Short questions

Q.1. What do you mean by research?

Ans: “Research is the systematic approach to obtaining and confirming new and reliable
knowledge”.

Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific
method.

Research may be very broadly defined as systematic gathering of data and information and its analysis
for advancement of knowledge in any subject. Research attempts to find answer intellectual and
practical questions through application of systematic methods.

Q.2. What is a research problem?

Ans:
A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty
to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that
points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.

Q.3. What is the use of databases in Data Collection?

Ans:
A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a
computer system/Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted
variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate
outcomes.

Q.4. Define Hypothesis.

Ans: A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is
a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study.
• A hypothesis makes a prediction of the expected outcome in a given situation
• The hypothesis is tested in an experiment

Q.5. Name the different types of intellectual property.

Ans: The different types of intellectual property are Patents, Design, Trademarks and Copyright.

Q.6. What do you mean by research methodology?

Ans:
 The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business
decisions.
 The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques, and could include both present and historical information.

Q.7. What is the difference between Primary and secondary data?

Ans:
The difference between primary and secondary data in Statistics is that Primary data is collected
firsthand by a researcher (organization, person, authority, agency or party etc) through experiments,
surveys, questionnaires, focus groups, conducting interviews and taking (required) measurements,
while the secondary data is readily available (collected by someone else) and is available to the
public through publications, journals and newspapers.

Q.8. What is plagiarism?

Ans:
Plagiarism is the practice of taking credit for someone else's words or ideas. It's an act of intellectual
dishonesty. In colleges and universities, it violates honor codes and can cause irreparable damage to a
person's reputation. It also comes with serious consequences; a plagiarized assignment may lead to a
failing grade, a suspension, or an expulsion.

Q.9. Write the main difference between Patent and Copyright.

Ans:
Patent
A patent is a title which provides its owner the right to prevent others from exploiting the invention
mentioned in the patent. It does not allow by itself making or selling an invention but it rather
gives the right to exclude others from making, using, selling or importing the patented invention.
Copyright
Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their original literary, musical or
artistic works which allow them to control their subsequent use. These include for example:
 computer software
 drawings, maps, charts or plans
 photographs and films
 architectural works
 sculptures
 sound recordings
 TV and radio broadcasts

Q.10. Define Trademark.

