Economic Application of Post Tensioning in Korean Residential Building

Economic Application of Post‐Tensioning
In Korean Residential Building
‐ Alternative Application of Post‐Tensioned Floor System –
(RC Slab vs. PT Slab vs. PT Void Slab)
2012. 5. 8
DAELIM Industrial Co., Ltd.
ADAPT Corporation
2012 PTI Convention
2012 PTI Technical Conference
Contents & Exhibition
[Part 1] Post-Tension Design Proposal in Korea

By JK Yoon / DAELIM
1) Residential Buildings in Korea
2) Economic Application of Post‐Tensioning
3) Sustainable Application of Post‐Tensioning
(Post‐Tensioned Void Slab)
[Part 2] Evaluation of Alternative PT Floor System
By Florian Aalami / ADAPT

1) Post‐Tensioned Void Slab Design Method
2) Alternative Application of Post‐Tensioning
3) Evaluation of Economic Efficiency
4) Evaluation of Structural Performance
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& Exhibition
[Part 1] Post-Tension Design Proposal in Korea
Jang Keun Yoon / Manager/ Korean P.E
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& Exhibition
1) Residential Buildings in Korea
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Residential Buildings in Korea & Exhibition
 Typical Residential Buildings
DAELIM Apartment
• Location : Kimpo, Gyeonggi-do

• Occupancy : Residential Apartment
• Gross Area : 198,456m2
• No of Block : 14 Apartments
• Bldg Story : 20~30F
• Bldg Height : 60~90m
• Lateral Resist : Shear Wall System

• Floor Type : RC Flat Plate
• Architect : Haeahn Architecture

• Construction : DAELIM Co., Ltd
• Const’ Period : Jan 2010 ~ July 2012
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 Apartment Complex
Chunan Project (11 Block, 2011~2013) Sindang Project (13 Block, 2009~2011) Buchun Project (8 Block, 2009~2011)
More than 100 Projects
(Daliem, since 1998)
Dangjin Project (10 Block, 2008~2010) Osan Project (19 Block, 2008~2010)
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 Recent Change of the Structural System
[Past] RC Shear Wall System [Present] RC Column System
Dry Wall
RC Wall
(Prefabricated)
Toilet
Kitchen
Room 2 Room 3
Living
Room
Room 1
[Unit Plan] [Unit Plan]
 Why Column Type ?
1) Flexible → Easy to Renovate
< Prototype Building > 2) Sustainable → Long Life House

