जज जज जजज जजजजजज जज जजज, जजज जज जजजज जजज जजजजज!! !

!जजजज जजजज जज जजजज जजजज, जजजजज जजज जजजजजजज जजजजजजज !! !!

जजजजजज जजजजजज जजजजज जजज जजजजज , जजजज जजजजज जजजजजजज जजज जज!! !

!जजजजजज जजज जज जजजज जजजजजज, जजजज जजजज जजजजज जज जजजजज !! !!

जजज ज जजज जजज जजज जजजजजजज , जजज जजजज जजजजजज जजजजजज !! !!

जज जजजज जज जजजजजज जजजजजज, जजजजजजजजज जजजजजजजज जजजजजज!! !!

जज जज जजज जजजजजज जज जजज, जजज जज जजजज जजज जजजजज!!

जज जजजजज जजजज जजजजजजजजजजज जजजजजजजजजजज जज जजजजज जजजज जजजज

जजजजजजजजजजजज जजज जजजजजज जज !जज जजजजज जजजज जजज जज जजज जजजज जजजज जज
जजजजजजजजजजजज जजजज जजजजजजज जजज जजज जज जजज जज जज ! जजज जजजजजजज जज जज
जजजजज जज जज जजज जजज जजजजजजज जजज जज ज GK notes for
KBC

1. Inventions and discoveries/science.

1. The first invention by man was really made by our progenitors, either Australopithecus,
H. habilis, or H. ergaster. It was presumably a wooden scraper or wooden chopping
device that was first utilized more than 2.6 million years back.

2.Greatest inventions of all times

INVENTION YEAR INVENTOR COUNTRY

aerosol can 1926 Erik Rotheim Norway
air conditioning 1902 Willis Haviland Carrier US
airbag, automotive 1952 John Hetrick US
airplane, engine-powered 1903 Wilbur & Orville Wright US
airship 1852 Henri Giffard France
alphabet c. 1700–1500 Semitic-speaking peoples eastern coast of
BC Mediterranean Sea
American Sign Language 1817 Thomas H. Gallaudet US
animation, motion-picture 1906 J. Stuart Blackton US
answering machine, 1898 Valdemar Poulsen Denmark
telephone
aspartame 1965 James Schlatter US
aspirin 1897 Felix Hoffmann (Bayer) Germany
assembly line 1913 Henry Ford US
astrolabe c. 2nd century — —
AstroTurf 1965 James M. Faria, Robert T. US
Wright
audiotape 1928 Fritz Pfleumer Germany
automated teller machine 1968 Don Wetzel US
(ATM)
automobile 1889 Gottlieb Daimler Germany
baby food, prepared 1927 Dorothy Gerber US
bag, flat-bottomed paper 1870 Margaret Knight US
Bakelite 1907 Leo Hendrik Baekeland US
ball bearing 1794 Philip Vaughan England
balloon, hot-air 1783 Joseph & Étienne France
Montgolfier
bandage, adhesive 1921 Earle Dickson US
bar code 1952 Joseph Woodland US
barbed wire 1874 Joseph Glidden US
barometer 1643 Evangelista Torricelli Italy
battery, electric storage 1800 Alessandro Volta Italy
beer before 6000 BC Sumerians, Babylonians Mesopotamia
bicycle 1818 Baron Karl de Drais de Germany
Sauerbrun
bifocal lens 1784 Benjamin Franklin US
bikini 1946 Louis Réard France
blood bank late 1930s Charles Richard Drew US
blow-dryer 1920 Racine Universal Motor Co., US
Hamilton Beach
Manufacturing Co.
bomb, atomic 1945 J. Robert Oppenheimer, et al. US
bomb, thermonuclear 1952 Edward Teller, et al. US
(hydrogen)
boomerang c. 15,000 years Aboriginal peoples Australia
ago
Braille system 1824 Louis Braille France
brassiere (bra) 1913 Mary Phelps Jacob US
bread, sliced (bread- 1928 Otto Frederick Rohwedder US
slicing machine)
button c. 700 BC Greeks, Etruscans Greece, Italy
buttonhole 13th century — Europe
calculator, electronic 1967 Jack S. Kilby US
hand-held
calculus 1680s Sir Isaac Newton and England and
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Germany
(invented separately) (respectively)
calendar, modern 1582 Pope Gregory XIII Italy
(Gregorian)
camcorder 1982 Sony Corp. Japan
camera, motion picture 1891 Thomas Alva Edison, US
William K.L. Dickson
camera, portable 1888 George Eastman US
photographic
can, metal beverage 1933 American Can Co. US
can opener 1858 Ezra J. Warner US
candle c. 3000 BC — Egypt, Crete
canning, food 1809 Nicolas Appert France
carbon-14 dating 1946 Willard F. Libby US
cardboard, corrugated 1871 Albert Jones US
cards, playing c. 10th century — China
cash register 1879 James Ritty US
cat litter 1947 Edward Lowe US
catalog, mail-order 1872 Aaron Montgomery Ward US
cellophane 1911 Jacques E. Brandenberger Switzerland
celluloid 1869 John Wesley Hyatt US
cement, portland 1824 Joseph Aspdin England
cereal flakes, breakfast 1894 John Harvey Kellogg US
chewing gum (modern) c. 1870 Thomas Adams US
chocolate c. 3rd–10th Maya, Aztecs Central America,
century Mexico
chronometer 1762 John Harrison England
clock, pendulum 1656 Christiaan Huygens The Netherlands
clock, quartz 1927 Warren A. Marrison Canada/US
cloning, animal 1970 John B. Gurdon UK
coffee, drip 1908 Melitta Bentz Germany
coffee, decaffeinated 1905 Ludwig Roselius Germany
coins c. 650 BC Lydians Turkey
compact disc (CD) 1980 Philips Electronics, Sony The Netherlands,
Corp. Japan
compass, magnetic c. 12th century — China, Europe
computed tomography 1972 Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan UK, US
(CT scan, CAT scan) Cormack
computer, electronic 1939 John V. Atanasoff, Clifford US
digital E. Berry
computer, laptop 1983 Radio Shack Corp. US
computer, personal 1974 MITS (Micro US
Instrumentation Telemetry
Systems)
concrete, reinforced 1867 Joseph Monier France
condom, latex c. 1930 — —
contact lenses 1887 Adolf Fick Germany
contraceptives, oral early 1950s Gregory Pincus, John Rock, US
Min Chueh Chang
corn, hybrid 1917 Donald F. Jones US
correction fluid, white 1951 Bette Nesmith US
cotton gin 1793 Eli Whitney US
coupon, grocery 1894 Asa Candler US
crayons, children's wax 1903 Edwin Binney, C. Harold US
Smith
cream separator (dairy 1878 Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval Sweden
processing)
credit card 1950 Frank McNamara, Ralph US
Schneider (Diners' Club)
crossword puzzles 1913 Arthur Wynne US
DDT 1874 Othmar Zeidler Germany
defibrillator 1952 Paul M. Zoll US
dentures c. 700 BC Etruscans Italy
detector, metal late 1920s Gerhard Fisher Germany/US
detector, home smoke 1969 Randolph Smith, Kenneth US
House
diamond, artificial 1955 General Electric Co. US
diapers, disposable 1950 Marion Donovan US
digital videodisc (DVD) 1995 consortium of international Japan, US, The
electronics companies Netherlands