Ans:
Trademark
A trademark is a sign by which a business identifies its products or services and distinguishes them
from those supplied by competitors. It can be distinctive words, marks or other features. Its purpose is
to establish in the mind of the customer a link between all the different products and/or services that
the company offers, and then distinguish them from those supplied by competitors.
Q. 11. What do you mean by Intellectual Property? Or Define Intellectual Property.
Ans: Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works and
symbols, names and images used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories.
Industrial Property includes patents for inventions, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical
indications. Copyright covers literary works (such as novels, poems and plays), films, music, artistic
works (e.g., drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures) and architectural design.
Q. 12. Define Patent.
Ans: A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention – a product or process that provides a new
way of doing something, or that offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides patent
owners with protection for their inventions. Protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20
years.
Q. 13. Identify the importance of patent in technological world.
Ans: Patents have added immense value to technology based products, thereby increasing revenues
and creating healthy competition in the industry. For example, a new product may be launched with a
first-to-market advantage, which can easily be replicated and knocked off the shelves by the
competitors. Therefore, without appropriate patent protection, the revenue of original product owner
may reduce. On the contrary, by drafting and filing strong patent applications, the original product
owner can stop third parties from infringing upon its patents and further exploit licensing revenues
from a strong patent portfolio.
Q. 14. What is the purpose of trademarks? Or Explain the function of a trademark.
Ans:Trademark protection ensures that the owners of marks have the exclusive right to use them to
identify goods or services, or to authorize others to use them in return for payment. The period of
protection varies, but a trademark can be renewed indefinitely upon payment of the corresponding
fees. Trademark protection is legally enforced by courts that, in most systems, have the authority to
stop trademark infringement.
Q. 15. Explain about transfer of Patent.
Ans: A patent assignment is a document transferring ownership of the patent application from one
person/entity to another. Most patent assignments will identify the inventors as the assignors (i.e., the
ones transferring away patent rights) and a company as the assignee (i.e., the one receiving the rights).
It’s possible to have a second assignment recorded for the same patent filing where the first company
may transfer ownership to a second company or to an individual.
Q. 16. Name one recent development in intellectual property laws in India.
Ans: Trademark law brought at par with international practices:
To bring Indian trademarks law in line with international practices and to ensure implementation of
India's commitments under the TRIPS Agreement, India replaced the Trade and Merchandise Marks
Act, 1958, with the Trade Marks Act, 1999. Some changes under the 1999 Act are as follows:
-Service marks, for the first time, made protectable through registration.
-The definition of "trade mark" now includes graphic representations, shapes, packagings and
combinations of colours, thereby widening IPR protection.
Q. 17. Discuss Copyright formalities.
Ans: Based upon recent changes in the law, copyright protection in the United States is automatic.
When the original work of authorship is fixed in a tangible form of expression the rights associated
with copyright generally vest in the artist. The notice and the registration of a work are formalities,
which may be required before obtaining and maintaining full copyright protection. The registration
and notice requirements, although formally mandatory, are no longer required. This change was
enacted with the recent changes to the 1976 Copyright Act.
Q. 18. List out the term or protection of various IP rights.
Ans:
The four types of intellectual property include:
 Trade Secrets
 Trademarks
 Copyrights, and
 Patents.
The first type of intellectual property right is a trade secret. All inventions generally start out as a
trade secret of the inventor. Inventors have an instinctual desire to keep their ideas secret. To market
your invention, you should protect your idea with one or more of the other types of intellectual
property rights: patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Long questions
UNIT-I
Q. 1. How a research problem can be formulated? Discuss. / Explain how you select and specify
a research problem with examples.

Ans:
The first and most important step of a research is formulation of research problems. It is like the
foundation of a building to be constructed. To solve a problem someone has to know about the problem.
So, the problem identification and formulation is very crucial for the researcher before conducting a
research, and this is perhaps one of the most difficult aspects of any research undertaking. The "problem"
is stated in the opening passages of a study and, in effect, provides a reader the rationale for why the study
is important and why it is necessary to read. This module discusses the concepts and activities for
identifying, specifying, and stating a research problem in both quantitative and qualitative research and
positioning it within a section that introduces a study, i.e., the "statement of the problem" section. By the
end of this module, readers should be able to: (1) Differentiate a research area of interest from a research
topic and research problem; (2) Identify one's own area of interest; (3) Determining the most suitable topic
to study; (4) Explain the importance of a research problem in a study; (3) Distinguish between a research
problem and other parts of research process; (5) Identify criteria for deciding whether a problem can and
should be researched; (6) Describe how quantitative and qualitative research problems differ; (7) Write a
good problem statement section; and (8) Write research questions and hypothesis.

