INDEX

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. CERTIFICATE
3. INTRODUCTION
4. AIM
5. SEVERAL TESTS
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincerest thanks and deep
sense of gratitude to my chemistry teacher Mrs. Sarita
Khokar. She has always been helpful to me and also acted
as my project guide with her able guidance throughout the
duration of my project work despite our busy schedule. I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic
attitude and immense motivation, which has sustained my
efforts at all stages of this project work. She was always
there for me whenever I needed her help.

Then I would like to thank the laboratory assistant of

chemistry lab for his assistance and co-operation.

Finally I would like to thank my parents and my friends

without whom I would not been able to complete my
project.
 Certificate
This is to clarify that the project report on the topic
“PRESENCE OF IONS IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF
TOOTHPASTES” submitted by Aastha Agarwal of “XII-
B” of Seth Anandram Jaipuria School is an original one
authentic and is done in fulfillment of C.B.S.E SYLLABUS
for all India senior school secondary examination to be
held in the year 2019-20.

Signature of Subject Teacher ___________

Signature of Examiner _______________

 INTRODUCTION
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used to clean and
maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used
to promote oral hygiene: it can aid in the removal of dental
plaque and food from the teeth.

Non-cleaning of teeth can cause tooth decay, i.e. hole in the

enamel or plaque. The dental enamel is the hardest material in
the body but it is formed of calcium phosphate, which can be
dissolved by acids. Specific bacteria metabolize sugar to lactic
acid and this leads to low resistance of the enamel towards
bacteria colonization.

A typical toothpaste contains an abrasive, humectant, binder,

detergent, flavour, preservative and therapeutic agent. Apart
from an unsubstantiated hypothesis linking the ingestion of silica
abrasives with the development of Crohn's disease, toothpaste
abrasives are considered safe for human use. The humectants,
binders, flavours, preservatives and colourings are used
routinely in the food and pharmaceutical industries and should
pose minimal health risks when used in toothpaste. The flavours,
colourings or preservatives may give rise to allergic reactions,
but they are relatively rare. The detergent or essential oil
flavours may produce localised mucosal irritation, but this is also
rare.

As ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride toothpastes by

young children has been implicated in dental fluorosis, parents
should supervise tooth cleaning in order to minimize
toothpaste ingestion. For the majority of people, toothpastes, when used
properly, are safe and help to maintain dental health. Generally any
standard toothpaste contains Calcium carbonate, Sodium mono chloro
phosphate, Sodium laiuryl sulphate, Zinc sulphate alum and some flavoring
oils.

Standard toothpastes contain:

 Sodium monochlorophosphate

 Fluorides

 Detergents

 Foaming agents

 Colour

 Flavoring agents

 Humectants (prevent the toothpaste from Hardening )

Herbal toothpastes that have gained popularity amongst people, who are
looking for natural toothpastes, generally contain:

 Peppermint oil

 Myrrh

 Plant extracts

 Special oil and cleansing agents

 INGREDIENTS AND
FLAVOUR

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in
toothpaste to prevent cavities. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most
common form; some brands use sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F).
Application of fluoride also prevents moisture build-up in some surfaces.
Other ingredients are less commonly used, including Hydroxyapatite
nanocrystals and calcium phosphate for reminerqlization, and strontium
chloride or potassium nitrate to reduce sensitivity.

Toothpastes come in a variety of flavors, most often being some

variation on mint (spearmint, peppermint, regular mint etc.). Other more
exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum (marketed mostly to
children) , cinnamon, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, pine. Flavors, which
have been introduced but discontinued due to poor reception, include
peanut buffer, iced tea and whisky. Some pastes are unflavored.

Calcium used in toothpaste can be derived from animal, bones or from

lime. Vegetarians prefer to use toothpastes free of any ingredients
derived from animals. For this reason in India, toothpastes suitable for
vegetarians have been introduced.

The exact composition of a particular toothpaste varies with each

manufacturer, but a typical formulation is:
  Abrasive 10-40%,

 Humectant 20-70%,

 Water 5-30%,

 Binder 1-2%,

 Detergent 1-3%,

 Flavour 1-2%, ,

 Preservative 0.05-0.5% and

 Therapeutic agent 0.1-0.5%.

ABRASIVES:
For efficient tooth cleaning, the dentifrice requires a degree of
abrasiveness. The common abrasives used include dicalcium phosphate
dihydrate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium carbonate, and, more
recently, silica gels. The abrasives have a hardness ranging between
that of dentine and a value below that of enamelin order to be safe but
effective stain removers.

