F210a0ee3d6c493 PDF

MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU
B.LITT - II YEAR
DJL24 - jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW

(From the academic year 2016-17)
Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel
For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

myF - 1
,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa Nehf;F – jkpo; nkhopapd; njhd;ikAk; rpwg;Gk; -
Kr;rq;fq;fs; - rq;f fhyf; fzpg;G – njhy;fhg;gpak; - rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; - rq;f
,yf;fpa Nkd;ikfs; - ePjp ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; - gpw mw
E}y;fs;.
myF - 2
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;: fhyk; - ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; - Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
- IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; - ngUq;fij – fk;guhkhazk; - nghpa Guhzk; - fe;j
Guhzk; - tpy;yp ghujk; - esntz;gh - ,Ryhkpaf; fhg;gpak; - fpwpj;Jtf; fhg;gpak;
Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; - gpw;fhyj; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fs;.
myF - 3
gf;jp ,yf;fpaKk; jkpo; tsh;r;rpAk; - fhyk; rka kWkyh;r;rp / gf;jp ,af;ff;
fhyk; - ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; - rkzKk; jkpOk; - irtKk; jkpOk; - itztKk;
jkpOk; - fpwpj;jtKk; jkpo; tsh;r;rpAk; - ,RyhkpaKk; jkpo; tsh;r;rpAk;.
myF - 4
; pAk; tifnjhif – fyk;gfk;> J}J> cyh>
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;: Njhw;wKk; tsh;rr
guzp> gps;isj; jkpo;> Mw;Wg;gil> FWtQ;rp> gs;S> rjfk;> kly; - FkuFUguh;>
rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;> jhAkhdth;> ts;syhh; - gjpndz; rpj;jh;fs; - ,yf;fz
E}y;fs; - epfz;Lfs; - ciuahrphpah;fs;.
myF - 5
Nkdhl;lhh; tUifAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk; -
ciueil – ciu tiffs; - ,ir ehlf ,yf;fpak; - rpWfij – Gjpdk; - kuGf;
ftpij – GJf;ftpij – ehlfk; - fl;Liu – JiwNjhWk; jkpo;
ghlE}y;fs;
1. jkpoz;zy; - Gjpa Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf
epiyak; kA+uh tshfk;> 48 jhdg;g Kjyp njU> kJiu – 625 001.
2. Kidth; ghf;aNkhp - tifik Nhef;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW
epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;
48 – B, rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay; v];Nll;
mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id – 600 098.
1
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW
myF - 1
Kd;Diu
ige;jkpo; - ,d;dpj;jkpo;> vd;WKs njd;jkpo;> rq;fj;jkpo; vdg; gy tifapy;
Nghw;wg;LtJ ek; jkpo;nkhop. ,jd; Njhw;wj;ij tiuaWf;f Kbahj msTf;F
kpfg;goik tha;e ; ;j nkhop jkpo;. jkpopy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; fp.gpf;Fk;
Kw;gl;l E}w;wz;Lfs; vd;gJ jkpowpQh;fspd; KbthFk;. ,d;W „nrk;nkhop jkpo;‟
vd;Dk; rpwg;gpidAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. fiy> ehfhpfk;> fy;tpepiy> tpOkpaq;fs;>
,yf;fpar; RitAzh;T> gpwnkhopr; nry;thf;F> nrq;Nfhd;ik Kjyhdtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tifikfs; cUthf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd vdyhk;.
nkhopapy; gue;Jgl;L gpizg;Gz;L ,Uf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk;

newpNa ,yf;fpa tifg;gLg;G vdyhk;. ,g;gFg;GKiw tuyhw;W top Ma;Tf;Fk;>
jpwdha;Tj; Jiwf;Fk; nghpJk; gad;gLk; vd jopoz;zy; $Wfpd;whh;.
,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa Nehf;F :

ehk; ,d;W fw;Fk; ,yf;fpa tuyhWfs; gy ,yf;fpaj;jpDila
„nrhe;jtuyhW‟ my;y? ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Nf xU tho;Tz;L> tsh;rr
; pAz;L>
Vw;wj;jho;Tz;L> Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kiwTz;L vd;fpwhh; jkpoz;zy;. ,yf;fpa tuyhW
vd;gJ xU ehl;L kf;fspd; fy;tp tsh;rr ; p myFzh;rr; papd; tuyhwhFk;. cz;ikahd
,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpid jkpo; khzhf;fh;fs; czh;jy; mtrpak; ehk; ,d;W fhZk;
,yf;fpa tuyhWfis xg;gpaywpQh;fs; „KOikahd ,yf;fpa tuyhW vd
xj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
Gyth;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhW

,yf;fpag; Gyth; ngUkf;fs;> ,e;j Mz;by; gpwe;J> ,e;j Mz;by; kiwe;jhh;>
my;yJ Gyth;fspd; fhyg;gFjp ,J vd;gjpy; kl;LNk ek; fUj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. gpwg;G>
,wg;gpy; kl;Lk; ek; ftdk; nry;fpwNj xopa ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhy
fl;lq;fspy; ek; fhy Muha;r;rp nry;ytpy;iy. vdNt Gyth;fshy; gilf;fg;gl;l
,yf;fpag;gilg;Gfspd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> Nja;T> kiwT Nghd;wtw;wpd; njhlh;Gila
tuyhNw ,yf;fpa tuyhwhFk;. Gw tuyhWfs; NghJkhdth;fs; MfhJ.
E}w;gl;baYk; jpwdha;Tk;
Gyth;fs;> gilg;ghspfspd; ngah;> fhyk;> tho;f;iff;Fwpg;G ,tw;iw kl;Lk;
je;Jtpl;L> mth;fs; vOjpa E}w;gl;baiyAk; jUfpNwhk;. ,itfs; xU ghh;itapy;>
Gyth; thpirapyhd> Ma;tplq;fs; MFNkad;wp> ,itfs; tuyhWfs; MFkh?
,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpw;Fj; jdpj;jdpg; Gyth;fs; my;yJ E}y;fspd; mwpT kpf>

kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. mitfNs ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpw;Fj; Jizikf;fhuzr;
rhd;Wfshfg; gad;gLtitahFk;. ,itfs; ,y;yhky; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rp tuyhw;iw
vOj KbahJ. ,tw;iw kl;Lk; vOjp epWj;jptpl;L> ,itfNs „cz;ikahd ,yf;fpa
tuyhW vdf; fUJjy; $lhJ.
Njrpa gz;ghl;L tuyhW

rpy tif ,yf;fpa tuyhWfs; xU Njrj;jpd; my;yJ Njrpaj;jpd;> ehfhpfg;
gz;ghl;L tuyhWfshf mike;J tpLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iw xU Njrj;jpd;
tho;f;if tuyhW (National Biography) vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WgtUKz;L.
,itaidj;JNk ,yf;fpaj;jpd; GwtuyhWfNs MFk;. ,itfs; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iw
mwpag;gad;gLk; rhd;W %yq;fs;> ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpd; mbj;jsq;fs;> ,yf;fpa
2
tuyhw;iw vOj ehk; Njl Ntz;ba juTfSk; rhd;whjhuq;fSk; MFk;. ,tw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gLk; „,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW‟ vd;gJ> ,tw;wpd; Nkyhd ,e;j
mbj;jsj;jpy; vOg;gg;gLfpd;w – gpwpnjhd;NwahFk;. mg;gbahapy; xUKO epiwthd
,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;gJ jhd; ahJ?
fiy tuyhW
,yf;fpak; vd;gJ xU Ez;fiy XtpaKk;> rpw;gKk; fz;Zf;Fg;
Gydhff;$bad. ,ir vd;gJ nrtpf;Fg; Gydhff; $baJ. ,itfis tpl
El;gkha;f; fUj;jpw;F kl;LNk Gydhff;$baJ ,yf;fpak;. ,j;jifa Ez;zpatw;Ws;
vy;yhk; Ez;zpjhd Ez;fiyf;F tuyhW vOJtJ vd;gJ kpff;fbdNk.
,itfisj; jdpj;Jg; gphpj;J Nehf;Fjy; vspjd;W. mjdhy; jhd; ,jd; tuyhW
,jidg; gilj;jth;fNshLk; E}y;fNshLk; Nrh;j;J itj;Jg; ghh;f;fg;gl;Lk;>
vOjg;gl;Lk; te;Js;sJ.
„jiyik tha;e;j ,yf;fpa tuyhWfs; gyTk; ehfhpfg; gz;ghl;L

tuyhWfshfNth my;yJ jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufspd; njhFjpfshfNth cs;sd.
,tw;Ws; xd;W tuyhW md;W> kw;wNjh fiyapd; tuyhW md;W vd eak;glf;
$Wth; nuNd nty;f.
xg;gpay; ghh;it
,yf;fpak; xU KOikahd Ez;fiy ,jw;nfd xU jdpj;jd;ikAz;L. jdp
tsh;r;rp cz;L. ,/J xU epWtdk; NghyTk;> mikg;G NghyTk; ,aq;FtJ. gaphpdk;
Nghy tsh;tJ vdTk; xg;gpay; mwpQh;fs; tpthjpf;fpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpak; cUkhw;wpf;
nfhs;fpw> rPh;gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpw> Nkd;NkYk; GJikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpw xU kuGtopiaj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lJ. ,yf;fpak; fhye;NjhWk; jd;idg; GJikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ
vd;fpwJ xg;gpay; thrfk;.
Xh; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;Fr; rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;> kf;fs; Rit czh;T Kjypad

Jizf; fhuzNk> gilg;Nghd; epkpj;jf; fhuzkhFk;. Kd;ida ,yf;fpaNk gpd;ida
,yf;fpaj; Njhw;j;jpw;F cjTk; Kjw;fhzukhFk;. tsh;r;rpAk; jsh;r;rpAk; nry;thf;Fk;
nry;thf;fpog;Gk;> NkLk; gs;sKk; nfhz;l gy;fpg;ngUFjYk;> RUq;FjYkhd
,ay;GfSila xU rpwe;j capUs;s fiyNa ,yf;fpaf; fiy vdyhk;.
tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhyk; gw;wpaJ. murpaypy; ,d;iwa epfo;Tfs; ehisa

tuyhfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F epfo;fhyNk cz;L vd;Wk;> fle;j fhyk; vd
xd;wpy;iy vd;Wk; xg;gpayhh; thjpLfpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpak; vd;W ,Ug;gJ (Omnipresent)
epiyNgwhd epfo;fhyj;jJ (Eternallypresent) vd;gh;.
KbTiu :
Gjpa Nehf;fpy; ,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;gJ Ritahd> Mh;tj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
tuyhwhFk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cUthf;fk; gw;wpaJ mJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;
tsh;r;rpAk; gw;wpaJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,ay;Gr;rpwg;G> cUt eyk;> capnuhsp GydhFk;
,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffSlDk;> jpwdha;TlDk; xd;wpg; gpize;j capNuhl;lKs;s
tuyhW mJ. ,q;qdk; Gjpa Nehf;fpy; vOjg;gLk; tuyhW kpf tphpthf mikAk;. rpW
mstpyhd> jdpj;jdp E}y;fs; gy ,r;rpe;jid mbg;gilapNyNa> ,d;W Njhd;wp
tUfpd;wd.
3
jkpo; nkhopapd; njhd;ikAk; rpwg;Gk;
Kd;Diu
„My;Ney; jioj;J mWFNghy; Nt&d;wp
%q;fpy;Nghy; Kbahky; thOk;‟
jd;ikg; ngw;wJ ek; jkpo;nkhop. mjdhy; jhd; „vd;Wk; cs njd;jkpo;‟ vdf; fk;gh;
Nghw;Wfpd;whh;. Kd;idg; goikf;Fk; goikaha; gpd;idg; GJikf;Fk; GJikaha;
tho;tJ jopo;nkhop.
jkpo;> rk];fpUjk;> rPdh> `Pg;U> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> vgpNuak;> vDk; VO

nkhopfSk; cyfpd; njhd;ik tha;e;j nkhopfs; vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,k;nkhopfSs; jkpo; caph;jdpr; nrk;nkhopf;F chpa gy rpwg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,d;W „nrk;nkhopj;jkpo‟ vd;Dk; cah;itAk; ngw;Wj;jpfo;fpwJ. „nrk;nkhop Ma;T
ikak;‟ vd;Dk; mikg;Gk; murhy; 2008 Kjy; nrd;idapy; njhlq;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
jkpopd; njhd;ik
fzpfspd; gpopNt fdpr;rhwhf khWk;. ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gpopNt ,yf;fzq;fshf
cUntLf;Fk;. jkpopy; KOikahff; fpilf;Fk; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
Vwf;Fiwa fp.K. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L mstpy; njhy;fhg;gpak; Njhd;apUf;fyhk; vd
czug;gLfpd;wJ.
fp.K. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L mstpy; Njhd;wpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;> mjw;Fk; Kd;Ng

gy;NtW E}y;fs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; epuk;g cs;sd. „Ez;zpjpd; czh;e;Njhh;>
mwpe;jpNdhh;> ,ay;Gzh;e;Njhh;> ciuj;jdh;> vd; kdhh;> njhpe;jdh;> miwe;jdh;
vd;gnkhopg‟ vdg; gy ,lq;fspy; njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. vdNt
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Kd;Dk; gy E}y;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
njhy;fhg;gpah; jhdhf Kjd;Kjypy; ,yf;fzk; ,aw;wtpy;iy. mtUf;F Kd;dhy;
gyh; $wpa newpapNyNa ,yf;fzj;ij vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh; vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
,jd;%yk; cyfpy; cs;s gpwnkhopfisf; fhl;bYk; jkpo; njhd;ik tha;e;j nkhop
vd;gjid czuKbfpd;wJ.
%ynkhop
njd; jpuhtpl nkhop> eLj;jpuhtpl nkhop> tljpuhtplnkhop vdj; jpuhtpl
nkhopfs; %tifg;gLk;. jkpo;> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; %d;Wk; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;.
njYq;F eLj;jpuhtpl nkhop. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; midj;jpw;Fk; jhahd nkhopia
%yj;jpuhtpl nkhop (Proto Dravidian – pdr) vd;gh;.
%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopNahL neUq;fpa njhlh;GilaJ jkpo;. jkpopy; ,Ue;J

njYq;Fk;> fd;dlKk;> kiyahsKk; jdpj;jdpahf ,ize;jd. ,iz nkhopahfj;
Njhd;wpa njYq;F> fd;dl kiyahs nkhopfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jdpj;jdp nkhopfs;
Nghy; tsh;r;rpAw;wd. fpisnkhopfs; jdpnkhopfs; Nghy; Njhw;wkspf;Fk;
epiygpwnkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo; nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wpa Njhlh> Nfhj;jh> gzpa ngl;lf;FWk;g> ,Us

nkhopfs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdpnkhopfs; Nghy; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpopypUe;J njYq;F
jkpopypUe;J Kjypy; gphpe;j nkhop njYq;F nkhop. ehsiltpy; capnuhyp>
nka;nahyp khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. vdNt fd;dl> kiyahs nkhopfisf;
4
fhl;bYk; jkpopypUe;J kpfjpahd NtWghLfisf; nfhz;lJ Nghy; njYq;F
Njhw;wkspf;fpd;wJ. ,jidf; fPo;tUk; rhd;Wfs; njspTgLj;Jk;
njYq;fpd; capnuhyp khw;wq;fs;

jkpo; - njYq;F
ciy - xw
Fil - nfhLF (godugu)
Gd;id - nghd;d
Kl;il - nkhl;l
njYq;fpd; nka;nahyp khw;wq;fs;

jkpo; - njYq;F
fpsp - rpYfh
rpy - fPR
fPo; - rPR
jkpopypUe;J fd;dlk;
njYq;fpw;Fg; gpwF jkpopypUe;J fpise;j nkhop fd;dl nkhop ,d;W
fd;dlj;jpypUe;J Njthq;fh; fd;dlk;> nfslh fd;dlk;> xf;jpypff; fd;dlk;> Njhlh>
Nfhlh> glfh vdg; gy;NtW nkhopfs; gjpe;J tsh;e;Js;sd. fd;dlk; jkpopypUe;J
njYq;fpw;Fk; kiyahsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l NtWghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
jkpopypUe;J kiyahsk;
jkpopype;J filrpahf; fpisj;j nkhop kiyahs nkhop. Mjypdhy; jkpopd;
,yf;fpa tof;F kiyahsj;jpd; Ngr;R tof;fhfNt cs;sJ. mOf;Fj; Jzpfis
J}a;ik nra;Ak; njhopyhspiaj; jkpopy; tz;zhd; vd;Wk;> kiyahsj;jp „kz;zhd;‟
vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdh;. XnuOj;jpy; tpj;jpahrg;gLfpwJ. vdNt „tz;zhd;‟ vd;Dk;
jkpopd; ,yf;fpa tof;F mt;thNw kiyahsj;jpy; Ngr;R tof;fhf cs;s epiyiaf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,NjNghy; „jho;g;ghs;‟ vDk; Ngr;Rj;jkpo; tof;F> kiyahsj;jpy;
jho;f;Nfhy; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,q;qdk; jkpopy;> tlnkhop> Nghh;j;Jf;fr

P pak;> ghurPfk;> mNugpak;> ,e;jp> kuhj;jp>
,e;J];jhdp> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w gynkhopf; fyg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpypUe;Nj
jkpo; nkhopapd; njhd;ikapdiAk; goikapidAk; mwpa ,aYk;.
jkpopd; rpwg;Gfs;
jkpo; E}y;fs; midj;Jk; gz;ilj;jkpo; kf;fspd; gz;ghLfisr; rpj;jhpf;Fk;
ngl;lfkhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. „,dpikAk; ePh;ikAk; jkpo; vdy; MFk;. vdj; jkpopd;
Nkd;ik Fwpj;J „bq;fy epfz;L‟ $Wfpd;wJ. jkpo; vDk; nrhy;Yf;F 1) ,dpik 2)
ePh;ik vd;Dk; nghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wJ. gpq;fy epfz;L ePh;ik vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fj;
jd;ik vdTk; nghUs;gLk;.
„Kd;idg; goikf;Fk; gioik aha;g;
gpd;idg; GJikf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jk; mg;ngw;wpj;jha;
tpsq;Fk; rpwg;GilaJ jkpo;. ,yf;fzk;> epfz;L> mfuhjp> jj;Jtk;> jUf;fk;>
rkatpsf;fk; Mfpait nkhopapd; jpl;gKk; El;gKk; nrwpe;j gFjpfs;. ,it
midj;Jk; kpf vspjhff; $wty;yJ jkpo;nkhop. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;Dk;
Kj;jkpo; typik kpf;fJ jkpo;nkhop.
5
rq;fg; nra;As;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> rka fhtpaq;fs;>
kuGf;ftpijfs; Kjy; GJf;ftpijfs;> i`$> nrz;hpA> ,f;$l tiu midj;J
tifg;ghLfspd; nefpo;TfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj jkpo; nkhop nfhz;Ls;sJ. ciueil>
rpWfij> Gjpdk;> nkhopngah;g;G> ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghq;F Kjyhd gFjpfisAk; jkpo;nkhop
jd;Ds; nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wJ.
,jo;fs; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp jpiug;glk; Mfpa Clfq;fSf;Fk;

Cw;wkhfj; jkpo;nkhop mikfpwJ. mwptpay;> nghUspay; mwptpay;> tuyhw;wpay;>
jhtutpay;> tpyq;fpay;> Gtpapay;> Gtp mikg;gpay;> cstpay;> $l;ltpay; thdpay;
Kjyhd midj;Jj; JiwfSf;Fk; Vw;g jkpo;nkhop jd;tsk; toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
,itazj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf ,d;W ehSk; Gjpjhf tsh;e;J tUk; fzpdp>

,izak; Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; ,lk; je;J jkpo;nkhop jd;Ndhpy;yhj; jd;ik ngw;Wj;
jpfo;fpd;wJ. jhd; $Wk; ,yf;fpzj;jpw;F ,yf;fpakhf> xl;Lnkhj;j cyfpd; Gjpa
tuthd fzpdpf;F Vw;w nkhopahfTk; jkpo;nkhop cs;sJ. „jkpo; ,izag;
gy;fiyf;fofk;‟ nrd;idapy; njhlq;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ ,jw;F ey;y rhd;whf
mikfpd;wJ.
vq;Fk; fzpdp vjpYk; fzpdp vd khwptUk; cyfpd; tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;g> jkpo;

<LnfhLj;J epw;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;L cs;sJ.
Kr;rq;fq;fs;
Kd;Diu
,iwadhh; vd;gth; mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis mWgJ E}w;ghf;fisf;
nfhz;L vOjpdhh;. ,e;E}y; gpw;fhyj;jpy; „,iwadhh; fstpay;‟ vd toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Kjy;> ,il> filr;rq;fq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis ,e;E}Ny Kjd; Kjypy;
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ vdyhk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ef;fPuh;> ,iwadhh; fstpaYf;F ciu
vOjpdhh;. m/J ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu vdg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
Krpwpapy; tho;e;j ePyfz;ld; vd;gth; Kjd; Kjypy; ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuf;F
vOj;J tbtk; nfhLj;jhh;. mJtiuapYk;> ,e;E}y; gj;Jj; jiyKiwfs;
tha;nkhopahfNt toq;fp te;jij Mh;tyh; ePyfz;ld; njspTgLj;jp vOjpAs;shh;.
,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuapy; Kr;rq;fq;fs; gw;wp ef;fPuh; tpthpj;Js;shh;.

ef;fPuh; $w;wpd;gb Kr;rfq;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;Dk; fUj;J njspthfpd;wJ ,jd;%yk;
1. epWtg;gl;l ,lk;
2. epWtpa kd;dd;
3. rq;fk; Gue;Njhh;
4. rq;fg; GyNthh;
5. rq;f E}y;fs;
6. rq;f E}y;fspd; fhyvy;iy
Mfpad gw;wp tptuq;fs; ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu

ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,e;jf; Fwpg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;>
 mbahf;F ey;yhh; jhk; vOjpa rpyg;gjpfhu ciuapyk;
 ghz;ba ehl;Lr; nrt;t+h;r; rpw;wyk;gyf; ftpuhah; Vl;Lr; RtbapYk;>
Kr;rq;fq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; rq;fq;fs; Fwpj;J>
6
1. Kr;rq;fq;fs; vd;gJ KOg;ngha;
2. filr;rq;fk; kl;Lk; cz;ik
3. Kr;rq;fq;fSk; KO cz;ik
vDk; %d;W tpjkhd fUj;Jf;fSk; epytptUfpd;wd
Kr;rq;fq;fs; vd;gJ KOg;ngha;

Kr;rq;fq;fs; vd;Dk; mikg;G ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gth; $Wfpd;wdh;.
mth;fspy; Nf.vd;.rptuhrgps;is> gp.b. rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh;> v];.itahGhpg;gps;is>
ekr;rptha Kjypahh; KjyhNdhh; Fwpg;gplj;jjf;fth; Mth;. ,th;fs; $Wk;
fhuzq;fshtd.
m) „rpfu‟ vOj;J njhlq;Fk; nrhy; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tuhJ vd;gJ

njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; tiuaiw „rq;fk;‟ vDk; nrhy;ypy; „rp‟ vd;Dk; voj;jpy;
njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. vdNt rq;fq;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ ngha;.
M) Kjw;rq;fj;jpy; rptngUkhd;> KUfNts;> FNgud; Mfpa flTsh;fs;

Nehpy; te;jpUe;J rq;fk; Ma;e;jdh; vdf; $WtNj> Kr;rq;fq;fs; „KOg;ngha;‟
vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpwJ.
,) Kjw;rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhf mfj;jpak; kl;LNk $wg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;Fj;jhd; ,yf;fzk; ,ak;g ,aYk; mt;thwhapd; mfj;jpaj;jpw;F
Kd;dh; ,Ue;j ve;j ,yf;fpa E}y;fSNk Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
<) Kjy;> ,uz;lhk; rq;fq;fs; Ma;e;jjhff; $wg;gLk; GyNthUk;> fhy

vy;iyAk; ek;gj;jFe;jitahf ,y;iy.
rq;fg;GyNthUk; fhy vy;iyAk;>

rq;fk; GyNthh; fhyvy;iy
Kjw;rq;fk; 4449 Ngh; 4449 Mz;Lfs;
,ilr;rq;fk; 3700 Ngh; 3700 Mz;Lfs;
,t;thW $Wtjpy; ,Ue;Nj Kr;rq;fq;fs; vd;gJ KOg;ngha; vd;gJ jhNd
ntspg;gl;L tpLfpd;wJ.
c) rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLtdtw;Ws; rq;fk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd njspthd

rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.
C) NghUk; g+rYkhfp ,Ue;j goe;jkpofj;jpy; Gyth;fs; xUq;F $bj;

jkpio Ma;e;jpUf;f ,ayhJ.
vd;gd Kjyhd fUj;Jf;fspd; thapyhf Kr;rq;fs; vd;gJ KOg;ngha; vd;Dk;
fUj;ij epWt Kw;gLfpd;wdh;.
2) filr;rq;fk; kl;Lk; cz;ik

Kjy; rq;fk;> ,ilr;rq;fk; vd;gd ,Ue;jd vd;gjw;Ff; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs;
ek;gj; jFe;jitahf ,y;iy. „jkpo;r;rq;fk;‟ vd;w xd;W kl;Lk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;
vd;Dk; fUj;japYk; cs;sJ. ,f;fUj;jpid Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahh;> Nr~fphp
rh];jphpahh;> ,uhkr;re;jpu jPl;rpj;h; KjyhNdhh; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;fhd
fhuzq;fs; tUkhW>
m) njhy;fhg;gpak; jtpu> Kjy;> ,ilr;rq;f E}y;fs; vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

vdNt xU rq;fk; kl;Lk; jhd; ,Ue;jpUf;f KbAk;.
7
M) Kjy;> ,il vd;Dk; ,U rq;fq;fSf;fk; mfj;jpaNu Kjd;ikg; Gyth;
vd ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu $WfpwJ. Kjy; ,U rq;fq;fSk; 4449 + 3700 =
8149 Mz;Lfs; ,Ue;jd vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wd. 8149 Mz;Lfs; mfj;jpah; capNuhL
,Ue;jhh; vd;gJ ek;gj;jFe;jjhf ,y;iy.
,) NtW NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j Gyth;fisAk; rpwg;Gf; fUjp> xNu fhyr;

#oypy; tho;e;jjhff; $WtJ> tlnkhop tof;F. mjd;gb jkpopYk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
filr;rq;fg; GwehD}w;Wg; Gyth; Kbehfuhah;. ,th; Kjw;rq;fg;Gyth; vdf;Fwpf;fg;
ngWfpd;whh;.
,t;thW $wg;gLk; nra;jpfspy; Mq;fhq;Fr; rpy Kuz;ghLfs; njd;gLfpd;wd.

