manager needs to be concerned with the alternative cost - the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be
able to make comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such
comparisons require the ability to predict costs, rather than merely record costs.
Cost data are, of course, essential to the technique of cost prediction. However, the form in which much cost data
are recorded limits accurate cost prediction to the field of comparable situations only. This limitation of accurate cost
prediction may not be serious in industries where the production environment changes little from month to month or
year to year. In harvesting, however, identical production situations are the exception rather than the rule. Unless
the cost data are broken down and recorded as unit costs, and correlated with the factors that control their values,
they are of little use in deciding between alternative procedures. Here, the approach to the problem of useful cost
1.2 Basic Classification of Costs
data is that of identification, isolation, and control of the factors affecting cost.
Costs are divided into two types: variable costs, and fixed costs. Variable costs vary per unit of production. For
example, they may be the cost per cubic meter of wood yarded, per cubic meter of dirt excavated, etc. Fixed costs,
on the other hand, are incurred only once and as additional units of production are produced, the unit costs fall.
Examples of fixed costs would be equipment move-in costs and road access costs.
In symbols using the first letters of the cost elements and N for the output or number of units of production, these
simple formulas are
C = F + NV
UC = F/N + V
A breakeven analysis determines the point at which one method becomes superior to another method of
accomplishing some task or objective. Breakeven analysis is a common and important part of cost control.
One illustration of a breakeven analysis would be to compare two methods of road construction for a road that
involves a limited amount of cut-and-fill earthwork. It would be possible to do the earthwork by hand or by bulldozer.
If the manual method were adopted, the fixed costs would be low or non-existent. Payment would be done on a
daily basis and would call for direct supervision by a foreman. The cost would be calculated by estimating the time
required and multiplying this time by the average wages of the men employed. The men could also be paid on a
piece-work basis. Alternatively, this work could be done by a bulldozer which would have to be moved in from
another site. Let us assume that Figure
the cost1.1 Breakeven
of the Example
hand labor would befor Excavation.
$0.60 per cubic meter and the bulldozer would
cost $0.40 per cubic meter and would require $100 to move in from another site. The move-in cost for the bulldozer
is a fixed cost, and is independent of the quantity of the earthwork handled. If the bulldozer is used, no economy will
result unless the amount of earthwork is sufficient to carry the fixed cost plus the direct cost of the bulldozer
operation.
If, on a set of coordinates, cost in dollars is plotted on the vertical axis and units of production on the horizontal axis,
we can indicate fixed cost for any process by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. If variable cost per unit output is
constant, then the total cost for any number of units of production will be the sum of the fixed cost and the variable
cost multiplied by the number of units of production, or F + NV. If the cost data for two processes or methods, one
of which has a higher variable cost, but lower fixed cost than the other are plotted on the same graph, the total cost
lines will intersect at some point. At this point the levels of production and total cost are the same. This point is
known as the "breakeven" point, since at this level one method is as economical as the other. Referring to Figure 1.1
the breakeven point at which quantity the bulldozer alternative and the manual labor alternative become equal is at
500 cubic meters. We could have found this same result algebraically by writing F + NV = F' + NV' where F and V
are the fixed and variable costs for the manual method, and F' and V' are the corresponding values for the bulldozer
method. Since all values are known except N, we can solve for N using the formula N = (F' - F) / (V - V')
2. Time is measured from the time of leaving camp to the time of return.
3. Total walking time per man is increasing at the rate of 15 minutes per day.
If the camp is moved each day, no time is lost walking, but the camp cost is $50 per day. If the camp is not moved,
on the second day 15 crew-minutes are lost or $2.00. On the third day, the total walking time has increased 30
minutes, the fourth day, 45 minutes, and so on. How often should the camp be moved assuming all other things are
equal? We could derive an algebraic expression using the sum of an arithmetic series if we wanted to solve this
problem a number of times, but for demonstration purposes we can simply calculate the average total camp cost.
The average total camp cost is the sum of the average daily cost of walking time plus the average daily cost of
TABLE
moving 1.1 Average
camp. daily camp
If we moved total each
campday,
cost as the
then sumdaily
average of the
costcost of walking
of walking time plus
time would theand
be zero cost
theofcost
moving
of
camp.
moving camp would be $50.00. If we moved the camp every other day, the cost of walking time is $2.00 lost the
second day, or an average of $1.00 per day. The average daily cost of moving camp is $50 divided by 2 or $25.00.
The average total camp cost is then $26.00. If we continued this process for various numbers of days the camp
remains in location, we would obtain the results in Table 1.1.