3) Eco‐friendly → Reduce CO2 Emission
4) Serviceable → Reduce Noise Transmission
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 Increase of the Floor Span
[Present] Short Span (5~6m) [Future] Long Span (9~10m)
2.8m 2.8m
Remove Interior Column 210 mm (8 ¼ in) SLAB 210 mm (8 ¼ in) SLAB
온돌형 마루판
Wooden Floor Cover
THK45
THK45
시멘트: Cement Mortar (Heating Coil)
THK 45mm
경량기포
THK 45mm
모르터 / 판넬히팅
콘크리트
: Lightweight Aerated Concrete (Insulation)
 Why Long Span Floor ?
THK20 완충재: Cushioning material (Soundproof)
THK 20mm
THK 210mm
THK210 R C S: RC SLAB
lab / 급배수+전기
1) Provide Open Space with Fewer Columns
110
2) Improve Constructability
320
210
3) Save Construction Time
< Standard Floor, Korean MLTMA > 4) Reduce Concrete Volume (Reduce CO2)
* MLTMA : Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
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 Post‐Tensioning Solution
Benefits of Post‐Tensioned Slab
Long Span (9~10m)
1) Reduced Floor Height
‐ Maintain Typical 2.8m Height
2.8m
2) Longer Span
‐ 210mm PT Flat Plate → L=9.5m (L/45)
3) Lesser Weight
210 mm (8 ¼ in) SLAB
‐ Reduce CO2 Emission
‐ Improve Seismic Performance
4) Improved Durability
‐ Reduce Crack & Deflection
5) Saving Material & Money
‐ Reduce Concrete and Rebar Quantity
< Post‐Tensioned Slab System >
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& Exhibition
2) Economic Application of Post‐Tensioning
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Economic Application of Post-Tensioning & Exhibition
[CASE STUDY] Typical 20F Residential Building
82m2 82m2
< Typical Floor of Apartment >
* Completed by DAELIM in 2011
6m
Column (Removal by PT Slab)
Dry Wall
(Prefabricated)
< RC Column Plan >
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[ALT 1] Reinforced Concrete SLAB
(Thk = 210mm, Span = 6.0m)
6,000
Interior Columns : 4EA
4,960
Exterior Columns : 3EA
4,480 7,680
 Con’c : 57m3 (21MPa)
 Rebar : 5.25tonf RC SLAB (Thk=210mm)
< Rebar Layout >
< MIDAS ADS Model >
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[ALT 2] Reinforced Concrete SLAB
(Thk = 250mm, Span = 7.9m)
7,900
Remove Interior
Columns (4EA)
4,480 4,600 6,130
HD10@300(T) HD10@300(T)
HD10@300(B) HD10@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@200(B)
HD13@200(T)
HD13@200(T)
5- HD13(T.ADD) HD13@200(B) 5- HD13(T.ADD)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B)
3- HD16(T&B,ADD)
3- HD16(T&B,ADD)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD16@300(T) HD16@300(T) HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B)
 Con’c : 68m3 (21MPa)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B)
3- HD16(T&B.ADD)
 Rebar : 6.35tonf RC SLAB (Thk=250mm)
3- HD16(T&B.ADD) 3- HD16(T&B.ADD)
< Rebar Layout >
< MIDAS ADS Model >
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[ALT 3] Post‐Tensioned SLAB
(Thk = 210mm, Span = 8.3m)
Tendon
7,900
Remove Interior
Column (4EA)
Remove Exterior
8,340 6,130 Column (2EA)
 Con’c : 57m3 (30MPa)
 Rebar : 2.93tonf PT SLAB (Thk=210mm)
 Tendon : 0.73tonf
< Tendon Layout >
< MIDAS ADS Model >
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[ALT 3] Post‐Tensioned SLAB
(Thk = 210mm, Span = 8.3m)
Unbonbded Tendon
< Tendon Layout >
δmax=16.0mm < L/480=17.3mm → O.K < Rebar Layout >
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 Tendon & Rebar Price Ratio in Many Countries
[unit : USD]
Middle Hong
Swiss Korea Spain Vietnam Malaysia Singapore USA Thailand
East Kong
Tendon 11,100 4,550 3,805 5,472 3,300 4,260 3,333 3,499 3,800 2,667
Rebar 1,550 890 800 1,176 850 1,160 1,167 1,229 1,350 1,000
Ratio 7.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 3.9 3,7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7
* Price include Material & Labor Costs (per ton)
Cost of Rebar vs. Tendon
Supply and Installation Rates (USD)
12,000 11,100
10,000
8,000 Tendon
5,472 Rebar
6,000
4,550
4,260
3,805 3,800
3,300 3,333 3,499
4,000
2,667
1,550 1,350
2,000 890 800
1,176
850
1,160 1,167 1,229 1,000
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 Construction Cost Comparison in USA Market
+9.7%
+2.6% ‐6.9%
 Tendon : 3,800 USD → 2.8 Times
1,000,000
 Rebar : 1,350 USD
Structural Member Slab System
598,895 & Material [ALT 1] RC [ALT 2] RC [ALT 3] PT
800,000
514,835
517,561 Concrete 2282 m3 2717 m3 2282 m3
TOTAL PRICE (Unit : USD)
Form 10800 m2 10800 m2 10800 m2