Q. 2. Discuss the criteria to select a good research problem.

Ans:
There are some suggestion to a researchers which are drawn from the different areas of education,
social sciences as well as psychology. There are two factors in the selection of topic external and
personal. External criteria involves how the topic is important for the field, availability of both data
and data collection methods and the administration is cooperative or not. Personal Criteria means
researcher own interest, time and cost. Criteria for selection of research problem depends on the
following characteristics.
Personal Inclination. The chief motivation in the way of selecting research problem is the personal
inclination of the researcher. If a researcher has personal interest in the topic, he would select that
problem for his research work.
Resources Availability. During the selection, a researcher will see to the resources available. If these
resources like money, time, accommodation and transport are available to the selection place, then the
selection of the problem is easy.
Relative Importance. The importance and the problem also play a vital role in the selection of
research problem. If the problem is relatively important, then the researcher tends towards the
selection of the problem.
Researcher Knowledge. The researcher knowledge should play a vital role in the selection of the
research problem. The wisdom and experience of an investigator is required for well collection of the
research data. He can bitterly select a problem.
Practicality: Practicality is also responsible for the selection. The practical usefulness of the problem
is the main motivation for a researcher to attend it.
Time-lines of the Problem. Some problems take little time for its solution while others take more
time. So, it depends on the time in which we have to complete his research work.
Data Availability. If the desired data is available to the researcher, then the problem would be
selected.
Urgency. Urgency is a pinpoint in the way of the selection of research problem. Urgent problem must
be given priority because the immediate solution can benefit the people.
Feasibility. Feasibility is also an important factor for the selection of the research problem. The
researcher qualification, training and experience should match the problem.

Q.3. Describe the difference between the basic research and applied research./ Describe about
the different types of research.
Ans:
• Basic – to determine or establish fundamental facts and relationships within a discipline or
field of study. Develop theories …
• Applied – undertaken specifically for the purpose of obtaining information to help resolve a
particular problem
• The distinction between them is in the application
– Basic has little application to real world policy and management but could be done to
guide applied research

Q. 4. Discuss the different stages involved in a research process.

Ans:
Research process contains a series of closely related activities which has to carry out by a researcher.
Research process requires patients. There is no measure that shows your research is the best. It is an
art rather than a science. Following are the main steps in social or business research process.
1. Selection of Research Problem
2. Extensive Literature Survey
3. Making Hypothesis
4. Preparing the Research Design
5. Sampling
6. Data collection
7. Data Analysis
 8. Hypothesis Testing
9. Generalization and Interpretation
10. Preparation of Report
Selection of Research Problem
The selection of topic for research is a difficult job. When we select a title or research statement, then
other activities would be easy to perform. So, for the understanding thoroughly the problem it must
have to discuss with colleagues, friend, experts and teachers. The research topic or problem should be
practical, relatively important, feasible, ethically and politically acceptable.

Literature Review or Extensive Literature Survey

After the selection of research problem, the second step is that of literature mostly connected with the
topics. The availability of the literature may bring ease in the research. For this purpose academic
journals, conference and govt. reports and library must be studied.

Making Hypothesis
The development of hypothesis is a technical work depends on the researcher experience. The
hypothesis is to draw the positive & negative cause and effect aspects of a problem. Hypothesis
narrows down the area of a research and keep a researcher on the right path.

Preparing the Research Design

After the formulation of the problem and creating hypothesis for it, research Design is to prepare by
the researcher. It may draw the conceptual structure of the problem. Any type of research design may
be made, depend on the nature and purpose of the study. Daring R. Design the information about
sources, skill, time and finance is taken into consideration.

Sampling
The researcher must design a sample. It is a plan for taking its respondents from a specific areas or
universe. The sample may be of two types:

1. Probability Sampling
2. Non-probability Sampling
Data collection
Data collection is the most important work, is researcher. The collection of information must be
containing on facts which is from the following two types of researcher.

Primary Data Collection: Primary data may be from the following.

1. Experiment
2. Questionnaire
3. Observation
4. Interview

Secondary data collection: it has the following categories:

1. Review of literature
2. Official and non-official reports
3. Library approach
Data Analysis
When data is collected, it is forwarded for analysis which is the most technical job. Data analysis may
be divided into two main categories.

Data Processing: it is sub-divided into the following.

Data editing, Data coding, Data classification, Data tabulation, Data presentation, Data measurement

Data Exposition: Date Exposition has the following sub-categories.

Description, Explanation, Narration, Conclusion/Findings, Recommendations/Suggestions

Hypothesis Testing
Research data is then forwarded to test the hypothesis. Do the hypothesis are related to the facts or
not? To find the answer the process of testing hypothesis is undertaken which may result in accepting
or rejecting the hypothesis.