Days camp remained in location Average Average Average total
daily cost of daily cost of camp cost
walking time moving
1 0 50
camp 50
2 1 25 26
3 2 16.67 18.67
4 3 12.5 15.5
5 4 10 14
6 5 8.33 13.33
7 6 7.14 13.14
8 7 6.25 13.25
9 8 5.56 13.56
10 9 5 14
We see the average daily cost of walking time increasing linearly and the average cost of moving camp decreasing as
the number of days the camp remains in one location increases. The minimum cost is obtained for leaving the camp
in location 7 days (Figure 1.2). This minimum cost point should only be used as a guideline as all other things are
rarely equal. An important output of the analysis is the sensitivity of the total cost to deviations from the minimum
cost point. In this example, the total cost changes slowly between 5 and 10 days. Often, other considerations which
may be difficult to quantify will affect the decision. In Section 2, we discuss balancing road costs against skidding
costs. Sometimes roads are spaced Figure
more 1.2 Costs
closely for Camp
together than Location Example.
that indicated by the point of minimum total cost if
excess road construction capacity is available. In this case the goal may be to reduce the risk of disrupting skidding
production because of poor weather or equipment availability. Alternatively, we may choose to space roads farther
apart to reduce environmental impacts. Due to the usually flat nature of the total cost curve, the increase in total
cost is often small over a wide range of road spacings.
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Trench Excavation
Rock Tunnels
Bulk Excavation
Basement Excavation
Working Platforms
Underpinning
Tower Cranes
Site Clearance
Sheet Piling
Secant Piling
Rule of Thumb
Removable Anchors
NATM Tunnels
Insitu Permanent Lining, extra over excavate/lining time to allow for permanent lining
% - 25.00 - - - -
Fencing Works
Dewatering
Demolition
Breaking Out
Site Investigation
Waterproofing
Trackwork
Structural Steelwork
Steel Strutting
Reinforcement Ratios
Reinforcement
Post Tensioning
Metal Decking
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Land Drains
Formwork
Decking
Cutting Switchboxes
Cutting Chases
Cutting Back
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Concrete Placement
Concrete Mixing
Barrette Piles
Bored Piling
Timber Frames
Steel Frames
Sheeted Roofs
Wallpapering
Strip Existing Wallpaper (3 layers) & Prepare Walls m2 hours - 5.00 - - 0.2000 -
Fix Wallpaper and lining paper m2 hours - 5.00 - - 0.2000 -
Fix Vinyl and Washable paper m2 hours - 4.20 - - 0.2381 -
Fix Ceiling Lining Paper m2 hours - 4.00 - - 0.2500 -
Wall Finishes
Mosaic Tiling, 0.045x0.045m no hours - 1.10 1.50 - 0.9091 0.6667
Clay, quarry Tiles, Window Cills, setout and level m hours - 55.50 - - 0.0180 -
Clay, quarry Tiles, Window Cills, fix, grout and clean m2 hours - 1.50 - - 0.6667 -
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Ledges/Upstands no hours 20.40 27.10 32.00 0.0490 0.0369 0.0313
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Areas under 1.5m2 per room m2 hours 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.1111 1.0000 0.8333
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Stonework
Fix 0.5m2 Stones to Metal Support Frame m2 days 5.60 7.00 7.80 0.1786 0.1429 0.1282
Fix 0.5-0.75m2 Stones to Metal Support Frame m2 days 7.20 9.00 10.10 0.1389 0.1111 0.0990
Fix 0.75-1.0m2 Stones to Metal Support Frame m2 days 6.90 8.70 9.70 0.1449 0.1149 0.1031