HUMECTANTS AND BINDERS:

Humectants are used in dentifrices to prevent loss of water and
subsequent hardening of the paste when it is exposed to air. The most
commonly used humectants are glycerol and sorbitol. Binders are
hydrophilic colloids which disperse or swell in the presence of water and
are used to stabilise toothpaste formulations by preventing the
separation of the solid and liquid phases.
 DETERGENTS, FLAVOURS AND
COLOURINGS:
Detergents lower the surface tension and therefore help loosen plaque
deposits and emulsify or suspend the debris removed from the tooth
surface during cleaning. Detergents also contribute to the foaming
property of dentifrices, an effect which appeals to consumers. The
commonly used detergent in toothpaste is sodium lauryl sulphate.

Flavours constitute only a minor part of a dentifrice, but are important

components for consumer acceptance. The flavour of Toothpaste is
usually a blend of several components. The principal flavours used are
peppermint, spearmint and wintergreen modified with other essential oils
of anise, clove, caraway, pimento, eucalyptus, citrus, menthol, nutmeg,
thyme or cinnamon. The humectants and some of the binders in
toothpastes can act as nutrients for various micro-organisms.

Colouring agents are also added to dentifrices. These include titanium

dioxide for white pastes and various food dyes for coloured pastes and
gels.
 AIM

To Detect The Presence Of Different

Anions And Cations In Different Brands Of
Toothpaste.

Materials Required:

 Toothpaste samples to be analyzed

 Test tubes
 Chemical reagents
 Filter paper
  Glass rod

Theory:
In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analysed
for the radicals, that is, cations and anions that it
contains. The common procedure of testing on unknown
salt is to make its solution and then test this solution
for the ions present in it. Then Preliminary tests such
as colour, odour, dry heating, flame test etc. are
performed. These tests are common for all samples
under salt analysis. Further, there are separate
procedures for detecting cations and anions.

Every toothpaste contains the following ingredients: binders,

abrasives, subsers, humectants, flavours, sweeteners, fluorides,
tooth whiteners, a preservative and water. Binders thicken
toothpaste- they prevent separation of the solid and liquid
component, especially storage. They also effect the speed and
volume of foam production, rate of flavor release and product
dispersal, the appearance of toothpaste ribbon on the toothbrush.
Some binders are gum solid alignate, methyl cellulose, carrageen
and magnesium aluminium silicate.
  Ions:

Ions are atoms or molecules that have an electrical charge. These charged
particles have chemical properties that allow them to form many important
chemical molecules, such as salts, which are vital for biological systems. Ions
can have either a positive or negative charge. Ions with a negative charge
are known as anions. Ions with a positive charge are known as cations.

Types of Ions:-
 Cation: Positively charged ions (Ca2+ ,Mg2+ )

 Anion: Negatively charged ions (I- , CH3COO- )

Cation:

Cations are atoms that have lostelectrons. Since they now have
moreprotons than electrons, cations have apositive charge.
Cations are one of the two types of ions. The other type is called
an anion.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)

To identify the cations, we have been using the flame
test(a preliminary test) for indication. Whichever cation
is indicated, it is confirmed on the basis of
corresponding tests.
A cation has lost some electrons, so it is shown as X^Y+, with X
being the atom, and Y being the amount of electrons they have
lost. For example, Fe^3+ is an ion of Iron with 3 lost electrons.

When a single element, or group of elements, has a charge, it is

known as an ion. When an ion is positively charged, it's called
a cation.

When an element or compound is in cation form, it can be

represented by either the element symbol or by a compound
formula, with the amount of charge written as a superscript
immediately after the symbol or formula, as seen in the following
table:

An easy way to remember that cations are positive ions is by

replacing the 't' in 'cation' with a positive sign, +. Instead of
writing cation, you would write ca+ion. The positive sign bears
enough likeness to a 't' to be read as cation, yet it reminds you
of the definition!

How a Cation Forms:

Cations form when an element, or group of elements, (compounds)
lose one or more electrons. For many people, this idea is
somewhat counterintuitive because we do not equate losing things
with being positive. But electrons are actually negatively charged
particles. So, when an element loses an electron, it becomes less
negative and more positive.

The sodium atom loses one electron to become a +1 cation. The

process is shown in the following diagram:

In figure one, the sodium atom has 11 electrons. When sodium

loses one electron, it becomes a +1 cation as shown in figure two.
The +1 sodium cation now has 10 electrons, so it is smaller in
size than when it had 11 electrons.