dishwasher 1886 Josephine Cochrane US

DNA fingerprinting 1984 Alec Jeffreys UK
doughnut (ring) or donut 1847 Hanson Crockett Gregory US
door, revolving 1888 Theophilus von Kannel US
drinking fountain c. 1905–1912 Luther Haws, Halsey W. US
Taylor (invented separately)
dry cleaning 1855 Jean Baptiste Jolly France
dynamite 1867 Alfred Nobel Sweden
elastic, fabric c. 1830 Thomas Hancock UK
electric chair 1888 Harold P. Brown, Arthur E. US
Kennelly
electrocardiogram (ECG, 1903 Willem Einthoven The Netherlands
EKG)
electroencephalogram 1929 Hans Berger Germany
(EEG)
electronic mail (e-mail) 1971 Ray Tomlinson US
elevator, passenger 1852 Elisha Graves Otis US
encyclopedia c. 4th century Speusippus (compliation of Greece or Rome
BC or 77 AD Plato's teachings) or Pliny the
Elder (comprehensive work)
engine, internal- 1859 Étienne Lenoir France
combustion
engine, jet 1930 Sir Frank Whittle UK
engine, liquid-fueled 1926 Robert H. Goddard US
rocket
engine, steam 1698 Thomas Savery England
escalator 1891 Jesse W. Reno US
eyeglasses 1280s Salvino degli Armati or Italy
Alessandro di Spina
facsimile (fax) 1842 Alexander Bain Scotland
fiber optics 1955 Narinder S. Kapany India
fiberglass 1938 Owens Corning (corp.) US
film, photographic 1884 George Eastman US
flashlight, battery- 1899 Conrad Hubert Russia/US
operated portable
flask, vacuum (Thermos) 1892 Sir James Dewar Scotland
food processor 1971 Pierre Verdon France
foods, freeze-dried 1946 Earl W. Flosdorf US
foods, frozen c. 1924 Clarence Birdseye US
Fresnel lens 1820 Augustin-Jean Fresnel France
fuel cell 1839 William R. Grove UK
genetic engineering 1973 Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert US
W. Boyer
Geiger counter 1908 Hans Geiger Germany
glass c. 2500 BC Egyptians or Phoenicians Egypt or Lebanon
glass, safety 1909 Édouard Bénédictus France
greeting card, Christmas 1843 John Callcott Horsley England
guillotine 1792 Joseph-Ignace Guillotin France
guitar, electric 1941 Les Paul US
gunpowder c. 10th century — China or Arabia
hanger, wire coat 1903 Albert J. Parkhouse US
helicopter 1939 Igor Sikorsky Russia/US
holography 1948 Dennis Gabor Hungary
hypodermic syringe 1853 Charles Gabriel Pravaz France
in vitro fertilization 1978 Patrick Steptoe, Robert UK
(IVF), human Edwards
ink c. 2500 BC — Egypt, China
insulin, extraction and 1921 Sir Frederick Grant Banting, Canada
preparation of Charles H. Best
integrated circuit 1958 Jack S. Kilby US
Internet 1969 Advanced Research Projects US
Agency (ARPA) at the Dept.
of Defense
iron, electric 1882 Henry W. Seely US
irradiation, food 1905 — US/UK
jeans 1873 Levi Strauss, Jacob Davis US
JELL-O (gelatin dessert) 1897 Pearle B. Wait US
jukebox 1889 Louis Glass US
Kevlar 1965 Stephanie Kwolek US
Kool-Aid (fruit drink 1927 Edwin E. Perkins US
mix)
laser 1958 Gordon Gould and Charles US
Hard Townes, Arthur L.
Schawlow (invented
separately)
laundromat 1934 J.F. Cantrell US
lawn mower, gasoline- c. 1940 Leonard Goodall US
powered
Lego late 1940s Ole Kirk Christiansen Denmark
light bulb, incandescent 1879 Thomas Alva Edison US
light bulb, fluorescent 1934 Arthur Compton US
light-emitting diode 1962 Nick Holonyak, Jr. US
(LED)
linoleum 1860 Frederick Walton UK
lipstick, tube 1915 Maurice Levy US
liquid crystal display 1963 George Heilmeier US
(LCD)
lock and key c. 2000 BC Assyrians Mesopotamia
locomotive 1829 George Stephenson England
longbow c. 1000 — Wales
loudspeaker 1924 Chester W. Rice, Edward W. US
Kellogg
magnetic resonance early 1970s Raymond Damadian, Paul US
imaging (MRI) Lauterbur
margarine 1869 Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès France
matches, friction 1827 John Walker England
metric system of 1795 French Academy of Sciences France
measurement
microphone 1878 David E. Hughes UK/US
microscope, compound c. 1600 Hans & Zacharias Jansen The Netherlands
optical
microscope, electron 1933 Ernst Ruska Germany
microwave oven 1945 Percy L. Spencer US
miniature golf c. 1930 Garnet Carter US
mirror, glass c. 1200 Venetians Italy
missile, guided 1942 Wernher von Braun Germany
mobile home 1919 Glenn H. Curtiss US
money, paper late 900s — China
Monopoly (board game) 1934 Charles B. Darrow US
Morse code 1838 Samuel F.B. Morse US
motor, electric 1834 Thomas Davenport US
motor, outboard 1907 Ole Evinrude Norway/US
motorcycle 1885 Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Germany
Maybach
mouse, computer 1963–64 Douglas Engelbart US
Muzak 1922 George Owen Squier US
nail, construction c. 3300 BC Sumerians Mesopotamia
necktie 17th century — Croatia
neon lighting 1910 Georges Claude France
nuclear reactor 1942 Enrico Fermi US
nylon 1937 Wallace H. Carothers US
oil lamp 1784 Aimé Argand Switzerland
oil well 1859 Edwin Laurentine Drake US
pacemaker, cardiac 1952 Paul M. Zoll US
paper c. 105 Ts'ai Lun China
paper clip 1899 Johan Vaaler Norway
paper towel 1931 Arthur Scott US
parachute, modern 1797 André-Jacques Garnerin France
parking meter 1932 Carl C. Magee US
particle accelerator 1929 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ireland/UK
Ernest Thomas Sinton
Walton
pasteurization 1864 Louis Pasteur France
pen, ballpoint 1938 Lazlo Biro Hungary
pencil 1565 Conrad Gesner Switzerland
periodic table 1871 Dmitry Ivanovich Russia
Mendeleyev
personal watercraft, 1968 Bombardier, Inc. Canada
motorized
petroleum jelly 1870s Robert Chesebrough US
phonograph 1877 Thomas Alva Edison US
photocopying 1937 Chester F. Carlson US
(xerography)
photography 1837 Louis-Jacques-Mandé France
Daguerre
photography, instant 1947 Edwin Herbert Land US
Play-Doh 1956 Noah W. & Joseph S. US
McVicker
plow, steel 1836 John Deere US
pocket watch c. 1500 Peter Henlein Germany
polyethylene 1935 Eric Fawcett, Reginald UK
Gibson
polygraph (lie detector) 1921 John A. Larson US
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 1872 Eugen Baumann Germany
Post-it Notes mid-1970s Arthur Fry (3M) US
potato chips 1853 George Crum US
printing press, movable c. 1450 Johannes Gutenberg Germany
type
Prozac 1972 Ray W. Fuller, Bryan B. US
Molloy, David T. Wong
radar c. 1904 Christian Hülsmeyer Germany
radio 1896 Guglielmo Marconi Italy
radio, car early 1920s William P. Lear US
rayon 1884 Louis-Marie-Hilaire France
Bernigaud, count of
Chardonnet
razor, electric 1928 Jacob Schick US
razor, safety c. 1900 King Camp Gillette US
reaper, mechanical 1831 Cyrus Hall McCormick US
record, long-playing (LP) 1948 Peter Carl Goldmark US
refrigerator 1842 John Gorrie US
remote control, television 1950 Robert Adler US
respirator c. 1955 Forrest M. Bird US
revolver 1835–36 Samuel Colt US
Richter scale 1935 Charles Francis Richter, US
Beno Gutenberg
rifle, assault 1944 Hugo Schmeisser Germany
roller coaster 1884 LeMarcus A. Thompson US
rubber, vulcanized 1839 Charles Goodyear US
rubber band 1845 Stephen Perry UK
saccharin 1879 Ira Remsen, Constantin US, Germany
Fahlberg
saddle (riding) c. 200 BC — China
safety pin 1849 Walter Hunt US
satellite, successful 1957 Sergey Korolyov, et al. USSR
artificial earth
satellite, communications 1960 John Robinson Pierce US
saxophone 1846 Antoine-Joseph Sax Belgium
Scotch tape 1930 Richard Drew (3M) US
scuba gear 1943 Jacques Cousteau, Émile France
Gagnan
seat belt, automotive 1959 Nils Bohlin (Volvo) Sweden
shoulder
sewing machine 1841 Barthélemy Thimonnier France
shoelaces 1790 — England
silicone 1904 Frederic Stanley Kipping UK
skateboard 1958 Bill & Mark Richards US
skates, ice 1000 BC — Scandinavia
skates, roller 1760s Joseph Merlin Belgium
ski, snow c. 2000–3000 — Sweden, Finland,
BC Norway
skyscraper, steel-frame 1884 William Le Baron Jenney US
slot machine 1890s Charles Fey US
snowmobile 1922 Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada
soap 600 BC Phoenicians Lebanon
soft drinks, carbonated 1772 Joseph Priestley UK
sonar 1915 Paul Langevin France
stamps, postage 1840 Sir Rowland Hill UK
stapler 1866 George W. McGill US
steamboat, successful 1807 Robert Fulton US
steel, mass-production 1856 Henry Bessemer UK
steel, stainless 1914 Harry Brearley UK
stereo, personal 1979 Sony Corp. Japan
stereophonic sound 1931 Alan Dower Blumlein UK
recording
stethoscope 1819 René-Théophile- France
Hyacinthe Laënnec
stock ticker 1867 Edward A. Calahan US
stove, electric 1896 William Hadaway US
stove, gas 1826 James Sharp UK
straw, drinking 1888 Marvin Stone US
submarine 1620 Cornelis Drebbel The Netherlands
sunglasses 1752 James Ayscough UK
sunscreen 1944 Benjamin Green US
supermarket 1930 Michael Cullen US
synthesizer, music 1955 Harry Olson, Herbert Belar US
synthetic skin 1981 Ioannis V. Yannas, John F. US
Burke
tampon, cotton 1931 Earle Cleveland Haas US
tank, military 1915 Admiralty Landships UK
Committee
tea bag early 1900s Thomas Sullivan US
teddy bear 1902 Morris Michtom US
Teflon 1938 Roy Plunkett US
telegraph 1832–35 Samuel F.B. Morse US
telephone, wired-line 1876 Alexander Graham Bell Scotland/US
telephone, mobile 1946 Bell Laboratories US
telescope, optical 1608 Hans Lippershey The Netherlands
television 1923, 1927 Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, Russia/US, US
Philo Taylor Farnsworth
thermometer 1592 Galileo Italy
 thermostat 1830 Andrew Ure UK
threshing machine 1778 Andrew Meikle Scotland
tire, pneumatic 1888 John Boyd Dunlop UK
tissue, disposable facial 1924 Kimberly-Clark Co. US
tissue, toilet 1857 Joseph Gayetty US
toaster, electric 1893 Crompton Co. UK
toilet, flush c. 1591 Sir John Harington England
toothbrush 1498 — China
tractor 1892 John Froehlich US
traffic lights, automatic 1923 Garrett A. Morgan US
transistor 1947 John Bardeen, Walter H. US
Brattain, William B.
Shockley
typewriter 1868 Christopher Latham Sholes US
ultrasound imaging, 1958 Ian Donald UK
obstetric
vaccination 1796 Edward Jenner England
vacuum cleaner, electric 1901 Herbert Cecil Booth UK
Velcro 1948 George de Mestral Switzerland
vending machine c. 100–200 — Egypt
BC
Viagra 1997 Pfizer Inc. US
video games 1972 Nolan Bushnell US
videocassette recorder 1969 Sony Corp. Japan
videotape 1950s Charles Ginsburg US
virtual reality 1989 Jaron Lanier US
vision correction, laser 1987 Stephen Trokel US
washing machine, electric 1907 Alva J. Fisher US
wheel about 3500 BC proto-Aryan people or Russia/Kazakhstan or
Sumerians Mesopotamia
wheelbarrow 1st century BC — China
wheelchair 1590s — Spain
windmill 644 — Persia
wine before 4000 BC — Middle East
World Wide Web 1989 Tim Berners-Lee UK
wristwatch, digital 1970 John M. Bergey US
X-ray imaging 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany
Zamboni (ice resurfacing 1949 Frank J. Zamboni US
machine)
zipper 1893 Whitcomb L. Judson US