Slab Slab
600,000 Rebar 210 tonf 254 tonf 117 tonf
Column Tendon 29 tonf
Ext. Wall Concrete 281 m3 532 m3 433 m3
133,452
124,165 162,695
400,000 Int. Wall Column Form 1921 m2 3382 m2 2787 m2
Rebar 65 tonf 72 tonf 59 tonf
Concrete 1128 m3 1102 m3 1010 m3
273,879 Exterior
273,154 268,212 Form 11923 m2 11657 m2 10658 m2
200,000 Wall
Concrete 313 m3 271 m3 389 m3
91,252 78,934 110,454
Interior
0 Form 4640 m2 4045 m2 5752 m2
Wall
RC SLAB RC SLAB PT SLAB Rebar 19 tonf 16 tonf 21 tonf
(Thk=210) (Thk=250) (Thk=210)
[ALT 1] [ALT 2] [ALT 3] < Material Quantity for 20F Building >
(Benchmark)
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 Construction Cost Comparison in Korean Market
1,000,000
+9.6% +10.4%  Rebar : 890 USD
+0.8%
Structural Member Slab System
800,000 & Material [ALT 1] RC [ALT 2] RC [ALT 3] PT

Concrete 2282 m3 2717 m3 2282 m3
TOTAL PRICE (Unit : USD)
478,739 481,151 Form 10800 m2 10800 m2 10800 m2

418,063 Slab Slab
600,000 Rebar 210 tonf 254 tonf 117 tonf
Column Tendon 29 tonf
Ext. Wall Concrete 281 m3 532 m3 433 m3
400,000 105,288
Int. Wall Column Form 1921 m2 3382 m2 2787 m2
93,494 128,364
Concrete 1128 m3 1102 m3 1010 m3
236,245 Exterior
200,000 242,340 Form 11923 m2 11657 m2 10658 m2
237,673 Wall
Concrete 313 m3 271 m3 389 m3
82,345 71,348 100,338 Interior
0 Form 4640 m2 4045 m2 5752 m2
Wall
RC SLAB RC SLAB PT SLAB Rebar 19 tonf 16 tonf 21 tonf
(Thk=210) (Thk=250) (Thk=210)
[ALT 1] [ALT 2] [ALT 3] < Material Quantity for 20F Building >
(Benchmark)
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 SUMMARY
1) Slight increase in construction cost by Post‐Tensioning in Korean market
can be negligible. (+0.8%)
2) [ALT 3] Post‐Tensioned Slab can be good alternative floor system for
Residential Buildings in Korea.
‐ Provide more open span with longer span 8.3m
‐ Maintain the same slab depth 210mm with conventional design [ALT 1]
‐ Maintain the same floor height 2.8m with conventional design [ALT 1]
3) In the future, it seems like that increasing demand for Post‐Tensioning can
lower the tendon price, thereby Post‐Tensioning can be more competitive in
Korea.
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& Exhibition
3) Sustainable Application of Post‐Tensioning
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Sustainable Application of Post-Tensioning & Exhibition
 Void Slab System
Benefits
Weight Reduction
• Lighter than Solid Slab
• Reduce Floor‐to‐Floor Height
• Reduce Load Acting On Foundation
Sustainability
• Save Building Material (Concrete & Rebar)
• Reduce CO2 Emission
• Use of Recycled Material (Plastic Ball)
Weakness
 Span Length Limitation (Bubble Deck)
Type SLAB Thk Bubble Span
BD 230 230mm Φ180 5 ‐ 8.1m
BD 280 280mm Φ225 7 ‐ 10.1m
* Image by Cobiax BD 340 340mm Φ270 9 ‐ 12.5m
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 Post‐Tensioned Slab + Void Slab
Post‐Tensioned Slab Void Slab
+
* Image by Bubble Deck
• Slimmer (Long Span) • Lighter (Less Weight)
• 210mm PT Flat Plate → L=9.5m (L/45) • 210mm Void Slab → L=6.5m (L/30)
Post‐Tensioned Void Slab System
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 How to model & analyze PT Void Slab ?
Equivalent Slab Modeling Method
Tendon
Substitute Void Slab with Equivalent Solid Slab
h=210 210
b=210 210
< Void Slab > < Equivalent Slab >
< Void Slab Region >
Parameter Void Slab Equivalent Slab
Concrete Strength f’c f’c
Ellipsoid
Φ170 x H110 A , I, V Width b b
Depth h h
 Concrete Reduction
Section A Ae
V / Ve = 77% (‐23%)
 Stiffness Reduction Volume V Ve
I / Ie = 91% (‐9%) Moment of Inertia I Ie