Mapd; „rq;fk;‟ vd;w mikg;gpd; fPo;g; Gyth;fs; jkpo; Ma;e;jdh; vd;gjid kWf;f
,ayhJ. vdNt rq;fk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJk; nghUe;Jk;
3) Kr;rq;fq;fSk; KO cz;ikNa
Kjy;> ,il> filr;rq;fq;fSk; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ cz;ikNa vdg;Gyik kpf;f
mwpQh;fs; gyh; mWjpapl;Lf; $Wfpd;wdh;. mt;tifapy; c.Nt. rhkpehj Iah;>
fh.mg;gh Jiuahh;> Njt Neag;ghtzhh;> fh.Rg;gpukzpagps;is KjyhNdhh;
Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpd;wdh;. ,th;jk; fUj;jpw;F muzhf miktd.
m) jiyr;rq;fj;Jg; Gytdhh; Kd; vd;Dk; nghpa Guhzg;gFjp.

M) mUe;jkpo; %d;Wk; njhpe;jfhiy vd;gJ mfehD}w;W ciug;ghapuk;
,) „ed;ghl;Lg; Gytdha;r; rq;fk; Vwp ew;rdff;fpop jUkpf;F mUspNdhd; fhz;
vd;Dk; mg;gh; Njthuk;
<) „kfhghujk; jkpo;gLj;Jk; kJuhGhpr; rq;fk; itj;Jk;‟ vd;Dk; „rpd;dknjh;r;
nrg;NgL‟
c) may;ehl;Lg; gzpfshd jhykp> gpisdp MfpNahh; Fwpg;Gfspy; cs;s
rq;fk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;.
C) nghpG&]; vd;Dk; E}Ys; fhzg;gLk; rq;fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
,f;fhuzq;fshy; Kr;rq;fq;fSk; ,Ue;jJ cz;ik vd;Dk; fUj;Jz;ikia
mwpQh; Kd;nkhopfpd;wdh;. ,t;thW Kr;rq;fq;fs; gw;wp %NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epytp
tUfpd;wd.
njhy;fhg;gpak;
mjpfhuq;fs; ,ay;fs; E}w;ghf;fs;
E}y; kuG - 33
nkhop kuG - 49
vOj;jpfhuk; gpwg;gpay; - 20
Gzhpay; - 40
njhifkuG - 30
cUbay; - 30
caph;kaq;fpay; - 93
Gs;spkaq;fpay; - 110
Fw;wpaYfug;Gzhpay; - 78
fpstpahf;fk; - 62
Ntw;Wikapay; - 22
Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay; - 35
8
nrhy;yjpfhuk; tpspkuG - 37
ngahpay; - 43
tpidapay; - 51
,ilapay; - 48
chpapay; - 98
vr;rtpay; - 67
mfj;jpizapay; - 55
Gwj;jpizapay; - 36
nghUsjpfhuk; fstpay; - 50
fw;gpay; - 53
nghUspay; - 54
nka;g;ghl;bay; - 27
ctkapay; - 37
nra;Aspay; - 241
kugpay; - 111
njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; ,yf;fpa tifikfs;

njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; mbtiuaiw mw;w ,yf;fpa tifikfs; ,Ue;jd>
mtw;iw
„mitjhk;
E}ypid ciuapdhd
nehbNahL Gzh;e;j gprpapdhd
VJ E}jypa KJnkhopahd
kiwnkhop fpse;j ke;jpuj;jhd
$w;W ,il irj;j Fwpg;ghdhd
(nra;Aspay; - 163) vDk;E}w;gh Rl;Lfpd;wJ.
1. E}y; - El;gkhd nra;As; tbtk;

2. Ciu - nra;As; my;yhj vspikahd tphpthd tbtk;
3. gprp - tpLfij
4. KJnkhop - gonkhop
5. ke;jpuk; - kiwnkhop
6. Fwpg;G - gpwiur; rgpf;Fk; jPq;Fnkhop
vd;gd mit. njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNyNa ciueil tif ,Ue;jik

mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,jid>
ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;gpdhYk;

ghrpd;W vOe;j fpstpahYk;
nghUs; kugpy;yhg; nkha;k; nkhopahYk;
nghUNshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhopahYk;
ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg
(nra;Aspay; : 171) vd;Dk; E}w;gh vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. mitahtd>

m) ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;G
M) ghtpd;W vOe;j fpstp
,) nghUs; kugpy;yhg; ngha;k;nkhop
<) nghUnshLGzh;e;j eifnkhop MfpaitahFk;.
9
njhy;fhg;gpahpd; jpizf; Nfhl;ghL
 jpiz = xOf;fk; md;ghy; xj;j jiytDk; jiytpAk; ghyJ (ghy; =
Co;> tpjp) Mifahy; xd;W $Lth;. „jiytDk; jiytpAk; czUk;
mfTzh;Tfs; gpwUf;Fg; Gyg;gLj;j ,ayhj; jd;ikad.
 ,j;jifa mfTzh;Tfs; mfg;ghly;fspy; tbf;Fk; nghOJ Ez;zpa
mfg;nghUs; kuGfs; filgpbf;fg;gLk;.
;kf;fs; Ejypa mjid jpizAk;

Rl;b xUth; ngah;nfhsg; ngwhmh;.
vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak; ,k;kugpd; gb> fhjy; czh;Tfs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd;

nghJthd czh;TfshfNt $wg;gLk;. jdpkdpjh;fis ,dk; fhl;Lk; ngah;fs; Rl;bf;
$wg;glhJ.
 fsT> fw;G vd mfj;jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;

 iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz vd md;gpd; Ie;jpiz Kg;gphpTfshf epfOk;.
 FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;gd Ie;J jpizfshFk;.
Ie;J jpizfSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa epyq;fs; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpiz jpizAk; epyKk;
FwpQ;rp - kiyAk; kiy rhh;e;j epyKk;
Ky;iy - fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j epyKk;
kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh;e;j epyKk;
nea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh;e;j epyKk;
ghiy - kzYk; kzy; rhh;e;j epyKk;
Kjw;nghUs;
 kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwahdJ epyk;> nghOJ> vd;Dk; ,uz;lNdhLk;
gpd;dpg; gpize;J cs;sJ. epyKk;> nghOJk; Kjw;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.
rpWnghOJ
xt;nthU rpWnghOJk; ehopif mbg;gilapy; fzf;fplg;gl;lJ.
24 epkplk; - 1 ehopif
2 ½ ehopif – 1 kzpNeuk;
4 kzp Neuk; - 1 rpWnghOJ
rpWnghOJk; fhyg;gFg;Gk;
rpWnghOJ fhyg;gFg;G
fhiy - 6 – 10 kzp
ez;gfy; - 10 – 2 kzp
Vw;ghL - 2 – 6 kzp
khiy - 6 -10 kzp
ahkk; (,uT) - 10-2 kzp
itfiw (tpbay;) - 2-6 kzp
vw;ghL = vy; + ghL> vy; = fjputd;> ghL – gLjy;> fjputd; kiwe;J gLk; khiy
Neuk;
10
ngUk;nghOJ
ngUk;nghOJ mWtifg;gLk;. xt;nthU ngUk;nghOJk; ,uz;buz;L khjq;fs;
elf;Fk;.
ngUk;nghOJk;> khjg;gFg;Gk;
ngUk;nghOJ khjg;gFg;G
,sNtdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp
KJNtdpw;fhyk; - Mdp> Mb
fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrp
Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif
Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fop> ij
gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp> gq;Fdp
fUg;nghUs;
nja;tk;> kf;fs;> czT> tpyq;F Kjyhd 14 $WfSk; kf;fs; thOk;
epyj;jpy; fUf;nfhz;Ls;sd. ,it epyj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tif khWghLk;. Mapd;
,e;j 14 $WfSk; cyfpw;Nf nghJthdit.
epyKk; fUg;nghUSk;
1. nja;tk;
2. caph;e;Njhh;
3. jho;e;Njhh;
4. gwit
5. tpyq;F
FwpQ;rp 6. Ch;
Ky;iy 7. ePh;
kUjk; 8. g+
nea;jy; 9. kuk;
ghiy 10. czT
11. giw
12. gz;
13. aho;
14. njhopy;
chpg;nghUs;
Itif epyq;fspd; jd;ik mbg;gilapy; mfYKf;fq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;L
chpg;nghUshapd.
jpiz chpg;nghUs;
FwpQ;rp - Gzh;jYk; Gzh;jy; epkpj;jKk;
Ky;iy - ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jkk;
kUjk; - ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;
nea;jy; - ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;
ghiy - gphpjYk; gphpjy; epkpj;jKk;
Gwj;jpizgFg;G
ntl;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig> thif> fhQ;rp ghlhz;> vdg; Gwj;jpiz
VOtifahfg; gFf;fg;gl;lJ. mfj;jpiz VOk; Gwj;jpiz Vopw;Fk; ,izahf
11
,Uf;Fk; Nghh; epiyiaAk;> Nghh;KiwiaAk; njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Gwj;jpizg; Nghh; Kiwfisg; gpd;tUk; gok; ghly; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
„ntl;rp epiu fth;jy; %l;ly; fue;ijahk;

tl;fhh; Nky; nry;tJ tQ;rpahk; - cl;fhJ
vjp&d;wy; fhQ;rp vay;fhj;jy; nehr;rp
mJ tisj; jyhFk; copiQ – mjpug;
nghUtJ Jk;igahk; Nghh;fsj;J kpf;fhh;
nrUntd;wJ thifahFk;‟
vd;gJ mg;ghly;
njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrphpah;fs;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F KOikahf ciufz;lth; ,sk;g+uzh; Mth;. ,tiuj;
njhlh;e;J fy;yhlh;> nja;tr;rpiyahh;> Nrhdhtiuah;> er;rpdhh;fpdpah; MfpNahUk;
ciu vOjpAs;shh;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Kd;Diu :
rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;tpay; epiyfis Xtpak; Nghy vLj;Jiug;gd vl;Lj;
njhif E}y;fs; rq;ffhy kf;fs; tPujijAk; <uj;ijAk; ,U fz;fshfg; Nghw;wpdh;.
fhjy;> ngUkpjk;> ePjp Kjyhd czh;rr ; pfis vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fs; rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd.
vl;L E}y;fspd; njhFg;Ng „vl;Lj;njhif‟ vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpw;F vz;

ngUe;njhif vdTk; ngah; cz;L. ,tw;wpd; ngah;fis>
„ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W

xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;Fghpghly; - fw;wpwpe;jhh;
Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;Gwk; vd;W
,j;jpwe;j vl;Lj; njhif
vDk; gok;ghly; ghbAs;sJ.
vl;Lj; njhifAs; KOtJk; fpilf;Fk; njhif E}y;fs; ehd;F

1. ew;wpiz (400 +1)
2. FWe;njhif (401 +1)
3. fypj;njhif (150)
4. mfehD}W (400 + 1)
(+1 = flTs; tho;j;Jg;ghly;)
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSk;> ehD}W vd;Dk; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs;
4 mit
1. ew;wpiz ehD}W
2. FWe;;njhif ehD}W
3. mfehD}W
4. GwehD}W vd;gd
„E}W‟ vd;Dk; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; E}y;fs; 2.

1. Iq;FEW}W
2. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
 vl;Lj;njhifAs; vz;zp;ifahy; ngah; ngwhj E}y;fs; -2
12
1. fypj;njhif
2. ghpghly;
 fypg;gh tifahy; Md vl;Lj;njhif E}y;> fypj;njhif
 ghpghl;L tiahy; Md vl;Lj;njhif E}y;> ghpghly;
 fypj;njhif> ghpghl;L jtpu cs;s Vida MW E}y;fSk; Mrphpag;ghthy;
MditfshFk;.
 fypj; njhifapd; NtW ngah;fs; fyp> FWq;fyp
 mfehE}w;wpd; NtWngah;fs; Gwk;> Gwk;ghl;L> Gwk;G ehD}W
 KjYk; KbTk; fpilf;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; -2
1. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
2. ghpghly;
 vl;Lj;njhif njhFg;gpj;j kd;dUs; ,Uth; ghz;bah;> xUth; Nruh;
 vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fis 1. mfk;> 2. Gwk;> 3. mfKk; GwKk; Kj;jpizfshg;
gFf;fyhk;.
mfj;jpiz E}y;fs;
1. ew;wpiz
ey; + jpiz = ew;wpiz> jpiz = epyk;> Fb> xOf;fk; ew;wpiz = ey;y
xOfyhW. Iq;FEW}W> FWe;njhif Nghd;W Fiwthd mbfSk; ,d;wpg; ghpghly;>
gjpw;Wg;gj;J Nghd;W ePz;l mbfSk; ,d;wp ,ilepfuthd mbfisf; nfhz;L
,Ug;gjhy; „ew;wpiz‟ vdg;gFf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd lhf;lh; e.rQ;rPtp fUJfpd;wdh;.
ew;wpizapd; cUtk;
jpiz - mfj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghly; njhif - 400 + 1
Gyth;fs; - 187 Ngh;
mbvy;iy - 9-12
njhFj;jth; - njhpatpy;iy
njhFg;gpj;jth; - gd;dhL je;j ghz;bad; khwd; tOjp
ew;wpizapy; cs;slf;fk;
 jiytd; kPJ jiytp fhjy; nfhs;fpwhs; Cuhh; jiytpiag; gw;wp mth;
J}w;Wfpd;wdh;. ngz;fs; jk; tyf;ifapd; Rl;L tpuy;> %f;fpy;gl
cs;sq;ifia thaUNf Ftpj;J gpwhplk; jiytpiag; gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wdh;.
,f;fhl;rpia
„rpyUk; gyUk; filf;fz; Nehf;fp

%f;fpd; cr;rpr; Rl;Ltpuy; Nrh;j;jp
kWfpw; ngz;bh; mk;gy; J}w;w
(ew;wpiz : 149) vd;Dk; ghly; rpj;jhpf;fpd;wJ.
ew;wpizapd; kuGf;Fwpg;G
 ntsthy;fSk;> fdT fhZk; vd;Dk; caphpay; cz;ik.
 ,sik epiyahJ md;G epiyf;Fk;
 kd;dh;fs;> FWepy kd;dh;fs;> ts;sy;fs; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G
13
FWe;njhif
ey;y FWe;njhif vd;Dk; milnkhopf;F chpa E}y;. FWfpa mbfis
cilajhy; FWe;njhif vd;ngah; ngw;wJ. FWe;njhif ehD}W vDk; ngah; ngWk;
,g;ngah; tof;F ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuahy; mwpag;ngWfpwJ.
FWe;njhifapd; cUtk;
jpiz - mfj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghly;fs; - 400 + 1
GyNthh; - 203 Ngh;
mbnay;iy - 4-8
njhFj;jth; - g+hpf;Nfh
njhFg;gpj;jth; - njhpatpy;iy
FWe;njhifapd; rpwg;Gfs;
 njhif E}y;fSs; Kjypy; njhFf;fg; ngw;w E}y; FWe;njhif.
 guzh; ghly;fs; top tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; njhpatUfpd;wd.
 FWe;njhifapd; 236 ghly;fs; ciuarphpah;fshy; Nkw;Nfhshff;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jp; jUkptuyhw;Wf;F Cw;whf tpq;FtJ njhq;FNjh;
tho;f;if vd;Wk; FWe;njhifg;ghly;
 FWe;njhifapy; kpf mjpfkhfg; ghbAs;s ngz;ghw; Gyth;fSs;
1. ed;dhifahh; - 8 ghly;fs;
2. nts;sptPjpahy; - 8 ghly;fs;
 FWe;njhifapy; tUzidf; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; jiy kf;fs; czh;Tfs;
nrwpthf ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
FWe;njhifapd; cs;slf;fk;
 neLg;gy;ypaj;ij vd;gth; FWe;njhifg; ghba ngz;ghw;Gyth;. ,ak; +
,irf;fUtp> neLk;gy;ypak; = neba gy ,irf;fUtpfs;. neLk; gy;ypaj;ij
vd;why; nghpa gy ,irf; fUtpfisg; gapd;W ,irj;Jg; Gfoy; ngw;wth;
vd;W nghUs;. ,irf;fUtpfspy; Gfo; ngw;w Mz;ghw; Gyth; neLk;
gy;ypaj;jdhh; vdg;gl;lhh;.
 tpid Kbe;jgpd; jpUk;g kPSk; jiytDf;Fj; jiytpiaf; fhz Ntz;Lk;
vd;Dk; Mh;t kpFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt kpf Ntfkhj; Njiur; nrYj;jpdhd;.
jiytdJ tpiuT XNuh; cotidg; Nghy ,Ue;jJ. Xh;Vh; kl;LNk ,Ue;j
cotd;> <ug;gjk; fhAk; Kd; cOJ tpj;jp tpiuthf Kidthd;. ,g;gb XNuh;
cotidg; Nghyj; jiytd; tpiue;jhd; vd;W ctkpj;jjhy; Gyth; XNuh;
cotdhh; (FWe;.131) vd;W ngah; ngw;wh;.
 jiytp xUj;jp jiytd; kPJ epiyahd md;G nfhz;bUf;fpwhs; jhd;
jiytd; kPJ nfhz;l md;gpd; jpwj;ijj; Njhopf;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whs;. „ehd;
jiytd; kPJ nfhz; md;G epyj;ij tplg; nghpJ. thidtpl cah;e;jJ. fly;
ePiutpl MokhdJ vd;fpwhs;. ,jid>
„epyj;jpDk; nghpNj> thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePhpDk; Mh; msT ,d;Nw - ,uy;‟
14
(FWe;njhif 3) vd;Dk; ghlypy; NjtFyj;jhh; itf;fpd;whh;.
FWe;njhifapd; kuGf;Fwpg;G
 rq;fg;Gyth;fspy; gyh; ,irf;fUtp ty;Yeuhf ,Ue;jdh;.
 cz;ik md;Gf;F vy;iy ,y;iy
 Gyth;fs; ngah; %yk; GydhFk; tlnkhop CLUty;.
3. Iq;FE}W
Ie;J E}W E}W ghly;fshy; MdJ. FWfpa tbtk; cilaJ. vdNt>
Iq;FEW}W vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. E}ypy; fpLkhd;. Fl;Ltd;> Mjd; mtpdp> kj;jp>
nfhw;if> Nfhkhd;> Kjyhd murh;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd. M%h;> NjD}h;>
nfhw;if> Rohh;> njhz;b Kjyhd Ch;g;ngah;fSk; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. nrb> nfhb>
tpyq;F> gwitfspd; ngah;fs; jiyg;Gfshf mike;Js;sd.
Iq;FEW}w;wpd; cUtk;
jpiz - mfj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghly;fs; - 500 + 1
ghba GyNthh; - 5 Ngh;
mbnay;iy - 3-5
njhFj;jth; - $lY}h;fpohh;
njhFg;gpj;jth; - ahidf;fpl;Nra; khe;juQ; Nrhpy; ,Uk;nghiw.
 Iq;FW E}w;wpy; xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; E}W E}W ghly;fs; vd;Dk; tpjj;jpy;

E}y; tud;Kiwg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU E}Wk; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; vdg;
gj;Jg; gphpTfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU gj;Jg; ghly;fspd; jiyg;Gk;
„gj;J‟ vd;Nw KbfpwJ.
rhd;W
Fuf;Fg;gj;J. vUikg;gj;J
Fapw;gj;J> fps;isg;gj;J
,t;thW gj;Jg; ghly;fis xU njhFg;ghfr; Nrh;j;J vOJk; Kiwiag; gpw

jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fspYk; fhzyhk;.
Iq;FE}w;wpd; cs;slf;fk;
 Xuk; Nghfpahh; ghba kUe;jpizapd; Kjw;gj;J. „Ntl;ifg;gj;J‟ vd;gJ
Ntl;ifg;gj;J KOtJk; xd;Nw Nghy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
„thop Mjd;> thop mtpdp>
(Iq;FEW}W 1:1) vd;gJ mg;gFjp.
 nry;tr;nropg;G kpf;f FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; jiytp> jiytid kze;jgpwF

tWik epiyf;Fj; jd;idg; gof;fgLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhh;. khd; cz;l vr;rpy; ePh;
$l NkyhdJ. jha; tPl;Lj; Njd; fye;j ghYk; $l mt;tsT
,dpikahdjd;W vd;fpd;whs;. ,f;fhlrpia
„md;dha; thopNtd; ld;idek; glg;ig

Njd;kaq;F ghypDk; ,dpa mth; ehl;L
ctiyf; $tw; fPo
khd; z;L vQ;rpa fypopePNu
15
vd;Dk; gFjp rpj;jhpf;fpd;wJ.
Iq;FWE}w;wpd; kuGf;Fwpg;G
 gj;Jg; gj;Jg; ghly;fis xU njhFg;ghfg; ghLk; gjpf mikg;G Kiwapd;
njhlf;fepiy.
 jpizf;F xU Gyth; tPjk; ghLk; mikg;G Kiw.
 mk;%tdhhpd; njhz;bg;gj;J me;jhjp tifr; nra;As; mikg;gpw;fhd Muk;gk;.
 nra;Aspd; njhlf;fk;> kd;dh; tho;j;J mikg;G Kiw.
4. fypj;njhif
ghtifahy; ngah; ngw;w njhif E}y;fs; ,uz;L. fypj;njhif> ghpghl;L
vd;Dk; ,U ghtiffspy; kl;LNk ghlg;ngWk; vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpa tpjp ,jid>
„ghly; rhd;w Gyd;newp tof;fk;

fypNa ghpghly; MapU ghtpDk;
chpa jhFk; vd;kdhh; Gyth;
(mfj;jpizapay; : 35) vd;Dk; E}w;gh Fwpf;Fk;. njhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fz tpjpg;gb.

fypg;ghthy; mfj;jpiziag; ghLk; xNu vl;Lj;njhif E}y; fypj;njhif kl;LNk.
tpUj;jg;gh (Mrphpag;gh) tsh;e;j gpwF fypg;gh Nghw;wg;gltpy;iy vd;ghh;
K.tujuhrdhh; fw;wwpe;jhh; xj;Jk; fyp> fy;tp tyhh; fz;lfyp vd;Dk; rpwg;gpw;F
chpaJ.
fypj;njhifapd; cUtk;
jpiz - mfj;jpiz
ghtif - fypg;gh
ghly;fs; - 149 + 1
GyNthh; - 5 Ngh;
mbany;iy - 11 – 80
njhFj;jth; - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
njhFg;gpj;jth; - njhpatpy;iy
jpizf;Fhpa GyNghUk; ghly; vz;zpf;ifAk;

xt;nthU jpiziaAk; xt;nthU Gyth; ghbAs;sdh;.
jpiz Mrphpah; ghly;fs;

ghiyj;jpiz ghitghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh - 36
FwpQ;rpj;jpiz fgpyh; - 29
kUjj;jpiz kUjd; ,sehfdhh; - 35
Ky;iyj;jpiz Nrhod; ey;YUe;jpud; - 17
neQ;rpj;jpiz ey;ye;Jtdhh; - 33 + 1
fypj;njhifapd; cs;slf;fk;
 fypj;njhifapd; ghly;fs; gy Xuq;f ehlfk; Nghd;w mikg;gpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Rlh;j;njhB, Nfsha;‟ vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly;> Xuq;f ehlfg;
ghq;fpy; jiytp jd; Njhopaplk; NgRk; Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ.
 ngz;fs; gpwe;j tPl;Lf;F chpath; my;yh; vd;Dk; rpe;jidiaf; fypj;njhif
$WfpwJ.
16
 re;jdk;> Kj;J> ,ir ,it %d;Wk; kiy> fly;> aho; vd;Dk; ,lq;fspy;
gpwf;fpd;wd. MapDk; jhk; gpwe;j ,lj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLtjpy;iy. mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;JNthh;f;Nf chpad. ek; kfSk; ekf;F mj;jifNahNs‟ vd;W tUk;
gFjp mike;js;sJ.
fypj;njhifapd; kuGf;Fwpg;G
 jpz;izf;F xU Gyth; tPjk; ghLk; nra;As; mikg;G Kiw.
 Xuq;f ehlf mikg;G fypj;njhifapd; rpwg;G
 fypg;gh tifahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l xNu vl;Lj;njhif ,yf;fpak;.
5. mfehD}W
Eypd; ngahpNyNa „mfk;‟ vdg;gl;lJ ,e;E}y; kl;LNk mfj;jpiz gw;wp
ehD}W ghly;fspy; Mdjhy; mfehD}W vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. mdehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs;
kd;dh;fs;> ts;sy;fs;> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;> ,aw;if tUzid> cs;Siw> ,iwr;rp
Kjyhd nra;jpfis tphpe;Jiuf;f ,le;je;J epw;fpd;wd. neLe;njhif> ngUe;njhif
ehD}W> mfg;ghl;L vd;gd NtW ngah;fs;.
mfehD}w;wpd; cUtk; :
jpiz - mfj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghly;fs; - 400 + 1
GyNthh; - 158 Ngh;
mbnay;iy - 13 -31
njhFj;jth; - cUj;jpud; rz;kdhh;
mfehD}w;wpd; %tifg; ghFghLfs;
1-120 - fspw;wpahid epiu