Generalization and Interpretation

The acceptable hypothesis is possible for researcher to arrival at the process of generalization or to
make & theory. Some types of research has no hypothesis for which researcher depends upon on
theory which is known as interpretation.

Preparation of Report
A researcher should prepare a report for which he has done is his work. He must keep in his mind the
following points:

Report Design in Primary Stages

The report should carry a title, brief introduction of the problem and background followed by
acknowledgement. There should be a table of contents, grapes and charts.

Main Text of the Report

It should contain objectives, hypothesis, explanations and methodology of the research. It must be
divided into chapters and every chapter explains separate title in which summary of the findings
should be enlisted. The last section would be clearly of conclusions to show the main theme of the R-
study.

Closing the Report

After the preparation of report, the last step in business research process contains of bibliography,
references, appendices, index and maps or charts for illustration. For this purpose the information
should more clearer.

UNIT-II
Q. 5. What do you mean by Plagiarism? Also, discuss about how to avoid plagiarism.

Ans:
Plagiarism is the unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned or accidental) of another
author/researcher or your own previous works without proper acknowledgment. Considered as a
serious academic and intellectual offense, plagiarism can result in highly negative consequences such
as paper retractions and loss of author credibility and reputation. It is currently a grave problem in
academic publishing and a major reason for retraction of research papers.

Here are some guidelines to avoid plagiarism

1. Understand the context
 Do not copy–paste the text verbatim from the reference paper. Instead, restate the
idea in your own words.
 Understand the idea(s) of the reference source well in order to paraphrase correctly.
2. Quote
 Use quotes to indicate that the text has been taken from another paper. The quotes
should be exactly the way they appear in the paper you take them from.

3. Identify what does and does not need to be cited

 Any words or ideas that are not your own but taken from another paper need to be
cited.
 Cite Your Own Material- if you are using content from your previous paper, you must
cite yourself. Using material you have published before without citation is called self-
plagiarism.
 The scientific evidence you gathered after performing your tests should not be cited.
  Facts or common knowledge need not be cited. If unsure, include a reference.
4. Manage your citations
 Maintain records of the sources you refer to. Use citation software like EndNote or
Reference Manager to manage the citations used for the paper
 Use multiple references for the background information/literature survey. For
example, rather than referencing a review, the individual papers should be referred to
and cited.

5. Use plagiarism checker

Q.6. Describe the essential constituents of research proposal.

Ans:
In general, the proposal components include:

Introduction: Provides reader with a broad overview of problem in context.

Statement of problem: Answers the question, “What research problem are you going to investigate?”

Literature review: Shows how your approach builds on existing research &helps you identify
methodological and design issues in studies similar to your own; introduces you to measurement tools
others have used effectively; helps you interpret findings; and ties results of your work to those
who’ve preceded you.

Research design and methods: Describes how you’ll go about answering your research questions
and confirming your hypothesis. Lists the hypothesis to be tested, or states research question you’ll
ask to seek a solution to your research problem. Include as much detail as possible: measurement
instruments and procedures, subjects and sample size.
The research design is what you’ll also need to submit for approval from the Institutional Review
Board (IRB) or the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) if your research involves
human or animal subjects, respectively.

Timeline: Breaks your project into small, easily doable steps via backwards calendar.

Q. 7. How do you carry out literature review.

Ans:
Carrying out the literature review

There are several activities associated with handling a literature review.

 You need to scour the library and associated libraries, probably using a computer to help in
your search, but not substituting it completely for looking around the shelves in the area
where you find a useful book. There are often other related texts in close proximity.
 Look in the reference section of key books and articles you are using and look in the reference
section of other’s theses on similar topics. Here you will find what might be minor references
for others’ work but possibly either background or really key references for your own,
depending on the different slants and lines of argument taken in these sources.
 Identify the key theorists and key theories as well as the most up to date developments in your
field. The key theories and theorists will drive your own investigations, and the up to date
work will show how relevant and in touch, how 'cutting edge' your own work is.