Fix Complex Stonework to Metal Support Frame m2 days - 1.80 - - 0.5556 -
Fix Curved Stone Cladding m2 days 6.90 8.00 9.20 0.1449 0.1250 0.1087
Fix Stone Edge Beams/Window Reveals m2 days - 2.30 3.20 - 0.4348 0.3125
Fix Stone Soffits m2 days - 4.00 - - 0.2500 -
Stone Floors m2 days 6.90 10.40 12.20 0.1449 0.0962 0.0820
Granite Wall Panels, First Fix m2 hours - 1.30 - - 0.7692 -
Granite Wall Panels, Second Fix m2 hours - 1.10 - - 0.9091 -
Screeding
Sand/Cement Floor Screed, 15-20mm thick m2 hours - 4.80 5.70 - 0.2083 0.1754
Sand/Cement Floor Screed, 20-30mm thick m2 hours - 4.60 5.50 - 0.2174 0.1818
Sand/Cement Floor Screed, 30-40mm thick m2 hours 3.20 4.20 5.30 0.3125 0.2381 0.1887
Sand/Cement Floor Screed, 40-50mm thick m2 hours 2.00 3.80 5.20 0.5000 0.2632 0.1923
Sand/Cement Floor Screed, 50-65mm thick m2 hours - 3.30 3.90 - 0.3030 0.2564
Sand/Cement Floor Screed, 65-100mm thick m2 hours - 3.00 3.60 - 0.3333 0.2778
Fix/Setout Screed Battens m hours - 10.00 - - 0.1000 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Restoration Works
Façade Cleaning, Water Jetting m2 days - 25.00 - - 0.0400 -
Façade Cleaning, Acid Etching m2 days - 9.00 - - 0.1111 -
Façade Cleaning, Grit Blasting m2 days - 12.00 - - 0.0833 -
Cladding Restoration, Brickwork m2 days - 6.50 - - 0.1538 -
Cladding Restoration, Stonework courses m days - 20.00 - - 0.0500 -
Rendering
Large Wall Areas, applied in 2 coats m2 hours - 2.20 2.70 - 0.4545 0.3704
Small Wall Areas, applied in 2 coats m2 hours - 1.50 1.70 - 0.6667 0.5882
Narrow Widths, applied in 2 coats m2 hours - 1.20 1.40 - 0.8333 0.7143
Columns and Beams, applied in 2 coats m2 hours - 1.50 1.70 - 0.6667 0.5882
Staircase and Soffits, applied in 2 coats m2 hours - 1.40 - - 0.7143 -
Plastering
Browning (undercoat), Internal Walls under 2.5m high m2 hours 2.20 2.80 3.10 0.4545 0.3571 0.3226
Browning (undercoat), Internal Walls over 2.5m high m2 hours 2.10 2.60 2.80 0.4762 0.3846 0.3571
Browning (undercoat), Reveals and Columns less than 100mm wide m2 hours 9.90 10.00 10.10 0.1010 0.1000 0.0990
Browning (undercoat), Reveals and Columns 100-200mm wide m2 hours 5.20 5.40 6.40 0.1923 0.1852 0.1563
Browning (undercoat), Reveals and Columns 200-300mm wide m2 hours 3.30 3.60 3.90 0.3030 0.2778 0.2564
Covings m2 hours - 5.00 - - 0.2000 -
Skimming (topcoat), Internal Walls under 2.5m high m2 hours 6.10 6.70 7.30 0.1639 0.1493 0.1370
Skimming (topcoat), Internal Walls over 2.5m high m2 hours 5.50 6.10 6.70 0.1818 0.1639 0.1493
Skimming (topcoat), Reveals and Columns less than 100mm wide m2 hours 12.60 13.80 15.40 0.0794 0.0725 0.0649
Skimming (topcoat), Reveals and Columns 100-200mm wide m2 hours 7.70 8.30 9.80 0.1299 0.1205 0.1020
Skimming (topcoat), Reveals and Columns 200-300mm wide m2 hours 4.50 5.00 5.50 0.2222 0.2000 0.1818
Plaster Board to Ceilings m2 hours 3.20 4.50 5.50 0.3125 0.2222 0.1818
Plastering Ceilings, 1 Bonding, 1 Skimming m2 hours 1.10 1.70 2.40 0.9091 0.5882 0.4167
Plastering Ceilings, Topcoat Skimming m2 hours 2.70 3.20 5.40 0.3704 0.3125 0.1852
Plasterboard
Boarding to Plaster dabs m2 hours 3.60 4.00 5.50 0.2778 0.2500 0.1818
Boarding to Stud-work/Metal Lathes m2 hours 4.00 5.00 6.70 0.2500 0.2000 0.1493
Boarding 12mm nailed to studding m2 hours - 12.50 - - 0.0800 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Partitioning
Timber Studding m hours 5.90 6.20 6.80 0.1695 0.1613 0.1471