Examples of Cations:

Cations can be formed from metal elements, as well as nonmetal

elements. If a metal element forms an ion, it always forms a
cation. Some metals always form the same type of cation. For
example, sodium always forms a +1 cation and magnesium always
forms a +2 cation. Some metals are flexible and can form more
than one type of cation. Copper can form +1 or +2 cations, and
iron can form +2 or +3 cations.

Nonmetal elements, like nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, are

capable of forming cations, as well. Hydrogen occurs quite
frequently as a +1 cation, while nitrogen and oxygen can form
cations when they are in compound form. The ammonium ion is a
type of cation formed when nitrogen is bonded to four hydrogens.
Examples of nonmetal cations are shown in the following table:

Cations in Action
Cations can be found everywhere - inside of living things, in rocks
and minerals, and even in our food! Living things depend on cations
for survival. Proper functioning of our nervous system depends on
the movement of potassium and sodium cations through our nerve
cells. Our body requires magnesium cations for metabolizing food,
our bones need calcium cations in order to be strong, and, of
course, our blood cells use iron cations to transport oxygen.

Anion:
Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have
gainedelectrons. Since they now have more electrons
 than protons, anions have anegative charge. For example 
Chloride ions (Cl-), Bromide (Br-), Iodide (I-). These are
monovalent anions, meaning they have a combining capacity with
only one ion ofHydrogen. Similarly there are bivalent anions, etc.
Anions are one of the two types of ions. The other type is called
a cation, and have a positive charge. Ions are atoms that have
anelectrical charge.Anions are termed so because they are
attracted towards the Anode (the positive electrode). All Anions
tend to accept a proton H+ thus they are categorized as bases.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)

After the preliminary tests are over with, to identify

the anion, three indicatory tests are carried out. They
can be divided in to three categories each with separate
group reagent. Therefore anion may be identified by
performing the following tests in the order given.

 Dilute H2SO4 test

 Concentrated
H2SO4 test
 Independent Group4 (SO 4 2-, PO 3-
)

After an anion is indicated, confirmatory tests are

carried out, corresponding to the anion.

Sub-Atomic Particles and Ions:

To talk about ions, we first need to review atoms. An atom is the

smallest unit of matter. It consists of three sub-atomic
particles:
 1. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus
(or core) of the cell.
2. Neutrons are neutrally charged particles, and contribute to
the overall mass and size of the atom.
3. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit, or
circle, the nucleus.

In a neutral atom, the number of protons will equal the number of

electrons. This means that for every positive charge, there is a
negative charge to balance it out. However, in some cases, the
number of protons will not equal the number of electrons, and this
will create an imbalance in the atom's charge and will form an
ion.

Formation of Anions and Salts:-

Since anions are negatively charged particles, the number of

electrons must be greater than the number of protons. This may
occur when the atom receives an electron from another atom or
molecule. This negative charge will now allow anions to attract and
interact with positive ions (cations).

When anions form bonds with cations, they form salts. Salts are
inorganic molecules (lacking carbon, hydrogen, or both) that
dissolve well in water, separating into anions and cations. In
solution, these ions are also called an electrolyte, which means
they carry electric charges. These are the same electrolytes
advertised as being in Gatorade, Powerade, and other exercise
drinks.
 TESTS
For DIFFERENT SAMPLES
SAMPLES SELETED:

1. COLGATE
2. PEPSODENT
3. BABOOL

Physical properties
S.no PROPERTIES OBSERVATIONS
1 Colour White
2 Odour Mint like

Chemical properties
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
1. Preliminary test-
-
i) Dry Heating Colourless,
odourless gas. CO32- may be present.
ii) Flame test Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be
present.
iii) Dil H2SO4 test- To Colourless, CO32- may be present.
the sample, odourless gas.
added some drops
of Dil H2SO4.
2. Confirmatory tests.
i) To the sample A white ppt.
added MgSO4 CO32- may be present.
solution.
ii) Take an O.S, Brisk
CO32- may be present.
added dil HCl. effervescence.
iii) Conc. H2SO4 test- To No change Conc. H2SO4 group
the sample added some absent
drops
of conc.H2SO4
3. Independent tests-
For SO4 -2
i) To the sample White ppt.
SO4 -2 confirmed.
added BaCl2
solution.
To the sample added White ppt.
SO4 -2 confirmed.
Lead
acetate soln.