Q. 8. Describe about the different steps involved in project report preparation.

Ans:
7 (Seven) steps to Writing Effective Project Reports

1. Decide the Objective

Take some time to think about the purpose of the report. Do you need to describe, explain,
recommend or persuade? Having a clear purpose from the outset ensures that you stay focused,
which makes it easier to engage your reader.

2. Understand Your Audience

Writing a formal annual report for your stakeholders is very different to a financial review. Tailor
your language, use of data and supporting graphics to the audience.
It is also useful to consider the personal communication style of the reader, for example, how do
they write emails or structure documents? Reflect their preferences where possible. You may need
to develop a more formal or informal tone to your own natural style. Adapting this technique will
build rapport and make the reader more receptive to your ideas

3. Report Format and Type

Before you start, check the report format and type. Do you need to submit a written report or
deliver a presentation? Do you need to craft a formal, informal, financial, annual, technical, fact-
finding or problem-solving report? You should also confirm if any templates are available within
the organization. Checking these details can save time later on!
4. Gather the Facts and Data
Including engaging facts and data will solidify your argument. Start with your collaborativeproject
site and work out as needed. Remember to cite sources such as articles, case studies, and
interviews.
5. Structure the Report
A report typically has four elements:
 Executive Summary. Your report will begin with the summary, which is written once
the report is finished. As the first item the reader encounters, this is the most important
section of the document. They will likely use the summary to decide how much of the report
they need to read so make it count!
 Introduction: Provide a context for the report and outline the structure of the contents.
Identify the scope of the report and any particular methodologies used
 Body: It’s now time to put your writing skills to work! This is the longest section of the
report and should present background details, analysis, discussions, and recommendations
for consideration. Draw upon data and supporting graphics to support your position
 Conclusion: Bring together the various elements of the report in a clear and concise
manner. Identify next steps and any actions that your reader needs to take.

6. Readability
Spend some time making the report accessible and enjoyable to read. If working in Word, the
Navigation pane is a great way to help your reader work through the document. Use formatting,
visuals, and lists to break up long sections of text.
7. Edit
The first draft of the report is rarely perfect so you will need to edit and revise the content. If
possible, set the document aside for a few days before reviewing or ask a colleague to review.

UNIT-III
Q. 9. Discuss the importance of intellectual property rights.

Ans:
Intellectual Property rights are important because they can:

 set your business apart from competitors

 be sold or licensed, providing an important revenue stream
 offer customers something new and different
 form an essential part of your marketing or branding
  be used as security for loans

One may be surprised at how many aspects of your business can be protected. Your name and logo,
designs, inventions, works of creative or intellectual effort or trade marks that distinguish your
business can all be types of IP. Explore the different types of IP in detail in our guides:

 trade marks
 get patent protection for your business
 copyright for your business
 protecting and handling your design

Some IP rights are automatically safeguarded by IP law, but there are also other types of legal
protection you can apply for.

To exploit your IP fully, it makes strong business sense to do all you can to secure it. You can then:

 protect it against infringement by others and ultimately defend in the courts your sole right to
use, make, sell or import it
 stop others using, making, selling or importing it without your permission
 earn royalties by licensing it
 exploit it through strategic alliances
 make money by selling it