121-300 - kzpkpil gtsk;
301-4000 - epj;jpyf;Nfhit
vdg;ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.
mfehD}w;wpd; cs;slf;fk;
 me;jzh;fs; Ntjk; XJjy;> Nts;tpj; jP tsh;j;jy;> jP tyk; tUjy; vd;gd
midj;Jk; Mhpah;fs; GFj;jpa $q;F Kiwfs; ey;yht+h;fpohh; gz;ila jkpoh;
jpUkz Kiwfisf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;. gz;ila jkpoh; jpUkzj;jpy; kf;fisg;
ngw;nwOj;j tho;turpfs; ehy;th; $b Kd;epd;W jpUkzk; elj;jp itj;jdh;.
mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;a epd;wth;fSk; ngz;fNs. jpUkzj;ijNa elj;jp
tif;Fk; mstpw;Fg; ngz;fs; r%f kjpg;gpy; cyh;e;J fhzgl;lij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
mfehD}w;wpd; kuGf; Fwpg;G

 vz; mbg;gilapy; mike;j jpizg; ghFghL
 gz;ilj; jkpoh; jpUkz Kiwapy; Mhpauhy; GFj;jg;gl;l jP tsh;j;jy;> jP
tyk; tUjy;> me;jzh; ke;jpuk; XJjy;> jhyp fl;Ljy; vd;Dk; rlq;Ffspd;
CLUty; ,y;iy.
17
Gwj;jpiz E}y;fs;
6. gjpw;Wg; gj;J
Nru murh;fisg; gw;wp kl;LNk ghLk; ,yf;fpak;. gj;Jr; Nru murh;fSf;Fg;
gj;J ghly;fs; tPjk; E}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;L E}y; gjpw;Wg;gj;J> Kjy; gj;Jk;
,Wjpg; gj;Jk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; cUtk;
jpiz - ghlhz;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghly;fs; - 100 – 20 = 80
GyNthh; - 10 – 2 = 8 Ngh;
mbnay;iy - 8 – 57
 xt;nthU gj;Jg; ghl;bd; KbtpYk; 1.Jiw> 2.tz;zk;> 3. J}f;F (,ir) 4.

ghlypd; ngah; Mfpait Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ehd;fhk; gj;J me;jhjpj; njhilahy; MdJ. ,J gpw;fhy me;jhjpfSf;F
Kd;Ndhb vdyhk;
 ghlhz;jpiz vd;Dk; xNu jpiz nfhz;L E}y; KOtJk; gapd;W tUk; xNu
E}y; gjpw;Wg;gj;Nj
 ghlypd; rpwg;ghd njhlh;fs;> ghlypd; jiyg;ghfr; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
xt;nthU gj;Jg; ghly;fspd; ,WjpapYk; „gjpfk;‟ vdg;gLk; ghly;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gjpfq;fs;
1. ghbNdhh; ngah;
2. nra;Al;fspd; ngah;
3. Gyth; ngw;w ghprpy;
4. murh; Mz;l fhy msT
5. kd;ddpd; ngw;Nwhh;
6. kd;dpd; rpwg;Gfs;
Kjyhd nra;jpfisf; $Wfpd;wd.
E}ypy; tof;fpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs; kpFjpahfg; gapd;Ws;sd. vdNt ,e;E}iy

„,Uk;Gf;fliy‟ vd miog;gh;.
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;
xU muridg; gw;wpg; gj;Jg; ghly;fspy; ghLk; gjpf mikg;G Kiw te;jjhy;
nra;jpfs; tphpj;Jf; $wg;gl;ld tUzidfs; kpFe;jd.
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; Nru kd;dh;fspd; tPuKk; <uKk; $wg;ngWtJ nghJf;$W.

gjpw;Wg;gj;J kd;dh;fs;> Kjy; %d;W E}w;whz;Lfspy; tho;e;j Nru kugpdh; Mthh;.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J kuGf;Fwpg;G
 E}y; KOtJk; ghlhz; jpizapy; mike;j njhif E}y;.
 gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jpl;likg;Gr; nra;Ak; jkpohpd; mZFKiw E}ypd;
jiyg;ghf mike;Js;s rpwg;G.
 xt;nthU> ghlypd; KbtpYk; Jiw> tz;zk;> J}f;F> ghlypd; ngah; Mfpa
Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
18
 rpwg;G kpf;f ghly; thpfs; xt;nthU ghlypd; jiyg;ghf mike;Js;sJ.
 Nru kd;dDk; Mle;jiy ty;Nyhdhfj; jpfo;e;j ghd;ik.
7. GwehD}W
E}ypd; ngahpNyNa Gwk; vdj; jpizg;ghFghL Gyg;gl cs;s E}y; ,J
kl;LNk „Gwk;‟ Gwg;ghl;L Gwk;G ehD}W> vd;gd E}ypd; NtW ngah;fs; xt;nthU
ghlypd; ,WjpapYk; jpiz> Jiw> ghbNahh; ghlg;gl;Nlhh; Kjyhd Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;sd.
GwehD}w;wpd; cUtk;
jpiz - Gwj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghly;fs; - 399 + 1 flTs; tho;j;J> ghujk; gw;wpa ngUe;Njtdhh;
GyNthh; - 157 Ngh;
mbnay;iy - 4-40
GwehD}W ghba ngz;ghw; GyNthh; (15)

1. xsitahh;
2. ghhpkfsph;
3. ntz;zpf;Faj;jpahh;
4. xf;$w; khrhj;jpahh;
5. fhtw;ngz;L
GwehD}w;wpd; cs;slf;fk;
 GwehD}w;Wr; nra;Al;fspy; mhpa gy ctikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rhd;W
mUtpf;F - Jfpy;
mUSf;F - ePH;
je;ijj;Jzpf;F - ghrpapd; Nth;
fs;spd; kaf;fj;jpw;F - Njspd; fUg;G
fypq;f Milf;F - ghk;gpd; Njhy;
nghWikf;F - epyk;
GwehD}W $Wk; tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fs;

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisf; $Wk; GWehD}W> tho;tpay; cz;ikfisak;
njpsthf vLJ;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
„ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPh; MapDk;

my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;
(eypntUcj;jiyahh; - 195)
„cz;gJ ehop> cLg;git ,uz;Nl‟

„ahJk; cNu> ahtUk; Nfsph;;
jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh‟
(fzpad;g+q;Fd;wdhh; - 192)
19
GwehD}w;wpd; kuGf;Fwpg;G
 xsitahh;> g+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L cs;spl;l Gfo;ngw;w
ngz; ghw; Gyth;fs; gyh; GwehD}w;wpy; ghbAs;sdh;.
 ts;sy;fs;> Gfo;ngw;w kd;dh;fs; gw;wpa tuyhw;W Mtzkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
 tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fspd; Nrfhpg;Gf; fsQ;rpak;.
mfKk; GwKk; fye;j E}y;

ghpghly;
ghpe;J tUk; ,irg; ghly;fshy; Md ghit ghpghl;L vdg;gLk; Gyndwp
tof;fkhfpa mfj;jizg; ghly;fs;> fypg;ghl;L> ghpghl;L tiffshy; jhk;
ghlNtz;Lk; vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyk; tiu tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ.
„ehlf tof;fpYk; cyfpa tof;fpYk;

ghly; rhd;w Gyd;newp tof;fk;
fypNa ghpghl;L MapU ghtpDk;
chpajhFk; vd;kdhh; Gyth;
(njhy;-999)
vd;gJ ,jw;F E}w;gh. ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh Mfpa ehy;tifg;

ghf;fSf;Fk;> gytifahd mbfSf;Fk; ghpe;J ,lk;nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ
ghpghl;L NkYk;>
1. juT
2. vUj;jk;
3. muhfk;
4. nfhr;rpfk;
5. mlf;fpak; thuk;
vd;Dk; cWg;GfSlDk; fye;J ,aq;Fk; jd;ikapid cilaJ ghpghl;L tif.
ghpghlypd; cUtk;
jpiz - mfKk; GwKk;
ghtif - ghpghl;L
ghly;fs; - nkhj;jk; 70 ,ilg;git 22
GyNthh; - 13 Ngh;
mbnay;iy - 32 – 142
ghpghlypd; cs;slf;fk;
ghpghly; mfk;> Gwk; vd ,UjpizfSk; fye;J ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mfk;gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
itifapy; GJg;Gdy; ngUf;nfLj;J XLfpwJ. kJiu efuj;jhh; midtUk;
itia mUNf xUq;F $b ePuhb kfpo;fpd;wdh;. jiytd; xUtdpd; fhjw;guj;ij>
tuf;fhyk; jho;e;j jiytNdhL Cly; nfhz;L NgRfpwhs;. fhjw;guj;ijapd;
Cliyg; ghh;j;j jiytd; „Mkhk; mg;gbj;jhd; itj;Jf;nfhs;‟ vd;Dk; tifapy;
NgRfpwhd;.
„tpspah tpUe;J tpONthh;f;Ff; nfha;jha;.
jsph; mwpe;jha; jhk; ,it‟
vd;Dk;thpfs; rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd.
20
2. Gwk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
 ghpghlypy; itiag;gw;pwa 8 ghly;fspYk; mfk; rhh;e;j nra;jpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Vida jpUkhy;> nrt;Nts; gw;wpa 14 ghly;fSk;
,iwtidg; gw;wpa ghly;fNs GwehD}W gjpw;Wg;gj;J Nghd;W tPuk;> nry;tk;>
nfhil Kjyhd nra;jpfisg; ghpghlypy; fhzKbtjpy;iy. mfk; ePq;fshf
cs;s rkag; ghly;fNs Gwj;jpizg; ghly;fshff; nfhs;sf;fplf;fpd;wd.
 9 vd;Dk; vz;Zf;Fj; „njhz;L‟ vd;Dk; njhd;ikahd jkpo;g;ngah; ghpghly;
gjpT nra;Js;sJ fz;L czh;jw;F chpaJ.
ghpghlypd; kuGf; Fwpg;G

 ghpghly; vd;Dk; ghtifahy; Md xNu njhif E}y;.
 rq;f fhyj;jpw;g; gpwF ghpghly; vd;Dk; nra;As; tbtk; Nghw;wg;glhky;
Nghapw;W.
 nja;tq;fs;> mbg;gilapy; gFg;GKiw mike;j xNu njhif E}y;.
 itia MW> kJiu vd;Dk; Ch; mbg;gilapYk; gFg;GKiw mike;j xNu
njhif E}Yk; ,Jnt.
gj;Jg;ghl;L
%d;W mb Kjy; ,Ue;j rpW rpW ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. mit
„vl;Lj;njhif‟ vd miof;fg;gl;ld. cjphpg; ghly;fspy; kugpy; ,Ue;J neLk;
ghly;fspd; tsh;r;rp epiyiag; gj;Jg;ghl;bd; top mwpayhk;.
„KUF nghUehW ghzpuz;L Ky;iy

ngUF tskJiuf; fhQ;rp – kUtpdpa
NfhyneL ey;thil Nfhy;Fwpr;rp gl;bdg;
ghiy fgpj;njhLk; gj;J‟
 gj;Jg; ghl;Lfs; 5 > 7> 8> 9 mfk;gw;wpad. gpw> Gwk; gw;wpad.

 gj;Jg;ghly;fs; ghl;L vd KbAk; E}y;fs; -2
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;L
2. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
 gj;Jg;ghl;bd; KjYk; KbTk; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs;
 gj;Jg;ghl;bd; nrk;ghjp Mw;Wgil E}y;fNs
1. Mw;Wg; gil E}y;fs;

MW – newp top Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; = ngUs;ngw;W kfpo;e;j xUtd; ngwhjtUk;
ngw;W kfpotopfhl;Ljy;.
gj;Jg;ghl;bd; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs;

1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
2. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
3. nghUehuhw;Wg;gil
4. ngUk;ghdhw;Wg;gil
5. $j;juhw;Wg;gil (kiygLflhk;) vd;gd.
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1. jpUKUfhw;g;gil
gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; Kjw;gl;lhf ,Ug;gJ jpUKUfhw;Wg; gil> gj;Jg;ghl;bd; gj;J
E}y;fSk; flTs; tho;j;J Nghy; mike;Js;sJ. NtW ve;jj; nja;tj;jpw;Fk; NtW
ve;j E}ypYk; ,t;tsT ePz;l ghly; ,y;iy. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilf;Fg;
„Gytuhw;Wg;gil‟ vd;Wk; ngah;.
KUfhw;wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;
 KUfhw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ (m) KUfid Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
M. KUfdplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
„KUfhw;Wg;gLj;j cUnfO eLehs;‟ (mfk;.22)
 Jd;gg;gLNthiuf; fhf;FkhW KUfdplk; Ntz;Ltjhy; KUfhw;Wg;gLj;jy;
vd;Wk; $wpdh;.
 ef;fPuh; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G tiuapYk; KUfid Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;Dk; kuG
,Ue;J te;jJ.
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapd; cs;slf;fk;
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> KUfd; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fisAk;
topgLKiwfisAk; tphpthf tpthpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilia MW ghpRfshfg; gFf;fyhk;. mWgiltPL Fwpj;J mjpfkhfg;
Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtdpd; jyq;fs;> KUfdpd; rpwg;Gk; gfpug;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. nghUE}uhw;Wg; gil
xUtiug; Nghy Ntlkpl;Lg; ghLeh;> nghUeh; vdg;gLth; ngUeh; gyifapdh;.
1. Vh;f;fsk; ghLeh;
2. Nghh;f;fsk; ghLeh;
3. guzpghLeh;
nghUeuhw;Wg; gilapd; cUtk;

nghUs; - Mw;Wg;gil
jpiz - Gwj;jpiz
ghtif - tQ;rpabfs; fye;j Mrphpag;gh
mbnay;iy - 248 thpfs;
ghbaGtyh; - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh;
ghl;Lilj;jiyth ; - fhpfhw;ngUtse;jhd;
cs;slf;fk;
fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhd; ngUeh;f;Fr; Rlr;Rl ,iwr;rpia cz;r; nra;jhd;.
,iwr;rp mjpfk; cz;L.
gy;Ny kOq;fpg; Nghapd ,jid>

„nfhy;iy cOnfhO Va;g;g> gy;Ny
vy;iyAk; ,uTk; Cd;jpd;W kOq;fp
vDk; ghly; (nghUs; 117-118) glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. ghbdpapd; Nfrhjpghj

tUzidr; rpwg;G kpf;fJ gy kuGf; Fwpg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
ghzh;fs; %tifg;gLth; mtiu
1. ,irg;ghzh;
22
2. aho;g;ghzh;
3. kz;ilg;ghzh; (,ue;Jz;L tho;gth;)
vdtifg;gLj;Jth; ,tUs; ghbg;ghzh;.
1. rPwpaho;g;ghzh; (rpwpa ahiof; ifapy; itj;jpUg;gth;)
2. Nghpaho;g;ghzh; (nghpa ahiof; ifapy; itj;jpUg;gth;) vd
,Utifg;gLj;Jth;.
rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapd; cUtk;
nghUs; - Mw;Wg;gil
jpiz - Gwj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghbaGyth; - ,ilfop ehl;L ey;yfh; ej;jj;jdhh;
ghl;Lilj;jiyth; - Xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf;Nfhld;
cs;slf;fk;
„khtpyq;if vd;Dk; jiyefhpy; ,Ue;J „xa;khehL‟ vd;Dk; gFjpia
Mz;ltd; ey;ypaf;Nfhld; ,td; rq;f fhy ts;sy;fSs; xUtd; filnaO
ts;sy;fSf;Ff; fhyj;jhy; gpe;jpatd;. Xtpah; Fbay; Njhd;wpatd; Xtpah;Fb
ehfh;FbapDs; xU gphpthFk;. Xtpah; ngUkfd; vd;gNj Xa;khd; vd kUtpaJ vd;gh;.
tpwypapd; fd;dk;> $e;jy;> Ejy;> Nehf;F> vapW (gy;) Kjyhd gj;J

cWg;Gfs; cUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
nghpaahio itj;jpUf;Fk; ghzh;fs;> ngUk;ghzh; vdg;gl;ldh;.
,lDila Nghpaho; KiwAspf;fpog;gp vd;Dk; njhlh; %yk; Nghpaho;g;ghzh;fs;
Rl;lg;gLfpd;wdh;.
ngUk;ghehw;Wg;gil ngah;f;fhuzk;
1. nghpa aho;g; ghzh;fs; Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLtjhYk;
2. rpWghzhw;Wg; giliaf; fhl;bYk; mjpf mbfisg; ngw;wpUg;gjhYk;
ngUk;ghzhw;Wggil vdg;gLfpwJ „ghzhW‟ vd;Dk; ngaUk; ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L.
ngUk;ghehw;Wg; gilapd; cUtk;

nghUs; - Mw;Wg;gil
jpiz - Gwj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghba Gyth; - fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
ghl;Lilj;jiyth; - njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuahd;
cs;slf;fk;
ghzdJ ahopd; tUzid> ghztd; tWik> cg;G tzpfh; nry;Yk;top
vapw;wpath; Fbir> ghiy epyf;fhitj; vapdh; ,y;yplk;> FwpQ;rp kf;fs; ,ay;G>
Nfhtyh; FbapUg;G> Ky;iy epyj;J kf;fs;> kUjepy kf;fs;> tiyeh; thotplk;>
me;jdhh; ciwtplk; Kjyhd nra;jpfs; tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
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5. $j;juhw;Wg;gil – kiygLflhk;
kiyf;F ahidia ctkpj;J kiyapy; cz;lhFk; Xirfisf; flhk; vd;W
rpw;gpj;jikahy; ,e;E}y; „kiygLflhk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. (flhk; = ahidapd;
thapy; ,Ue;J xOFk; ePH;
$j;jd; xUtd; gpw $j;jh;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;jyhy; $j;juhw;Wg;gil
vdg;gLfpwJ.
$j;jwhw;Wg;gilapd; cUtk;
nghUs; - Mw;Wg;gil
jpiz - Gwj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghbaGyth; - ,uzpa Kl;lj:Jg; ngUq;Fd;fh;g; ngUq; nfsrpfdhh;
ghl;Lilj;jiytd; - ed;dd; Nra; ed;id
$j;juhw;Wg; gilapd; cs;slf;fk;

Nghpahopd; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gw;wpa ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil tprhhpf;fpd;wJ.
Nghpahopy; „jpt;T‟ vd;Dk; cWg;gpy; xd;gJ „thh;f;fl;L‟ ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijf; Fwpf;f>
„njhbj; jphpT md;d njhz;LgL jpt;tpd; vd kiygLflhk; (31) $Wfpd;wJ.
,jpy; njhz;L vd;gJ xd;gJ vd;Dk; vz;zpf;iff; FWpf;fpd;wJ.
 $j;jh;fs; vLj;Jr; nrd;w ,irf;fUtpfisg; gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wJ.
 Nghpahopd; ,ay;gpid tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
 kiyg;ghijapy; fhl;rpfis tpthpf;fpwJ.
mfk; rhh;e;j E}y;fs;
6. Ky;iyg; ghl;L (neQ;rhw;Wg;gil)

Ky;iyj; jpiziag; ghbajhy; Ky;iyg;ghl;L vdg;gl;lJ. ,y; ,Uj;jy;
Ky;iy vd;gJ ,yf;fzk; tpidNkw; nrd;w jiytd; tPL jpUk;Gk; tiu jiytp
,y;ypd; fz; ,Ue;J gphpTj;Jaiu Mw;wpapUe;j (jq;fpapUj;jy;) vd;gJ nghUs;
Ky;iyg; ghl;bd; cUtk;

nghUs; - Mw;wpapUj;jy;
jpiz - mfj;jpiz (Ky;iyj;jpiz)
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghbaGyth; - ek;g+jdhh;
Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; cs;;slf;fk;
Nghh;Nkw; nrd;w jiytd; kiof; fhyj;jpw;Fs; Nghiu Kbj;J nrd;W jpUk;gp
tuNtz;L kiof;fhyk; njhlq;fpaJk; jiytdpd; tuit vjph;ghh;j;Jj; iytp
fh;j;jpUf;fpwhs;. Njhpd; xyp vjph;ghh;f;fpwhs;.
„,d;gy; ,kpopir Xh;g;gds; fple;Njhs;

mQ;nrtp epiw Mypd‟ (87-88)
vDk; gFjp fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
24
7. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
kiyak; kiy rhh;e;j epyKk; ;FwpQ;rp‟ vdg;gl;lJ. Gzh;jYk; Gzh;jy;
epkpj;jKk; FwpQ;rpj; jpizapd; xOf;fkhFk;. FwpQ;rp epyKk; Gzh;jy; xOf;fKk;
Mfpa ,uz;lidAk; ,e;E}y; KOf;f KOf;fg; ghLtjhy; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vdg;gLtJ
nghUj;jkhfTs;sJ. ,e;E}y; „ngUq;FwpQ;rp‟ vd;W er;rpdhh;fpd;dpah; Fwpg;gpLthh;.
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;bd; cUtk;
jpiz - FwpQ;rpj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
mbnay;iy - 261
ghbaGyth; - fgpyh;
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;bd; cs;slf;fk;
 Njhop nrtpypaplk; mwj;njhL epw;wiyg; NgRfpd;wJ.
 99 tif kyh;fis tpthpf;fpd;wJ
 jiytdpd; kidawg; ghq;F> jiytd; MSiuj;jiyAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
 gz;ilj; jkpoh; jpUkz Kiw Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.
 jiytp> jiytd;> Njhop nray;ghL Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gwk; rhh;e;j E}y;
8. kJiuf;fhQ;rp :
fhQ;rp = epiyahik> kJiuiag; ghLtjhYk; epiyahiknaf; $WtjhYk;>
kJiuf;fhQ;rp vdg;gl;lJ. E}ypy; 354 thpfspy; kJiuapd; rpwg;Gfs;> epfo;Tfs;>
thpthjg; Ngrpg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt $ly; jkpo; vdg;gLfpwJ. gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; kpFjpahd
mbfis cila E}Yk; kJiuf; fhQ;rpNa vdNt ngUts kJiuf;fhQ;rp vdr;
rpwg;gpLfpwJ.
kJiuf;fhQ;rpapd; cUtk;
jpiz - kUjk;> Gwj;jpiz
ghtif - tQ;rpabfs; tputpa Mrphpag;gh
ghbaGyth; - khq;Fb kUjdhh;
ghl;Lilj;jiyth; - jiyahyq;fhdj;Jf; nrUntd;w ghz;ba neLQ;nropad;
kJiuf;fhQ;rpapd; cs;slf;fk;
ghz;badpd; Kd;Ndhh; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; mjpfkhfg; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; gy kd;dh;fis ntd;w nra;jp gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
neLQ;nropad; ntw;wp nfhz;L Mz;l Ch;fs;> mtdpd; ehl;L tsk;> kJiu efhpd;
fhl;rpfs;> fhQ;rpf;fhl;rpfs;> kJiuf;fhQ;rpapd; kuGf;Fwpg;GfSk; Ngrg;gl;ld.
jj;Jtf;fUj;Jf;fs; mjpfk; cs;sJ.
mfKk; GwKk; fye;j E}y;fs;
9. gl;bdg; ghiy
gl;bdk; = flfk; fly; rhh;e;j nea;jy; epyKk;> nea;jy; epykhd fhtphpg;
g+k;gl;bdj;ij ,e;j E}y; neLfg; ghLfpd;wJ. ghiy = ghiy epyk;> gphpT> ,q;Fg;
„gphpT‟ vd;Dk; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.
25
gl;bdg;ghiyapd; cUtk;
jpiz - nea;jy; jpizAk; ghiyj;jpizAk; (mfKk; GwKk;
fye;j E}y;)
Jiw - nghUs; tapd; gphpaf; fUjpa jiytd;
nrytoq;Fjy;
ghtif - ,ilapilNa Mrphpag;gh mike;j tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L
ghba Gyth; - fbaY}h; cUj;jpgq;fz;zdhh;
ghl;Lilj; jiyth; - fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhd;
gl;bdg; ghiyapd; cs;slf;fk;

fhtphpapd; rpwg;G jpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Nrho ehl;bd; rpwg;Gfs;> gz;lkhw;W
tzpfKiw. ,aw;if tsk; kpf;f ,lq;fs;> kf;fspd; tpisahl;L ,lq;fs;>
eLfw;fspd; Njhw;wk;> jioahil mzpe;j kfsph; tzpf; rpwg;G jiyth;
nrytOq;fpaik Mfpa nra;jpfs; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gl;bdg;ghiyapd; kuGf;Fwpg;G
 fly; #o;e;j fhtphpg+k;gl;lbdj;ijg; ghbajhy;> nea;jy; jpiz> tpidNkw;
nry;Yk; jiytd; nkytOq;fpa Jiwiaf; Fwpj;jikahy; ghiyj;jpiz
ghl;Lilj; jiytidf; $aikahy; Gwj;jpiz. ,t;thW mfj;jpizAk;>
Gwj;jpizAk; ,t;thW mfj;jpizAk; Gwj;jpizAk; gl;bdg;ghiyapy; fye;J
te;Js;sJ.
 gl;bdg;ghiy mfk; rhh;e;j E}y; ,e;E}y; ghl;Lilj; jiytidg;
ngw;wpUg;gpDk; mfg;ghl;Llik cilaJ
 cg;Gf;F ney; ngWk; epiyiaf; fhl;Ltjd; thpayhfg; gl;bdg; ghiyf;
fhyj;jpy; „gz;lkhw;W‟ ,Ue;j mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
10. neLey;thil
neLik + ed;ik + thil = neLey;thil gphptpy; tUe;jpa jiytpf;F>
thilf;fhw;W jiytdpd; gphpit neLikahf;fp tUj;j neLthilahf ,Ue;jJ.
tpidNkw;nrd;w jiytdk; gpwUk; jiytpapd; gphpit epidahky; „tpidNa
Mlth;f;F capNu‟ vd;Dk; nfhs;ifapduhf ,Ue;jdh;. vdNt tpilf;fhw;W mth;f;F
clYf;Fk;> cs;sj;jpw;Fk; ed;ikjUk; thilahf ,Ue;jjhy;> ey;thil ahf
,Ue;jJ. jiytd;> jiytp ,Uth; ghYk; nray;gl;l thilapd; ,UNtWgl;l
jd;ikfsiAk; xOq;FgLj;jp „neLey;thil‟ vd E}Yf;Fg; ngahplg;gl;lJ. thil
Jd;gj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ ey;y md;ig czh;j;jtJ „neL‟ vd;gJ moaphikiaj;
njhptpg;gJ.
neLey;thilapd; cUtk;
jpiz - Ky;iyjpiz> tQ;rpj;jpiz
ghtif - Mrphpag;gh
ghbaGyth; - kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;
ghl;Lilj;jiytd;- jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w ghz;bad;
neLey;thilapd; cs;slf;fk;
$jph; (Fsph;) fhyj;jpy; kpFjp Ngrg;gLfpwJ. Nfhspay; mbg;gilapy;
fl;llf;fiy> neLey;thilapd; kuGf; Fwpg;GfSk; mjfpk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. NtYf;F
26
Ntg;gkhiy #l;ly; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ. tQ;rpj; jpizapd; JiwfSs; nfhw;witiag;
ghbAs;sJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpa Nkd;ikfs;

rq;f fhyg; ngz;ghw; Gyth;fs;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; „ehw;gJ; ngz;ghw; Gyth;fs; ,Ue;jikiaf; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; ciuf;fpd;wd. rq;f hyj;jpy; ngz;fs; fy;tp ngw;Wg; Gyik
kpf;ftuhf ,Ue;jdh;. kd;dh;fSk; kjpf;fj;jf;f epiyapy; xsitahh; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
 rq;f ,yf;fpag; ngz;ghw;Gythpy; Nrho murkq;if Mjpke;jpahh; Mthh;.

