Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 8 Solution– Page 1 of 7 11/4/19

1. Find the dimensions of the spaces for the following matrix; Column space of A , row space
of A , and the Null space of A .

1 1 0
A =  1 3 1 
 3 1 −1

SOLUTION:

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 3 1   R2 → R2 − R1 0 2 1   R3 → R3 − 3R1 0 2 1 
  
 3 1 −1  3 1 −1  0 −2 −1

1 1 0  1 1 0 1 0 − 12
 
R3 → R3 + R2  0 2 1  = U  R2 → R2 0 1  R → R −R
1
1 0 1 2  =U
1
2  2
 1 1 2

 0 0 0   0 0 0  0 0 0 


(a) 2 b/c 2 pivots in U

(b) 2 b/c 2 pivots in U
(c ) 2 b/c 2 pivots in U
(d ) 2 b/c 2 pivots in U

Row Space of A = Row Space of U

( This is because elimination just uses linear combinations of the rows of A to get to U )

2. Write True or False for the following (with reason or a counterexample);

a) A and AT have the same number of pivots.

SOLUTION:

We already learned that row space and column space have the rank  r ( A) = r ( AT )
Since they have the same rank, they have the same number pivots. Hence, the statement
is True
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 8 Solution– Page 2 of 7 11/4/19

b) A and AT have the same left null space.

SOLUTION:

As we already know that the left null space of A , is obtained by solving AT  x = 0 , and
for AT we get left null space by solving ( AT )  x = 0  A  x = 0 . Since, A doesn’t have
T

to equal to AT we conclude that A and AT generally do not have the same left null space.

1 0  1 2  1 2   x1 
A= AT =  AT  x = 0    =0
  0   x2 
Counterexample :
2 0 0 0   0
1 pivots, 1 free variable : x2
x1 + 2 x2 = 0 x2 = 1
x1 + 2 (1) = 0  x1 = −2

Basis of the left nullspace is ( −2,1)

1 2  1 0  1 0   x1 
Counterexample : AT =   (A )
T T
= A=  (A )
T T
x =0    = 0
0 0 2 0  2 0   x2 

1 0   x1 
R2 → R2 − 2 R1   =0 1 pivot, 1 free variable :→ x2
 0 0   x2 

x1 = 0 ; x2 = 1

Basis of the left nullspace is ( 0,1)

Hence, the statement is False because the spaces are not the same.

c) If the row space equals the column space, then AT = A

SOLUTION:

This statement is False

Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 8 Solution– Page 3 of 7 11/4/19

1 2 1 2  1 0  1 1 0
A=  R2 → R2 − 3R1   R1 → R1 + R2   → −  
4    R R
0 −2  0 −2 
2 2
3 2 0 1
2 pivots
Column Space : (1,3) ; ( 2, 4 )  2

1 3  1 3  1  1 3 1 0
AT =    R2 → R2 − 2 R1    R2 → − R2    R1 → R1 − 3R2  
2 4 0 −2  2 0 1 0 1
2 pivots
Row Space : (1, 3) ; ( 2, 4 )  2

Row Space : (1,3) ; ( 2, 4 )  2

= Column Space : (1, 3) ; ( 2, 4 )  2

But it s not symmetric  AT  A

d) If A is a square matrix then the row space of A equals the column space.

SOLUTION:

1 2  1 2
A=   R2 → R2 − 3 R1  
3 6  0 0
1 pivot
Column Space :→ (1,3) 

1 3 1 3
AT =    R2 → R2 − 2 R1  
2 6 0 0
1 pivot
Row Space :→ (1,3) 

 Row Space of A = Column Space of A Hence, the statement is True .

Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 8 Solution– Page 4 of 7 11/4/19

 −2  0  −2
1  −3  −4
3. Given v1 =   , v2 =   , v 3 =   , verify that v1  v 2 = 0, v1  v 3 = 0 and v 2  v 3 = 0.
3 1 0
     
0 6 2
SOLUTION:

v 1 = ( −2 1 3 0 ) ; v 2 = ( 0 −3 1 6 )

v1  v 2 = −2 1 3 0  0 −3 1 6  v1  v 2 = −2 ( 0 ) + 1( −3) + 3 (1) + 0 ( 6 )

v1  v 2 = 0 − 3 + 3  v1  v 2 = 0

v 1 = ( −2 1 3 0 ) ; v 3 = ( −2 −4 0 2 )

v1  v 3 = −2 1 3 0  −2 −4 0 2  v1  v 3 = −2 ( −2 ) + 1( −4 ) + 3 ( 0 ) + 0 ( 2 )

v1  v 3 = 4 − 4 + 0 + 0  v1  v 3 = 0

v 2 = ( 0 −3 1 6 ) ; v 3 = ( −2 −4 0 2 )

v 2  v 3 = 0 −3 1 6  −2 −4 0 2  v 2  v 3 = 0 ( −2 ) − 3 ( −4 ) + 1( 0 ) + 6 ( 2 )

v 2  v 3 = 0 + 12 + 0 + 12  v 2  v 3 = 24 v2  v3  0

4. Give an example 3  3 symmetric matrix and check that its column space perpendicular to its
null space?
SOLUTION:
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 8 Solution– Page 5 of 7 11/4/19

 1 −2 1   −2 0 3
A =  −2 0 3 Swap Matrix Rows : R1  R2  1 −2 1 
 
 1 3 5  1 3 5

 −2 0 3  −2 0 3
R2 → R2 + 1 2 R1  0 −2 5  R → R + 1 R  0 −2 5 
 2
 3 3 2 1
 2

 1 3 5   0 3 13 
2

 −2 0 3  −2 0 3
Swap Matrix Rows : R2  R3 0 3 13   R → R + 2 R 0 3 13 
 2
 3 3 3 2
 2

 0 −2 5 
2  0 0 41 
6

 −2 0 3  −2 0 3   −2 0 0 
R3 → 0 3   0 3 0   R → R − 3R  0 3 0
R3 2  R2 → R2 − 2 R3
6 13 13
41
    1 1 3  
 0 0 1   0 0 1   0 0 1 

1 0 0  1 0 0
0 3 0   R → 1 R  
R1 → − 1 2 R1   2 3 2 0 1 0 3 pivots
0 0 1  0 0 1 


 1  −2  1  
   
Basis of Column Space C ( A ) = c1  −2  + c2  0  + c3 3 
 
 1  3  5 
  

C ( A ) = (1, −2,1) , ( −2, 0,3) , (1,3, 5 )  3

“A symmetric Matrix means that AT = A that is: transposing rows into columns”

 1 −2 1   1 −2 1 
T

 −2 0 3 =  −2 0 3
   
 1 3 5  1 3 5
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 8 Solution– Page 6 of 7 11/4/19

Null Space of A is defined by

 1 −2 1   x1  0 
 −2 0 3    x  =  0 
x  31
: Ax = 0     2  
 1 3 5  x3  0 

x1 − 2 x2 + x3 = 0
−2 x1 + 0  x2 + 3 x3 = 0
x1 + 3 x2 + 5 x3 = 0

As A 0 x1 = x2 = x3 = 0

So, clearly column space is perpendicular ( ⊥ ) to it s null space ( AT  x = 0 )

5. Construct a 3  3 matrix A with no zero entries whose columns are mutually perpendicular
( ⊥ ) . Compute AT A . Why is it a diagonal matrix?
SOLUTION:
Consider the Matrix:

1 −2 2 
A =  2 −1 −2  Clearly, we can see that the columns are mutually perpendicular ⊥ and;
1
3
 2 2 1 
1 2 2  1 −2 2 
A A =  −2 −1 2    2 −1 −2 
1
T
where g 
g
 2 −2 1   2 −2 1 

g 0 0
1
= 0 g 0  =3
g
 0 0 g 

So, A is an orthogonal matrix of order 3 . And real orthogonal matrix is diagonalize. So, A is
diagonalizable.
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 8 Solution– Page 7 of 7 11/4/19

6. Prove that every y in N ( AT ) is perpendicular to every Ax in the column space.

SOLUTION:

Since the vector

y  N ( AT )
therefore,
AT y = 0
Now, we suppose, any vector in the column space C ( A ) is
Ax
Now,

( Ax ) y = x T ( AT y )  ( Ax ) y = x T ( 0 )  ( Ax ) y = 0
T T T

Therefore, y is perpendicular to any Ax In the column space.