Mankind's Greatest Inventions

 The Wheel.
 Aqueducts.
 The Printing Press.
 The Telescope.
 Vaccines.
 Gunpowder.
 Steam Engine.
 The Satellite.

2. ROBOTS

Official definitions and classifications of robots

There are many variations in definitions of what exactly is a robot. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult
to compare numbers of robots in different countries. To try to provide a universally acceptable
definition, the International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of robot in ISO
8373, which defines a robot as "an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose,
manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for
use in industrial automation applications." This definition is to be used when comparing the number
of robots in each country.
The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) defines a robot as:
A re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or
specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of
tasks.[14]
The RIA recognizes four classes of robot:
1: Handling devices with manual control
2: Automated handling devices with predetermined cycles
3: Programmable, servo-controlled robots with continuous of point-to-point trajectories
4: Robots capable of Type C specifications which also acquire information from the environment for
intelligent motion

Japanese Robot Association (JARA) classifies robots into six classes :

1: Manual - Handling Devices actuated by an operator
2: Fixed Sequence Robot
3: Variable-Sequence Robot with easily modified sequence of control
4: Playback Robot, which can record a motion for later playback
5: Numerical Control Robots with a movement program to teach it tasks manually
6: Intelligent robot: that can understand its environment and able to complete the task despite
changes in the operation conditions
ETYMOLOGY of robots:
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: "I can't define a robot, but I
know one when I see one."
The word robot was introduced to the public at large by Czech writer Karel Œapek in his play R.U.R.
(Rossum's Universal Robots), which premiered in 1921. However, Karel ÄŒapek himself was not
the originator of the word; he wrote a short letter in reference to an article in the Oxford English
Dictionary etymology in which he named his brother, painter and writer Josef ÄŒapek, as its actual
inventor.[18] In an article in the Czech journal Lidovnoviny in 1933, he also explained that he had
originally wanted to call the creatures laboři (from Latin labor, work). However, he did not like the
word, seeing it as too artificial, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested "roboti".
The word robot comes from the word robota meaning literally serf labor, and figuratively "drudgery"
or "hard work" in Czech, Slovak and Polish. The origin of the word is the Old Church Slavonic rabota
"servitude" ("work" in contemporary Bulgarian and Russian), which in turn comes from the Indo-
European root *orbh-. Robot is cognate with the German word Arbeiter (worker).

History
Ancient developments
The idea of artificial people dates at least as far back as the ancient legends of Cadmus, who sowed
dragon teeth that turned into soldiers, and the myth of Pygmalion, whose statue of Galatea came to
life. In Greek mythology, the deformed god of metalwork (Vulcan or Hephaestus) created
mechanical servants, ranging from intelligent, golden handmaidens to more utilitarian three-legged
tables that could move about under their own power, and the robot Talos defended Crete. Medieval
Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan included recipes for creating artificial snakes, scorpions, and
humans in his coded Book of Stones. Jewish legend tells of the Golem, a clay creature animated by
Kabbalistic magic. Similarly, in the Younger Edda, Norse mythology tells of a clay giant, Mistcalf,
constructed to aid the troll Hrungnir in a duel with Thor, the God of Thunder.
In ancient China, a curious account on automata is found in the Lie Zi text, written in the 3rd century
BC. Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou (1023 BC-
957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the
king with a life-size, human shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork.
www.edinformatics.com/math_science/robotics/robot1.htm
http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/robotics/robot1.htm
Concepts akin to a robot can be found as long ago as the 4th century BC, when the Greek
mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical bird he called "The Pigeon" which
was propelled by steam. Yet another early automaton was the clepsydra, made in 250 BC by
Ctesibius of Alexandria, a physicist and inventor from Ptolemaic Egypt. Hero of Alexandria (10-70
AD) made numerous innovations in the field of automata, including one that allegedly could speak.
Concepts akin to a robot can be found as long ago as the 4th century BC, In the 1930s,
Westinghouse Electric Corporation made a humanoid robot known as Elektro, exhibited at the 1939
and 1940 World's Fairs....over the next 20 years robots are expected to replace 90 million jobs
Medieval developments
Al-Jazari (1136-1206), an Arab Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and
constructed a number of automatic machines, including kitchen appliances, musical automata
powered by water, and the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat
with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His
mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bump into little levers that
operate the percussion. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum
patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.[22]
One of the first recorded designs of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
in around 1495. Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contain detailed drawings of a
mechanical knight able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw. [19] The design is likely
to be based on his anatomical research recorded in the Vitruvian Man. It is not known whether he
attempted to build the robot (see: Leonardo's robot).
Early modern developments
An early automaton was created in 1738 by Jacques de Vaucanson, who created a mechanical duck
that was able to eat and digest grain, flap its wings, and excrete. [19]
The Japanese craftsman Hisashige Tanaka, known as "Japan's Edison," created an array of
extremely complex mechanical toys, some of which were capable of serving tea, firing arrows drawn
from a quiver, or even painting a Japanese kanji character. The landmark text Karakuri Zui
(Illustrated Machinery) was published in 1796. (T. N. Hornyak, Loving the Machine: The Art and
Science of Japanese Robots [New York: Kodansha International, 2006])
In 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated a radio-controlled (teleoperated) boat, similar to a
modern ROV. Based on his patents U.S. Patent 613,809 , U.S. Patent 723,188 and U.S. Patent
725,605 for "teleautomation", Tesla hoped to develop the wireless torpedo into a weapon system for
the US Navy. (Cheney 1989) [23]
Modern Developments
In the 1930s, Westinghouse Electric Corporation made a humanoid robot known as Elektro,
exhibited at the 1939 and 1940 World's Fairs.
The first electronic autonomous robots were created by William Grey Walter of the Burden
Neurological Institute at Bristol, England in 1948 and 1949. They were named Elmer and Elsie.
These robots could sense light and contact with external objects, and use these stimuli to navigate.
[24]
It wasn't until the second half of the twentieth century, when integrated circuits were invented, and
computers began to double rapidly in power (roughly every two years according to Moore's Law),[25]
that it became possible to build robots as we imagine them. Until that time, automatons were the
closest things to robots, and while they may have looked humanoid, and their movements were
complex, they were not capable of the self-control and decision making that robots are today.
The first truly modern robot, digitally operated, programmable, and teachable, was invented by
George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate. It is worth noting that not a single
patent was cited against his original robotics patent (U.S. Patent 2,988,237 ). The first Unimate was
personally sold by Devol to General Motors in 1960 and installed in 1961 in a plant in Trenton, New
Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them.[2