Q. 10. Briefly explain different classifications of intellectual property rights.

Ans:
Types of Intellectual Property
Patent
A patent is a title which provides its owner the right to prevent others from exploiting the invention
mentioned in the patent. It does not allow by itself making or selling an invention but it rather
gives the right to exclude others from making, using, selling or importing the patented invention.
Trademark
A trademark is a sign by which a business identifies its products or services and distinguishes them
from those supplied by competitors. It can be distinctive words, marks or other features. Its purpose is
to establish in the mind of the customer a link between all the different products and/or services that
the company offers, and then distinguish them from those supplied by competitors.
Design
Designs are concerned with the features, the appearance of a part or the whole product:
 2-dimensional features such as patterns, lines and/or colour
 3-dimensional features such as shape, texture and/or surface of an article are protectable by
design right if they are not dictated by functional considerations.
 Registration of design confers on the owner (for a limited time) the exclusive right to use the
design and to authorise others to use it. It also includes the right to make, offer, put on the
market, import, export, or use a product in which the design is incorporated or to which it is
applied, or to stock such a product for those purposes
Copyright
Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their original literary, musical or
artistic works which allow them to control their subsequent use. These include for example:
 computer software
 drawings, maps, charts or plans
 photographs and films
 architectural works
  sculptures
 sound recordings
 TV and radio broadcasts

Copyright protection has two components:

 Moral rights, which are not transferable and give the creator the right to be identified as the
author of the work and the right to object to any distortion or mutilation of the work.
 Economic rights, which entitle the owner to control the use of its creation in a number of
ways (making copies, issuing copies to the public, performing in public, broadcasting
etc) and to obtain an appropriate economic reward.

Q. 11.What is the procedure for obtaining patent for an invention?

OR
Q. 11. How is a patent granted? Discuss in detail.
Ans: The complete patent process in India takes anywhere between 3 to 5 years and involves a series
of steps to be mandatorily followed within prescribed timelines to get a patent in India. Failure to
avoid such deadlines can also lead to loss of your patent application.
Steps involved in the patent process in India
The procedure for obtaining a patent in India starts even before a patent application is filed with the
patent office in India.
Step 0 – Decision on doing it yourself or engaging a professional
Before you proceed with the patent application process, you need to decide if you will be using the
assistance of a patent professional or undertaking the patent process yourself. Considering the number
of deadlines and the impact of these deadlines, it is highly recommended that you engage a patent
professional / firm who has years of experience in the patent field.
Step 1 – Check the Patentability of the invention by performing a search for similar
technologies
Before filing a patent application in India or in any other country, the first step (optional but
recommended) in the patent registration process is to perform a detailed patentability search to
determine the chances of getting a patent. The search should ideally be performed for both patent and
non-patent references.
Step 2 – Drafting a patent application (Provisional or Complete)
Once, you have made up your mind to go forward with the patent application process, the next step is
to prepare an Indian patent application (Form 1).
Each patent application has to be mandatorily accompanied by a patent specification (Form 2). Based
on the state of the invention, you can either file a provisional patent application or a complete patent
application (also known as Non-provisional in some countries).
If the invention is still in the development mode and tests are underway, it is a good idea to quickly
file a provisional application to block the all-important filing date. Filing of the provisional
application gives you 12 months of time to test and finalize your invention and file the complete
application.
Step 3 – Filing the patent application in India
Patent filing in India can happen in the following scenarios:
 First filing in India – Once the patent application is drafted, the next step is to file the patent
application in India and secure the filing date. In case you are filing a provisional application
 first, you need to file the complete application within 12 months from the provisional filing
date.
 Foreign filing decision – Further, if you are interested in protecting your invention in foreign
jurisdictions, the maximum time allowed is 12 months from your first filing date.
 • Foreign applications entering India – In another scenario where the patent application
was first filed in a foreign jurisdiction and the patent applicant is interested in filing a patent
application in India under the Paris Convention route or the PCT route, the time limit to enter
India is 12 months and 31 months respectively.