Unit Weight W We = (V/Ve) W
< Unit Module > Modulus of Elasticity E Ee = (I/Ie) E
Reduced Property
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[Ref.] Free Vibration Test of Void Slab (Dr. Kyoung‐Kyu Choi, Soongsil Univ, Korea)
1m Height
Sand bag
(3kg)
Accelerometer
< Void Slab Specimen >
Ellipsoid
Φ170 x H110
h=210
< Slab Section with Ellipsoid Ball >
< Isometric Ellipsoid Ball >
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[Ref.] Free Vibration Test of Void Slab (Dr. Kyoung‐Kyu Choi, Soongsil Univ, Korea)
1m Height
Sand bag
(3kg)
Accelerometer < Acceleration‐Time History >
Slab Thick Plastic Ball Concrete Damping

Frequency
(mm) (mm) Reduction Ratio 21.6 Hz
Ellipsoid,
210 ‐23 % 0.8 % 21.6 Hz
Φ170  H110
< Natural Frequency by FFT >
* FFT : Fast Fourier Transformation
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 Verification (Test Result vs. Analysis Result)
 Void Slab : We Ee fck
 Solid Slab : W E fck
1 Void Slab 2 Solid Slab < Result Comparison >
 Free Vibration Test Result : 21.6Hz
Isometric View
 Free Vibration Analysis Result : 21.7Hz
Unit Weight (kN/m3) We = 1.85 (77%) W=24 (Equivalent Slab Modeling Method)
Modulus of Elasticity Ee = 27,099 (91%) E = 29,779
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& Exhibition
[Part 2] Alternative Application of PT Floor System
Florian Aalami / President / Ph.D.
27/56
& Exhibition
1) Post‐Tensioned Void Slab Design Method
28/56
Post-Tensioned Void Slab Design Method & Exhibition
 Void Slab System with Plastic Ball
1) SLAF System, Korea 2) Cobiax, Switzerland 3) Bubble Deck, Denmark
< Ellipsoid Ball > < Sphere Ball > < Sphere Ball >
Property Void Slab Property Void Slab Property Void Slab