Contemporary uses
Robots can be placed into roughly two categories based on the type of job they do:
Jobs which a robot can do better than a human. Here, robots can increase productivity, accuracy,
and endurance.
Jobs which a human could do better than a robot, but it is desirable to remove the human for some
reason. Here, robots free us from dirty, dangerous and dull tasks.
Increased productivity, accuracy, and endurance
Jobs which require speed, accuracy, reliability or endurance can be performed far better by a robot
than a human. Hence many jobs in factories which were traditionally performed by people are now
robotized. This has led to cheaper mass-produced goods, including automobiles and electronics.
Robots have now been working in factories for more than fifty years, ever since the Unimate robot
was installed to automatically remove hot metal from a die casting machine. Since then, factory
automation in the form of large stationary manipulators has become the largest market for robots.
The number of installed robots has grown faster and faster, and today there are more than 1 million
robots in operation worldwide (Half of the robot population is located in Asia, 1/3 in Europe, and 16%
in North America. Australasia and Africa each account for 1%.)[35].

Some examples of factory robots:

Car production: This is now the primary example of factory automation. Over the last three decades
automobile factories have become dominated by robots. A typical factory contains hundreds of
industrial robots working on fully automated production lines - one robot for every ten human
workers. On an automated production line a vehicle chassis is taken along a conveyor to be welded,
glued, painted and finally assembled by a sequence of robot stations.
Packaging: Industrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of
manufactured goods, for example taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing
them rapidly into boxes, or the loading and unloading of machining centers.
Electronics: Mass produced printed circuit boards (PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by
pick and place robots, typically with SCARA manipulators, which remove tiny electronic components
from strips or trays, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy.[36] Such robots can place
several components per second (tens of thousands per hour), far out-performing a human in terms
of speed, accuracy, and reliability.[37]
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs): Mobile robots, following markers or wires in the floor, or
using vision[38] or lasers, are used to transport goods around large facilities, such as warehouses,
container ports, or hospitals.[39] Early AGV-style robots were limited to tasks that could be
accurately defined and must be performed the same every time. Very little feedback or intelligence
was required, and the robots may need only the most basic of exteroceptors to sense things in their
environment, if any at all. However, newer AGV's, such as the Speci-Minder[40], ADAM [41], Tug
[42], and PatrolBot Gofer [43] qualify under the JARA definition of intelligent robots. They use some
form of natural features recognition to navigate. Scanning lasers, stereovision or other means of
sensing the environment in two- or three-dimensions is combined with standard dead-reckoning
calculations in a probabilistic manner to continuously update the AGV's current location, eliminating
cumulative error. This means that the Self-Guided Vehicle (SGV) can navigate a space
autonomously once it has learned it or been provided with a map of it. Such new robots are able to
operate in complex environments and perform non-repetitive and non-sequential tasks such as
carrying tires to presses in factories, delivering masks in a semi-conductor lab, delivering specimens
in hospitals and delivering goods in warehouses.
Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible task
There are many jobs which a human could perform better than a robot but for one reason or another
the human either does not want to do it or cannot be present to do the job. The job may be too
boring to bother with, for example domestic cleaning; or be too dangerous, for example exploring
inside a volcano[44]. These jobs are known as the "dull, dirty, and dangerous" jobs. Other jobs are
physically inaccessible. For example, exploring another planet,[45] cleaning the inside of a long pipe
or performing laparoscopic surgery.[46]
Robots in the home: As their price falls, and their performance and computational ability rises[47],
making them both affordable and sufficiently autonomous, robots are increasingly being seen in the
home where they are taking on simple but unwanted jobs, such as vacuum cleaning, floor cleaning
and lawn mowing. While they have been on the market for several years, 2006 saw a great increase
in the number of domestic robots sold. By 2006, iRobot had sold more than 2 million vacuuming
robots.[48] They tend to be relatively autonomous, usually only requiring a command to begin their
job. They then proceed to go about their business in their own way. At such, they display a good
deal of agency, and are considered intelligent robots.
Telerobots: When a human cannot be present on site to perform a job because it is dangerous, far
away, or inaccessible, teleoperated robots, or telerobots are used. Rather than following a
predetermined sequence of movements a telerobot is controlled from a distance by a human
operator. The robot may be in another room or another country, or may be on a very different scale
to the operator. A laparoscopic surgery robot such as da Vinci allows the surgeon to work inside a
human patient on a relatively small scale compared to open surgery, significantly shortening
recovery time.[46] An interesting use of a telerobot is by the author Margaret Atwood, who has
recently started using a robot pen (the Longpen) to sign books remotely. The Longpen is similar to
the Autopen of the 1800s. This saves the financial cost and physical inconvenience of traveling to
book signings around the world.[49] At the other end of the spectrum, iRobot ConnectR robot is
designed to be used by anyone to stay in touch with family or friends from far away. One robot in
use today, Intouchhealth's RP-7 remote presence robot, is being used by doctors to communicate
with patients, allowing the doctor to be anywhere in the world. This increases the number of patients
a doctor can monitor.
Military robots: Teleoperated robot aircraft, like the Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, are
increasingly being used by the military. These robots can be controlled from anywhere in the world
allowing an army to search terrain, and even fire on targets, without endangering those in
control.[50] Many of these robots are teleoperated, but others are being developed that can make
decisions automatically; choosing where to fly or selecting and engaging enemy targets.[51]
Hundreds of robots such as iRobot's Packbot and the Foster-Miller TALON are being used in Iraq
and Afghanistan by the U.S. military to defuse roadside bombs or Improvised Explosive Devices
(IEDs) in an activity known as Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD).[52] Autonomous robots such as
MDARS and Seekur are being developed to perform security and surveillance tasks at military
facilities to address manpower shortages as well as keeping troops out of harm's way. The Crusher
Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) is being developed to perform military missions autonomously.
[53]
Elder Care: The population is aging in many countries, especially Japan, meaning that there are
increasing numbers of elderly people to care for but relatively fewer young people to care for
them.[54][55] Humans make the best carers, but where they are unavailable, robots are gradually
being introduced.[56]

Unconventional Robots
Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into
new types of robot, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture
them. It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when
they are finally realized.
Nanorobots: Nanorobotics is the still largely hypothetical technology of creating machines or robots
at or close to the scale of a nanometer (10-9 meters). Also known as nanobots or nanites, they
would be constructed from molecular machines. So far, researchers have mostly produced only
parts of these complex systems, such as bearings, sensors, and Synthetic molecular motors, but
functioning robots have also been made such as the entrants to the Nanobot Robocup contest.[58]
Researchers also hope to be able to create entire robots as small as viruses or bacteria, which could
perform tasks on a tiny scale. Possible applications include micro surgery (on the level of individual
cells), utility fog[59], manufacturing, weaponry and cleaning.[60] Some people have suggested that if
there were nanobots which could reproduce, the earth would turn into "grey goo", while others argue
that this hypothetical outcome is nonsense.[61][62]
Soft Robots: Most man-made machines are made from hard, stiff materials, especially metal and
plastic. This is in contrast to most natural organisms, which are mostly soft tissues. Researchers at
Tufts University recently developed robots with silicone bodies and flexible actuators (air muscles,
electroactive polymers, ferrofluids). The control software emphasizes soft behaviors using fuzzy logic
and neural networks.[63]
Soft-bodied robots can look, feel, and behave differently from traditional hard robots, enabling new
applications. Some of these robots are currently exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMa) in
New York City.
Reconfigurable Robots: A few researchers have investigated the possibility of creating robots
which can alter their physical form to suit a particular task,[64] like the fictional T-1000. Real robots
are nowhere near that sophisticated however, and mostly consist of a small number of cube shaped
units, which can move relative to their neighbours, for example SuperBot. Algorithms have been
designed in case any such robots become a reality.[65]