Metalwork System (MF) Studding m2 hours 1.60 2.00 2.50 0.6250 0.5000 0.4000
Tape, Joint Sand and Top Coat Plasterboard m2 hours 1.10 1.50 2.10 0.9091 0.6667 0.4762
Skimming to Plasterboards m2 hours 5.50 6.10 6.70 0.1818 0.1639 0.1493
5mm Hardboard Paneling, excluding studding time m2 hours - 3.20 3.60 - 0.3125 0.2778
100mm Pine Paneling, excluding studding time m2 hours 0.80 1.10 1.40 1.2500 0.9091 0.7143
Quality Hardwood Paneling, excluding studding time m2 hours 0.30 0.50 0.60 3.3333 2.0000 1.6667
Fix 50mm Rocksil Insulation to cavities m2 hours - 17.80 20.20 - 0.0562 0.0495
Fix Timber Studding and Paramount Partitions m2 hours 2.60 3.00 3.40 0.3846 0.3333 0.2941
Fix Timber Studding and Demountable Partitions m2 hours 0.80 1.10 1.60 1.2500 0.9091 0.6250
Fix Timber Studding and Hills Duraboard Partitions m2 hours 3.00 3.50 3.90 0.3333 0.2857 0.2564
Fix Timber Studding and Gyproc Laminated Partitions m2 hours 2.20 2.60 2.90 0.4545 0.3846 0.3448
Stud Partitions, Butt Jointed, nailed m hours 5.90 7.30 9.10 0.1695 0.1370 0.1099
Stud Partitions, Butt Jointed, screwed m hours 3.50 4.60 5.80 0.2857 0.2174 0.1724
Stud Partitions, T&G Jointed, nailed m hours 2.90 3.60 4.80 0.3448 0.2778 0.2083
Stud Partitions, T&G Jointed, screwed m hours 2.10 2.80 3.70 0.4762 0.3571 0.2703
Stud Partitions, Fix Sole Plates m hours - 11.10 - - 0.0901 -
Stud Partitions, Fix Noggins m hours - 16.60 - - 0.0602 -
Stud Partitions, Drill 25-40mm Holes no hours - 28.50 - - 0.0351 -
Fix Toilet Partition System, Separation panels no hours - 1.25 - - 0.80 -
Fix Toilet Partition System, Wall Front Panels no hours - 1.43 - - 0.70 -
Fix Toilet Partition System, Separation Front Panels no hours - 1.67 - - 0.60 -
Fix Toilet Partition System, End Front Panels no hours - 1.67 - - 0.60 -
Fix Toilet Partition System, Hang Door to Panel no hours - 2.50 - - 0.40 -
Fix Toilet Partition System, Hand Door plugged to wall no hours - 1.67 - - 0.60 -
Fix Toilet Partition System, Fix Head Rails no hours - 10.00 - - 0.10 -
Painting
Prepare Walls m2 hours - 14.20 - - 0.0704 -
Prepare Doors m2 hours - 12.50 - - 0.0800 -
Prepare Door Frames m hours - 25.00 - - 0.0400 -
Burn Off / Heat Strip Paintwork m2 hours - 1.10 - - 0.9091 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Landscaping
Top Soil, spread, level and prepare for turf or seeding m2 hours - 2.50 - - 0.4000 -
Top Soil, rake in fertilizer for seeding m2 hours - 25.00 - - 0.0400 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Floor Finishes
Granolithic Flooring m2 hours - 3.10 - - 0.3226 -
PRODUCTION RATES
PRODUCTION RATES (Qty per Time) PRODUCTION RATES (Time per Quantity)
UNIT FOR UNIT FOR
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION REMARKS
QUANTITY TIME Slow Average Fast Slow Average Fast
Blockwork
Curtain Walling
Concrete Finishing
Commercial Kitchen
Ceiling Finishes
Carpentry Carcassing
Power Supply
Electrical System
Rainwater Works
Lift Installation
Escalators
Drainage
Urban environment:
Rural environment:
Ground Compaction
1.0 Excavate and Remove 1
2.0 Trench Excavation 1
3.0 Spread and Level 1
4.0 Small or Deep Excavation 2
5.0 Rock Tunnels 2
6.0 Bulk Excavation 2
7.0 Basement Excavation 3
8.0 Working Platforms 3
9.0 Underpinning 3
10.0 Tower Cranes 3
11.0 Soil Mix Walls 4
12.0 Slurry Mix Walls 4
13.0 Site Clearance 4
14.0 Sheet Piling 4
15.0 Secant Piling 4
16.0 Rule of Thumb 4
17.0 Removable Anchors 5
18.0 NATM Tunnels 5
19.0 Fencing Works 5