Q. 12. Explain the key functional role of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).
OR
Q. 12. Explain the objectives of Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT).
Ans:
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) makes it possible to seek patent protection for an invention
simultaneously in each of a large number of countries by filing an "international" patent application.
Such an application may be filed by anyone who is a national or resident of a PCT Contracting State.
It may generally be filed with the national patent office of the Contracting State of which the applicant
is a national or resident or, at the applicant's option, with the International Bureau of WIPO in
Geneva.
If the applicant is a national or resident of a Contracting State party to the European Patent
Convention, the Harare Protocol on Patents and Industrial Designs (Harare Protocol), the Bangui
Agreement, or the Eurasian Patent Convention, the international application may also be filed with the
European Patent Office (EPO), the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), the
African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) or the Eurasian Patent Office (EAPO),
respectively.
The Treaty regulates in detail the formal requirements with which international applications must
comply. Filing a PCT application has the effect of automatically designating all Contracting States
bound by the PCT on the international filing date. The effect of the international application is the
same in each designated State as if a national patent application had been filed with the national patent
office of that State.
The international application is subjected to an international search. That search is carried out by one
of the competent International Searching Authorities (ISA) under the PCT & results in an
international search report, that is, a listing of the citations of published documents that might affect
the patentability of the invention claimed in the international application. In addition, a preliminary
and non-binding written opinion on whether the invention appears to meet patentability criteria in
light of the search report results is also issued.
Q. 13. Which are the International Agencies that are facilitating the development of Intellectual
Property laws? Explain.
OR
Q. 13. Which agencies are working for development of law relating to Intellectual Property
rights? Discuss.
Ans:
Intellectual property, very broadly, means the legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the
industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields.
The International Agencies that are facilitating the development of Intellectual Property laws
are
 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
It is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN). WIPO was created in
1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property
throughout the world"
 African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)
The African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), formerly African Regional
Industrial Property Organization, is an intergovernmental organization for cooperation among
African states in patent and other intellectual property matters. ARIPO was established by the
Lusaka Agreement[1] of 1976.
 African Intellectual Property Organization
It is an intellectual property organization, headquartered in Yaoundé, Cameroon. The organisation
was created by Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977. The Bangui Agreement was subsequently
amended in 1999.

UNIT-IV
Q. 14. Write about the licensing agreement for the transfer of patented invention/technology.
Ans:
Through technology transfer, discoveries made during the course of research or other programs at the
university are licensed to industry for commercialization. A key step in the transfer of technology is
the protection of potentially useful ideas as intellectual property. Protection of intellectual property,
because it offers a period of time in which others can be excluded from practicing an invention, is
generally required if a company is to have an incentive to develop an invention into a product (or
series of products). This is especially important for inventions that require the commitment of
significant resources before a product can be marketed and sold, such as a medical product.
Patent Protection
TTIC will seek patent protection for inventions with commercial utility, even if the invention is early-
stage and will require long-term development. Patent protection is normally sought on inventions in
order to pursue commercial licensing and to comply with the terms of sponsored research agreements.
To carry out patent prosecution, TTIC works with patent attorneys from numerous firms to draft and
file patent applications covering the broadest possible claims for new inventions. TTIC emphasizes
that investigators should contact the office to disclose an invention as soon as possible.
Licensing Agreement
As the negotiations proceed, a license term sheet (a nonbinding understanding of the terms of the
proposed license) is developed. License negotiations are intricate and lengthy processes that require
flexibility and creativity from both parties in order to reach a mutually beneficial agreement. Once
license terms are agreed upon, the TTIC drafts a contract with the licensee. Typically it takes several
months from the start of negotiations to the execution of a license.
The signing of a license agreement begins a long-term relationship between the university and the
licensee. These relationships often lead to funding for additional research, the advancement and
dissemination of additional knowledge, additional inventions, and the use of inventions for the public
good. The TTIC monitors a licensee’s performance—especially the product development and
financial milestones recited in the agreement—throughout the term of a license. Often it is necessary
to amend a license to adapt to changing economic conditions or product development timelines. On
occasion, the university will terminate a license for lack of performance.
Q. 15. What is ‘compulsory licensing’ under the Patent act? Explain.
Ans: Compulsory licenses are generally defined as "authorizations permitting a third party to make,
use, or sell a patented invention without the patent owner's consent." Under Indian Patent Act, 1970,
the provision with regard to compulsory licensing is specifically given under Chapter XVI. The
conditions which need to be fulfilled in order for a compulsory licence to be granted are laid down
under Sections 84 and 92 of the Act. As per Section 84, any person who is interested or already the
holder of the licence under the patent can make a request to the Controller for grant of Compulsory
Licence on patent after three years from the date of grant of that patent on the existence of conditions
mentioned in the Section 84 of the Patents Act, 1970. While granting the compulsory licence, the
Patent office will take into account few measures such as the nature of the invention, any measures
already taken by the patentees or any licencee to make full use of the invention, ability of the
applicant to work the invention to the public advantage and time elapsed since the grant of the patent
i.e. worked or not worked.