 mq;fg; ngz; ghw;Gythpy;> ghz;ba kd;dd; kidtp g+jg;ghz;bad; Njrp
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L.
 Nruehl;Lg; ngz;ghw;Gyth; xUtUk; ,y;iy.
rq;f ,yf;fpak; jpiz ,yf;fpak;

jpiz = epyk;> xOf;fk; kiy> fhL> tay;> fly;> tsik mw;w epyk; vd;Dk;
,e;j Ie;J tifg;gFg;GSf;Fs; cyfk; mlq;fp tpLk; cyfpd; epiyj;j gFg;Gfis
,e;j Ie;jidAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Ie;jpiz vdr; Rl;Lfpd;wd. epyjij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jhd; gUt epiy khWjy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. epyk; kw;Wk;
gUtepiy khWjy;fshy; Vw;gLk; nghOJ ghFghLfs; ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L jhd; ePh;> kuk;> g+> gwit> tpyq;F> czT Kjyhdit jftikfpd;wd.
,tw;wpd; %ykhfNt czitAk; njhopiyAk; kdpjd; mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whd;.
Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

chpg;nghUs;fs;> epyKk; chpg;nghUSk; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sd. Gwj;jpizfSk;> #Lk;
g+f;fSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
rq;f fhyk; nghw;fhyk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkf;nfdg; gy rpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. cyf
,yf;fpaq;fs; midj;jpYk; fhjy;> tPuk; vd;Dk; nghUz;ikfisf; nfhz;l rq;fg;
ghly;fs; Vl;by; vOjhj ,yf;fpaq;fshf> fhw;wpy; fye;j ftpijfshf> thOk;
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fshf kf;fs; ehtpy; jto;e;jd. gpd;NdNu nky;y nky;y Vl;by;
Fbnfhz;ld.
4. tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa tbtk;

rq;ffhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak; ,e;E}ypy;
1. ciu
2. gprp (tpLfij)
3. Fwpg;G (mq;fjk;)
4. KJnkhop (gonkhop)
5. tha;nkhop (ke;jpuk;)
ciu Kjyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOj> gbf;fj; njhpahj kf;fsplk; $l ,d;Wk;
ga;dghl;by; cs;sd. ,j;jifa tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspy; ,Ue;J tsh;e;j
tbtq;fNs rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rhay; rq;f ,yf;fpag;
ghly; nghrpe;J epw;fpd;wd.
27
M) jdpg;ghly; tbtk;
ghlg;gLk; neLk;ghlYf;?Fs; jdpg;ghly; tbtq;fSk; fye;J rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd. nfhy;NyW jOTjiyg; gw;wp thpthfg; $WtJ Ky;iy
fyp.nfhy;NyWf; fhl;rpf;F eLtpy;
„vOe;jJ Jfs;>
Vw;wdh; khh;G>
ftpo;e;jd kUg;G>
fyq;fpdh; gyh;
(Ky;iyf;fyp) vd;Dk; tbtk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,) fhjy; epiy ,yf;fpak;

V.Nf. ,uhkhD[k; vd;Dk; mwpQh; Njh;e;njLj;j rq;f mfg;ghly;fis The
interior Landscape vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;sdh;. mk;nkhop ngah;gg;gpy;
rq;fg; ghly;fspy; cs;s fhjy; epiyfis tpae;J Nghw;wpAs;shh;. lhf;lh;
t.Rg.khzpf;fk; mth;fs; „jkpo;f;fhjy;‟ vd;Dk; E}ypy; rq;f mfg;ghly;fs;
midj;Jk; fhjy; epiy ,yf;fpaq;fNs vd;gjid epWTfpd;whh;.
<) ngah; Fwpahg;gz;G

fhjy; Jiwapy; ngah; Fwpj;J vOjpdhy; mfj; jpiz khz;G rpijTWk;
epfo;e;j fhjy;fs; tuyhw;Wr; RtL mw;Wf; fhjy; kzkhf tPRjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fhptpaiyAk; cstpaiyAk; njspe;j ek;Kd;Ndhh; mj;jpizia Ez; ,yf;fpakhff;
nfzh;ldh; vdNt ngah; FwpahJ tpLj;jdh; vd;W lhf;lh; t.Rg. khzpf;fk; mth;fs;
$Wfpd;wdhh;.
c) mfj;jpizapd; Kjd;ik
mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz ,uz;lidAk; rkkhff; $Wtijg; Nghy
,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; jUfpd;wd Mapd;> njhy;fhg;gpah; mfj;jpiziaj;jhd;
Kjypy; $Wfpd;whh;. mfj;jpiz VO vd;W $Wk; njhy;fhg;gpah; mfj;jpizf;Fg;
Gwdhfj;jhd; Gwj;jpiziaf; $Wfpwhh;. fypg;gh> ghpghly; vd;Dk; ,U
tifg;ghf;fSk; mfg;nghUSf;F chpadthfNt njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpd;whh;. ghpghly;
„fhjw; fhkk; fhkj;jpy; rpwe;jJ‟
vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;wJ.
C) ctik
ctikfs;> rq;fg;ghly;fspd; moFf;F moF Nrh;f;fpd;wd. rq;fg; ghly;fspy;
gy Gyth;fspd; ngah; njhpe;jpyJ. mj;jifa Gtyh;fspd; Gfo;ngw;w njhluhy;
mejg; Gyth;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wdh;.
1. mzpnyhL Kd;wpyhh;
2. Cl;bahh;
3. nrk;Gyg; ngay;ePuhh;
4. XNuh; cotdhh;
5. Fg;igf; Nfhopahh;
6. nrk;Gyg;ngay; ePuhh;.
njhlh;fshy; Gfo;ngw;w ,g;Gyth;fspd; njhlh;fs; midj;Jk; ctikj;
njhlh;fshfTk; ,Ug;gJ rpwg;Gf;F chpaJ.
28
v) cs;Siw
nrhy;yg;gLk; ctikapy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l cl;nghUs;fisf; $w Ntz;b
,Ug;gpd; cs;Siw ctik cUntLf;fpwJ. nghJthf> jiytdpd; guj;jik
xOf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpy; rq;fg; ghly;fs; mtw;iw cs;Siw ctik
thapyhfNt ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
V) ,iwr;rp
,iwr;rp tise;jJ Neuhd nghUs; juhky; tise;J kiwthfg; nghUis
cl;nghjpj;Jf; $WtJ ,iwr;rp
„,yq;Fk; mUtpj;Nj tpyq;Fk; mUtpj;Nj
thdpd; ,yq;Fk; mUtpj;Nj jhDw;w
#s; Ngzhd; ngha;j;jhd; kiy‟
vd;Dk; (FwpQ;rpg;fyp :5) ghlypy;> ngha; NgRgtd; kiyapy; $l mUtp ghlg;gLfpwJ
vd;gJ ,iwr;rpg; nghUshf epw;fpd;wJ
KbTiu
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; tPuepiy ,yf;fpak; vd;Wk; ey;yijNa ghLk;> NgRk;
,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;.
gjpndz; fPo;fzf;F E}y;fs;

1 mfE}y;fs;
fhh;ehw;gJ
fhh;ehw;gjpd; cUtk;
Mrphpah; - kJiuf; jpz;zq;f$j;jdhh;
fhyk; - fp.gp. 4k; E}w;whz;L
ghly;fs; - 40
jpiz - mfj;jpiz – Ky;iyj;jpiz
ghtif - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
fhh; = fhh;fhyk;> kiof;fhyk; tpidtpapd; jiytd; gphpe;J nrd;Wtpl;lhd;.
fhh; fhyj;jpy; jpUk;gtUNtd; vd;wpUe;jhd; jiytd;. fhh; fhyKk; te;jJ jiytd;
jd;ig; gphpe;J nrd;wjpy; ,Ue;J fhh;fhyj;jpy; jpUk;gptUk;tiu jiytp jd; kdj;ij
Mw;w (jhq;fp) ,Ue;jhh;. Mw;wp ,Uj;jy; Ky;iy epyj;jpw;F chpa xOf;fk;
 fhh;ehw;gjpy; Ky;iyj; jpizf;F chpa Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUs;fs;
Kiwahff; $wg;gl;L cs;sd. rq;fr; nra;Al;fspd; rhaypy; ,J
mike;Js;sJ.
2. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - khwd;nghiwadhh;
fhyk; - fp.gp.4k; E}w;whz;L
ghly;fs; - 50
jpiz - Ie;J mfj;jpizfSk;
jpizitg;GKiw - Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp> kUjk;> ghiy> nea;jy;
ghtif - ntz;gh
29
cs;slf;fk;
Ie;jpizfSf;Fk; gj;Jg;ghly;fs; tPjk; 50 ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;ljhy; Ie;jpiz
Ik;gJ vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. Ie;jpiz Ik;gjpy; fhzg;gLk; jpizf;Fg;gj;J gj;jhfg;
ghLk; gioa kuG Iq;FW E}w;wpd; jhf;fk; vdyhk;.
3. Ie;jpiz vOgJ
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - %thjpahh;
fhyk; - fp.gp. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L
ghly;fs; - 70
ghit - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
 %tjk[ajj‟ jdJ Ie;jpiz vOgjpy;>
„fs;sh; toq;Fk; Ruk; vd;gh; fhjyh;
cs;sk; glh;e;j newp‟
vd;Dk; ghliyg; ghbAs;shh;. ,J ghiy epyj;jpd; nfhLikia vLj;jf; $Wk;

jd;ikahfj; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Jk;Kjy;> ngz;fspd; ,lf;fz; Jbj;jy;> Meij myhfjy;> Kjyhd

epkpj;jq;fs; E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 eLjy; topghL Ik;gilj; jhypiaf; Foe;ijfSf;F mzptpj;jy; vd;Dk;
gz;ila gbf;f tof;fq;fs; $wg;ngWfpd;wd.
 epkpj;jqfspd; kPJ kf;fs; nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;if czh;tpid Ie;jpiz
vOgJ vLj;jpak;gpAs;sJ.
4. jpiznkhop Ik;gJ
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - fz;zQ;Nre;jdhh;
ghly;fs; - 50
ghtif - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
jpizf;Fg; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk; ghlg;gl;L;ssJ. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; ghAk;>
mUtpapd; Xirr; rpwg;ig ,irf; fUtpfNshL xg;gpl;Lf; fz;zd; Nre;jdh;
$Wfpd;whh;.
Iq;FEW}W> Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ Mfpa E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jpizf;Fg;

gj;jhfg; ghLk; gjpfKiw> jpiznkhop Ik;gjpYk; njhlh;tJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
6. jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - fzp Nkjhtpahh;
ghly;fs; - 150
30
ghtif - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
 rkz rkaj;jtuhd fzpNkjhtpahh;> fstpaiy ntWj;j rkzh;fSk;
,yf;fpar;Rit nfhs;SkhW mfr;Ritg; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;.
 jpizkhiy Ie;Jk; ek; gjpYk; flTs; tzf;fg;ghly; $Wk; nra;As;
fhzg;gltpy;iy.
 E}ypd; fz; tlnrhw; fyg;G kpFjpahf cs;sJ.
 fypj;njhif Nghy; 150 nra;As; ,e;E}ypYk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. ife;epiy
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - khNwhf;fj;J Ks;sp ehl;L ey;Y}h;f; fhtphpahh; kfdhh;
Gy;yq;fhldhh;
ghly;fs; - 60
ghtif - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
if = xOf;fk;> Ie;jpiz xOf;f epiy $Wk; E}y; vd;Dk; nghUspy;
„ife;epiy‟ vdg;ngah; mike;Js;sJ. E}ypy; ghrk;> Mir> ,urk;> Nfrk;> ,lgk;>
cj;juk; vd;Dk; tlnrhw;fs; fye;Js;sd.
jpizf;Fg; gd;dpnuz;L ghlyf;s; tPjk; Ie;jpizf;Fk; nkhj;jk; mWgJ

ghly;fs; ife;epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ie;jpizfisAk; mWgJ ghly;fspy; $Wk;
ife;epiyia Ie;jpiz mWgJ vdf; $WtJ nghUe;Jk;.
fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rpg; gf;fj;ijAk; Ks;spehnld;g vdw xU Fwpg;G Gjpjhf

vOjgngw;Ws;sJ vd;nra; gjpT rhujhg; gjpg;gf ntspapl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wdJ.
,d;dpiy – ife;epiy
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;FE}y;fSs; ife;epiy> ,d;dpiy Mfpa ,U E}y;fisg;
gw;wpr; rpe;J njsptw;w epiy epyTfpwJ. ,d;dpiy> ife;epiy vd;git jdpj;jdp
E}y;fsh? ,d;dpiy nrhy; vd;gJ fhQ;rpf;F milnkhopah? ,uz;Lk; E}y;fs; Mapd.
mit vq;Nf? ,j;jifa Muha;r;rp eilngw;wJ tUfpwJ. ,d;dpiy vd;Dk; E}iyg;
ghbath; ngha;ifahh; gjpndz;fPo; fzf;F E}y;fSs; xed;whf ,Uf;FNkh vd;fpwhh;
t.c.rp. ,sk;g+uzhh; ciuapd; %yk; ife;piy vd;gNj vd;fpwhh;.
2. GwE}y;
7. fstop ehw;gJ
fstop ehw;gjpd; cUtk;
Mrphpah; - ngha;ifahh;
ghly;fs; - 40
jpiz - Gwj;jpiz – thifj;jpiz
ghtif - ntz;gh
31
cs;slf;fk;
fsk; = Nghh;f;fsk; Nghh;f;fsk; gw;wpa ehw;gJ ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
vd;gJ nghUs;. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;fpy; Gwg;nghUs; rhh;ej xNu E}y; ,/J xd;Nw.
„VNuhh; fstop md;wpf; fstopj;

NjNuhh; Njhd;wpa ntd;wpAk;‟
vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak;
 fstop ehw;gJ ghlypy; „ahidg; NghNu kpFjpAk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ahidapd;

ntl;lg;gl;l Jjpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J FUjp nfhl;LfpwJ.
 fstop ehw;gjpy; „fhh;j;jpifj; jpUtpoh‟ ctkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghhp;y; tPuh;fs;
rpe;Jk; FUjp fhh;j;jpif tpohtpy; xUq;Nf Njhd;Wk; tpsf;Fj; njhFjpapd;
nrk;ikiag; Nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ vdg; ngha;ifahh; $Wfpd;wdhh;
3. mwE}y;fs;
8. ehybahh;
ehybahh; cUtk;
Mrphpah; - rkzKdpth;fs;
njhFj;jth; - gJkdhh;
ghly;fs; - 400
NtWngah;fs; - 1. ehyb ehD}W> 2. Ntshz;Ntjk;
nghUs; - mwk;gw;wpaJ
ghtif - ntz;gh
ehybahh; rpwg;Gfs;
1. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; jpUf;FwSf;F mLj;j epiyapy;
itj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. ehybahh; Md gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; gy ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;E}y;
kl;LNk ehyb vdr; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. Mh; tpFjp ngw;W ehybahh; vdf;
rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. lhf;lh; [p.A. Nghg; mth;fs; ehybahiu Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop
ngah;j;Js;shh;.
ehybahh; njhlh;ghd gonkhopfs;

1. MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;F cWjp> ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp
2. goF jkpo;r; nrhy;yUik ehyuz;by; (ehy; = ehybahh;)
cs;slf;fk;
ehybahUk; jpUf;Fwisg; Nghd;W mwj;Jg;ghy; nghUl;ghy; fhkj;Jg;ghy; vd
Kg;ghyhfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tho;f;if mwq;fis ehybahh; kpfj; njspthf vLj;J
Kd; itf;fpd;wJ. ,sik epiyahik> nry;tk; epiyahik> ahf;if epiyahik
gw;wpa fUj:Jf;fis ciuf;fpwJ.
9. ehz;kzpf;fbif
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - tpsk;gpehfdhh;
Ch; - tpsk;gp
fhyk; - fp.gp 4Mk; E}w;whz;L
ghly;fs; - 2 + 104
32
ghtif - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
ehz;kzpf;fbifapd; Kjy; ,uz;L ghly;fs; flTs; tzf;fkhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehd;F ehd;F fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L E}y; KOtJk; ghlg;gl;lJ
Nghyf; flTs; tzf;f ,U ghly;fSk; jpUkiyg;gw;wpa ehd;F fUj;Jf;isf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. mOf;Fr; Nrh;ejhYk; ehz;kzp jd; ngUikapy; FiwahJ. fOtp
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; ,Ug;gpdpy; mOf;F NrUk; fPo; kf;fsplk; md;G fhl;b Gj;jpkjp
$wpdhYk; jk;Kila fPo;ikf; Fzj;ij ntspg;gLj;jp tpLth; ,t;tofpa fUj;jpiz>
„khRgbDk; kzp> jd; rPh; Fd;whjhk;

g+rpf; nfhspDk; ,Uk;gpd; fz; khRYl;Lk;
ghrj;Js; ,l;L tpsf;fpDk; fPo;jd;id
khRilikf; fhl;btpLk;.
vd;Dk;ghly; (100) vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ
10. ,d;dhehw;gJ
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - fgpyh;
fhyk; - fp.gp 50 Kjy; 125 tiu vd e.K. Ntq;fl rhkp
ehl;lhh; $Wfpd;whh;
ghly;fs; - 1 + 40
ghtif - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
Kjw;ghly; flTs; tho;j;jhff; fgpyh; mikj;Js;shh;. ,jpy; rptd;> gyuhkd;>
jpUkhy;> KUfd; vd;Dk; ehd;F flTsiuAk; tzq;fhik ,d;dh vd;W flTs;
tho;j;jpy; Fwpj;Js;shh;. tho;tpaYs; fhzg;gLk; Jd;gq;fspd; %yq;fs; ,it ,it
vdf; fz;L mtw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; $wpapUf;Fk; GJkuG jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; GJ tuT.
,d;dhjtw;iwf; $Wk; 40 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ fgpyhpd; rkag;nghWik rPh;ik

kpf;fJ.
11. ,dpait ehw;gJ
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - g+jQ;Nre;jdh;
ghly;fs; - 1 + 40
ghtif - ntz;gh
cs;slf;fk;
tho;f;ifr; Nrhiyapd; ,d;g%yq;fs; ,it ,it vdf;fz;L mtw;iwj;
njhFj;Jiuf;Fk; ,dpait ehw;gjpd; kuG ,d;dh ehw;gjpd; njhlh;rr
; pahf cs;sJ.
,dpatw;iwf; $Wk; 40 ghly;fSf;fhd flTs; tho;j;jpYk;>
„fz;%d;W cilahd;jhs; Nrh;jy; fbJ ,dpNj

njhd;khz; Joha;khiy ahidj; njhopypdpNj.
vd;Dk; Kiwapy; ,dpatw;iwf; $Wk; ,iaG xOq;F Nghw;ww;whJ. rptd;> jpUkhy;>

gpukd; %tiuAk; $Wk; g+jQ;Nre;jdhh; rkag;nghJik rpUk;gpahff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;whh;.
33
12. jpUf;Fws;
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - jpUts;Sth;
ts;Sthpd; NtW ngah;fs;
1. nja;tg;Gyth;
2. ehadhh;
3. Kjy;Gytd;
4. ngUehtyh;
5. nre;ehg;Nghjhh;
6. khjhDgq;fp
Fwspd; NtWngah;fs;
1. jpUts;Stk;
2. jkpo;kiw
3. nghJkiw
4. Kg;ghy;E}y;
5. ngha;ahnkhop
6. nja;tE}y;
7. thAiw tho;j;J
8. cj;juNrjk;
ghtif: Fws;ntz;gh
ngah;f;fhuzk; : jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;
Fws;: FWfpa tbtpid cilaJ. Kjy; mbapy; ehd;F rPH;fSk; ,uz;lhk; mbapy;
%d;W rPh;fSk; ngw;W FWfpa tbtpidf; nfzh;L ,Ug;gjhy; „Fws;‟ vdg;gLfpwJ.
jpUf;FwSf;F gyNgh; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. jpUf;Fws; fUj;Jf;s gy rq;f