20.0 Dewatering 6
21.0 Demolition 6
22.0 Breaking Out 6
23.0 Site Investigation 7
24.0 Waterproofing 7
25.0 Trackwork 7
26.0 Structural Steelwork 7
27.0 Steel Strutting 8
28.0 Reinforcement Ratios 8
29.0 Reinforcement 8
PRODUCTION RATES
1.0 Excavate and Remove 1
30.0 Post Tensioning 9
31.0 Metal Decking 9
32.0 Land Drains 9
33.0 Formwork 9
34.0 Decking 10
35.0 Cutting Switchboxes 10
36.0 Cutting Chases 11
37.0 Cutting Back 11
38.0 Concrete Placement 12
39.0 Concrete Mixing 12
40.0 Barrette Piles 12
41.0 Bell Ground Anchors 12
42.0 Bored Piling 13
43.0 Timber Frames 13
44.0 Steel Frames 14
45.0 Slates and Tiling 14
46.0 Sheeted Roofs 15
47.0 Flat and Layered Roofs 15
48.0 Wallpapering 15
49.0 Wall Finishes 15
50.0 Stonework 15
51.0 Screeding 16
52.0 Restoration Works 16
53.0 Rendering 16
54.0 Plastering 16
55.0 Plasterboard 16
56.0 Partitioning 16
57.0 Painting 17
PRODUCTION RATES
1.0 Excavate and Remove 1
58.0 Landscaping 18
59.0 Kerbs & Paving 18
60.0 Floor Finishes 18
61.0 Doors and Windows 19
62.0 Blockwork 19
63.0 Curtain Walling 19
64.0 Concrete Finishing 19
65.0 Commercial Kitchen 20
66.0 Ceiling Finishes 20
67.0 Carpentry Final Fixing 20
68.0 Carpentry Carcassing 21
69.0 Carpentry & Joinery 21
70.0 Power Supply 21
71.0 Electrical System 22
72.0 Rainwater Works 22
73.0 Manholes and Gulleys 22
74.0 Lift Installation 23
75.0 Escalators 23
76.0 Drainage 23
77.0 Concrete Road surfacing 25
78.0 Basecourse Production Rates 25
79.0 Ground Compaction 25
PRODUCTION RATES
Table of Contents
1.0 Barrette Piles 12
2.0 Basecourse Production Rates 25
3.0 Basement Excavation 3
4.0 Bell Ground Anchors 12
5.0 Blockwork 19
6.0 Bored Piling 13
7.0 Breaking Out 6
8.0 Bulk Excavation 2
9.0 Carpentry & Joinery 21
10.0 Carpentry Carcassing 21
11.0 Carpentry Final Fixing 20
12.0 Ceiling Finishes 20
13.0 Commercial Kitchen 20
14.0 Concrete Finishing 19
15.0 Concrete Mixing 12
16.0 Concrete Placement 12
17.0 Concrete Road surfacing 25
18.0 Curtain Walling 19
19.0 Cutting Back 11
20.0 Cutting Chases 11
21.0 Cutting Switchboxes 10
22.0 Decking 10
23.0 Demolition 6
24.0 Dewatering 6
25.0 Doors and Windows 19
26.0 Drainage 23
27.0 Electrical System 22
28.0 Escalators 23
1.0 Excavate and Remove 1
PRODUCTION RATES
Table of Contents
1.0 Barrette Piles 12
2.0 Fencing Works 5
3.0 Flat and Layered Roofs 15
4.0 Floor Finishes 18
5.0 Formwork 9
6.0 Ground Compaction 25
7.0 Kerbs & Paving 18
8.0 Land Drains 9
9.0 Landscaping 18
10.0 Lift Installation 23
11.0 Manholes and Gulleys 22
12.0 Metal Decking 9
13.0 NATM Tunnels 5
14.0 Painting 17
15.0 Partitioning 16
16.0 Plasterboard 16
17.0 Plastering 16
18.0 Post Tensioning 9
19.0 Power Supply 21
20.0 Rainwater Works 22
21.0 Reinforcement 8
22.0 Reinforcement Ratios 8
23.0 Removable Anchors 5
24.0 Rendering 16
25.0 Restoration Works 16
26.0 Rock Tunnels 2
27.0 Rule of Thumb 4
28.0 Screeding 16
29.0 Secant Piling 4
PRODUCTION RATES
Table of Contents
1.0 Barrette Piles 12
30.0 Sheet Piling 4
31.0 Sheeted Roofs 15
32.0 Site Clearance 4
33.0 Site Investigation 7
34.0 Slates and Tiling 14
35.0 Slurry Mix Walls 4
36.0 Small or Deep Excavation 2
37.0 Soil Mix Walls 4
38.0 Spread and Level 1
39.0 Steel Frames 14
40.0 Steel Strutting 8
41.0 Stonework 15
42.0 Structural Steelwork 7
43.0 Timber Frames 13
44.0 Tower Cranes 3
45.0 Trackwork 7
46.0 Trench Excavation 1
47.0 Underpinning 3
48.0 Wall Finishes 15
49.0 Wallpapering 15
50.0 Waterproofing 7
51.0 Working Platforms 3