Swarm robots: Inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees, researchers hope to create
very large swarms (thousands) of tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding
something hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot would be quite simple, but the emergent
behaviour of the swarm would be more complex.[67] The whole set of robots can be considered as
one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can be considered a superorganism.
They would exhibit swarm intelligence. The largest swarms so far created include the iRobot swarm,
and the Open-source micro-robotic project swarm, which are being used to research collective
behaviors.[68] Swarms are also more resistant to failure. Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin
the whole mission, the swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This makes them attractive for
space exploration missions, where failure can be extremely costly.[69]
Evolutionary Robots: is a methodology that uses evolutionary computation to help design robots,
especially the body form, or motion and behaviour controllers. In a similar way to natural evolution, a
large population of robots is allowed to compete in some way, or their ability to perform a task is
measured using a fitness function. Those that perform worst are removed from the population, and
replaced by a new set, which have new behaviors based on those of the winners. Over time the
population improves, and eventually a satisfactory robot may appear. This happens without any
direct programming of the robots by the researchers. Researchers use this method both to create
better robots,[70] and to explore the nature of evolution.[71] Because the process often requires
many generations of robots to be simulated, this technique may be run entirely or mostly in
simulation, then tested on real robots once the evolved algorithms are good enough.[72]
Virtual Reality: Robotics also has application in the design of virtual reality interfaces. Specialized
robots are in widespread use in the haptic research community. These robots, called "haptic
interfaces" allow touch-enabled user interaction with real and virtual environments. Robotic forces
allow simulating the mechanical properties of "virtual" objects, which users can experience through
their sense of touch.[73]

ROBOTIC TIMELINE

 ~270 AD an ancient Greek engineer named Ctesibus made organs and water
clocks with movable figures.
 ~50AD- In two works (Pneumatica and Automata) Heron of Alexandria describes
many machines and automata (mainly from previous sources)
 1206- First programmable humanoid robot -- Al-Jazari
 ~1495 -Early design of a humanoid robot -- Leonardo DaVinco
 1738 - Early automaton, a mechanical duck that was able to eat grain, flap its
wings, and excrete.--Jacques de Vaucanson
 1818 - Mary Shelley wrote "Frankenstein" which was about a frightening artificial
lifeform created by Dr. Frankenstein.
 1921 - The term "robot" was first used in a play called "R.U.R." or "Rossum's
Universal Robots" by the Czech writer Karel Capek. The plot was simple: man
makes robot then robot kills man!
 1930's-- Early humanoid robot. It was exhibited at the 1939 and 1940 World's
Fairs-- Westinghouse Corp.
 1941 - Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov first used the word "robotics" to
describe the technology of robots and predicted the rise of a powerful robot
industry.
 1942 - Asimov wrote "Runaround", a story about robots which contained the
"Three Laws of Robotics":
o A robot may not injure a human, or, through inaction, allow a human being
to come to harm.
o A robot must obey the orders it by human beings except where such
orders would conflic with the First Law.
o A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict withe the First or Second Law.
 1948 - "Cybernetics", an influence on artificial intelligence research was published
by Norbert Wiener
 1954 --Patent submitted for first digitally controlled robot and first teachable
robot, (U.S. Patent 2,988,237 ) -- George Devol
 1956 - George Devol and Joseph Engelberger formed the world's first robot
company.
 1959 - Computer-assisted manufacturingg was demonstrated at the
Servomechanisms Lab at MIT.
 1961 - The first industrial robot was online in a General Motors automobile factory
in New Jersey. It was called UNIMATE.
 1963 - The first artificial robotic arm to be controlled by a computer was designed.
The Rancho Arm was designed as a tool for the handicapped and it's six joints
gave it the flexibility of a human arm.
 1965 - DENDRAL was the first expert system or program designed to execute the
accumulated knowledge of subject experts.
 1968 - The octopus-like Tentacle Arm was developed by Marvin Minsky.
 1969 - The Stanford Arm was the first electrically powered, computer-controlled
robot arm.
 1970 - Shakey was introduced as the first mobile robot controlled by artificial
intellence. It was produced by SRI International.
 1974 - A robotic arm (the Silver Arm) that performed small-parts assembly using
feedback from touch and pressure sensors was designed.
 1979 - The Standford Cart crossed a chair-filled room without human assistance.
The cart had a tv camera mounted on a rail which took pictures from multiple
angles and relayed them to a computer. The computer analyzed the distance
between the cart and the obstacles.
  2000 -
A humanoid robot that can recognize human faces, see stereoscopically,
walk and run on different types of ground (including stairs), and respond (in
words and in actions) to English and Japanese commands.

What is Cybernetics- the science of communications and automatic control systems in both
machines and living things. Cybernetics extracts, from whatever context, that which is
concerned with information processing and control

The term cybernetics stems from the Greek

Cybernetics was defined by Norbert Wiener, in his book of that title, as the study of control and
communication in the animal and the machine. Stafford Beer called it the science of effective
organization and Gordon Pask extended it to include information flows "in all media" from stars to
brains

The word cybernetics was first used in the context of "the study of self-governance" by Plato in The
Laws to signify the governance of people

Father of Ayurveda Charaka

Father of Biology Aristotle
Father of Physics Albert Einstein
Father of Statistics Ronald Fisher
Father of Zoology Aristotle
Father of History Herodotus
Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur
Father of Botany Theophrastus
Father of Algebra Diophantus
Father of Blood groups Landsteiner
Father of Electricity Benjamin Franklin
Father of Trigonometry Hipparchus
Father of Geometry Euclid
Father of Modern Chemistry Antoine Lavoisier
Father of Robotics Nikola Tesla
Father of Electronics Ray Tomlinson
Father of Internet Vinton Cerf
Father of Economics Adam Smith
Father of Video game Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.
Father of Architecture Imhotep
Father of Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel
Father of Nanotechnology Richard Smalley
Father of Robotics Al-Jazari
Father of C language Dennis Ritchie
Father of World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee
Father of Search engine Alan Emtage
Father of Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev
Father of Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Surgery (early) Sushruta
Father of Mathematics Archimedes
Father of Medicine Hippocrates
Father of Homeopathy Samuel Hahnemann
Father of Law Cicero
Father of the American Constitution James Madison
Father of the Indian Constitution Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Father of the Green Revolution Norman Ernest Borlaug
Father of the Green Revolution in India

List of Important Days – January 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

January

4th January World Braille Day

9th January NRI Day (Pravasi Bharatiya Divas)

10th January World Hindi Day

12th January National Youth Day

15th January Indian Army Day

24th January National Girl Child Day

 25th January National Voters Day

26th January India’s Republic Day,

International Customs Day

27th January International Day of Commemoration(Holocaust Remembrance &

Education)

27th January(Every last World Leprosy Day

Sunday)

30th January Martyrs’ Day

List of Important Days – February 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

February 2nd February World Wetlands Day

4th February World Cancer Day

6th February International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation

7th February Safer Internet Day

10th February National De-worming Day

 12th February National Productivity Day

13th February World Radio Day

14th February Valentine Day

20th February World Day of Social Justice

21st February International Mother Language Day

24th February Central Excise Day

28th February National Science Day

List of Important Days – March 2018

Month Dates & Event

Days

March 1st March Zero Discrimination Day

World Civil Defense Day

3rd March World Wildlife Day,

National Defense Day

4th March National Security Day

8th March International Women’s Day
World Kidney Day

10th March CISF Raising Day

12th March Commonwealth Day

15th March World Consumer Rights Day

16th March National Vaccination Day

18th March Ordnance Factories Day

Global Recycling Day

2oth March World Happiness Day

World Sparrow Day

21st March World Forestry Day,

International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
World Down Syndrome Day

22nd March World Water Day

23rd March World Meteorological Day

24th March World TB Day

 25th March International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic
Slave Trade

27th March World Theatre Day

List of Important Days – April 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

April 1st April Prevention of Blindness Week

2nd April World Autism Awareness Day

4th April International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine action

5th April National Maritime Day

7th April World Health Day,

Handloom Week

8th April World Tradition Day

10th April World Homeopathy Day

11th April National Safe Motherhood Day

 17th April World Hemophilia Day

18th April World Heritage Day

21st April Secretaries’ Day

22nd April International Earth Day

23rd April World Book & Copyright Day

24th April National Panchayati Day

29th April International Dance Day

List of Important Days – May 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

May 1st May International Labor Day,

Maharashtra Day

3rd May Press Freedom Day

1st (Sunday) World Laughter Day

1st (Tuesday) World Asthma Day

2nd (Sunday) Mother’s Day

4th May Coal Miners’ Day,

International Firefighters Day

7th May World Athletics Day

8th May World Red Cross Day,

Mother’s Day

8th May World Thalassaemia Day

11th May National Technology Day

12th May International Nurses Day,

15th May International Day of Family

17th May World Telecommunication Day,

World Hypertension Day

18th May World AIDS Vaccine Day

22nd May International Day for Biological Diversity

24th May Commonwealth Day

 31st May Anti-tobacco Day

List of Important Days – June 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