For PO4 3-
ii) Added conc HNO3 Deep yellow
PO4 3- confirmed.
to O.S and boiled. colouration.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.
 CATIONS

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

i) Group 0- No change Group 0

To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
ii) Group-1- No change Group I absent
To the sample added
dilute HCl
iii) Group-II- No change Group II
To the above test tube absent
added H2S
iv) Group-III- No change Group III
To the sample added absent
NH4OH
and NH4Cl
v) Group-IV- No change Group IV
To the above test tube absent
add H2S
vi) Group-V- A white ppt. Group V
To the sample present.
added NH4OH, and
(NH4)2CO3
Solution add NH4OH
and NH4Cl
vii) Group-IV- No change Group IV
To the above test tube absent
add H2S
viii) Group-V- A white ppt. Group V
To the sample added present.
NH4OH, and (NH4)2CO3
solution.
 Dissolved the ppt. in CH3COOH and divided the solution
into 3 parts.
a) To the first part added No change Ba2+absent
K2 CrO4 solution

b) To the second No change Sr2+absent

part added(NH4)2SO4

c) To the third part A white Ca2+confirmed.

added (NH4)2C2 O4 ppt.
ix) Group-VI A white
Mg2+ confirmed.
Took the filtrate of above step ppt.
and added a few drops of amm.
oxalate solution, boiled, filtered.
Took the ppt,
boiled, added NH4 OH and NH4
Cl in excess. Add (NH4)2HPO and
rubbed with a glass rod.

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

1. Preliminary tests
Colour Baby pink
Odour That of
pepsodent.
Dry Heating White fumes, Cl- may be
pungent smell. present.
 Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may
be present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- Colourless,
CO32- may be
To the sample, odourless gas.
present.
added dil. H2SO4.
Confirmatory Tests
To the O.S added Brisk
CO32- confirmed.
dil HCl solution. effervescence.
To the solution added White ppt in CO32- confirmed.
MgSO4 cold.
solution.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test- A colourless Cl- may be

To the sample pungent gas. present.

added conc. H2SO4
5. Confirmatory tests
To the sample added Greenish, yellow Cl- confirmed
MnO2 conc. gas,
H2SO4. Heated. pungent smell.
To the sample added A white ppt. Cl- confirmed
dilute HNO3, Boiled,
cooled and
added AgNO3
 CATIONS

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

6. Group-0 No change Group 0 absent

To the sample
added NaOH and
heated
7. Group-I No change Group I absent
To the sample
added dilute HCl
8. Group-II No change Group II absent
To the above test tube
added H2S
9. Group-III White Ppt. Group-III is
To the sample Formed. present. Al3+
added NH4Cl, detected.
boiled, cooled,
 added NH4OH in
excess.
Lake test- A blue ppt.
To the ppt, added dil floating in Al3+
HCl, 2 drops of blue colourless confirmed
litmus, and solution.
NH4OH dropwise.

10. To the filtrate of No change Group IV

group-III added absent
H2S solution.
11. To the sample A white ppt. Group V
added NH4OH and present.
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
Dissolved the ppt. in
CH3COOH and
divided it into 3
parts.
(i) To the first part added No change Ba2+ absent
K2CrO4solution

(ii) To the second part No Change Sr2+ absent

added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the second part added A white ppt.
(NH4)2C2O4 and NH4OH Ca2+
solution. confirmed.

13. Group-VI A white ppt.

Took the filtrate of above Mg2+
step and added a few confirmed.
drops
of amm. oxalate
 solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the ppt,
boiled, added NH4OH
and NH4Cl in excess.
Add (NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.

Close up
ANIONS

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONSS INFERENCE

.
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour Red
Odour Close up-smell
Dry Heating Suffocating SO 2-3 may be
smell present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be
present.
Dil. H2SO4 test- To the Colourless, pungent
sample, added Dil. smell, turned
H2SO4 acidified K2Cr2O7 SO3 2- may be
solution present.
green.
3. Confirmatory
tests
To the O.S added White ppt. SO3 2- confirmed.
BaCl2 solution.
To the ppt from above Pink colour SO3 2- confirmed.
step added discharge.
KMnO4 solution.
4. Conc. H2SO4 Test- To No change Conc. H2 SO4
the sample added group absent
conc.H2SO4solution.
 CATIONS

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Group-0 No change Group 0

To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
6. Group-I No change GroupI absent
To the sample added
dilute HCl
7. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test tube absent
added H2S
8. Group-III A brown ppt. Group-III
To the sample present.
added NH4Cl, Fe3+ detected.
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
Dissolved the ppt. in prussian blue Fe3+ confirmed
dilute HCl and added colour
Potassium
Ferrocyanide.
9. To the filtrate of No change Group IV
group-III added absent
H2S solution.
10. To the sample A white ppt. Group V
added NH4OH and present
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
 Dissolved
CH3COOH and
divided into three
parts.
(i) To the first part added No change Ba2+ absent
K2CrO4
solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+ absent
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part A white ppt. Ca2+ present
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH

11. Group-VI No change Mg2+absent

Took the filtrate of above
step and
 added a few drops of
amm. oxalate solution,
boiled, filtered. Took
the ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONSS INFERENCE

1. Preliminary Tests
Colour Red
Odour Dabur Red-smell
CO23 may be
Dry Heating Colourless, -
odourless gas.
present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be
present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- To No gas evolved. Dil. H2SO4
the sample, added group
Dil. H2SO4 absent.
4. Conc. H2SO4 Test- To No gas evolved. Conc. H2SO4
the sample added group absent
conc.H2SO4solution
.

Dabur red
(iii) To the third part No change Ca2+ absent
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

5. Group-0 No change Group 0 absent

To the sample added
NaOH and
heated
6. To the above test
Group-I No change Group I absent
tube
To the addedadded
sample H2S
8. Group-III
dilute HCl No change. GroupIII absent
7. To theGroup-II
sample No change Group II absent
added NH4Cl,
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
9. To the filtrate of No change Group IV absent
group-III added H2S
solution.
10. To the sample added A white ppt. Group V absent
NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
added K2CrO4
solution
(ii) To the second part added No change Sr2+ absent
(NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part No change Ca2+ absent
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH

11. Group-VI No change Mg2+absent

Took the filtrate of
above step and added a
few drops of amm.
oxalate solution,
boiled, filtered. Took
the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OHand NH4Cl in
excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.
 Babool
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONSS Inference
S
1. Preliminary tests
Colour Reddish
Odour Babool smell
Dry Heating Colourless CO32- may be
odourless gas. present.

Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be

present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- Colourless, CO32- may be
To the sample, odourless gas. present.
added dil. H2SO4.
3. Confirmatory Tests
To the O.S added Brisk
dil HCl solution. effervescence. CO32-
confirmed.
To the solution White ppt in
added MgSO4 cold. CO32-
solution. confirmed.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test- No gas evolved. Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group
added conc. H2SO4 absent.
5. Independent Group
Tests-
 For SO4 2-
To the sample White ppt.
added SO4 2-
BaCl2solution. confirmed.
To the sample White ppt.
added Lead acetate soln. SO4 2-
confirmed.
For PO4 -3

Added conc HNO3 No change.

to O.S and boiled. PO43- absent.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.

CATIONS

S.no EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

6. Group-0 No change Group 0

To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
7. Group-I No change Group I
To the sample added absent
dilute HCl
8. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test tube absent
added H2S
9. Group-III No change. Group-III absent
To the sample added .
NH4Cl,
 boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
10. To the filtrate of No change Group IV
group-III added absent
H2S solution.
11. To the sample A white ppt. Group V
added NH4OH and absent
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
(i) To the first part added No change Ba2+ absent
K2CrO4
solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+ absent
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part White ppt. Ca2+ present.
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH

11. Group-VI No change Mg2+absent

Took the filtrate of
above step and added a
few drops of amm.
oxalate solution,
boiled, filtered. Took
the ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.
 COMPARATIVE
INFERENCE TABLE
NAME OF THE Ca2+ CO32- SO32- Cl
-
Al3+ Fe3+ PO43-
SO42-

TOOTHPASTE

COLGATE

PEPSODENT

CLOSE-UP

Dabur-RED

Babool
 RESULTS:
Following the above procedure, analysis was carried out for different pastes.
Presence of following cations and anions was found in different toothpastes.

S.No Toothpastes Cations Anions

1. Colgate Al3+, Mg2+ , Ca2+ CO32- , Cl- , PO43-

2. Promise Al3+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ CO32- , Cl-, PO43-

3. Aquafresh Mg2+ , Ca2+ CO32- , Cl- , PO43-

4. Pepsodent Al3+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ CO32- , Cl- , PO43-

5. Close Up Ca2+ , Al3+ CO32- , Cl- , PO43-

 CONCLUSION:
The various cations and anions present in toothpastes are Al3+, Mg2+ , Ca2+ ,
CO32- , Cl- , PO43- .

On the basis of the comparative inference table, we see that

is the best of all toothpastes as it contains a majority of the essential
constituents (anions and cations) of a toothpaste.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Handle the chemicals carefully.
2. Use test tube holder to hold the test tube.
3. Never add water to conc. acids
4. Never touch any chemical with hands directly.
5. Use a dropper for concentrated Acids.
6. Don’t smell the vapours from too close.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRADEEP’S CHEMISTRY

BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA

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