,yf;fpaf; fUj;JffUld; fhzg;gLfpwJ. FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz> Gwuh[h Kjyhd
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; njhlUk; fUj;Jf;fSk; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fws; cyfg;nghJkiw
midj;Jr; rkaj;jhUf;Fk; midj;J ehl;bdUf;Fk;> midj;Jf; fhyj;jpw;Fk;
nghUe;Jk; cz;ikfisj; jpUf;Fws; $Wfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa nkhopfs; gytw;Ws;
nkhopahf;fk; ngw;Ws;sJ. kuhj;jp> tlnkhop> F[uhj;jp> ngq;fhyp> nkhopfspy;
nkhopahf;fk; ngw;Ws;sJ. kiyahsk;> njYq;fpy; 80f;F NkyhNdhh; nkhopahf;fk;
ngw;Ws;sdh;.
kdj;J}a;ikapd; khz;gpidAk;> tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fisAk;> ngz;fs;

klNyW ,y;iy vd;gjidAk; ciuj;Js;sJ. jpUf;Fwspd; kug;Gf;Fwpg;Gfs;
epiwe;Js;sd. tlnrhw;fs; kpfTk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cyfnkhopfs;
midj;jpYk; nkhongah;ff ; g;gl;Ls;s cyfshfpa xNu E}y; jpUf;Fws; kl;LNk.
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;fpd; Kg;ngU mwE}y;fSs; jiyahaJ jpUf;Fws;.
13. jphpfLfk;
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - ey;yhjdhh;
ghly;fs; - 1 + 100
ghtif - ntz;gh
34
ngah;f;fhuzk;: Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp> Mfpa %d;Wk; cly; Nehiaj; jPh;g;gd.
mjidg; Nghd;W mike;Js;s xt;nthU ghl;bYk; RwpAs;s Kk;%d;W fUj;Jf;fSk;
cs;sj;jpd; Nehiag; Nghf;f ty;yd. vdnt ,e;E}wy; jphpfLfk; vdg;gLfpd;wdJ.
Kw;ghly; E}ypd; flTs; tho;j;jhf mike;J jpUkhiyg; Nghw;Wfpd;wJ. E}ypd;
Kjw; ghlypy; jphpfLfk; fk;Nksk; kUe;J vd;Dk; 4 MtJ thpapd; %yk; ,e;E}y;
jphpfLfk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.
14. Mrhuf;Nfhit
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - ngUthapy; Ks;spahh;
ghly;fs; - 100
ghtif - gy;NtW ntz;gh tiffs;
ngah;f;fhuzk; :
Mfhuk; = xOf;fk; tho;f;ifapy; fil gpbf;f Ntz;ba Mjuuq;fisf;
Nfhitg; gLj;jpf; $Wtjw;F Mrhuf;Nfhit vdg;gLk;.
Mrhuf;Nfhitapd; cs;slf;fk;
nfhs;sj;jf;f Mfhuk; vd;Wk; js;sj;jf;f Mfhuk; vd;Wk; ,U Nehf;fpy;
Kd;dpahh; fUj;Jf;fisg; nga;Js;shh;. ePuhly;> Mil mzpjy;> czT
nfhs;Kiwik> cz;Zk; jpri> thiaj; J}a;ik nra;Ak; tif> ePh; gUFk; Kiw.
J}q;Fk; Kiw Kjyhd nfhs;sj;jf;f Mfhuq;fis Ks;spahh; $Wfpd;whh;. vr;rpa+ld;
nra;aj;jfhjit> epd;W fple;J cz;zhik me;jpg; nghOJ nra;td jtph;td>
rpe;jpf;fyhfhjit vdj;js;sj;jf;f mrhuq;fs; tphpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gonkhop
cUtk;
Mrphpah; - Kd;Kiwaiuadhh;
ghly;fs; - 400
ghtif - ntz;gh
ngah;f;fhuzk; :
xU fijNah> tuyhw;W epfo;Nth fl;b ciuf;fg;gl;L ghlypd; ,Wjpapy;
gonkhop %yk; ePjp Rl;lg;gLtjhy; ,e;E}y; „gonkhop‟ vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ.
gonkhop cs;slf;fk;
kf;fs; tof;fpy; cs;s gonkhopfNshL ,yf;fpa tof;Fg; gonkhopfSk;
fye;J gonkhop E}ypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpo;ehl;L kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;GfSk; E}Ys; fye;J
fplf;fpd;wd. cyf tof;Fg; gonkhopfs;> ,yf;fpa tof;Fg; gonkhopfSk;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
„ghk;gwpAk; ghk;gpd; fhy;>
Fd;wpy; Nky; ,l;l tpsf;F‟
„fw;wypd; Nfl;lNy ed;W‟
tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Guhzr; nra;jpfs; mjpfk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
kuGf; Fwpg;GfSk; tputp cs;sd.
35
16. rpWgQ;r %yk;
rpWgQ;r%yj;jpd; cUtk;
Mrphpah; - fhhpahrhd;
ghly;fs; - flTs; tho;j;J 1
ghapuq;fs; 2
rpWgQ;r%yr; nra;Al;fs; 102
ghtif - ntz;gh
ngah;f;fhuzk; :
Ie;J vspa Nth;%yq;fisf; nfhz;lJ> rpWgQ;r%yk; vdg;gLk;. gQ;r%yk;
vd;gjw;Fg; gjhh;j;j Fzrpe;jhkzpAk;> nghUs; njhif epfz;Lk; gpd;tUkhW nghUs;
jUfpd;wd. rpWgQ;r %ykhtd.
1. rpWtOJizNth;
2. fz;lq;fj;jphpNth;
3. neUQ;rp Nth;
4. rpWky;yp Nth;
5. ngUky;yp Nth;
vd;gd.
rpWgQ;r%yj;jpd; cs;slf;fk; :
rpWgQ;r %yg; ghly;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; fw;fz;lhf ,dpf;fpd;wd. ahiuAk;
Vsdkhf epidf;ff;$lhJ. vy;yhh;f;Fk; xt;nthd;W vspJ vd;gjid xU ghly;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
#y; epw;fhky; tUk; Jd;gk;> #y; nfhz;l gpd; cz;lhFk; Jd;gk;> ngw;nwLj;j
gpd; Gdpw;W clypy; ,ayhj jsh;rr ; pj;Jd;gk;> Foe;ijia tsh;f;Fk; Jd;gk;> tsh;e;j
Foe;ijiar; rhy;G newpapy; epiy epWj;jg;gLk; Jd;gq;fs; Mfpad epidf;fpd;
mhpjhd nray;fs; (rpW : 75)
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp :
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapd; cUtk; :
Mrphpah; - kJiuf; $lY}h;f; fpohh;
ghly;fs; - 100
gFg;GKiw - mjpfhuq;fSf;Fg; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk;
gj;J mjpfhuq;fs; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mjpfhuq;fs;
1. rpwe;j gj;J
2. mwpTg; gj;J
3. gopahg; gj;J
4. Jt;thg; gj;J
5. my;y gj;J
6. ,y;iyg;gj;J
7. ngha;g;gj;J
8. vspagj;J
9. ey;$h;e;j gj;J
10. jz;lhg;gj;J
ghtif: Fws; jhopir

ngah;f;fhuzk; : KJnkhop - %j;Njhh; nrhy;>
36
fhQ;rp – kfsph; ,ilazp
%j;Njhh; nrhw;fs; gytw;iwf; Nfhh;j;j Nfhit
„KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp‟ vdg;gLfpwJ.
mjpfhuj; njhlf;fk; :
xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpYk; Kjy;ghl;bd; Kjy;thp “Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl;F‟
vy;yhk; vdj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. kw;wgb midj;Jg; ghly;fSk; xt;nthU thpapidf;
nfhz;l ghly;fshf cs;sd.
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapd; cs;slf;fk;
midj;Jg; gj;JfspYk; cs;s xt;nthU ghlYk; Njh;e;njLj;j Kj;Jf;fshf
xsph;fpd;wd. Kjy; Ie;J gj;Jfspy; ,Ue;J xt;nthU ghliyf; fhz;Nghk;.
,sikapy; rpwe;jjd;W nka;gpzpapd;ik
(rpwe;jd;W – rpwe;jJ) (rpwe;j gj;J : 5)
<uk; cilik <ifapd; mwpg.
(<uk; - ,uf;fk;) (mwpTg;gj;J : 2)
rpwpahh; xOf;fk; gpwe;NjhLk; gopahh;
(gopahg; gj;J : 10)
gopNahh; nry;tk; tWikapy; xt;thJ
(Jt;thg;gj;J : 1)
<uy; ,y;yhjJ fpis el;G md;W
(my;y gj;J : 3)
Vyhjp
Vyhjpapd; cUtk;
Mrphpah; - fzpNkjhtpahh;
ghly;fs; - ghapuk; 1 jw;rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; 1 nra;Al; ghly;fs; 80
ghtif - ntz;gh
ngah;f;fhuzk; Vyk; - 1 gq;F
,ktq;fg;gl;il - 2 gq;F
kpsF - 4 gq;F
jpg;gpyp - 5 gq;F
Rf;F - 6 gq;F
vd Vyk; Kjyhd MW nghUs;fisak; nghb nra;j kUe;Jf; fyitf;F
Vyhjp vd;W ngah; ,e;j MW kUe;JfSk; Nrh;e;J clYf;F ed;ik tpistpf;Fk;
mJNghy; cs;sj;jpw;Fk; cWjpNrh;f;Fk; MW epiy NgWila fUj;jpay;fis
xt;nthU ghlYk; $Wtjhy; ,e;E}Yf;F Vyhjp vd;W ngah;.
gpw mw E}y;fs;:
xsitahh; ePjp E}y;fs; :
1. Mj;jp#b
2. nfhd;iw Nte;jd;
3. %Jiu (thf;Fz;lhk;)
4. ey;top
vd;Dk; ehd;F E}y;fSk; xsitahhpd; ePjpE}y;fs; MFk;. xsitahh; gyh;> ,e;ePjp
E}y;fisg; ghba xsitahh; Nrhoh; fhyj;jth;. fp.gp. 12k; E}w;whz;bdh; vd;ghh;.
K.mUzhryk; mth;fs;.
37
1. Mj;jp#b (fp.gp.12) :
109 xw;iwthpg; ghf;fs; nfhz;lJ. mfu epuy; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l Kjy;
,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ePjpE}y; ,J. ,dpik> vspik> fUj;jhok; kpf;f ghly;fs; midth;
kdjpYk; gRkuj;jhzp Nghyg; gjpe;J fplf;Fk; Gfo;ngw;wJ.
mwk; nra tpUk;G
MWtJ rpdk;
,ay;tJ fuNty;
<tJ tpyf;Nfy;
vd msf;fUj;Jfis md;Gld; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
2) nfhd;iw Nte;jd; (fp.gp. 12) :

nfhd;iw Nte;jDk; mfu epuy; mikg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 91 xw;iw
thpg;ghf;fs; mike;jJ.
„md;idak; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk;
Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W
,y;ywk; my;yJ ey;ywk; md;W‟
vd vspikAk; ,dpikAkhf ePjpfis xsitahh; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
3. %Jiu (fp.gp. 12): (thf;Fz;lhk;)

thf;Fz;lhk; ey;y kdk; cz;lhk; vd %Jiuapd; flTs; tho;j;J
njhlq;FfpwJ. „thf;Fz;lhk;‟ vdj; njhlq;Ftjhy; %Jiuf;F thf;Fz;lhk; vd;Wk;
ngah;. flTs; tho;j;jhfj; Jg;ghh; jpUNkdp Jk;gpf;ifahd; vd tpehafiu tzq;Fk;
gof;fj;ij xsitahhplk; fhz;fpNwhk;. flTs; tho;j;J ePq;fyhf 30 ntz;ghf;fs;
cs;sd.
gad;fUjhJ nra;Ak; cjtpf;Fj; njd;id kuj;ij ctkpf;fpd;whh;. ,jid
ed;wp xUtw;Fr; nra;jf;fhy; me;ed;wp
vd;W jUq;nfhy; vdNtz;lh – epd;W
jsuh tsh;njq;F jhs; cz;l ePiuj;
jiyahNy jhd; jUjyhy;‟
4. ey;top (fp.gp 12)

„ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk; gFg;Gk;‟ vdj; njhlq;Fk; Gfo;ngw;w ghly; flTs;
tho;j;jhf cs;sJ. „Nfhyk; nra;aq;ff;fhpKfj;Jj; jhkd; vd tpehafh; tzf;fk;
flTs; tho;j;jhf mikfpwJ. flTs; tho;j;J ePq;fyhf 40 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd.
<ahikapd; ,opT Nguhir $lhJ. cotpd; cah;T. jPtpidNa tWikf;F
tpj;J Kjyhd gy mwq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
5. mwnewpr; rhuk; (fp.gp.13)

Mrphpah; Kidg;ghbahh; flTs; tho;j;Jld; 226 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. rkz
rka E}y; Mapd. nghJ ePjpfis kpFjpahfg; NgRfpd;wJ.
kpd;Dk; ,sik cjhk; vd kfpo;e;J
gpd;id mwpf vd;wy; Ngijik
vdNt epiyikaia czh;e;J mwk; nra;f vd;W ePjp etypfpd;wJ.
6. ntw;wp Ntw;if (m) eWe;njhif (fp.gp.16) :

Mrphpah; mjptPuuhkghz;bah;. flTs; tho;j;jhf [q;fuid (tpehafh;) $Wfpwhh;.
flTs; tho;j;jhf cs;s ,Uthpfspy; gpuztk;> ruzk;> mw;Gjk; vd;Dk; %d;W
tlnrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
38
MrphpaNu jk; E}iy ntw;wpNtw;if vd;Dk; eWe;njhif vd;Wk; „E}w;gad;‟
gFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. NkYk;> jd;idf; nfhw;ifahsp vd;Wk; Fwpj;Js;hsh;. 82
ghly;fs; cs;sd.
vOj;J mwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; MFk; (1) vd;Dk; Gfo;tha;e;j ghly; ntw;wp
Ntw;ifapd; rPh;ikrhw;Wk; „moF‟ vdg; gy ghly;fs; njhlh;fpd;wd.
7) ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; / fp.gp. 17:

Mrphpah; FkuFUguh; flTs; tho;j;jpy; cyfg; nghJikapy; „vk;gpehd;‟ vd;W
Rl;Lfpd;whh;. 102 ntz;ghf;fs; nfhz;lJ>
fy;tp> nrhy;tz;zk;> gzpTilik> MWe;jpwik> thp nfhs;Sk; Kiw>
nrq;Nfhd;ik> mikr;rh; flik> el;G> nka;Azh;T> tPLNgW Kjypa gy
nghUz;ikfspy; FkuFUguh; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
8. ed;ndwp (fp.gp. 17):

Mrphpah; Jiwkq;fyk; rptg;gpufhrh; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L topgL flTs;. E}ypd;
ngah;> ghtz ghly; vz;zpf;if Mfpa nra;jpfs; midj;ijAk;>
kpd;ndwp rlhKb tpehafd; mbnfhb
ed;ndwp ntz;gh ehw;gJk; tUNk‟
9. cyfePjp: (fp.gp. 18)

Mrphpah; cyfehjd; 13 Mrphpa tpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cyfePjp
Guhzk; vd;W Mrphpah; jkJ E}ypd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpehafh; tho;j;jhff; flTs;
tzf;fj;ij mikj;Js;shh;.
vd;rPh; Mrphpa tpUj;jkhf mike;Js;s cyf ePjpapy; 4-Mk;> 8 Mk;rPh;fs;
Ntz;lhk; vd KbfpwJ. xt;nthU ghlypd; <w;W %d;W rPh;fSk; tho;j;jha; neQ;Nr.
(m) $wha; neQ;Nr vd KbfpwJ. 11> 13 Mk; ghly;fspy; ,k;Kiw khWfpwJ.
„kjpahjhh; jiythry; kpjpf;f Ntz;lhk;‟
Nfhapy; ,y;yh Chpy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;‟
vd;Dk; Gfo;ngw;w njhlh;fs; cyfehjhpd; gjpthfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
10) ePjpE}y; (fp.gp.19) :

Mrphpah; kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is mth;fs;. gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;
vd;Dk; Kjy; jkpo;g; Gjpdj;ijj; je;jth;. fhyk; 1826-1889 ,e;E}Yf;F kfhtpj;Jthd;
kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is mth;fs; Mrphpag;ghthy; Md 187 thpfs; nfhz;l rhw;Wftp
xd;widj; je;Js;shh;.
nja;tk;> kd;dd;> Mrphpad;> kf;fs;> ngz;fs;> cld;gpwe;jhh;. ngha;> fsT>
nfhiy> #J> kJ> iff;$yp (,yQ;rk;) Nrhk;gy;> rpdk;> nghwhik> kPJ}z;>
jw;Gfo;rr; p epiyahik Kjyhd gyg;gy tho;atpay; ePjpfis kha+uk; Ntjehafh;
tphpfhf tpsf;Ffpdwhh;. fztd; kidtpah; ,ay;G gw;wp kl;Lk; 48 ghly;fspy;
ghbAs;shh;.
„gaphpid Ntypjhd; Nka;e;j ghd;ik Nghy;
nraph;cs ePjpiar; rpijj;Njhh; jPad;rhz;
tapwpid tsh;j;jpl Mq;F khepjp
ntapYW ntz;znza; Nghy; tpspAk; cz;ikNa‟
11. Gjpa Mj;jp#bfs; fp.gp. 20)

xsitahh; ghba Mj;jp#bia mbnahw;wpg; gy Gjpa Mj;jpfbfs; jkpopy;
Njhd;wp cs;sd. Mj;jp#b ,yf;fpak; vdj; jdpnahU tifikahf ,dk;
39
fhzf;$ba mstpy; gy Mj;jp#bfs; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; GjpatUtjhfj;
Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd.
ghujpahh; - Gjpa fj;jp#b
ghujpjhrd; - Mj;jp#b
t.R.g.khzpf;fk; - jkpo;#b
e.uh.ehr;rpag;gd; - newpfb
r.nka;ag;gd; - mwtpay; #b
jkpoz;zy; - Ma;T#b
Gyth; Nrh.k. ,stuR - 7 ePjp#b
vdg; ghujpahh; cs;spl;l gyUk; vOjpAs;sit Gjpa Mj;jp#b tuTfs;.
,tw;Ws; lhf;lh; jkpoz;zypd; Ma;T#b Muha;r;rp newpKiwfis
vLj;Jiug;gJ.
„mr;rk; jtph;
clypid cWjp nra;
Ik;nghwp Ml;rp nfhs;
fpis gy jhq;Nfy;‟
vd;gd ghujpahhpd; Gjpa Mj;jp#b
„may;nkhop goF‟
„< nad thNoy;‟
„Et;tpdk; Nghy; ,Nuy;‟
vd;gd eh.uh.ehr;rpag;gdpd; Mj;jp#b.
gpw mwE}y;fspd; kuGg; Fwpg;G
1) njhy;fhg;gpah; ePjp E}ypYk; epiyapidr; nrtpAiw> thAiw vdf;
Fwpj;Js;shh;.
2) ciw – kUe;J vd;W Nguhrphpah; $Wfpd;wdhh;. thahy; $wg;gLk; ePjp
thAiw vdg;gLk;. fhjhy; Nfl;L czug;gLk; ePjp nrtpAiw vd toq;fg;gLk;.
3) ePjp E}y;fSs; jpUf;Fws; ,yf;fpa cyfpYk;> cyf mstpYk;
jdpj;jnjhU ,lj;ij ntd;Ws;sJ.
4) gpwePjp E}y;fs; midj;Jk; fhy> Ntjq;fisf; fle;J epiyj;J epw;Fk;
epiyNgWila ePjpfisf; $Wfpd;wd.
5) ePjp E}y;fSs; nfhd;iwNte;jd;> %Jiu> ey;top> cyfePjp> ed;ndwp
Mfpa E}y;fspy; flTs; tho;j;jhf tpehafh; tzf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
myF - 1 tpdhf;fs;
1. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpd; Gjpa Nehf;fpidj; jUf

2. jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ik kw;Wk; rpwg;Gfis tpthp.
3. Kr;rq;fq;fs; ,Ue;jjh?
4. rq;ffhyk; Fwpj;j fhyf; fzpg;Gfisj; jUf.
5. njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpj;njOJf.
6. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis tpthpf;f?
7. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fis tpthp
8. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nkd;ikapid tpthp.
9. ePJ ,yf;fpaq;fis tpthp
10. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fis Fwpj;J tpthpf;f.
40
myF-2
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Kd;Diu
jkpopy; fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; gy fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW tsHr;rp epiyfisf;

nfhz;lJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Kd;Ng gy tha;nkhop tbtf; fhg;gpaq;fSk;
vOjg;gl;l rpy ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSk; Njhd;wp tsHe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Kd;G
,yf;fzj;ijf; Fwpj;J nkhop kuGfisf; fhf;Fk; ngUE}y;fisf; Fwpj;J
Nghpyf;fpaq;fshk; njhlHepiyr; nra;AisAk; mJ Fwpf;fyhapw;W. fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpa fhyk;
rpyg;gjpfhuNk jkpopd; Kjw;fhg;gpak; vd;gJ mjd; fl;likg;G nkhopf; $W

Nghd;wtw;why; cWjpg;gLk;. Ml;rpf; fhyk; ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp.114-135 MFk;.
vdNt mjd; fhyk; fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vdj; njspT. kzpNkfiyf; fij
rpyk;Gf; fijAld; njhlh;GilaJ. rhj;jdhH gw;wpa Fwpg;Gr; rpyk;gpYk; cz;L. ,U
E}y;fSf;Fk; cs;s xw;WikfSk; gythFk;. rkar; rhHghy; kzpNkfiy
NtWgLfpwnjd;gJ cz;ikNa MapDk; ,itapuz;Lk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;gd.
mLj;Jr; NrhoH fhyj;Nj jhd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.

fp.gp.9k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 12 k; E}w;whz;L tiu Nrhog; NguuR Xq;fpapUe;j fhyj;Nj
Njhd;wpaijr; NrhoH fhyf; fhg;gpaq;fs; vd miof;fyhk;. ,q;qdk; jkpopy; fhg;gpa
fhyk;. ,uz;lhf miktjhy; Kjw;fhg;gpa fhyk;. gpw;fhg;gpa fhyk; vdTk; gFj;Jf;
$WtH. epiyahd NguuRfs; Mz;l fhyj;Nj kf;fs; kd mikjpAld; tpohtpYk;
kfpo;rr; papYk; <LgLtH fhg;gpaq;fs; cUthFk; fhyk; ,j;jifaNj MFk;. %Nte;jH
Ml;rpapd; gadhf mfKk; GwKk; tsHe;J fdpe;jit ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs;. Nrhog;
Nguurpd; gadhf cUthdit ,ilf; fhyj;jit.
1. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
2. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp>

Fz;lyNfrp.
3. IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; - aNrhju fhtpak;> cjaz Fkhu fhtpak;> ePyNfrp>

ehfFkhu fhtpak;> #shkzp.
4. ,uhkhazq;fs; - ,uhkfij> fk;g,uhkhazk;
5. Guhzf; fhg;gpaq;fs; - nghpa Guhzk;> fe;j Guhzk;
6. ghuj E}y;fs; - ngUe;Njtdhh; ghujk;> ghuj ntz;gh> tpy;yp ghujk;>

esntz;gh.
7. rkaf; fhg;gpaq;fs;
,Ryhkpak;: rPwhg;Guhzk;
fpwpj;Jtk;: Njk;ghtzp> ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;.
41
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Njhd;wpa tuyhw;iwf; fhl;rpf; fhijapy; fhzyhk;. kiythzH

gyH $b Ntq;if kuj;jbapy; JaUw;wpUe;J fztDld; tpz;zfk; Nghd xU
ngz;izg; gw;wpg; Nghpahw;wq;fiuf;F kiytsk; fhz te;jpUe;j Nrud;
nrq;Fl;Ltdplk; $wpdH. mk;kd;dDld; mtd; kidtp Ntz;khSk; ,sq;NfhTk;
jz;lkpohrhd; rhj;jDk; nrd;wpUe;jdH. kiythzH $w;iwf; Nfl;l rhj;jdhH
xz;nlh khjHf; Fw;wijnay;yhk; vLj;Jf; $WfpwhH. ,q;qdk; mf;fijiaf; Nfl;l
fhuzj;jhy;> czHr;rpahy; ce;jg; ngw;w ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
„murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwq;$w;whtJ}ck;
ciurhy; gj;jpdpf; FaHe;NjhH Vj;jYk;
Co;tpid cUj;J te;J}l;Lk; vd;gJ}ck;
#o;tpidr; rpyk;G fhuzkhfr;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Dk; ngauhy;
ehl;LJk; ahNkhH ghl;Lilr; nra;As;‟
(gjpfk;)
rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij 30 fhijfisg; gFj;J> %d;W fhz;lq;fspy; mikj;;J mUspdhH.