June 1st June World Milk Day

4th June International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression

5th June World Environment Day

8th June World Ocean Day

3rd (Sunday) Father’s Day

12th June Anti-Child Labor Day

14th June World Blood Donor Day

20th June World Refugee Day

21st June International Yoga Day

26th June International Day against Drug Abuse & Illicit Trafficking
List of Important Days – July 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

July 1st July Doctor’s Day

6th July World Zoonoses Day

11th July World Population Day

17th July International Nelson Mandela Day

28th July World Nature Conservation Day

List of Important Days – August 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

August 1st August World Breastfeeding Week

1st Sunday International Friendship Day

6th August Hiroshima Day

8th August World Senior Citizen’s Day

 9th August Quit India Day, Nagasaki Day

International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples

11th August National Daughter’s Day

13th August Organ Donation Day

15th August Indian Independence Day

19th August Photography Day

29th August National Sports Day

List of Important Days – September 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

September 1st September National Nutrition Week

2nd September Coconut Day

5th September Teachers’ Day

8th September International Literacy Day

15th September Engineers’ Day

16th September World Ozone Day

 21st September Alzheimer’s Day

22nd September Rose Day (Welfare of Cancer patients)

4th (Sunday) World Rivers Day

26th September World Contraception Day

27th September World Tourism Day

29th September World Heart Day

List of Important Days – October 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

October 1st October International Day for the Elderly

2nd October Gandhi Jayanthi,

International Day of Non-Violence

1st (Monday) World Habitat Day

4th October World Animal Welfare Day

8th October Indian Air Force Day

 9th October World Post Office Day

10th October World Mental Health Day,

National Post Day

2nd (Thursday) World Sight Day

13th October International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction

14th October World Standards Day

15th October World Students Day,

World White Cane Day

16th October World Food Day

24th October World Development Information Day,

UN Day

28th October National Ayurveda Day

30th October World Thrift Day

List of Important Days – November 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

 November 5th November World Tsunami Day

7th November National Cancer Awareness Day

9th November Legal Services Day

11th November National Education Day

14th November Children’s Day,

Diabetes Day

17th November National Epilepsy Day

20th November Africa Industrialisation Day

21st November World Television Day

29th November International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People

List of Important Days – December 2018

Month Dates & Days Event

December 1st December World AIDS Day

2nd December National Pollution Control

3rd December World Day of Handicapped

4th December Indian Navy Day

7th December Indian Armed Forces Flag Day

8th December Plastic Free Day

10th December Human Rights Day

11th December International Mountain Day

14th December World Energy Conservation Day

16th December Vijay Diwas

18th December Minorities Rights Day

22nd December National Mathematics Day

23rd December Kisan Divas

24th December National Consumers Day

 25th December Christmas

PINCODE
Postal Index Number (PIN) or PIN Code is a 6 digit code of Post Office numbering used by
India Post. The PIN was introduced on August 15, 1972. There are 9 PIN regions in the
country. The first 8 are geographical regions and the digit 9 is reserved for the Army Postal
Service. The first digit indicates one of the regions. The second digit indicates the sub
region or one of the postal circles (States). The third digit indicates a sorting / revenue
district. The last 3 digits refer to the delivery Post Office.
The first digit of PIN indicates as below:

First Digit Region States Covered

1 Northern Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir
2 Northern Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal
3 Western Rajasthan and Gujarat
4 Western Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh
5 Southern Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
6 Southern Kerala and Tamil Nadu
7 Eastern West Bengal, Orissa and North Eastern
8 Eastern Bihar and Jharkand
9 APS Army Postal Service

The first 2 digits of PIN indicate as below:

First 2 Digits of PIN Circle

11 Delhi
12 and 13 Haryana
14 to 16 Punjab
17 Himachal Pradesh
18 to 19 Jammu & Kashmir
20 to 28 Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal
 30 to 34 Rajasthan
36 to 39 Gujarat
40 to 44 Maharashtra
45 to 49 Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh
50 to 53 Andhra Pradesh & Telangana
56 to 59 Karnataka
60 to 64 Tamil Nadu
67 to 69 Kerala
70 to 74 West Bengal
75 to 77 Orissa
78 Assam
79 North Eastern
80 to 85 Bihar and Jharkand
90 to 99 Army Postal Service (APS)

Example Illustration
If the PINCODE is 500072, then 5 indicates Southern region & 50 indicates Telangana. 500
indicates the district of Rangareddy/Hyderabad and the last 3 digits (072) indicate the KPHB
colony post office in this area. That is how the postal department sorts the incoming mails
and routes them to the correct post office.

Andhra Pradesh Blackbuck Indian Roller Neem *

Arunachal
Mithun Great Hornbill Hollong Lady Slipper Orchid
Pradesh
Assam * * * *
Bihar Gaur Indian Roller Peepal Kachnar
Chattisgarh Wild Buffalo Hill Myna * *
Delhi * * * *
Black Crested
Goa Gaur Matti *
Bulbul
Gujarat Asiatic Lion Greater Flamingo * *
Haryana Blackbuck Black Francolin Peepal Lotus
Hiimachal
Musk Deer Monal Deodar Rhododendron
Pradesh
Jammu & Black necked
Hangul Chinar Lotus
Kashmir Crane
Jharkhand Elephant koel Sal Palash
Karnataka Elephant Indian Roller Sandal Lotus
Kerala Elephant Great Hornbill Coconut Kanikonna
Madhya Paradise Fly
Swamp Deer * *
Pradesh catcher
Green Imperial
Maharashtra Giant Squirrel Mango Jarul
Pigeon
Mrs. Hume's
Manipur Sangai Toon Shiroy Lilly
Pheasant
Clouded
Meghalaya Hill Myna Gamari Lady Slipper Orchid
Leopard
Mrs. Hume's
Mizoram Hillock Gibbon Iron Wood Red Vanada
Pheasant
Nagaland Mithun Blyth's Tragopan Alder Phododendron
Orissa Elephant Peacock Banyan Lotus
Punjab Blackbuck Northern Goshawk Sheesham *
Rajasthan Chinkara Indian Bustard Khejri Rohira
Sikkim Red Panda Blood Pheasant Rhododendron Nobile Orchid
Tamil Nadu Nilgiri Tahr Emerald Dove Palmera Palm Kandhal
Green Imperial
Tripura Phayre's Langur Agar Nageshwar
Pigeon
Uttranchal Musk Deer Himalayan Monal Burans Brahm Kamal
Uttar Pradesh Swamp Deer Sarus Crane Ashok Brahm Kamal
White-throated
West Bengal Fishing cat Chatian Shephali
King Fisher

Andaman &
* * * *
Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh * * * *
Dadar & Nagar
* * * *
Haveli
Daman & Diu * * * *
Lakshwadeep Butterfly Fish Sooty Tern Bread Fruit *
Pondicherry * * * *
 Apollo 11's mission was to land two men on the moon. They also had to come back to Earth
safely. Apollo 11 blasted off on July 16, 1969. Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and
Michael Collins were the astronauts on Apollo 11. Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin poses
with the American flag on the surface of the moon in July 1969.
The lunar module touched down on the moon's Sea of Tranquility, a large basaltic
region, at 4:17 p.m. EDT. Armstrong notified Houston with the historic words, "Houston,
Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed."
Besides Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin – who were the first two astronauts to
leave their bootprints on the Moon — there were also Pete Conrad, Alan Bean,Alan
Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke,
Eugene Cernan, and Harrison Schmitt