Slab Depth 210mm Slab Depth 210mm Slab Depth 210mm
Plastic Ball Φ170 x H110 Plastic Ball Φ100 Plastic Ball Φ100
Unit Weight We = 0.77 W Unit Weight We = 0.85 W Unit Weight We = 0.85 W
Modulus of Elasticity Ee = 0.91 E Modulus of Elasticity Ee = 0.95 E Modulus of Elasticity Ee = 0.95 E
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 How to Analyze and Design the PT Void Slab ?
[6 STEP] Post‐Tensioned Void Slab Design
STEP 1 Void Slab Modeling
STEP 2 Design Load Input
STEP 3 Tendon Layout
Tendon
STEP 4 Structural Analysis
STEP 5 Design Strip Modeling
< Void Slab >
STEP 6 Allowable Stress Check
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[CASE 1] Ellipsoid Ball (Φ170 x H110)
A , I, V Ae , Ie, Ve
< Isometric View > < Equivalent Slab Representation >
 Calculate Section Change
A
Ae  200  210  42 ,000mm 2  62%
Ae
A  Ae  16 ,103  25 ,897 mm 2
 Calculate Volume Change
V
Ve  130  130  210  3 ,549 ,000mm 3  77%
Ve
V  Ve  523 ,599  3 ,025 ,401mm 3
 Calculate Stiffness Change
I
Ie  130  210 3 / 12  100 ,327 ,500mm 3  91%
Ie
< Ellipsoid Ball > I  Ie  4 ,908 ,739  95 ,418 ,761mm 3
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[CASE 1] Ellipsoid Ball (Φ170 x H110)
V
 Reduced Weight : We  W
Ve
 0.77  2 ,400kgf / m 3  1 ,848kgf / m 3
I
 Reduced Stiffness : E e   E (  8 ,500  3 fck  8 )
Ie
< Ellipsoid Ball >  0.91  28 ,577 MPa  26 ,005MPa
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[CASE 2] Sphere Ball (Φ100)
A , I, V Ae , Ie, Ve
< Isometric View > < Equivalent Slab Representation >
 Calculate Section Change
A
Ae  130  210  27 ,300mm 2  71%
Ae
A  Ae  7 ,854  19 ,446mm 2
 Calculate Volume Change
V
Ve  200  200  210  8 ,400 ,000mm 3  85%
Ve
V  Ve  1 ,903 ,594  6 ,496 ,406mm 3
 Calculate Stiffness Change
I
Ie  200  210 3 / 12  154 ,350 ,000mm 3  95%
Ie
< Sphere Ball > I  Ie  13 ,841,884  140 ,508 ,116mm 3
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[CASE 2] Sphere Ball (Φ100)
V
 Reduced Weight : We  W
Ve
 0.85  2 ,400kgf / m 3  2 ,040kgf / m 3
I
 Reduced Stiffness : E e   E (  8 ,500  3 fck  8 )
Ie
< Sphere Ball >  0.95  28 ,577 MPa  27 ,148MPa
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< Design Load for Residential Building in Korea >
Room Load Material THK Floor Load

Partition Wall ‐ 1.5 kN/m2
Mortar 45mm 0.945 kN/m2
SDL
Room, ALC* 45mm 0.293 kN/m2
Kitchen Sound Proof 20mm 0.04 kN/m2
SW* Equivalent Slab 210mm
LL 2.0 kN/m2
Partition Wall ‐ 1.5 kN/m2
SDL
Mortar 40mm 0.84 kN/m2
Toilet
SW* Equivalent Slab 180mm
LL 2.0 kN/m2
SDL Mortar 110mm 2.31 kN/m2
온돌형 마루판
Wooden Floor Cover Balcony SW* Equivalent Slab 210mm
THK45 시멘트: Cement Mortar / Panel Heating
THK 45mm 모르터 / 판넬히팅
THK45 경량기포 콘크리트
LL 3.0 kN/m2
THK 45mm : Lightweight Aerated Concrete
THK20 완충재: Cushioning material (Sound Insulation)
THK 20mm Terrazzo Finish 25mm 0.675 kN/m2
THK 210mm
THK210 R C S: Equivalent SLAB
lab / 급배수+전기 SDL
ELEV. Mortar 30mm 0.63 kN/m2
110
Hall SW* Equivalent Slab 180mm

320
LL 3.0 kN/m2
210
* SW (Self Weight) is automatically calculated by software
< Floor Section >
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Tendon
< Tendon Layout >
< Void Slab >
< Banded Tendon for Column Strip >
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Tendon
< FEM Analysis >
< Void Slab >
δmax=10.3mm < L/480
< Long‐term Deflection >
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Design Strip 1
Tendon
< Void Slab >
< Moment Diagram ‐ Design Strip 1 >
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1.81 fM / Z  1.81  0.72

