Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 5 Solution– Page 1 of 6 10/8/19

1. Let V be the first quadrant in the xy -plane, that is let

 x  
V =    : x  0, y  0 
 y  

a) If u and v are in V , is u + v in V ? Why?

SOLUTION:

x  x 
Let u , v  V and u =  1  ; x1  0, y1  0 v =  2 ; x2  0, y2  0
 y1   y2 

x + x 
Then u + v =  1 2   x1  0 and x2  0  x1 + x2  0
 y1 + y2 

Also;  y1  0 and y2  0  y1 + y2  0 Hence u + v V

b) Find a specific vector u in V and a specific scalar c such that cu is not in V . This is
enough to show that V is not a vector space?

SOLUTION:

1
Let u =   V ; Take c = −1
1

 −1
Then c  u =   V ( −1  0)
 −1
So if is , then V is not closed under scalar multiplication and hence V is not a vector space
over
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 5 Solution– Page 2 of 6 10/8/19

2. Let W be the union of the first and the third quadrants in the xy − plane . That is, let

 x  
W =    : xy  0 
 y  

a) If u is in W , is cu in W ? Why?

SOLUTION:

 x  cx 
Yes if u =  , cu =   Then cx  cy = c 2 xy  0
 y cy 

b) Find a specific vector u and v in W such that u + v is not in W . This is enough to show
that W is not a vector space?

SOLUTION:

2 1
 −1
u=  ,v = 1 But u + v =  1  W
 −1    
2 2

3. State TRUE or FALSE for each statement below.

a) A subset H of a vector space V is a subspace of V is the zero vector is not in H

SOLUTION:
False: → If H is a subspace of v then Identity i.e. zero vector is in H because Identity which is
same as vector space of subspace.

b) A subspace is also a vector space.

SOLUTION:
True: → By subspace definition subspace is also a vector space
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 5 Solution– Page 3 of 6 10/8/19

c) A vector is any element of a vector space.

SOLUTION:
FALSE

2 3
d) is a subspace of

SOLUTION:

True: → 2
is a 2d − plane and 3
is a 3d − plane ; 2d is a subspace of 3d

4. Prove or disprove the following: Let is a set of all 2  2 matrices.

a) Show that the set of all symmetric ( AT = A) 2  2 matrices in form a subspace.

SOLUTION:

a b d e  a + d b+e
b c  +  e =
f   b + e c + f 
 True
  
Or:

Consider two symmetric matrices A, B then AT = A and BT = B

Since, ( A + B ) = AT + BT = A + B
T

, the sum of the symmetric matrices is also a symmetric matrix

 , the symmetric matrices form a subspace of  True

b) Show that the set of all skew-symmetric ( AT = − A) 2  2 matrices in form a subspace.

SOLUTION:

 0 a   0 b  0 a + b
 −a 0  +  −b 0 =  − ( a + b ) 0 
 True
    
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 5 Solution– Page 4 of 6 10/8/19

Or: Consider two skew-symmetric matrices A, B then AT = − A and BT = − B Since

( A + B) = AT + BT = ( − A) + ( − B ) = − ( A + B )
T

 , the sum of the skew-symmetric matrices is also skew-symmetric matrix

 , the skew-symmetric matrices form a subspace of  True

c) The unsymmetric matrices in (A T

 A) form a subspace

SOLUTION:

a b  e f a + e b + f 
c d  + g =
   h  c + g d + h 
 
with b  c with f g but we could still get
c+ g =b+ f  False
Ex b = 1 , c = 2
f = −1 , g = − 2

Or: Consider two unsymmetric matrices

1 2  2 3 1 2   2 3  3 5
A=  B=  then: A + B =  + = 
3 4  2 4 3 4   2 4  5 8 

3 5
( A + B) =
T

5 8 
 , their symmetric
 , the sum of unsymmetric matrices may be symmetric
 , the unsymmetric matrices do not form a subspace of
 , the statement is false

5. Let V be a set defined as V =  x x   , the addition and scalar multiplication is defined as

follows:

x V , y V , x + y = xy
c , x V , cx = x c
Show that V with these operations is a vector space.
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 5 Solution– Page 5 of 6 10/8/19

SOLUTION:
I − V is an additive abelian group

(i) x + y  V x, y  V  x + y = x  y  V x, y  V

x + ( y + z) = ( x + y) + z x, y, z V
 x + ( y + z) = x ( y  z)
(ii)
 x + ( y + z) = ( x  y) z
 x + ( y + z) = ( x + y) + z x, y, z  V

x+0 = x = 0+ x x  V
(iii)
 x + 1 = 1 x = x x  V

x+ y =0= y+x x, y V

(iv) 1 1
 x+ = x =1 x, y V
x x

x+ y = y+ x x, y V
 x + y = x y
(v)
 x+ y = yx
 x+ y = y+ x x, y V

II − V is closed under scalar multiplaction

ax  V a  , x V
 ax = x a  V a  , x V

III − Scalar multiplication satisfies following properties :

a ( x + y) = a  x + a  y x, y  V , a 
 a  ( x + y ) = a  ( xy )
= ( xy )
a

(i)
= xa  y a
= (a  x) (a  y)
= ax + ay x, y  V , a 
Math 3311 Homework Assignment # 5 Solution– Page 6 of 6 10/8/19

(a + b) x = a  x + b  x a, b  , x V
( a + b ) x = x a +b
(ii) = x a  xb
= ( ax )  ( bx )
= ax + bx

( ab ) x = a ( b x ) a, b  , x V
 ( ab ) x = a ( bx )
(iii)  x ab = a ( xb )

 x ab = ( x b )
a

 x ab = x ab a, b  , x V

1 x = x x  V
(iv)
where 1 is multiplicative indentity of .

6. Let V be a set defined as V = real valued functions defined x  with f ( 0 ) = 1 the

( f + g )( x ) := f ( x ) + g ( x )
addition and scalar multiplication is defined as follows:
( cf )( x ) := cf ( x )
Is V with the above defined operations a vector space?

SOLUTION:
V is not a vector space since closure property doesn’t hold for addition.

Let, f , g V , (f + g )( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) + g ( 0 ) = 1 + 1 = 2
so, (f + g )( 0 ) = 2  1
so , f + g  V