Q. 16. Discuss the benefits of geographical indications and methods to obtain geographical
indications of patent rights.
OR
Q. 16. Explain with suitable examples the salient features of 'geographical indications' in Indian
context.
Ans:
A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and
possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin. In order to function as a GI, a sign must
identify a product as originating in a given place. In addition, the qualities, characteristics or
reputation of the product should be essentially due to the place of origin. Since the qualities depend on
the geographical place of production, there is a clear link between the product and its original place of
production.
There are three main ways to protect a geographical indication:
 so-called sui generis systems (i.e. special regimes of protection);
 using collective or certification marks; and
 methods focusing on business practices, including administrative product approval schemes.

These approaches involve differences with respect to important questions, such as the conditions for
protection or the scope of protection. On the other hand, two of the modes of protection — namely sui
generis systems and collective or certification mark systems — share some common features, such as
the fact that they set up rights for collective use by those who comply with defined standards.
Broadly speaking geographical indications are protected in different countries and regional systems
through a wide variety of approaches and often using a combination of two or more of the approaches
outlined above. These approaches have been developed in accordance with different legal traditions
and within a framework of individual historical and economic conditions.
The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 has been passed by
the Government of India. The said Act was passed with the object of providing protection, as a
Geographical Indication, to any agricultural goods, natural goods or manufactured goods or any goods
of handicraft.
 UNIT-V
Q. 17. What are the new forms of Intellectual Property Rights?
OR
Q. 17. What are the new developments in IPR? Discuss.
Ans:
Besides to the most recent developments, in order to bring progressive changes towards a free market
society, rapid liberalization of international trade practices and demonstrating its commitments to the
WTO under the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), the Government of
India undertook a series of steps, to conform India IP legislation to acceptable international standards.
The regulations relating to all forms of IP have been amended or reissued in recent years.
Here are some of these developments in IP legislation in India.
1. Trademark law brought at par with international practices
To bring Indian trademarks law in line with international practices and to ensure implementation
of India's commitments under the TRIPS Agreement, India replaced the Trade and Merchandise
Marks Act, 1958, with the Trade Marks Act, 1999.
2. Protection to Geographical Indications Provided
India has enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
(the GIG Act).
3. Copyright Law Modified
The 2012 amendments in copyright law, which were made to make Indian copyright law
compliant with the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and WIPO Performances and Phonograms
Treaty, introduced technological protection measures, ensured that fair use survives in the digital
era by providing special fair use provisions, made many author-friendly amendments, special
provisions for disabled, amendments facilitating access to works and other amendments to
streamline copyright administration.
4. Patents Law more aligned with TRIPS
Modifications in Indian patent laws have been made in accordance with TRIPS by widening the
list of inventions not patentable, incorporating greater rights of the patentee, reversing the burden
of proof in an infringement suit on process patents and creating a uniform period of patent
protection of twenty years for all categories of invention.
5. Protection for Plant Varieties and Rights of Farmers established
India, in giving effect to the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement, enacted the Protection of Plant
Varieties and Farmers Rights Act, 2001, to provide for the establishment of an effective system for
protection of plant varieties.