 2.53MPa
< Bottom Stress ‐ Design Strip 1 >
Tendon
< Void Slab > ‐0.72 fP / A  0.72MPa
< Average Prestress only ‐ Design Strip 1 >
39/56
< Design Strip 1 >
Geometry of Solid Section Modeled in ADAPT
Width (mm) 4,650
Depth (mm) 210
Asolid (mm2) 976,500
Isolid (mm4) 3,588,637,500
Geometry of Equivalent Void Section used to Check Stresses
Tendon Radius 1 of Void (mm) 30
Radius 2 of Void (mm) 55
Height of Void (mm) 110
# of Voids in section 17
A of Each Void (mm2) 16,103
Avoid (mm2) 702,744
I of Each Void (mm4) 13,841,884
Ivoid 3,353,325,471
< Void Slab >
Conversion Parameters
Avoid/Asoid (A/Ae) 0.72
Ivoid/Isoid (I/Ie) 0.93
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A I
 72%  93%
Ae Ie
< Ellipsoid Ball >
 Allowable Stress Check
Ae I
  fP / A  e  fM / Z  Allowable Stress
A I
Tendon
Where , Ae / A  1 / 0.72  1.39
Ie / I  1 / 0.93  1.07
  1.39  ( 0.72 )  1.07  ( 1.81  0.72 )  1.71MPa
Allowable Stress  0.9  0.5 fck  2.46MPa

< Void Slab >
(PT Void Slab → 90% of 2 way PT Slab)
   1.71MPa  2.46MPa  O.K
41/56
& Exhibition
2) Alternative Application of Post‐Tensioning
42/56
Alternative Application of Post-Tensioning & Exhibition
[CASE STUDY] Tower Type Residential Building
안방
안방
거실
거실
AD/PD AD/PD
17인승 ELEV.
(비상용,장애인겸용)
17인승 ELEV.
(비상용,장애인겸용)
발코니- 2 발코니- 2
욕실- 1 욕실- 1
욕실- 2 욕실- 2
드레스룸 드레스룸
주방/식당 주방/식당
안방 안방
발코니- 3 발코니- 3
거실 거실


 

Max. Span 9m
< Typical Floor Plan >
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[ALT 1] Reinforced Concrete Slab (250mm)
 DESIGN CODE
‐ KBC 2009 (Ref. ACI 318‐05)
 MATERIAL
‐ Con’c : fck = 21MPa
‐ Rebar : fy = 400MPa
 Cover to Rebar
‐ Rebar : 20mm
 Mesh Reinforcement
‐ Top D10@200
‐ Bot D13@250
 Add Rebar
‐ Top & Bot D13
Added Rebar
A D13x2000
B D13x3000
C D13x4000
D D13x5000
< Typical Floor ‐ Rebar Layout >
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[ALT 2] Post‐Tensioned Slab (210mm)
 DESIGN CODE
‐ KBC 2009 (Ref. ACI 318‐05)
 MATERIAL
‐ Tendon : fpu = 1,860MPa
 Cover to Rebar/Tendon
‐ Rebar : 20mm
‐ Tendon : 27mm
 Prestressing Tendon
‐ Unbonded Mono‐Strand Tendon
‐ Φ12.7mm (99mm2)
< Typical Floor ‐ Tendon Layout >
45/56
[ALT 2] Post‐Tensioned Slab (210mm)
 DESIGN CODE
‐ KBC 2009 (Ref. ACI 318‐05)
 MATERIAL
‐ Rebar : 20mm
‐ Tendon : 27mm
‐ Φ12.7mm (99mm2)
Added Rebar
A D13x2000
B D13x3000
C D16x3000
D D16x4000
E D16x5000
46/56
[ALT 3] Post‐Tensioned Void Slab (210mm)
 DESIGN CODE
‐ KBC 2009 (Ref. ACI 318‐05)
 MATERIAL
‐ Rebar : 20mm
‐ Tendon : 27mm
‐ Φ12.7mm (99mm2)
< Typical Floor ‐ Tendon Layout >
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[ALT 3] Post‐Tensioned Void Slab (210mm)
 DESIGN CODE
‐ KBC 2009 (Ref. ACI 318‐05)
 MATERIAL
‐ Rebar : 20mm
‐ Tendon : 27mm
‐ Φ12.7mm (99mm2)
Added Rebar
A D13x2000
B D13x3000
C D16x3000
D D16x4000
E D16x5000
48/56
& Exhibition
3) Evaluation of Economic Efficiency
49/56
Evaluation of Economic Efficiency & Exhibition
 Construction Cost Comparison in USA Market
 Rebar : 1,350 USD
* Material Quantity Calculated for One Typical Floor
Slab System
Slab Characteristic
[ALT 1] RC Slab [ALT 2] PT Slab [ALT 3] PT Void Slab
Geometry
Slab Thickness (mm) 250 210 210
Slab Area (m2) 648.41 648.41 648.41
Concrete Volume (m3) 162.10 136.17 124.41
(CO2 Reduction ‐16%) (CO2 Reduction ‐23%)
Material Quantity*
Reinforcement (kgf) 11,727 2,911 7,975
PT Strand (kgf) ‐ 1,770 1,130
Economics (Unit Price)
Concrete (21MPa) $ 47.6 $7,722 ‐ ‐
Concrete (30MPa) $ 54.8 ‐ $7,464 $6,820
Void Ball $ 12.7 ‐ ‐ $3,097
Form $ 10.8 $7,015 $7,015 $7,015
Rebar $ 1,350 $15,832 $3,929 $10,766
Tendon $ 3,800 $6,726 $4,294
Total Price (Korean Won) $30,569 $25,134 $31,992