Apollo 11
Neil Armstrong: Commander, Apollo 11, the first manned moon landing flight, which
landed on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969. Armstrong was a Navy aviator and later a
test pilot for NASA's precursor agency, the National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, where he tested the X-15 rocket plane, among other experimental aircraft.
He joined NASA in 1962 and commanded the Gemini 8 mission in 1966 to perform the
first space docking in orbit. Armstrong left NASA in 1971 to teach aerospace
engineering at the University of Cincinnati and chair an electronic systems
company. Armstrong died Aug. 25, 2012, of complications related to recent surgery at
age 82. [Photos: Neil Armstrong — American Icon Remembered]
Buzz Aldrin: Lunar module pilot, Apollo 11. A U.S Air Force pilot before joining NASA in
1963, Aldrin first launched into space on the Gemini 12 mission in 1966 to test
spacewalking procedures, including new restraints attached to the outside of the space
capsule, and new training techniques. After becoming the second man to walk on the
moon, Aldrin resigned from NASA in July 1971. Post-NASA, he has written numerous
books, given lectures around the world, and even participated in the reality television
show "Dancing With the Stars." Aldrin is currently the president of Starcraft Enterprise, a
company he founded to promote his vision for the future of space exploration.
Michael Collins: Command module pilot, Apollo 11. Collins stayed on the Columbia
command module while Armstrong and Aldrin took the Eagle lunar lander down to the
moon's surface. Apollo 11 was Collins' second spaceflight, after the Gemini 10 mission
in 1966. On that flight, Collins served as pilot during a successful rendezvous and
docking with a separately launched unmanned spacecraft called Agena. Before joining
NASA in 1963, Collins was an experimental flight test officer in the U.S. Air Force,
logging approximately 5,000 hours flying time. He retired as a brigadier general from the
Air Force, and left NASA in 1970 to work for the U.S. State Department, and then to
become the director of the Smithsonian's National Air & Space Museum. In 1980,
Collins left the Smithsonian, joining the LTV Aerospace company, and then started his
own consulting firm in 1985. He has written several books and paints watercolors.
Apollo 11 astronauts, from left, Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stand during a
recognition ceremony at the U.S House of Representatives Committee on Science and
Technology tribute to the Apollo 11 astronauts at the Cannon House Office Building on Capitol
Hill, Tuesday, July 21, 2009, in Washington. The committee presented the three Apollo 11
astronauts with a framed copy of House Resolution 607 honoring their achievement, and
announced passage of legislation awarding them and John Glenn the Congressional Gold Medal.
Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls

Apollo 12
Charles "Pete" Conrad: Commander, Apollo 12. Conrad headed up the second lunar
landing mission, Apollo 12, in November 1969. Conrad became the third person to walk
on the moon, and spent more than a day exploring the lunar surface. Apollo 12 was
Conrad's third spaceflight, following his turns on the Gemini 5 and Gemini 11 missions.
A test pilot for the U.S. Navy, Conrad joined NASA in 1962, and retired in 1973 after
commanding the Skylab 2 mission on the first American space station. After his military
and NASA career, Conrad worked at the American Television and Communications
Corporation (ATC) and the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. He died in 1999, following
a motorcycle accident in Ojai, Calif.
Alan Bean: Lunar module pilot, Apollo 12. Bean's first spaceflight was Apollo 12, during
which he spent more than a day on the surface of the moon with Pete Conrad. A
captain the U.S. Navy, Bean joined NASA in 1963, and followed up Apollo 12 as
commander of the Skylab 3 mission in 1973. He retired from NASA in 1981 to
concentrate on painting, saying he was inspired to communicate his space experiences
through art. In 2009, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the first moon landing, many of
Bean's works were displayed at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in
Washington, D.C. Bean died May 26, 2018, after an illness. He was 86.
Richard F. "Dick" Gordon: Command module pilot, Apollo 12. On Apollo 12, Gordon
stayed inside the command module Yankee Clipper, photographing potential future
lunar landing sites while Conrad and Bean walked on the moon. Gordon, a captain in
the U.S. Navy, was selected as an astronaut in 1963, and served as pilot for the Gemini
11 mission in September 1966. He retired from NASA and the Navy in 1972, and went
on to work for the New Orleans Saints Professional Football Club; Energy Developers,
Limited (EDL); Resolution Engineering and Development Company (REDCO); and
Astro Sciences Corporation. Gordon died November 6, 2017. He was 88. [NASA's 17
Apollo Moon Missions in Pictures]

Apollo 14
Alan Shepard: Commander, Apollo 14. Prior to commanding Apollo 14 in 1971, Shepard
became the first American to reach space when he rode in the Freedom 7 spacecraft on
May 5, 1961, under NASA's Mercury program. Apollo 14 marked his second spaceflight,
following a stint as chief of NASA's astronaut office, a job he resumed after his moon
mission. During his walk on the moon, he famously hit two golf balls and watched them
soar in the low lunar gravity. Shepard, a rear admiral of the U.S. Navy, left NASA and
the Navy in 1974. After NASA, Shepard wrote a book about his space experiences,
served on the boards of various corporations, and helped lead the Mercury Seven
Foundation, which awarded college scholarships for science. He died in 1998 of
leukemia. [Photos: Freedom 7, America's First Manned Spaceflight]
Edgar Mitchell: Lunar module pilot, Apollo 14. Mitchell's first flight to space on Apollo 14
sent him to the moon with Alan Shepard for a total of 216 hours and 42 minutes in
space. The U.S. Navy captain retired from NASA and the Navy after that mission in
1972, going on to found the Institute of Noetic Sciences, dedicated to the study of
consciousness. He wrote books on mystical experiences and psychic exploration.
Mitchell died February 4, 2016.
Stuart Roosa: Command module pilot, Apollo 14. On his first and only trip to space,
Roosa piloted the command module Kitty Hawk, making observations of the moon from
orbit while Shepard and Mitchell walked on the lunar surface. Roosa joined NASA in
1966 from the U.S. Air Force, and worked on the space shuttle program after the Apollo
flights ended. After his retirement from NASA in 1976, Roosa then worked for U.S.
Industries, Inc., for a commercial real estate firm called Charles Kenneth Campbell
Investments, and was president and owner of Gulf Coast Coors, Inc., a beer distributor.
Roosa died in 1994, due to complications of pancreatitis.
Apollo 15
David Scott: Commander, Apollo 15. During the fourth manned moon-landing mission,
Apollo 15, Scott and Irwin became the first people to drive a lunar rover around the
surface of the moon. When he commanded the mission in 1971, Scott was already a
space veteran, having served aboard the Gemini 8 mission in 1966 with Neil Armstrong,
and then the Apollo 9 mission in 1969. After joining NASA in 1963, Scott eventually
logged a total of 546 hours and 54 minutes in space. Following his work as an
astronaut, Scott served as director of NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at
Edwards, California. He is a retired colonel in the U.S. Air Force. [Driving on the Moon:
Photos of NASA's Lunar Cars]
James Irwin: Lunar module pilot, Apollo 15. Irwin's first and only flight to space was on
Apollo 15, during which he walked around the moon's Hadley Rille and Apennine
Mountains, collecting 171 lbs. (77.5 kilograms) of moon rocks with Scott. Irwin, a retired
colonel in the U.S. Air Force, joined NASA in 1966. He left the space agency after his
Apollo 15 flight in 1972, to become a preacher, and formed a religious organization
called High Flight Foundation in Colorado Springs, Colo. Irwin died in 1991 of a heart
attack.
Alfred Worden: Command module pilot, Apollo 15. As a test pilot, Worden was selected
as an astronaut by NASA in 1966. He piloted Apollo 15's command module Endeavour
while Scott and Irwin walked on the moon's surface. Following his space flight, Worden
worked as a scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center in California, and ultimately
retired from NASA in 1975. He went on to work at Maris Worden Aerospace, Inc., and
BG Goodrich Aerospace.
Astronaut James B. Irwin, lunar module pilot, works at the Lunar Roving Vehicle during the first
Apollo 15 lunar surface extravehicular activity at the Hadley-Apennine landing site.
Credit: NASA/David R. Scott

Apollo 16
John W. Young: Commander, Apollo 16. Young led the fifth manned moon landing
mission, Apollo 16, in April 1972, when he and Charlie Duke explored the lunar
highlands at Descartes, collected 200 lbs. (90.7 kg) of moon rocks, and drove more
than 16 miles (24.75 kilometers) in the lunar rover. Young joined NASA in 1962 as a
pilot in the U.S. Navy, and flew on six separate space missions. He flew on the first
manned Gemini mission, Gemini 3, in 1965, and then on the Gemini 10 mission in 1966.
Young then served as command module pilot of Apollo 10, which orbited the moon in
1969, but did not land. Following the Apollo program, Young went on to fly on two space
shuttle missions, STS-1 — the first ever space shuttle flight — in 1981 and STS-9 in
1983. Overall, Young logged 835 hours in space, and worked at NASA until retiring in
2004. He died January 5, 2018.
Charles Duke: Lunar module pilot, Apollo 16. A retired brigadier general in the U.S. Air
Force, Charlie Duke joined NASA in 1966 and flew on one space mission, Apollo 16,
before retiring from NASA in 1975. During the Apollo 16 mission, Duke and Young
deployed a cosmic ray detector and an ultraviolet camera on the lunar surface. After
NASA, Duke pursued business opportunities, founding the Duke Investments Charlie
Duke Enterprises firms. He is also president of the Duke Ministry for Christ.
Thomas "Ken" Mattingly: Command module pilot, Apollo 16. Mattingly joined NASA in
1966 and was due to make his first flight to space on the Apollo 13 mission, but was
removed from the crew 72 hours before launch because he had been exposed to the
German measles. Mattingly was reassigned to the Apollo 16 mission. Mattingly piloted
the command module Casper, working on photographic and geochemical mapping of a
belt around the lunar equator. Following Apollo 16, Mattingly flew on two space shuttle
flights, STS-4 and STS-51C, before retiring from NASA in 1985.