GfhHf; fhz;lk; 10 fhijfs;> kJiuf; fhz;lk; 13 fhijfs;> tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; 7
fhijfs; ,tw;Ws; Ntl;Ltthp> fhdy; thp Nghy; thpg;ghly;fshf mike;j
fhijfSk; Ma;rr ; paH Fuit> Fd;wf;Fuit Nghy; Fuitahly;fshaike;j
fhijfSk; cs kq;fy tho;j;J Kjy; tue;jU fhij tiu fz;zfpiag; gj;jpdpj;
nja;tkhf;fpf; fhl;LjNy ,sq;Nfhtpd; cl;NfhshFk;.
,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,ir ehlfg; gz;Gfs; kpspu ,jidahj;jikahy; ,/J

,aypir ehlfg; nghUl;njhlH epiyr; nra;As; vdg;gLk;. ,ilapilNa xU rpwpJ
ciueil tuf; Nfhj;jikahy; „ciueilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;ASkhFk;.‟ ehlff;
fhg;gpak;> Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;> Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak>; vd;nwy;yhk; ,d;W mJ
rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. „rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;W XH kzp Muk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL‟ vd;w
ghujpahH “neQ;ir ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk;” vdg; ghuhl;bapUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Nfhtyd; vd;w tzpf kfid kze;J nfhz;l fz;zfp rpy Mz;Lfs;

mtDld; ,d;Gw;W tho;e;jhd;. khjtp vd;w fzpif flw;fiyaurpaha; muq;Nfwpa
NghJ> mjidf; fz;L kdj;ijg; gwpnfhLj;j Nfhtyd; jd; tPl;ilAk; kidtpiaAk;
kwe;J mtSld; ciwthdhapdhd;. gpd;dH khjtpAld; khWgl;L> mtd; ,y;yk;
jpUk;gpdhd;. rpyk;Gld; tzpfk; nra;a kJiuia Nehf;fp Gwg;gLk; NghJ
fTe;jpabfs; vd;w rkzj; Jwtp topj; Jizahd. GwQ;Nrhpia Jwtpfs; jq;Fk;
,lj;jpy; khjhpaplk; fz;zfp Nfhtyd; ,UtiuAk; xg;gilj;J CUf;Fs; mDg;gp
itj;jhH.
42
khjphp tPl;by; kidtp rikj;j cztpidAz;L Nfhtyd; efUf;Fs;
Gwg;gl;lhd;. topapilNa nghw;nfhy;yd; xUtidf; fz;L rpyk;igf; fhl;bdhd;;.
mtd; kd;dDila NjtpapdJ fhw;rpyk;igf; Kd;dNk jpUbatdhjypd; Nfhtyid
„fs;td;‟ vd murdplk; gpbj;Jf; nfhLj;J tpl;lhd;. murd; MuhahJ nfhy;Yk;gb
fl;lisapl;L tpl;ljhy; Nfhtyd; nfhiyAz;lhd;. gpd;dH fz;zfp> ghz;bad; mit
nrd;W tof;fhb jd; rpyk;G kzpg;guy; cilanjdf; $wp mjid cilj;J
nka;g;gpj;jhs;. ghz;bad; Njtpapd; fhw;rpyk;G Kj;Jg;guy;fis cilaJ. mjdhy;
jd; Fw;wKzHe;j ghz;bad; mhpaizapypUe;jthNw tpOe;J capH tpl;lhd;. mtd;
NjtpAk; clDapH ePj;jhd;. rpde;jzpahj fz;zfp kJiuia vhpA+l;bdhs;. gpwF
Nkw;F Nehf;fpNa ele;J Nry ehl;L vy;iyia mile;j neLNts; Fd;wk; mbitj;J
Vwp Ntq;if ku epoypypUe;J gjpdhd;fhk; ehs; thdtdhfpa fztd; te;jiof;f
cld; nrd;wds;. ,q;qdk; kJiuf; fhz;lj;Jld; mtykhff; fij KbfpwJ. tQ;rpf;
fhz;lj;jpy; nrq;Fl;Ltd; ,kaj;jpy; fy;nyLj;Jf; fq;ifapy; ePuhl;bf;
NfhapnyOg;gpa nra;jp ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
kzpNkfiy
fhg;gpaj; jiytd; ngauhy; ,J „kzpNkfiy‟ vd;Wk; „kzpNkfiy fsT‟

vd;Wk; miof;fgl;lJ. rpyk;G Nghynt Kg;gJ fhijfisAila jhapDk;
thpg;ghly;fs;> Fuitg; ghly;fs; Nghy; td ,iltputp tuhky; ,J NtWgl;Ls;sJ.
kzpNkfiyahfpa fhg;gpaj; jiytp ngsj;j rkaj;ij mOe;jg; gw;wpg; Gwr;
rkaj;jhUld; thjpl;ltshjypd;> mts; fijiaf; $Wk; rhj;jdhH
kzpNkfiy „tpohtiw fhij‟apy; njhlq;FfpwJ. fhtphpg;G+l;lzj;jpy;

,Ugj;njl;L ehs; eilngWk;; ,e;jputpoh gw;wp mJ tpthpj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
„grpAk; gpzpAk; gifAk; ePq;fp
thpAk; tsDk; Ruf;nfd tho;j;jp‟
tpoh njhlq;FfpwJ. ,Wjpapy; „gtj;jpwk; mWnfdg; ghit Nehw;w fhijapy; fij

KbfpwJ. ,e;jpu tpohtpy; ehl;bakhLtjw;F khjtpAk; tutpy;iy. kzpNkfiyAk;
tutpy;iy. mjdhy; CuhH gop rhw;Wtjhf khjtpapd; jha; rpj;jpuhgjp
tae;jkhiyaplk; $wpaDg;Gfpwhs;.
“khngUk; gj;jpdp kfs; kzpNkfiy
mUe;jtg; gLj;jy; my;yJ ahtJk;”
vd;W tpil $wf; fhz;fpNwhk;. kzpNkfiy jd; ngw;NwhH cw;w Jaiuf; Nfl;l
mstpy; fz;zPh; rpe;j Gj;j gfthDf;Ff; nfhLj;j khiy J}a;ik ,oe;jJ. Gjpa
khiy njhLf;f cttdk; nry;Yk; NghJ cjaFkhud; kzpNkfiy kPJ md;G
nfhz;L Gj;jgPbif gpd;dhy; kiwe;jhs;. kzpNkfyh nja;tk; mtis kzp
gy;ygj;jPtpy; mioj;J nrd;W> gok; gpwg;GczHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. „ePAk; cjaFkhuDk;
gok; gpwg;gpy; fztd; kidtpauhf tpsq;fpath;fs;. mjdhy; cd; kdKk; mtd;ghw;
nrd;wJ. cd;idj; jdpikg;gLj;j ,q;F J}f;fp te;Njd;.‟ gpwF Ntw;WU vLf;fTk;>
thd topahfr; nry;yTk;> grpia mlf;fTk; ty;y %d;W ke;jpuq;fis ey;fpr;
nrd;wJ.
43
mj;jUk gPbifiaf; fhf;Fk; jPtjPypif Njhd;wp MGj;jpud; ifapypUe;jJk;
md;dk; ms;s ms;s Fiwahj mKjRugp vd;Dk; „ml;ra ghj;jpuk;‟ kzpNkfiy
ifapy; nfhLj;jdH. Mjpiu vd;Dk; fw;Gf;furpAlk; Kjd;Kjy; gpr;ir ngw;Wg; gpwF
fhJ NfshNjhH> fz; njhpahjtHfs; Kjypa Viofs; midtUf;Fk; grpg;gpzp
jPHj;jhs;. cyfstpay; czT+l;bg; gzp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j kzpNkfiy rpj;juhgjp
J}z;LNfhyhy; Njbr; nrd;w cjaFkhud; mtSf;F ,d;dy;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.
gpd;G fharz;bif tbtnkLj;J rpiwr; rhiyf;F nrd;W czT+l;b mwr;rhiyahf
khw;wpdhs;. mtis Njb te;j fztd; tpQ;irad; kzpNkfiyia fharz;bif
vd;W epidj;J mts; gpd;Nd njhlHe;jhd;. cjaFkhuid thshy; ntl;bdhd;. gpd;G
mts; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L nrd;W tpl;L> kzpgy;ytd; ,lj;ij mile;J mq;fpUe;J
tQ;rp khefH nrd;whs;. mq;Nf fz;zfp Nfhtyd; gbkq;fisf; fz;L mOjhs;.
jdJ jhapidf; fz;L Mz;Ntlj;ij mfw;wpa mts;. mwtztbfsplk; mts;
jtj;jpwk; G+z;L jUkk; Nfl;lhs;. mjdhy; mts; mf;fhQ;rpapNyNa gtj;jpwk;
mWnfd Njhw;gts; Mapdhs;.
,t;thW rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; gapd;W tUtij

mwpa KbfpwJ.
ngUq;fij
,/J mftw;ghthyhd fhg;gpak;> jkpopy; Kjw;fhg;gpaq;fs; %d;Wk; mfty;

ahg;ghy; mike;Js;sik fUjw;ghyJ. gj;Jg;ghl;Lg; Nghy> ,it fij jOtp
,ay;ghd tsHr;rpia czHj;Jk;. Fzhl;baH vd;ghH igrhr nkhopapd; vOjpa
Nfhrhk;gp efu kd;dd; cjazd;fij ,J. gpUfj; fjH vdg;gLk;. ,jidg;
ngUq;fij vd ahj;jdH nfhq;F Nts; vd;Dk; murj;jkpo;g; GytH mjdhy;
,e;E}w;Ff; nfhq;FNts; khf;fij vdTk; ngaUz;L. ,JNt Kjy; rkzf; fhg;gpak;.
cjazd; kiyapd; gf;fj;Nj gpwe;J> A+fp vd;w ez;gDld; tsHe;J je;ij

muirAk; khkd; muirAk; jd; Kaw;rpahy; ngWfpwhd;. ,td; ahidiaj;
jd;tag;gLj;Jk; fw;wYilatd;;@ ahopir ty;ytd;. cr;rapdp efu kd;ddhy;
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L> A+fpahy; tpLtpf;fg; ngWfpwhd;. cr;rapdp kd;ddJ gl;lj;J
ahidia mlf;fp mk;kd;dd; kfs; thrtjj;ijia kzf;fpwhd;. gpd;G gj;khtjpia
kzf;fpwhd;. thrtjj;ijapd; kfd; euthz jj;jd; kjd kq;ifia kzf;fpd;whd;.
mtis tpj;jpahjud; xUtd; ifg;gw;wpr; nry;y> cjazd; tpj;jpahju cyfk;
nrd;W mq;Fs;s murHfis ntd;W> tpj;jpahjug; ngUkd;ddha; tho;fpwhd;.
,Wjpapy; gfkhtjpapd; kfDf;F murhl;rpia mspj;j tpl;L cjazd; jtk; nra;ar;
nry;fpwhd;.
,jpy; rpe;jhkzpf; fhg;gpaj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;fhd $Wfisf; fhzyhk;. ,e;E}ypy;

Copd; typ> el;gpdH flik. murhl;rp Kiw> ePj;jhH ngUik> rkz rkaf; nfhs;is
Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;E}y; ,g;NghJ KjYk; ,y;yhkYk; ,ilg;gl;l rpy
gFjpfspd;wpAk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,jpy; ,yf;fpaj; jpl;g El;gq;fs; gy nrwpe;jpUe;Jk;
fw;wwpe;jtHfshy; ,J Nghjpa msT Nghw;wg;glhik tpag;igj; jUfpwJ.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> Fz;lyNfrp> tisahgjp> rPtfrpe;jhkzp ,tw;wpy;

Kjy; ,uz;L fhg;gpaq;fs; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fis fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
44
rPtfrpe;jhkzp
Nrho kugpduha;r; rkz rkaj; Jwtpaha;j; jpfo;e;j jpUj;jf;f Njtuhy;

,f;fhg;gpak; gilf;fg;gl;lJ. tpUj;jk; vDk; ghtpyhd Kjy; jkpo;f; fhg;gpak; vd;W
,J Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}y; gjpd;%d;W ,yk;gq;fisAk; %thapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l
nra;As;fisAk; cilaJ. rPtfd; fy;tp fw;wijf; $WtJ ehkfs; ,yk;gfk;.
fl;baq;fhuid ntd;W ehl;il mile;jJ kz;kfs; ,yk;gfk;. rPtfd; Ml;rp
va;jpaJ G+kfs; ,yk;gfk;. tPL NgWwf; fhjypj;J Kj;jpayk;gfk;. gpw vl;L
,yk;gfq;fs; KiwNa rPtfd; fhe;jUtj;ij Fzkhiy> gJik> Nfkrhp> fdfkhiy>
tpkiy> RukQ;rhp> khkd; kfs; ,yf;fiz Mfpa vz;kiu kze;jidf; $Wtdthk;.
ez;gd; gJKfDf;F ee;jNfhgd; kfs; Nfhtpe;ijia kzk; Kbj;J itj;jJ
Nfhtpe;ijahhpyk;gfk;> ,q;qdk; kzkhf cUtfpj;Jk; kztpid gw;wpaNk $Wtjhy;
,jw;F „kzE}y;‟ vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
Vkhq;fj ehl;Lr; rr;re;jd;> kidtp tpiria kPJ fopngUq;fhjy; nfhz;L>

murhl;rpiaf; fl;baq;fhud; vd;w mikr;rdplk; xg;gilj;jhd;. mtd; #o;rr
; p nra;J
muridg; GwQ;#o;e;J Nghhpl;Lf; nfhd;W tpl Kay;ifapy; xU kapy; nghwpapy;
fUTw;wpUe;j jd; kidtpia mDg;gp tpl;Lr; rr;re;jd; Nghhpy; kbfpd;whd;. ,ts;
,Lfhl;by; rPtfidg; ngw;Wg; Nghl;L tpl;Lj; jtk; nra;ar; nrd;W tpLfpwhs;.
fe;Jf;fld; vd;w tzpfd; rPtfid vLj;J tsHf;fpd;whd;. mr;rze;jp vd;gthplk;
fy;tp gapd;w rPtfd; jd; ez;gDf;F Nfhtpe;ijia kzk; nra;tpj;jJld; jhDk;
vz;kiujd; gy;NtW jpwg;ghL fhuzkhf ntd;W kzf;fpwhd;. ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp
Ml;rpiaaile;J> tho;e;j gpd; ,y;tho;tpd; epiyahikia epidj;J> Qhdk; ngw;Wj;
JwT epiyia mtd; milfpd;whd;.
tay;fspy; jiyrha;j;J tpsq;Fk; new;fjpHfisf; fhl;b ehl;L tsk; ghLk;

NjtH ctikfis mLf;fp xU fw;gidiag; gilf;fpwhH. ghk;gpd; Njhw;wk; Nghy;
ehw;W tsHe;J> Nkyy;yhH nry;tk; Nghy; jiy epkpHe;J rpyehs; epd;W> fw;wwpe;j
nghpNahH Nghyj; jiy ftpo;e;J new;gapHfs; fha;e;jd vd;fpwhH NjtH.
“nrhy;yUk; #w;gRk; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wk; Nghy;
nky;yNt fUtpUe;J <d;W NkyyhH
nry;tNk Nghy; jiy epWtpj; NjHe;jE}w;
fy;tpNrH khe;jhpd; ,iwQ;rpf; fha;j;jNt”
(ehkfs;)
Fz;lyNfrp
,/njhU ngsj;jf; fhg;gpak;. kiwe;J Nghd jkpo;; E}y;fSs; xd;W.

ciuahrphpaHfshy; vLj;jhsg;gLk; rpwg;G ,jw;Fk; cz;L. Gwj; jpul;by; gj;njhd;gJ
nra;Al;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tpUj;jg;ghthy; ,ad;w ,f;fhg;gpak; ahg;gUq;fy
tpUj;jpAiuapy; vLj;jhsg;gLtjhy; ,J gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bw;F Kw;gl;lnjd;gH. ,jw;F
kWg;ghf vOe;j ePyNfrpapd; fhyk; fp.gp.9k; E}w;whz;L. ,jd; MrphpaH ehjFj;jdhH.
kzpNkfiy rka thjj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. Fz;lyNfrp. ePyNfrp gpq;fyNfrp

Nghy;td ,t;tifapyhd thjf; fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;gH. Fz;lyNfrp ngsj;jj;jpd;
45
ngUikiaAk; mjd; kWg;ghf vOe;j ePyNfrp rkzj;jpd; ngUikiaAk; thj
mbg;gilapy; epiyehl;l Kay;fpd;wd. Fz;lyNfrp (RUz;l $e;jiyAilats;)
vd;w ngz;zpd; fijiaAk; ePyNfrp ciuapypUe;Nj njhpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.
gj;jpiu vd;w tzpfkfs;> fhsd; vd;w fs;tid Nerpf;fpwhs;. murdhy;

fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j mtidj; jd; je;ij cjtpahy; kPl;L kze;J
nfhs;fpwhs;. ,UtUk; ,dpNj tho;f;ifapy;> xUehs; gj;jpiu rpdj;jhy; fztidf;
fs;td; vd;W jpl;lNt mtd; mtis tQ;rkhff; nfhy;yf; fUjp kiyAr;rpf;F
mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;. mq;Nf mts; „jw;nfhy;ypia‟ Kw;nfhy;td;‟ vd epidj;Jr;
rhFKd; fztid Kk;Kiw tyk;tu tpUk;Gtjhff; $Wfpwhs;. mjw;ftd; ,iraNt
mtid kiy Kfl;bypUe;J fPNo js;spf; nfhy;fpwhs;. gpwF tho;it ntWj;j
gj;jpiu JwT G+z;L Gj;j rkak; rhHe;j Kj;jp ngWfpwhs;.
„mwpt jwpthH mOq;fhH ctthH
cWtJ cWk; vd;W ciug;gJ ed;W‟
vd ,Lf;fz; tUk;NghJ mjidj; jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; kdg;ghz;ik tw;GWj;Jk;

moF Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
tisahgjp
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whf itj;J vz;zg;gLk; tisahgjp xU

fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; GfNohL tpsq;fpanjd;gij ciuahrphpaH gyuhYk; mJ
vLj;jhsg;gLtjpypUe;J mwpayhk;. ehybahfTk;> fsbahfTk; ,uz;lb NtW vJif
ngw;Wk; tUtjhy;> thpg;ghly; NghyTk; fypj;jis NghyTkpUe;J tsHe;j ahg;Gj;
jd;ikia ,jpy; fhzyhk;.
„nre;ney; mq;fUk;gpNdhL ,fYk; jPQ;Ritf;
fd;dyq; fUk;Gjd; fKiff; fha;e;vjKk;
,d;dit fhz;fpyd; vd;W G+fKk;
Kfpy;fshy; Kfk;G ijf;FNk‟
ney; fUk;Gld; Nghl;bapl;L mjDauk; tiu tsHfpwJ. fUk;G fKifr;

rpde;J NknyOe;J tsHfpwJ. ,ijf; fz;l fOF (ghf;F kuk;) ,ijg; ghHf;ff; $rp>
Nkfj;jpD}Nl Kfk; Gijf;fpwJ! Nkfj;ijAk; vl;bg; gpbj;Jg; ghf;Fkuk; tsHfpwJ
vd;gijf; $Wk; fw;gid eak; ,J. MrphpaH gw;wp ahJk; njhpatpy;iy. tisahgjp
,ij itrpf Guhzj;jpy; XusT $wg;gl;bUg;gjhFk;.
IQ;rpWfhg;gpak;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; kugpw;F Vw;g IQ;rpW fhg;gpak; vdf;

Fwpg;gpLk; kuGk; jkpopy; Njhd;wpaJ. cjazFkhu fhtpak;> ehf Fkhu fhtpak;>
aNrhju fhtpak;> #shkzp> ePyNfrp vd;gd mit. ,itaidj;Jk; rkzf;
fhg;gpaq;fshjy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
46
cjazFkhu fhtpak;
,/J cjazd; fijiaf; $WfpwJ. MapDk; ,J ngUq;fijapdpd;W

NtWgl;lJk; kpfg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; vOe;jjkhFk;. MW fhz;lq;fSk; 367
nra;Al;fSk; nfhz;l ,e;E}y; fhg;gpa mikjp cilajd;W vdf; $WtH.
ehfFkhu fhtpak;
E}yhrphpaH rkz rkak; rhHe;j Jwtpahjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jtpu NtW

Fwpg;ngJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
aNrhju fhtpak;
capHf; nfhiy jPnjd;W epiy ehl;lTk; fUkj;jpd; gaid tw;GWj;jTk;

ePjpiag; Gfl;lTk; vOe;j ,r;rkz E}y; fhg;gpa eydpy; mj;Jizr; rpwg;Gld;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. rpyH ,jd; MrphpaH ngaH. „ntz;zhtYilahH‟ vd;W $WtH.
cjaehl;Lkd;dd; khhpjj;jd; vd;gtd;. Mtdplk; caph;g;gyp $lhnjd;W tw;GWj;jw;
nghUl;L aNrhjud; vd;ghdpd; gy gpwg;Gf;fij $wg;gLfpwJ. mNrhfd; kfd;
aNrhjud; mkpHjgjp vd;w jd; NjtpAld; mhpaiz VWfpwhd;. murp ahidg;ghfdpd;
ghliyf; Nfl;L> ,irapy; kaq;fpf; fs;s cwT nfhs;fpwhs;. jd; fztidAk;
khkpiaAk; eQ;rpl;l Nrhwpl;Lf; nfhy;fpwhs;. ,jd; fhkj;ij kpFtpf;Fk; vd;w rkaf;
fUj;ij tpsf;f te;jNj ,f;fhtpak; vd;gH.
#shkzp
,JTk; xU rkzf; fhg;gpak;. rpe;jhkzpf;F mLj;j epiyapy; Nghw;wg;gLtJ.

,jidj; Njhyhnkhopj; NjtH rpe;jhkzpf;Fg; gpwF ,aw;wpdhH vd;gH. ,J gd;dpuz;L
fhz;lq;fisak; ,uz;lhapuj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l nra;Al;fisAk; cilaJ. ,J fijAk;
=Guhzk; vdg;gLk; rkz khGuhzj;ijj; jOtpanjd;gH. mq;F ,lk; ngWk;
gyuhkDk; fz;zDk; Nghd;W ,jpy; jptpl;ld;> tprad; Nghd;w ,U kd;dHfs; ,lk;
ngWfpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; giftDk; fQ;ridg; Nghd;wtNd Mthd;. jptpl;ld;
tpz;Zyf kq;if Rak;gpuigia kzk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhd;. jkpopdpik jOtpa
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; rkz kjf; fUj;Jf;fs;. ,ilapilNa tputp tuf; fhzyhk;.
ePyNfrp
,J „ePyNfrpj;njUl;L‟ vdTk; toq;Fk;. ,J Fz;lyNfrpf;F kWg;ghf vOe;j

thjE}y;. ,aw;wpatH ngaH njhpatpy;iy. rka jpthfu thkd KdptH vOjpa
rpwe;j ciunahd;W ,jw;F cs;sJ. gj;Jr; RUf;fq;fisAk; 895 nra;Al;fisAk;
nfhz;lJ ,e;E}y;. ,jid thkd Njthpd; ciuAld; rf;futHj;jp eapdhH
gjpg;gpj;Js;shH.
ghQ;rhy ehl;by; cs;s xU efUf;F mUNf ,Lfhnlhd;wpy; ,lg;gLk; capHf;

nfhiyia Kdpr;re;jpuH vd;w rkz Kdpth; jk; jt typikahy; jLj;jhH. mtuJ
jtj;ijf; fiyf;fk; gioaD}H ePypg;Nga; murp Nghy; Njhw;wq;nfhz;L te;jJ.
Kaw;rpapy; Njhw;w ,t;tpsturp. gpd;G mtUf;F khztpahfpr; rkz rkaj;jpd;
nfhy;yhik tpujj;ijg; ghnuq;Fk; gug;g cWjp nfhz;lhs;. mts; ngsj;j rkaj;
jiytpahd Fz;lyNfrpiaAk;> mHj;j Re;juiuAk; MrPthf rhq;fpaiuAk; thjpy;
ntd;W mtHfisr; rkzuhf;fpj; jhd; rkzj; jiytpahf Md fij ,J
47
rkzuhf;fpj; jhd; rkzj; jiytpahf Md fij ,J. ehl;Ltsk;> efH tsk;
ghLtjpy; ,J rpwg;G tpsq;FfpwJ.
Nfhly;> Njhd;wp> fhah> Ky;iy Mfpa G+f;fs; kyUk; mofpa fhl;rpia

ePyNfrp (fhpa $e;jiy cilats;) vd;W nghUs;gLk;. fhg;gpag; GidjpwDlDk;
re;j ,dpikAlDk; ntspg;gLj;jk; jpwk; ,J.
fk;guhkhazk;
fk;gH fhyk; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gH. kw;Wk; rpyH fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk;

E}w;whz;L vd;Wk; $WtH. Nfhry ehl;ilAk; tlehl;L kd;dH guk;giuiaAk;
ghuhl;Lk; E}yhapDk; NrhoehL kw;Wk; jkpo;kd;dHfspd; <Lk; vLg;Gkw;w ngUkpj
epiyapd; rhaiyNa ehk; fk;gdpd; ,uhk fijapw; fhz;fpNwhk;. Fij vd;Nwh ngaH
#l;bapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; czh;j;JfpwJ. thy;kPfpapd;
tlnkhopf; fhg;gpaj;ijf; fk;gH mt;thNw nkhop ngaHf;ftpy;iy. mjd;
rpwg;Gf;fisnay;yhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Mo;thHfspd; gf;jp ghRuq;fisAk; gpd;gw;wpj;
jkpohpd; „ehfhpfg; gz;ghl;Lf;Nfw;gr; rpw;rpy khw;wq;fSk; nra;J nfhz;L ,e;E}iy
ahj;Js;shH.
„fy;tpapw; nghpath; fk;gH@ fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj; jwpAk; ftpghLk;>

ftpr;rf;futHj;jp fk;gH. Nghd;w njhlHfs; mtH ngUikiag; giwrhw;Wtd. fy;tp
rpwe;j jkpo;ehL Gfo;f; fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL‟ vd;W ghujpahH ghuhl;LtijAk
Nehf;Ff. ,uhkd; jdf;Fg; gjtp fpilf;fpwJ vd eaf;fTk; ,y;iy. fpilf;fhj
NghJ ntWf;fTkpy;iy. ,uz;L epiyapYk; mtd; Kfk; nre;jhkiu Nghy; kyHe;Nj
tpsq;fpaJ. rPij maytd; ehl;by; fhtypy; ,Ue;j NghJk; fw;Gk; nghw;Gk;
tpsq;fkhW nghWikAld; ,uhkd; tuT Nehf;fpf; fhj;jpUe;jhs;>. ,ijf; fz;L te;j
mDkd; ,uhkdplk; jd; nrhy;yhw;wy; Njhd;wr; rPijia Gfo;e;Jiuj;jhd;.
,f;fhg;gpak; kdpj czHTfspd; rpj;jpuk;> caHe;j vz;zq;fspd; Xtpak;@

epfuw;w tho;f;if mDgtf; fUT+yk; thd;kPfpNa ,jidg; gbf;f Neh;e;jhy;> xU
GJikahd fhg;gpak; vd;W Nghw;WthNu jtpu> jk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; jOty; vd xg;ghh;
vdyhk;. ,uhkd; Ffd;> Rf;fphPtd;> tPlzd; %tiuAk; jd; jk;gpfshfNt Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lik gw;wpf; fk;gh; njhlh;e;J ghbtUk; moF rkj;Jtk;f; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F XH
vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;. kpjpiyf; fhl;rp> mq;fjd; milf;fyk;> khahrifg; glYk;>
jhiuapd; tpjitf; Nfhyk;> rPijiag; gHz rhiyAld; ,uhtzd; J}f;fpr; nrd;wik
ahTk; thd;kPfj;jpy; ,y;yhky; fk;gH fijr; Ritf;fhfTk;> jkpoH gz;ghl;Lr;
rpwg;Gf;fhfTk; GFj;jpad vd;gh;.
„td;ik ,y;iy XH tWik ,d;ikapy;
jpz;ik ,y;iy Neh; nrWeH ,d;ikapy;
cz;ik ,y;iy ngha; ciu ,yhikapy;
xz;ik ,y;iygy; Nfs;tp Xq;fyhy;.‟
vdtUk; gy gFjpfs; fk;ghpd; fw;gidj; jpwid kl;Lkpd;wpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;