Ratio 100% 82.2% 105%
Decrease ‐17.8% +5%
50/56
Evaluation of Economic Efficiency & Exhibition
 Construction Cost Comparison in Korean Market
 Rebar : 890 USD
* Material Quantity Calculated for One Typical Floor
Slab System
Slab Characteristic
Geometry
Slab Thickness (mm) 250 210 210
Slab Area (m2) 648.41 648.41 648.41
Concrete Volume (m3) 162.10 136.17 124.41
(CO2 Reduction ‐16%) (CO2 Reduction ‐23%)
Material Quantity*
Reinforcement (kgf) 11,727 2,911 7,975
PT Strand (kgf) ‐ 1,770 1,130
Economics (Unit Price)
Concrete (21MPa) $ 47.6 $7,722 ‐ ‐
Concrete (30MPa) $ 54.8 ‐ $7,464 $6,820
Plastic Ball $ 12.7 ‐ ‐ $3,097
Form $ 10.8 $7,015 $7,015 $7,015
Rebar $ 890 $10,437 $2,590 $7,098
Tendon $ 4,550 $8,054 $5,142
Total Price (Korean Won) $25,174 $25,123 $29,171

Ratio 100% 99.8% 116%
‐0.2% +16%
51/56
& Exhibition
4) Evaluation of Structural Performance
52/56
Evaluation of Structural Performance & Exhibition
 Determine Natural Frequency (Hz)
Slab System
ADAPT Vibration Analysis Result
Uncracked Vibration
Vibration Mode 1 (Hz) 9.76 8.63 9.19
Cracked Vibration
< ALT 1 ‐ RC Slab > < ALT 2 ‐ PT Slab > < ALT 3 – PT Void Slab >
53/56
 Calculate Peak Acceleration (ap/g)
1.0
1) Exciting Force of Vibration (Po)
0.8
P0  DLF  (Weight of Person )
 0.53  700N  371N
Dynamic Load Factor (DLF)
0.6
2) Damping Factor (β)
  0.03
0.4
Occupancy Damping Factor
Bare concrete floor 0.02
0.2
Furnished, low partition 0.03
Furnished, full height partition 0.05
0 Shopping malls
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.02
Frequency Hz
< DLF for First Harmonic of Walking Force >
54/56
 Calculate Peak Acceleration (ap/g)
3) Weight of Vibrating Floor Panel (W)
W  ( Dimension of Panel )  ( Selfweight  Partition )

 ( 8m  6 m )  ( Slab Depth  24kN / m 3  1.5kN / m 2 )
4) Acceleration caused by Walking Person (ap/g)
ap Po  e ( 0.35 fn )

g W
6m
fn(hz) P0(N) β W(kN) ap/g
[ALT 1] RC Slab 9.26 371 0.03 315 0.15
[ALT 2] PT Slab 8.61 371 0.03 275 0.22
[ALT 3] PT Void Slab 9.16 371 0.03 254 0.20