Apollo 17
Eugene Cernan: Commander, Apollo 17. Cernan had made two flights to space — on
Gemini 9 in 1966 and on Apollo 10 in 1969 — before leading the sixth and last lunar
landing mission, Apollo 17, in December 1972. This excursion to the moon marked the
longest lunar landing flight, with Cernan and Harrison Schmitt spending more than three
days on the moon's surface. Cernan was the last man to leave his footprints on the
surface of the moon. A captain in the U.S. Navy, he retired from NASA and the military
in 1975. He worked at Coral Petroleum, Inc., and then founded his own consulting
company, the Cernan Corporation. He also served as Chairman of the Board of
Johnson Engineering Corporation, which has helped NASA design trainers and
equipment for space exploration. He died on January 16, 2017.
Harrison Schmitt: Lunar module pilot, Apollo 17. Schmitt, a trained geologist, was the
only astronaut without military experience to walk on the moon, and helped train all
Apollo moonwalking crews in geology. He was selected by NASA as a scientist-
astronaut in 1965. Apollo 17 was Schmitt's only flight to space, but he continued to work
at NASA after the Apollo program as chief of the scientist-astronauts and then as NASA
assistant administrator for energy programs. In 1975, Schmitt resigned from NASA to
run for election in the U.S. Senate in New Mexico, where he won as a Republican and
served a six-year term.
Ronald Evans: Command module pilot, Apollo 17. While Cernan and Schmitt walked on
the lunar surface, Evans stayed in lunar orbit aboard the command module America.
During the flight, he completed a spacewalk to retrieve three camera cassettes and
make an inspection of the capsule's equipment bay area. He still holds the record of
more time spent in lunar orbit than anyone else in the world. Evans became an
astronaut in 1966. In 1976, he retired as a captain in the U.S. Navy, but stayed on at
NASA working on the space shuttle program in the operations and training group and
within the astronaut office. He retired from NASA in 1977 to work as an executive in the
coal industry. Evans died in 1990 of a heart attack.

National sport Established by law of country:

Country - National sport

1. Argentina- Pato
2. Bahamas- Cricket
3. Bangladesh- Kabaddi
4. Brazil- Capoeira
5. Canada- Lacrosse (summer), Ice hockey (winter)
6. Chile- Chilean Rodeo
7. Colombia- Tejo
8. Iran-Varzesh-e Bastani, Wrestling, Polo
9. Mexico- Charreria
10. Nepal-Volleyball
11. Philippines- Arnis
12. Puerto Rico- Paso Fino
13. Sri Lanka- Volleyball
14. Uruguay- Destrezas Criollas

Amazing posts:
Pato National Sport Of Argentina
Colombia Sports Tourist Attractions
Monique Murphy World Best Swimmer
Titanic Wreak is food for Bacteria
Also Read:
  1. Google Running On 5G Net And It Will Be To Be Had Very Quickly
 2. Disney Scientists Checked Wireless Power Transfer System
 3. Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (MIT) Rank, Admissions,
Courses
 4. A Supercharged Hunger For Carbon Pollution In Plants Could Combat
Weather Trade
National sport not Established by law of country:

15. Afghanistan- Buzkashi

16. Anguilla- Yacht racing

17. Antigua and Barbuda- Cricket

18. Barbados- Cricket

19. Bermuda- Cricket

20. Bhutan- Archery

21. Cuba- Baseball

22. Denmark- Association football, Handball

23. Dominican Republic- Baseball

24. England- Association football

25. Estonia- Basketball

26. Finland- Pesapallo

27. Georgia- Rugby union

28. Grenada- Cricket

29. Guyana- Cricket or Water polo

30. Iceland- Handball

31. India- Field hockey

32. Indonesia -Pencak Silat

33. Israel- Association football

34. Ireland- Gaelic games

35. Jamaica- Cricket

36. Japan- Sumo

Must Read Articles:

Year 2018 Calendar All Countries Holidays List
Jessica cox World's first licensed armless pilot
Thailand Beaches Best Tourism

37. South Korea- Taekwondo

38. Latvia- Basketball (summer), Ice hockey (winter)

39. Lithuania- Basketball

40. Madagascar- Rugby union

41. Malaysia- Sepak takraw

42. Mauritius- Association football

43. Mongolia- Archery, Mongolian wrestling, Horse racing

44. New Zealand- Rugby union

 45. Norway- Cross-country skiing (winter)

46. Pakistan- Field hockey

47. Papua New Guinea- Rugby league

48. Peru- Paleta Fronton

49. Romania- Oina

50. Russia Bandy

51. Scotland-Golf

52. Sikkim- Paragliding

53. Slovenia- Alpine skiing

54. Tajikistan- Gushtigiri

55. Turkey- Oil wrestling & Cirit

56. Turks and Caicos Islands- Cricket

57. United States- Baseball

58. Venezuela- Baseball

59. Wales- Rugby union

List of Countries and their National Games /Sports in The

World
National
S.N.Country Other Popular Games /Sports
Game/Sport
1 Afghanistan Buzkashi Football, Cricket
Association Football, Basketbal,
2 Argentina Pato
Rugby Union
AFL (Australian Football League),
3 Australia Cricket
Basketball
4 Bahamas Sloop Sailing Cricket, Football, Rugby
 National
S.N.Country Other Popular Games /Sports
Game/Sport
5 Bangladesh Kabaddi Cricket, Football, Hockey
6 Bhutan Archery Basketball, Football, Futsal
7 Brazil Football Volleyball, Basketball
Lacrosse (summer),
8 Canada Football, Basketball, Baseball
Ice Hockey (winter)
9 Chile Chilean Rodeo Football, Tennis
Ping Pong (Table Volleyball, Badminton, Shooting,
10 China
Tennis) Martial Arts
11 Colombia Tejo Football, Cycling, Roller Skating
12 Cuba Baseball Boxing, Volleyball, Basketball
13 Denmark Football, Handball Cycling, Sailing, Badminton
14 Dominican Republic Baseball Football, Boxing
15 England Cricket Football, Rugby, Basketball
16 Estonia Basketball Bandy, Beach Volleyball
Pesäpallo (Finnish
17 Finland Ice Hockey, Formula One
Baseball)
Association Football, Rugby, Motor
18 France Football
Sports, Tennis
19 Georgia Rugby Union Football, Basketball
20 Grenada Cricket Football
Beach Cricket, Water Polo.
21 Guyana Cricket
Football
22 Hungary Water polo Football
23 Iceland Handball Football, Basketball, Athletics
24 India Field Hockey Cricket, Badminton, Kabaddi
25 Iran Wrestling Football
26 Ireland Gaelic Football Soccer, Hurling, Golf
27 Israel Association Football Basketball, swimming, Canoeing
28 Jamaica Cricket Atheletics, Association Football
29 Japan Sumo Baseball, Association Football
30 Latvia Baseball Association Football, Ice Hockey
31 Lithuania Basketball Football, Atheletics, Cycling
32 Mauritus Football Atheletics, Badminton, Basketball
33 Mexico Charrería Association Football, Boxing
34 Mongolia Archery Wrestling, Football, Basketball
35 Nepal Dandi Biyo Cricket, Football
36 Norway Cross Country Skiing Wrestling, Cycling, Shooting
37 Pakistan Field Hockey Cricket, Kabaddi, Polo, Squash
38 Papua New Guinea Rugby League AFL, Soccer, Volleyball
39 Philippines Arnis Basketball, Badminton, Boxing
40 Puerto Rico Paso Fino Football, Baseball
41 Romania Oină Football, Handball, Volleyball
Basketball, Ice Hockey, Football,
42 Russia Bandy
Rugby
 National
S.N.Country Other Popular Games /Sports
Game/Sport
43 Scotland Golf Tennis, Rugby
Alpine Skiing, Ski
44 Slovenia Atheletics, Basketball, Boxing
Jumping
45 South Korea Taekwondo Football, Basketball
46 Spain Bull Fighting Football, Basketball, Tennis
47 Sri Lanka Volley Ball Cricket, Badminton, Water Sports
48 Switzerland Shooting, GymnasticsFootball, Ice Hockey
49 Turkey Oil Wrestling Soccer, Basketball, Volleyball
50 United States Baseball American Football, Basketball
51 Venezuela Baseball Football
52 Wales Rugby Union Football, Golf, Tennis