Nehf;fpidAk; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.
48
nghpa Guhzk;
njhz;lHrPH guTthH vdg;gLk; Nrf;fpohuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. nghpa Guhzk;

,jw;Fj;; jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk; vd;Dk; ngaUz;L. ,J gpwnkhopr; rhh;gpd;wpj; jkpo;
ehl;Lf;NfAhpa fhg;gpakhf ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhh; mWgJ
ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wpj; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif vd;gijg; gjpndhU ghly;fshw;
ghbdhH. ,tH fhyk; fp.gp.vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L gpd;G te;j ek;gpahz;lhh ek;gp> 11-Mk;
E}w;whz;by;> jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifapy; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifabahH xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
xt;nthU ghly; tpjk; 89 ghly;fshf jpUj;njhz;lH jpUte;jhjpiag; ghbdhh. mjd;
gpwF gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjw; gFjpapy; mUz;nkhopj; NjtH vd;w Nrf;fpohH
Njhd;wp> mjid tpthpj;Jg; ghbdhh;.
kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; jhk; ghba gps;isj; jkpopy; “gf;jpr; Rit edp
nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftptytd;” vd;W ,tiur; rpwg;gpj;Js;shH. jkpofj;jpy; gy
CHfspy; tho;e;j rpy ,yq;fisr; rhHe;j mbahHfspd; tuyhW ,J. mit
midj;ijAk; mtutH ,ay;gwpe;J> Nehpw;fz;L Nfl;Lg; gofpa mDgt KjpHr;rpAld;
Nrf;fpohH ghbAs;shH. ,iwtNd „cynfyhk;‟ vd mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fr; Nrf;fpohH
jk; E}iyg; ghbdhH vd;gH.
ehad;khHfsplj;jpy; Nrf;fpohH nfhz;bUe;j gf;jp mstplw;fhpaJ. mtHfspd;

ngUkpj tho;it tpsf;Fkplj;jpy;>
„$Lk; md;gpdpy; Fk;gplNyad;wp
tPLk; Ntz;lh tpwypd; tpsq;fpdhH‟
vdr; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH. NkYk; ,aw;if tUzidapYk; gpw GidTfspYk;

$lg; gf;jpr; Rit ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F nghpa Guhzj;jpy; cz;L. ehad;khHfs;
ghba ghly;fSf;fhd #o;epiyfis mg;ghly;fSld; itj;Jg; gpd;dpf; $Wk;
ghq;Fk;. nfhiy Kjypa jPa nrhw;fis tOtpAk; thahw; nrhy;yhky; fij $Wk;
jpwKk; epidj;J Nghw;ww;ghyd.
fe;j Guhzk;
fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahuhy; vOjg;gl;l fe;j Guhzk; MW fhz;lq;fisAk;

gj;jhapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l nra;As;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. tlnkhopapy; cs;s rptrq;fu
rq;fpijapd; xU gFjpapy; $wg;gLk; ];fe;jdpd; tuyhw;iw mJ jkpopy; jUfpwJ
vd;gh;. ,J NrhoH fhykp; Vw;wKw;wpUe;j NghJ> irt rkak; jioj;Njq;fpa
fhyj;jpy;> mr;rkaTz;ikfs; gy Jyq;FkhW vOjg;gl;lJ. fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahH
fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; Mjp irt kugpy; Njhd;wpatH. ,tH fhyk; fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk;
E}w;whz;L vd;gH.
tpy;yp ghujk;
fp;.gp.17k; E}w;whz;by; tpy;ypGj;J}uho;thH vOjpa ghujk; Njhd;wpa gpd; mjd;

nry;thf;fhy; Kd;ida ghujq;fs; topf; nfhope;jd vd;gH. ,jw;F tpahr ghujNk
„KjD}y;‟ vd;Wk; „mfj;jpagl;lH vOjpa ghy ghujk; KjD}y; vd;Wk; ,U
fUj;Jf;fs; cs. tpahr ghujk; 18 rUf;fKk; E}whapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l RNyhfq;fSk;
nfhz;lJ.
49
„XNude; jidj;Njl xspj;jUSk; ,Ughjj;J
xUtd; me;jg;
NghNudk; jidj; Njbf; fzq;fSld; Gwg;gl;lhd;
Gdq;fs; vy;yhk;‟
tpy;ypGj;J}uhH tuk;gpd;wp tlnrhw;fisf; fye;j re;j ,dpik nghUe;jj;

jk; E}iyg; ghbAs;shH. nrhy;yzp> nghUszpfs; kype;j ,f;fhg;gpak; 4300
ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. jkpofj;jpy; ghujf; fijiaj; jpUtpohf;fspd; xU khjk;
tiu $l ,uT Neuq;fspy; $l;lj;jpy; gbj;;J tpsf;FtJz;L. mjdhy; ey;yhg;gps;is
vd;ghh;. fp;.gp.18k; E}w;whz;by; gj;jhapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l ghly;fis ,jpy; ghbr;
NrHe;jhH. KUfg;g cghj;jpahaH vd;gtUk; ,q;qdk; gy ghly;fisg; ghbg;
ghujj;ij Nkd;NkYk; ngUf;fpdhH vdf; $WtH.
esntz;gh-esd; fij
Kd;ida ,jpfhr Guhzq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l fpisf; fijfs; gy gpw;fhyj;jpy;

jdpf; fhg;gpaq;fshapd mt;tifapy; ghujj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpisf;fijahd esd;
rhpjk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; jdp E}yhapw;W. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; esd; rhpjk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G
CHfhz; fhijapy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. fp.gp.13k; E}w;whz;by; ,Wjpapy; tho;ejtuhfpa
GfNoe;jpg; GytH ntz;gh ahg;gpdhy; esd; rhpijiag; ghbdhH. njhz;il ehl;by;
nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}hpy; gpwe;j ,g;ngUk; Gyth; ks;St ehl;Lr; re;jpud; Rth;f;fp
vd;w kd;ddhy; MjHpf;fg;gl;ltH. „ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp‟ vd;Wk; ,tH ghuhl;lg;
ngw;whH. esntz;gh %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk; 424 ntz;ghf;fisAk; nfhz;ljhFk;.
esjkae;jpaHpd; ,d;g tho;f;ifiaf; $wte;j GfNoe;jpg; GytH rpwe;j
ctikaikj;Jg; ghLfpwhH.
„xUtH clypy; xUtH xJq;fp
,UtH vDk; Njhw;wk; ,d;wpg;-nghUntq;
fdw;F VAk; NtyhDk; fhhpifAk; NrHe;jhH
Gdw;Nf Gdy; fye;jhw; Nghd;W‟
nrQ;rpf; fyk;gfk; vd;w E}Yk; ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. my;yp murhzp

khiy> gtsf;nfhb khiy> Gye;jpud; fsT khiy> VzpNaw;wk;> gQ;r ghz;ltH
tdthrk;> ,uj;jpdr; RUf;fk; Nghd;witahFk;.
fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpak;
,j;jhypa ehl;Lg; ghjphpahH Mfpa tPukhKdptH gy;NtW fiwfspy; jkpo;j;

njhz;lhw;wpa mwpQH MthH. VR ngUkhDld; njhlHGila Nrhrg;gpd; tuyhw;iw
mtH 3615 ghly;fs; nfhz;l Njk;ghtzpg; ngUq;fhg;gpakhf vOjpAs;shH. #irag;gH
Nkhpak;ikapd; ,y;yw tho;itr; rpwg;gpj;Jk;> Jwtw tho;tpd; Nkk;ghl;il tpsf;fpAk;
,e;E}y; Rit ky;fpj; jpfo;fpwJ. ghyj;jPd; ehl;ilAk; nrUrNyk; efiuAk;
$Wkplj;Jk;> jkpo;f;fhg;gpa ehl;Lg; glyk;> efug; glyq;fSf;Fhpa GidT
KiwfisNa MrphpaH gpd;gw;WfpwhH. jhk; ghLk; ehLk; efuKk; ghiy epyk;
50
rhHe;jit vd;gij KdptH kwe;J tpLfpwhh;. fk;guhkhazk; NghyTk; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
NghyTk; ,ir Js;Sfpd;w> fw;gid tsk; epiwe;j ghly;fis ,jpw; fhzyhk;.
ghyj;jPd; ghl;L ,d;dpir Kof;fq;fs; ,it
„fhrp yk;Gt fspj;j Gs;spdk;@
tPrp yk;Gt> kpile;j Jk;gpfs;@
tPrp yk;Gt rpyk;gg; gz;@Gfo;
ehrp yk;Gy> rpyk;Gk; ehnlyhk;!‟
vr;.V.fpU\;zg; gps;is vOjpa ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;gJk; 3800 nra;As;

nfhz;l fhg;gpakhFk;. rhd; gdpadpd; „Gdpjg; gazpapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;‟ vDk; E}iy
mtH jkpo;r; Riyaika> akhfk; jphpG Kjypa nrhy;yzpfs; nghUe;jj;
jkpo;g;gLj;jpAs;shH.
,Ryhkpaf; fhg;gpak;
jkpo; nkhopapy; vy;yhr; rkaq;fSf;Fk; fhg;gpaq;fs; cs vdg; ghuhl;LtH.

rkzj;jpw;Fr; rpe;jhkzp> ngsj;jj;jpw;F kzpNkfiy> irtj;jpw;Fg; nghpa Guhzk;>
itztj;jpw;Ff; fk;guhkhazk;> ,Ryhkpaj;jpw;Fr; rPwhg;Guhzk;> fpwpj;jtj;jpw;F
Njk;ghtzp vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthhfs;. Kjypy; rPjf;fhjpahYk; gpd;G mGy;fhrpk;
kiwf;fhauhYk; Nghw;wg;gl;l ckWg;GytH 5027 ghly; nfhz;l rPwhit vOjpdhH.
rPwhg;Guhzk; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; NghjidfisAk;

$WfpwJ. nra;aj fhjH kiuf;fhaH vd;gtNu nrj;Jk; nfhLj;j rPjf;fhjp vdg;
Gfog;gLk; ts;syhthH. mtUila J}z;L NfhyhYk; cjtpahYNk rPwh ghlj;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. me;E}y; KbAKd; mtH ,we;J tpl;lhH. gbf;fhRg; Gytuhy;
,r;rj
P f;fhjp ts;sy; ghuhl;lg;gl;ltH. rPwhg;Guhzk; %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk;>
njhz;Z}w;wpuz;L glyq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. muGr; nrhw;fs; kpFjpahf ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,Ryhkpr; rka cz;ikfSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk; gw;wpa tphpthd
E}yhapDk;> rkur Nehf;Fk; ,jpy; tpsq;Ftij> ,jd; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghly; MFk;.
“jpUtpDk; jpUtha;g; nghUspDk; nghUsha;j;
njsptpDk; njsptjha;r; rpwe;j
kUtpDk; kUtha; mZtpDf;F mZtha;
kjpj;jplhg; Ngnuhsp midj;Jk;.”
fk;gUk;> NjtUk; jj;jk; fhg;gpaj;jpy;> jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lit Ntw;W ehl;Lf;

fijfNs ahapDk;> mtw;wpy; jkpo; ehl;Lr; rhaiyAk;> jkpo; kf;fs; rhatpidAk;
fz;L ghbdH. mNj kuG topiaNa ehk; ckW tplKk; tPukhKdpthplKk;
fhz;fpNwhk;.
gpw;fhyj; jkpo; fhg;gpaq;fs;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak;> IQ;rpWfhg;gpak; NghyNt fp.gp.17k; E}w;whz;by; Kjy; gy jkpo;f;

fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. mtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit fpwpj;Jtf; fhg;gpaq;fs;.
51
E}y; MrphpaH
Njk;ghtzp tPukhKdptH
,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vr;.V.fpUl;bdg; gps;is
,NaR fhtpak; fz;zjhrd;
,NaR khfhtpak; eph;kyh RNu\;
,Ryhkpaf; fhg;gpaq;fs;
rPwhg; Guhzk; ckWg;GytH
Fj;G ehafk; Guhzk; Kfpapj;jPd; Nrfzhg;GytH
,uhkhazf; fhg;gpaq;fs;
,uFtk;rk; murNfrhp
,uhtz fhtpak; GytH Foe;ij
,uhkhaz ntz;gh Rg;gpukzpa IaH
gpw;fhyg; gpw fhg;gpaq;fs;;
kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;
ghz;bad; ghpR ghujpjhrd;
G+q;nfhb Kbaurd;
nre;ePNuhtpak; gz;zd;
ghuj rf;jp kfhfhtpak; Re;jhde;j ghujpahH
cjak; fiythzhd;
,t;thW gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fs; tiffis

cs;slf;fpAs;sjhFk;.
tpdhf;fs;
1.fhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fhyj;ij tpsf;Ff?
2.,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
3.Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak;> IQ;rpW fhg;gpak; rpW Fwpg;G jUf?
4.gpw;fhy fhg;gpaq;fis njhFj;j vOJf?
5.,Ryhkpa fhg;gpaq;fspd; Fwpg;G tiuf?
52
myF-3
gf;jp ,yf;fpaKk;> jkpo; tsh;r;rpAk;
gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
Mq;fpyk; tzpfj;jpd; nkhop : ,yj;jpd; $l;lj;jpd; nkhop fpNuf;fk; ,irapd;
nkhop> nrUkd; jj;Jtj;jpd; nkhop> gpnuQ;R E}ypd; nkhop> ,j;jhyp fhjypd; nkhop>
vd;W $WtJ nghUe;Jk; vdpd; jkpo; gf;jpapd; nkhop> vd;W $WtJk; nghUe;Jk;
vd;W jdpehaf mbfshh; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whh;. fsg;gpuh; fhyj;jpw;F gpwF Nrhoh;
Ml;rpay; fp.gp. 7> 8> 9 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; „Myag;gzpNa Mz;ltd; gzp‟ vd;Dk;
rpe;jid Nt&d;wpaJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; kd;diuAk; ghbd gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
,iwtidAk; ,iwabahiuAk; rpwg;gpj;jd. Nfhapy; ,y;yhj Chpy; FbapUf;f
Ntz;lhk; (jpU)ePwpy;yhj new;wp gho; vd;Dk; vz;zk; kf;fs; kdj;jpy; Cd;wg;gl;lJ.
ehnlq;Fk; Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. ,aw;wg;gl;l ,yf;fpa tifikfs; midj;Jk;
irt rkar; rhh;Gilatshfj; jpfo;e;jd. ,jd; tpisthfNt irtk;> itztk;>
rkzk;> ngsj;jk;> fpwpj;jtk;> ,];yhk;.. Nghd;w gy rkaq;fs; jkpopy; Njhd;wpd.
rkq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf> mjidg; gpd; njhlh;e;J gy rkaj;jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fSk; ntFtif jkpopy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
jkpo; tsh;r;rp
gf;jp ,af;fj; Njhw;wj;jpd; thapyhf> gy jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fis ,uz;L tifahfg; gFf;fyhk;. 1.rkak; rhh;e;j
,yf;fpaq;fs;> 2.rkak; rhuh ,yf;fpaq;fs;
rkak; rhh; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

irt> itztj;jpy; mjpfkhd rkak; rhh;e;j jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Njhd;wpAs;sd. fhg;gpaq;fs;> rpw;wpayf;fpaq;fs;> gps;isj;jkpo;> cyh> kly;>
jpUKiwfs;> vdf; $wyhk;. fk;guhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;
fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpaq;fs;> ,];yhkpag; gilg;Gfs;> ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; rkzf;
fhl;baq;fs;> vdg; gyj;Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
rkak; rhuh ,yf;fpaq;fs;

jq;fspd; rkak; rhuhkYk;> gy jkpo;f;fhg;gpaq;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;>
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vdr; rkag; nghpNahh;fshy; Njhw;wk; ngw;W> jkpo;nkhop khngUk;
tsh;r;rpia gf;jpAk;> rkaKk; xU fhuzkhf mike;jd vdpy; mJ kpifahfhJ.
ngsj;jKk; jkpOk;
Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jf;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kJiuf; fhQ;rpapy;
Gj;j rkz kjg;gs;spfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. Nghjpjh;kh; rPdk; nrd;W
ngsj;j rkaj;ij tsh;j;jhh;. tlf;NfapUe;J njd;dfj;jpy; gutpa ngsj;jk; jkpofk;
topahf <oj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W gutpaJ.
ngsj;j gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;

ngsj;j rkag; gug;Gjypd; nghUl;L ngsj;jh;fs; gf;jp njhlh;ghd gy
E}y;fisj; jkpopy; vOjpAs;sdh;. mtw;iw>
1. kzpNkfiy
2. Fz;lyNfrp
3. tpk;gprhuhf;fij
4. mgpjh;khtjhuk;
5. jpUg;gjpfk;
6. rpj;jhe;jj; njhif
53
kzpNkfiy xg;gw;w Gj;jkjj; jkpo; fhg;gpak; jk;kgjf; fUj;Jf;fs; gytw;iw
mofpa jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;Jj; jUfpwJ. ,f;fhg;gpak; jkpoh;fs; vj;jid msT
Gj;jkj mwpTk; czh;Tk; ngw;wpUe;jdh; vd;gij ,e;E}yhy; mwpayhk;.
Fz;lyNfrp Gj;jkjr; rhh;ghd tpthjq;fisj; jUk; fhg;gpak; tpk;gprhufij

fhhpag;ghthy;fdJ. xNu xU nra;ANs fpilj;js;sJ. rpj;jhe;jj; njhif rka
tpsf;f E}y;. Jjp E}yhfpa jpUg;gjpf;fj;jpy; XhpU ghly;fNs fpilf;fpd;wd.
Gj;jkpj;jpudhhpd; tPuNrhopak; Xh; Ie;jpyf;fz E}y; Gj;jjj;jhh; vOjpa
mgpjk;khtjhuk; gw;wpAk; Nfs;tpg;gl;LfpNwhk; ftpkzp vOjpa Mrpa N[hjp Gj;jkj
cz;ikfis vspa eilapy; $WfpwJ.
gpw ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;

,sk;Nghjpahh; vd;gth; ew;wpizapd; 72k; ghlyhd „NgZg;Ngzhh; nghpahh;
vd;Dk; ghliy vOjpAs;shh;. ,tuJ ngah; nfhz;L ,th; ngsj;j rkaj;jth; vd
,dq;fhzg;gLfpwhh;.
ngsj;j ,yf;fzq;fs;
14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tPuNrhopak; vd;Dk; Ie;jpyf;fz E}iyg; Gj;jkpj;judhh;
vOjpAs;shh;. ,utJ khzth; ngUe;Njtd; vd;gth; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. tPuNrhod;
ngauhy; tPuNrhopak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nrhokd;dh;fspd; ntw;wp tuyhWfs;
,e;E}ypd; %yk; mwpayhfpwJ. tPuNrhopaf; fhhpif tPuNrhopaj;jpd; vjph;E}yhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ngsj;j ciufs;
fp.gp. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jth; Gj;jj;jjh;. mf;fhyj;J vOe;j
ghypnkhop ngsj;j E}y;fs; gytw;wpw;F ciufs; gy vOjpdhh;. Gj;j rkaf;
nfhs;iffs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
Gj;j rkaj;jpw;F rkz itjPf rkaq;fspd; ,UKidj; jhf;Fjy; njhlh;e;J

,Ue;J te;jJ.
ngsj;jh;fs; jkJ rkag;gug;Gjiy kl;LNk Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
ngsj;j rkag; gug;GjYf;F VJthf rka E}y;fsi kl;LNk ,aw;wpdh;.
,f;fhuzq;fshy; Gj;j rkak; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf eypTw;wJ. ngsj;j rka

vjph;g;ghsh;fshy; Gj;j rka E}y;fs; mopf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mwpQh;
fUj;J.
rkzKk; jkpOk;
fp.gp. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;by; re;jpuFg;j nkshpa kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; tl
,e;jpahtpy; rkzk; Njhd;wpaJ. gj;jpughF vd;Dk; Kdpth; %yk; rkzk; jkpofj;jpy;
Eioe;jJ. nky;y nky;y rkzh;fs; murpay; nry;thf;fpy; nropj;jdh;.
1. rkz gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;

1. ,uhkhazk;> 2. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; 3. Guhzq;fs;> 4. rpj;jhe;j E}y;fs;> 5.
ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;> 6. ciueilE}y;fs;> 7. rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; vd 7 tifikfshfg;
gFf;fyhk;.
54
rq;f fhy cNyhr;rudhh; rkzh; vdf; fUJth;. fzpad; vd;w nrhy;
rkziuf; Fwpf;Fk; vd;ghh;. epfz;ld; fiyf;Nfhl;Lj; jz;ldhUk; rkzNu mfg;Gwg;
ghly;fspy; xU rpytw;wpy; rkz rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs; cs njhy;fhg;gpaiuAk;
jpUts;StiuAk; ,sq;NfhtbfisAk; rkzh; vd;W xU rpy mwpQh;fs;
tpthjpf;fpd;wdh;. ngUq;fijAk;> rpe;jhkzpAk;> tisahgjpAk; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fSk;
rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fshFk;.
gpwrkz ,yf;fpaq;fs;
1. rkz rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;Js;> epfz;ld; fiyf;Nfhl;Lj; jz;ldhh; vd;Dk; rkzg;
Gyth; ew;wpizapy; 383 Mk; ghly; ghbAs;shh;.
2. cNyhr;rdhh; vd;Dk; Gyth; 35 rq;fg; ghly;fisf; ghbAs;shh;.
cNyhr;rdk; kapiu NtnuhL gpLq;Fjy; rzkj; JwtpahFk; NghJ cN;yhr;rdk;
nra;jJ rkzk;.
rkz ePjp E}y;fs;

1. ehybahh;> 2. rpWgQ;r%yk;> 3.gonkhop> 4. Vyhjp ,J kl;Lkpy;yhky; rkzh;
E}y;fshf jphpfLfk;> ,dpait ehw;gJ> jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ. ehd;kzpf; fbif>
gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspd; fhzyhk;. kdpjh;fSf;F Njitahd
msf;fUj;JfisAk;> Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;Jk; kUj;Jt KiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpLk;
tifapy; mikfpd;wJ.
Gfo; tha;e;j ,yf;fz E}y;fis rkzh;fs; gilj;Js;shh;. mtw;Ws;

mtpeak;> ahg;gUq;fhyk; ahg;gUq;fyd; fhhpif> Nekpehjk;> tr;rze;jp khiy>
ed;D}y;> ek;gpafg; ngUkhs; Nghd;witahFk;. „fhhpif fw;Wf; ftpghLtij tpl
Nghpif nfhl;bg; gpiog;gNj Nky;‟ vd;gJ ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpizapy; xl;b
fhzg;gLk; gonkhop.
tr;rze;jpkhiy ,e;jpufhspak; vd;Dk; E}ypd; topE}y; ntz;ghg; ghl;bay;

vd;Dk; ngaUk; ,jw;F cz;L.
rkz epfz;Lfs;:
nra;As; tbtpy; MdJ. njhy;fhg;gpa chpapay; kugpay;fspd; tsh;r;rp ngw;w
tbtk; epfz;L vdgyhk;. epfz;L 12 njhFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk;
mhpa nrhw;fisAk; tiuaWj;Jg; nghUs; $WtJ epfz;L. epfz;by; cs;s 11 Mk;
njhFjpahd nrhy; tpsf;fg;gFjpapd; ciu eil tbtNk mfuhjp vdyhk;.
„,dpikAk;> ePh;ikAk; jkpo; vdyhFk; vdj; „jkpo;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F

tpsf;fk; je;J Gfo;nfhz;lJ ,e;epfz;L. „ryhk;‟ vd;w ,Ryhkpar; nrhy;Yk; Nrh;j;J
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rkz ciuahrphpah;fs;
rkz ciuahhprphpah;fs; gth; mtUs; er;rpdhh;fpfpdpah;> ,sk;g+uzh;>
mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;> kapiyehjh;> Fzrhfuh;> fhspq;fh;> thkdKdpth;> gJkdhh;
KjyhNdhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhh;.
ciuahrphpah;fs; ciu nra;j E}y;

1. er;rpdhh;fpdpah; njhy; vOj;jjpfhuj;jpw;Fnjhy;nghUs;
2. ,sk;g+uzh; njhy; nghUs;
3. mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
55
4. kapiyehjh; ed;D}y; Kjy; ciu
5. Fzuhfuh; ahg;ngUq;fyq;fhhpif
6. fhhpq;fh; jpUf;Fws;
7. thkdKdpth; ePyNfrp
nkhop ngah;gG; E}y;

mUq;fyr; nrg;G rkzh; nra;j nkhop ngah;g;G E}y; MFk;. tlnkhopapy;
rke;jpu gj;uh rhhpahh; nra;j ,uj;jpd fuz;lfj;jpd; nkhop ngah;gG
; mUq;fyr; nrg;G.
gpwrkz E}y;fs;
ney;ypyf;f tha;ghL rpWFK tha;ghL vd;Dk; E}y;fs; fzpjk; njhlh;ghdit.
rpNde;jpud; khiy Nrhjpl ePjp vd;gd Nrhjpl E}y;fs;.
,j;Jizj; jkpo;g;Gyik tha;e