8m
< Floor Plan for Vibration Evaluation >
55/56
 Evaluate Floor Vibration
Office, [ALT 1] RC Slab
Residential,
[ALT 2] PT Slab
Assembly Hall
Peak Acceleration (% gravity)
[ALT 3] PT Void Slab
Operating
Rooms
0.5
0.22
0.20
0.15
0.1
1 2 4 8 16
Frequency (Hz)
< Threshold of Human Sensitivity to Vertical Vibration ‐ ATC > < First Mode of Floor Vibration >
56/56

Economic Application of Post Tensioning in Korean Residential Building

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Economic Application of Post Tensioning in Korean Residential Building

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Economic Application of Post‐Tensioning

[Part 1] Post-Tension Design Proposal in Korea

[Part 2] Evaluation of Alternative PT Floor System

By Florian Aalami / ADAPT

[Part 1] Post-Tension Design Proposal in Korea

• Location : Kimpo, Gyeonggi-do

• Lateral Resist : Shear Wall System

• Architect : Haeahn Architecture

Chunan Project (11 Block, 2011~2013) Sindang Project (13 Block, 2009~2011) Buchun Project (8 Block, 2009~2011)

Dangjin Project (10 Block, 2008~2010) Osan Project (19 Block, 2008~2010)

< Prototype Building > 2) Sustainable → Long Life House

Remove Interior Column 210 mm (8 ¼ in) SLAB 210 mm (8 ¼ in) SLAB

4,480 4,600 6,130

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

Form 10800 m2 10800 m2 10800 m2

800,000 & Material [ALT 1] RC [ALT 2] RC [ALT 3] PT

478,739 481,151 Form 10800 m2 10800 m2 10800 m2

* Image by Cobiax BD 340 340mm Φ270 9 ‐ 12.5m

I / Ie = 91% (‐9%) Moment of Inertia I Ie

< Unit Module > Modulus of Elasticity E Ee = (I/Ie) E

[Ref.] Free Vibration Test of Void Slab (Dr. Kyoung‐Kyu Choi, Soongsil Univ, Korea)

[Ref.] Free Vibration Test of Void Slab (Dr. Kyoung‐Kyu Choi, Soongsil Univ, Korea)

Slab Thick Plastic Ball Concrete Damping

1 Void Slab 2 Solid Slab < Result Comparison >

[Part 2] Alternative Application of PT Floor System

Florian Aalami / President / Ph.D.

1) SLAF System, Korea 2) Cobiax, Switzerland 3) Bubble Deck, Denmark

< Ellipsoid Ball > < Sphere Ball > < Sphere Ball >

Property Void Slab Property Void Slab Property Void Slab

< Isometric View > < Equivalent Slab Representation >

< Isometric View > < Equivalent Slab Representation >

Room Load Material THK Floor Load

Hall SW* Equivalent Slab 180mm

1.81 fM / Z  1.81  0.72

< Void Slab > ‐0.72 fP / A  0.72MPa

< Average Prestress only ‐ Design Strip 1 >

  1.39  ( 0.72 )  1.07  ( 1.81  0.72 )  1.71MPa

Allowable Stress  0.9  0.5 fck  2.46MPa

   1.71MPa  2.46MPa  O.K

Total Price (Korean Won) $30,569 $25,134 $31,992

Total Price (Korean Won) $25,174 $25,123 $29,171

< ALT 1 ‐ RC Slab > < ALT 2 ‐ PT Slab > < ALT 3 – PT Void Slab >

W  ( Dimension of Panel )  ( Selfweight  Partition )

fn(hz) P0(N) β W(kN) ap/g

[ALT 1] RC Slab 9.26 371 0.03 315 0.15

[ALT 2] PT Slab 8.61 371 0.03 275 0.22

[ALT 3] PT Void Slab 9.16 371 0.03 254 0.20

< Threshold of Human Sensitivity to Vertical Vibration ‐ ATC > < First Mode of Floor Vibration >

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