; ;j rkzh;fs; jkpopy; njhlhj Jiwfs; ,y;iy
vdyhk; RL ghiwapy; ,lj;jy;> Fiffspy; tho;jy;> cz;zh Nehd;gpypUe;J caph;
Jwj;jy;.
irtKk; jkpOk;:
Mq;fpyk; tzpfj;jpd; nkhop ,yj;jpd; rl;lj;jpd nkhop fpNuf;fk; ,irapd;
nkhop nrUkd; jj;Jtj;jpd; nkhop gpnuQ;R J}jpd; nkhop. ,j;jhyp fhjypd; nkhop
vd;W $WtJ nghUe;Jk; vdpd; jkpo; gf;jpapd; nkhop vd;W $WtJk; nghUe;Jk;
vd;W jdpehaf mbfshh; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whh;.
f. irtj; jpUkiw E}y;fs;

fh. irt rhj;jpu E}y;fs;
fp. irt gf;jp E}y;fs;
fP. irt klq;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp
irtj; jpUkiw E}y;fs;

Kiw-E}y; jpUKiw - jpUE}y;fs;> ,iwtidg; gw;wp irt mbahh;fs;
ghbAs;s jpUE}y;fs; „jpUkiw‟ vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. nkhj;jk; gd;dpuz;L
jpUKiwfs; cs;sd.
jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; : (1> 2> 3> jpUKiwfs;)

,aw;ngah; MSilagps;is %d;W tajpy; Fsf;fiuapy; ,tiu mkur;
nra;J tpl;L ,th; je;ij rptghj ,Ujah; ePuhlr; nrd;whh;. grpahy; mKj
gps;isf;F cikak;ikNa Nehpy; te;J nghw;fpz;zj;jpy; „Qhdg;ghy;‟ Cl;bdhh;.
„NjhLila nrtpad; tpilNawp

Xh; E}ntz; kjp#bf;
fhLila Rliyg;nghb g+rpnad;
cs;sk; fth; fs;td;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; midj;Jg; gjpfq;fspYk; vl;lhtJ ghly; ,uhtzd;

fapiy kiyia vLj;Jj; Jd;Gw;wijAk;> xd;gjhtJ ghly; khYk; maDk; fhz
,ayhj rptngUkhdpd; ngUikiaAk;> gj;jhtJ ghly; rkz ngsj;j rkaq;fs;
Jd;gk; jUk; jPq;fpid cilad vd;Wk; ghLk; ghq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
56
jpUehTf;furh; (4> 5> 6 Mk; jpUKiw)
,aw;ngah; kUs; ePf;fpahh; ngw;Nwhh; „mw;w‟ ,tiuj; jkf;if jpyftjpahh;
tsh;j;jhh;. tapw;wpd; mfk;gbNa FlNuhL Jlf;fp Klf;fpapl Mw;Nwd; mbNad; vd;W
jpUtjpif tpul;lhik ,iwtdplk; fz;zPNuhL Ntz;bdhh;. vd; fld; gzp nra;J
fpilg;gNj vd;Dk; nfhs;ifapy; epd;W cothug;gzp Nkw;nfhz;;lhh;.
“khrpy; tPizAk; khiy kjpaKk;
tPR njd;wYk; tPq;F ,sNtdpYk;
%R tz;liw ngha; ifAk; Nghd;wNw
<rd; ve;ij ,izab epoNt”
Re;juh;
,aw;ngah; MUuh;. mofpy; kaq;fpa ehrpqf; Kidaiuah; vd;Dk; kfdhf
tsh;e;jhh;. fzpzah; Fyj;Jg; guitahh; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;lhh;. ,tuJ fhjYf;Fr;
rptngUkhNd ghykhf ,Uf;f cjtp Ghpe;jhh;. ,jid>
„guit vd;Dk; vd; fhjypf;Fk; vdf;Fk;

gw;whf cs;s ngUkhNd‟
jd;id mbik vd;W $wpa ,iwtidg; gpj;jh; vdf; Nfhgpj;Jg; Ngrpdhh;. ,iwtd;
Re;jiug; fl;nfhz;lgpd; „gpj;jh;‟ vdj; njhhlq;fpg;ghLkhW gzpj;jhh;. Re;juUk;
„gpj;jhgpiw #gp! ngUkhNd mUshsh

vj;jhed;kwthNj epidf;fpNwd; kdj;J cd;dd‟
khzpf;fthrfh; 18 Mk; jpUKiw

fp.gp.9 Mk; E}w;whz;bdh; mhpkh;j;jd ghz;badplk; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j
njd;dtd; gpuk;kuhad; vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;whh;.
jpUthrfk; jpUf;Nfhitahh;.
jpUthrfj;jpy; Jk;gp CJjy; nghw;Rz;zk; ,bj;jy;> njs;Nszk; nfhl;Ljy;>
mk;khid Mly;> Cuyhly; Kjypad ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahly;fs; MFk;.
jpUf;Nfhitahh; „ghdt ghba thahy; Nfhit ghLf vd ,iwtd;

Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;. vdNt khzpf;fthrfh; jpUf;Nfhitahh; ghbdhh; vd;gh;. Nfhitr;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy; %j;jJ ,e;E}y; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit vdTk;gLk;.
„gy;fhy; gofpDk; njhpah csNty;

njhy;fhg;gpak; jpUts;Sth; Nfhitahh;
%d;wpYk; Koq;Fk;‟
vd;W ,yf;fpzj; nfhj:J ,ak;Gfpd;wJ.
9k; jpUKiw xd;gjpd;kh; ghbad

1. jpUkhspifj;Njth;
2. fUt+h;j;Njth;
3. Nre;jdhh;
4. g+e;JUj;jpfhltek;gp
5. fz;luhjpj;jh;
57
6. Ntzhl;lbfs;
7. jpUthyp mKjdhh;
8. GUNlhj;jk ek;gp
9. Nrjpuhah;
10Mk; jpUKiw: jpU%yh;

tlehl;LNahfp> jpUj;jyq;fisj; jhprpj;J tUk;nghOJ jpUththLJiw;fF
mUfpYs;s rhj;jD}Uf;F te;jhh;. $Ltpl;Lf; $L ghAk; ml;lkhrpj;jpfSk; mwpe;j
Nahfpahjyhy; %yd; clypd; GFe;J xU ML>khLfisf; nfhz;L te;J
Ch;Nrh;e;jhh;. jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ je;jpuq;fshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vspikAk;>
,dpikAk; MoKk; epiwe;j ghly;fs; epiyahik> cz;ikfs;> fs;Sz;zhik
Kjyhd tho;tpay; mwq;fs;.
„clk;ghh; mopapd; capehh; mopth;

jplk;gl nka;Q;Qhdk; NruTk; khl;lhh;
clk;ig tsh;f;Fk; cghak; mwpe;Njd;
clk;ig tsh;e;Njd; caph; tsh;j;NjNd‟
11 Mk; jpUKiw – gd;dpUth; ghbad

1. jpUthythAilah;
2. fhZf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
3. fy;yhlNjt ehadhh;
4. ef;fPuNjt ehadhh;
5. fgpyNjt ehadhh;
6. guzNjt ehadhh;
7. RjpuhRbfs;
8. vk;ngUkhd; mbfs;
9. Iabfs; fhlth; Nfhd;
10. Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;
11. gl;bdj;jbfs;
12. ek;gpahz;lth; ek;gpfs;
gukjj;jd; Gdpjtjp ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;l md;gpd; fhuzkhf mtis tpl;L>
NtW xUj;jpAld; tho;e;jhd;. vdNt Gdpjtjp ,iwtdplk; NgAU nfhz;lhh;.
„fapiy kPJ jdyahNyNa ele;J nrd;whh;. ,iwtid mk;ikNa vd
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; „jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfk;‟ ghbdhh;.
Nrf;fpohh; - 12 fk; jpUKiw

jkpo; caph; vOj:J 12. ,ijg; Nghy irtj;jpd; caph; E}y;fs; 12
jpUKiwfs;. nghpa Guhzk; gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiwahf itj;J vz;zg;gLfpwJ.
„cynfyhk; czh;e;J xjw;F mhpatd;

epyT cyhtpa ePh;kyp Ntzpad;‟
vd;W Nrf;fpohh; ghbdhh; ,g;ghly; nghpaGuhzj;jpd; Kjy; ghlyhf mike;Js;sJ.
irt rhj;jpu E}y;fs;

irt rpj;jhq;fis czh;j;Jk; 14 E}y;fs; nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLk;
,jid>
„ce;jp> fspW> cah;Nghjk;> gpj;jpahh;
58
gpe;jpUgh> cz;ik> gpufhrk; - te;j mUs;
gz;Gtpdh Nghw;wp> nfhb> ghrkpyh neQ;RtL
cz;ik newp> rq;fw;gk; cw;W‟
vd;Dk; ghly; thpirg;gLj;Jk;
1. jpUTe;jpahh;
2. jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahh;
3. rptQhd Nghjk;
4. rptQhd rpj;jpahh;
5. ,Ugh ,Ug/J
6. cz;ik tpsf;fk;
7. rptg;gpufhrk;
8. jpUtUl;gd;
9. tpdhntz;gh
10. Nghw;wpg;g/whil ntz;gh
11. nfhbf;ftp
12. neQ;RtpLJ}J
13. cz;ik newp tpsf;fk;
14. rq;fw;g epuhfuzk;
Nghd;w E}y;fs; MFk;. ,tw;wpy; cz;ik newp tpsf;fk; vd;w E}ypy; nka;> tha;>
fz;> %f;F> nrtp> Rit> nkhop> if Nghd;wth;fs; tpsf;fq;fSld; $Wfpd;wd.
irt gf;jp ,yf;fpag; Gyth;fs;

irtg; Gyth;fs; jkpiof; fUtpahff; nfhz;L gf;jp E}y;fs; gyvOjpAs;sdh;.
mit fhyk;gfk;> gps;isj;jkpo; cyh> Re;jhjp ,ul;ilkzpkhiy> Kk;kzpf;Nfhit>
Kjyhd gy rpw;wpyf;fpa tifikfspd; tsh;rr ; pf;F Jiz epd;wd. fp.gp. 15> 16> 17>
18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tho;e;j Fwpg;gplj;jf Gyth;fs; tsh;j;j irtgf;jp
,yf;fpaq;fis ,g;gFjp $Wfpd;wJ.
„VWkapy; VwptpisahL Kfk; xd;Nw

<rUld; Qhd nkhop NgrKfk; xd;Nw‟
vdg; gy Gyth;fs; E}y;fsi ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
,ul;ilg; Gyth;fs; xUth; Klth;> kw;nwhUth; FUlh;> FUlhpd; Njhs; kPJ

Klth; mkh;e;J nfhs;th;. Klth; top nrhy;Ythh;. ghLtjpYk; xUth; ghjpg;ghl;ilg;
ghl kw;wth; kPjpg;ghl;ilg;g hl ty;ytuhf ,Ue;jdh;. ,th; jk; ngah;fs;
„,sQ;#hpah;> KJ#hpah; ,tuJ xw;Wik fUjp ,ul;ilg; Gyth;fs;> vdg;gl;ldh;.
Gue;jts;sy;> nfhq;F kd;dd; gugjp Ml;nfhz;lhd;.
jpy;iyf;fyk;gfk;> jpUthkhj;Jh;f;fyk;gfk;> fr;rpf;fyk;gfk;> khijf; fyk;gfk;

Kjyhd gy fyk;gfq;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. fzaha; fyk;gfj;jpw;F ,ul;ilah;fs;
vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
gpwirtg;Gyth;fs;
fhsNkfg; Gyth;> FkuFUguh;> Jiwkq;fyk; rptg;gpufhrpd; irt vy;yg;g
ehtyhh;. me;jf;ftp tPuuhft Kjypahh;> gbf;fhRg;Gyth;> jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;>
jhAkhdt Rthkpfs;.. vdg;gyh; irtj;ijj; jpisf;fr; nra;J> jkpo; irt E}y;fs;
gy ,kaw;wpNahh; Mth;.
59
irtklq;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp
irtj;jpUKiwfs;> rhpj;jpu E}y;fs; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp
irtklq;fSk; jkpiof;fl;bf;fhg;gjpYk; jkpio tsh;g;gjpYk; ngUe;Jiz
Ghpe;Js;sd. mitfshtd. 1.jUkGu Mjpdk;> 2. jpUthtLJiw Mjpdk;>
jpUg;gde;jhs; fhrpklk;> Nghd;w klq;FSk; irt Ey;fis vOjpAk;> ntspapl;Lk;
jkpo;g;gzp Ghpe;J tUfpd;wdh;.
itzKk; jkpOk;
jpUkhiyr; rkaf; flTshff; nfhz;l rkak; itztk; vdg;gLk;. itzt
rkaj;J ,iw mbahh;fs; gd;dpUtUk; Mo;thh;fs; vdg;gLth; jpUkhypd; mUspy;
md;gpy; Mo;e;J jk;ik kwe;jth;fNs Mo;thh;fs; vd toq;fg;gl;ldh;. jpUkhy;
topghL njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpak;> fhg;gpak;> gjpndd;foP ;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;>
fk;guhkhazk;> tpy;ypghujk; vdg;gy E}y;fspy; njhd;Wnjhl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; itztk;
m. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; itztk;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehdpyq;fSk; mtw;wpw;F chpa nja;tq;fSk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. Ky;iy epyj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ
„khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfk;‟

„khNahd; Nka kd;ngUk; rpwg;gpy;
jhth tpOg;Gfo; g+it epiyAk;‟
vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. (Nka Nkrpa nghUe;jpa) fhLfs; nrwpe;j
Ky;iy epyj;jpd; flTs; khNahdhfpa jpUkhy; vd;gJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
M. rq;f,yf;fpaq;fspy; itztk;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ky;iyf;fdp> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil>
ngUk;ghdhw;Wg;gil> ghpghly; Mfpa E}y;fspy; jpUkhiyg; gw;wpaf; Fwpg;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,. rpyk;gpy; itzk;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; „Ma;rr ; pah; Fuitapy;‟ khatd;Foy; CJk; rpwg;G
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJTk; njhd;ik tha;e;j tbtkhd \ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; tbtj;jpy;‟
jpUkhypd; rpwg;gpid itj;Jg; ghLtjd; %yk; itztj;jpd; kf;fs; nry;thf;fpid
,sq;Nfhbfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
<. gjpndz;fPo;fzf;F E}y;fspy; itztk;

gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; „ehd;kzpf;fbif> jphpfLfk;> fhh;ehw;gJ>
fstop ehw;gJ Mfpa E}y;fspy; ittz rkag; GyNtuuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
,jd;%yk; itzt rkag; Gyth;fs; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspd; thapyhfTk;
itztf; fUj;Jf;fis Mq;fhq;F $wpAs;sdh; vd;gJ GydhFk;.
C. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; itztk;
fk;guhkhaz „ghyfhz;lj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; cs;s ghly; itzt
rkaj;jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ.
„cyfk; ahitAk; jhKs thf;fYk;

epiya xj;jYk; ePf;fYk; ePq;fyh
myfp thtpis ahl;Liu ahuth;
60
jiyth; md;dth;f; Nfrud; ehq;fNs‟
vd;Dk; ghly; KOikAk; itzj;Jtk; epuk;gpAs;sJ. jpUkhy; jhd;
cyifg;gilj;jhh;. mth; jhd; cyfj;jpy; cs;s nghUs;fspd; cs;Sf;Fs;Ns
,Uf;fpwhh;. mth;jhd; mtw;iw mopf;fpwhh; vd;gJ itztj; jj;Jtj;jpd; caph;ehb.
C) tpy;ypghuj;jpd; itztk;
„ghz;blth;f;fj; Jizahff; fz;zd;‟ ,Ug;gjid tpy;ypghujk; $WfpwJ.
;ey;yth;f;Fj; Jizahf ,iwahw;wy; tpsq;Fk; vd;gjidNa ,J
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; itztk; ,ioNahLtjid
mwpayhk;.
itzt Mo;thh;fs; gd;dpUth;

m) ngha;ifaho;thh; : (fp.gp. 6(m) 8 MK; E}w;)
fhQ;rpGuj;jpd; jpUnt/fh fd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s jhkiug; ngha;if‟apy;
Njhd;wpaikahy; ngha;ifaho;thh; vdg;gLfpwhh;. jpUkhypd; rq;fhfpa
„ghQ;rrd;dpaj;jpd; mtjhuk; ,th; ghba gpuge;jk; Kjy; jpUte;jhjpahf mikfpwJ.
100 ghly;fs; MdJ.
M) g+jj;jho;thh; (fp.gp.k (m) 8k; E}w;)

„khky;yGuk;‟ vdg;gLk; jpUf;fly; ky;iyapy; FUf;fj;jp (khjtp) kyhpy;
Njhd;wpdhh; vd;gh;. fjhAj;jpd; mtjhuk; „g+jk;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; ghly;fspy; gy
,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpAs;sjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whh;. ,th; ghba gpuge;jk; ,uz;lhk;
jpUte;jhjpahf mikfpwJ.
,) Ngaho;thh;
nrd;id kapyhg;g+hpy; nrt;ty;ypg;g+tpy; gpwe;jhh;. jpUkhypd;
„ee;jfk;‟ vd;Dk; thspd; mk;rk; gf;jpg;gutrj;jpy; nka;kwe;J Mbg;ghbj; Js;spf;
Fjpj;jgb ,Ue;jjhy; Ngaho;thh; vdg;gl;lhh; ,th; ghba 100 ghly;fs; %d;whk;
jpUte;jhjp vdg;gLfpwJ.
<) jpUkpio Mo;thh; (fp.gp.7 Mk; E}w;)
nrhe;j Ch; njhz;il ehl;by; cs;s jpUkopir ,tUf;Fg; „gf;jprhuh;‟ vd;Dk;
ngaUk; cz;L „ehuhazidg; ghLk; thahy;‟ euidg; ghNld; vd;wth;. FkuFUguh;
jdJ ghlypy;> „ige;jkpo;g; gpd; nrd;w gr;irg; gRq;nfhz;lNy” vdj; jpUkGhpir
Mo;thiug; Gfo;fpd;whh;.
c) ek;kho;thh; fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;

Ch; Mo;thh; jpUefhp vd;Dk; jPUf;FU$h; ,th; je;ij khwd; fhhp> gue;jd;
neLQ;filadpd; mikr;rh; ek;kho;thh; Foe;ijaha; ,Ue;jNghJ ,tuJ ngw;Nwhh;
,tiug; ngUkhs; Nfhapypy; ,wf;fptpl;ldh;. ek;kho;th; jto;e;J nrd;W
„Gspakuj;jbapy; gJkhrdk;‟ ,l;L Nahfj;jpy; mkh;e;jhh; vd;gh;. me;jg; Gspakuj;ij
MjpNldpd; mtjhuk; vd;gh;. itzth; ,d;Dk; mg;Gspakuj;ij „jpUg;Gsp Mo;thh;‟
vd;gh;. Foe;ij KjNy Nahfj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,th; mirT jUk; fhw;whfpa rlk;
vd;Dk; thAitr; rpde;J mlf;faikahy; rlNfhgh; vd;gLfpd;whh;. jpUkhNy
rlNfhgd; vd mioj;jikahy; ek;kho;thh; vdg;gLfpd;whh;. \Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j khwd;
vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;‟. ,tuJ E}y;fSs; jpUtha;nkhopiaj; jpuhtpl Ntjk;
vd;gh;.
61
C) kJuftp Mo;thh; (fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;)
Ch; gz;behl;Lj; jpUf;Nfh&h; ,th; tlehl;by; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ
Xh; xspg;gpok;G topelj;jp te;J „ek;kho;‟thhplk; nfhz;L te;J Nrh;j;jJ vd;gh;. Nahf
epiyapy; ,Ue;j ek;kho;thiuNa jdj Qhdrphpauhf ,th; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;
ek;kho;thh; kPJ ,th; ghba 11 ghly;fs; fz;zpWz; rpWj;jhk;G vd;Dk; ghlypd;
Kjy;thpahy; ngah; ngw;Ws;sJ.
v) FyNrfu Mo;thh; (fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;)

Ch; Nrjehl;Lj; jpUtQ;drpf;fsk; jpUlth;jd; vd;Dk; kd;ddpd; kfd; jk;
ghly;fspy; ,th; jk;ikf; nfhy;ypf; fhtyd;> $ly;ehafd;> Nfhopf;Nfhd;
vdf;$wpf;nfhs;tjhy; ghly; Nrho ehLfSf;Fk; jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vdj;njhpfpwJ.
jpUkhy; gf;jpahy; muR Jwe;jth;. mjw;Fk; gygb NkNy nrd;W jpUNte;jh; fl
kiyapy; gwitaha;> kPdha;> Mwha;> nfhbkukha;> gbaha;g;gpwf;Fk; NgW fpilf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd Ntz;Lfpwhh;.
,th; jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk; tlnkhopapy; KFe;j kiyAk;

nra;Js;shh;. fz;zdpd; gps;isik ,d;gq;fs; midj;Jk; aNrhij ngw;whNs vdj;
Njthp Gyk;Gtjhff; fw;gid nra;Js;s nra;Al;gFjp NjtfpGyk;gy;.
V) nghpaho;thh; (fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;)

Ch; =tpy;ypGj;J}h; ,aw;ngah; rp~;Z rpj;jh; gl;lhh;gpuhd; vdg;gLthh;
Foe;ijf; fz;zdpd; gpwg;G> jhyhl;L> mk;Gyp> ePuhl;ly;> g+r;#l;ly;> rhg;gply; fpsik
tpisahl;L midj;ijAk; nghpaho;thh; czh;e;J ghbAs;shh;. =tpy;ypGj;J}hpy;
jpUkhYf;Fg; g+khiy fl;b ,iwgzp Ghpe;jhh;.
„gy;yhz;L gy;yhz;L gy;yhapuj;jhz;L

gy Nfhb Iwhapuk;;
vd;W jpUkhYf;Fg; gy;yhz;L ghb ghkhiyAk; rhj;jpath; ,Ug;gy;yhz;L
ghbaikahy; „nghpaho;thh;‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdhh;.
I) Mz;lhs;
gd;dpU Mo;thUs; ngz;ghyh; ,th; xUth; kl;LNk. nghpaho;thhpd;
ee;jtdj;jpy; Jsrpr; nrbfSf;f ,ilNa fpilf;fg; ngw;whh; vd;gh;. ,tiug;
nghpaho;thh; ngw;nwOj;Jg; ige;njhb‟ vdg; Nghw;wth;. jpUkhiyNa kzf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Dk; Ntzth nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Mz;lhs; #bf;nfhLj;j khiyia ngUkhs;
#bajhy;> #bf;nfhLj;j Rlh;f;nfhb vdg;Lfpwhs;. ,t;thW ,iwthidNa Mz;ljhy;
Mz;lhs; vd;Wk; rpg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhs;.
Mz;lhs; ghba jpUg;ghitg; ghly;fs; Nehk;G gw;wpaJ ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop

Mz;lhs; ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;l fhjy; kzj;ijf; fhl;Lk;.
x) jpUg;ghz; Mo;thh; (fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;)

ghzh; Fbapdh; vdNt ,tUf;Ff; NfhapypDs; Eioa mDkjp ,y;iy.
vdNt fhtphpf;fiuapypUe;Nj Nfhapy; NfhGuk; ghh;j;JnjhOJ ,irghb ,iwtd
tzq;fpdhh;. gpd; flTspd; mUshy; ,iwtid NeNu fz;lth;. jpUkhiy tzq;fp
mkydwp gpuhd; vd;Dk; 10 gRuq;fisg; ghbdhh;. „ghjfkyd;‟ vd;W njhlq;fp
fz;fs; Kba gjhjpNfr th;zid nra;Js;shh;.
62
X) njhz;lubg;nghb Mo;thh; (fp.gp. 9k; E}w;)
,aw;ngah; tpg;uehuhazd; jpUtPuq;fj;jpy; khiyrhpj;Jk; nghWg;gpid
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. NjtNjtp vd;Dk; tpiykhjpd; tiyapy; rpf;fp topghL kwe;J
rpiwj;jz;lidf;F Mshdhh;. muq;fd;> Mo;thiu kPl;lhh;. jd; jtWf;F ntl;fpdhh;
Mo;thh;. ghtk; ePq;f jpUkhy; nfhz;lfspd; ghjj;Jfspid cl;nfhz;L ght
kd;dpg;G Njbdhh;. mJ nfhz;Nl ,th; nfhz;lh; mbg;nghb vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
,th; jpUgs;spnaOr;rp (10 ghly;fs;) jpUkhiy (45 ghly;fs;) Mfpa E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,tuJ jpUg;gs;spnaOr;r khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rpAld;
xg;gpLk; rpwg;G ngw;wJ.
xs) jpUkq;ifaho;thh; (fp.gp.9 Mk; E}w;)

Nrhoehl;Lj; jpUkq;if ehl;by; „jpUf;FiwaY}h;‟ Chpdh; ePyd; vd;Dk;
gilj;jiytdpd; kfd;> ,th; gpwUf;Ff; fhyd; Nghd;W ,Ue;jjhy; gufhyd;
vdg;gl;lhh;. jpUkq;ifg; gFjpapd; FWepy kd;ddhf ,Ue;jjhy; jpUkq;if kd;dd;
vdg;ngw;whh;. ,th; nghpa jpUnkhop> jpUFWw;jhz;lfk;. jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;>
jpUntOf; $w;wpapUf;if> rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa jpUkly; vd;Dk; E}y;fisr;
nra;jhh; ,tUila ghly;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw tbtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fpwpj;jKk; jkpOk;
;fyk; jU jpU‟tpd; neUl;L fp.gp 15 Mk; E}w;whz;by; lr;Rf;fhuh;> Nldp~;fhuh;>
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;> Mq;fpNyah; Kjyhd INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;jdh;
tsikepiyapy;
„Koq;Ffly; Qhyk; KOtJk; thpDk;

toq;fj; jthm tsj;j jhfp‟
jkpofk; tpsq;fpaJ. Mifahy; Nkiy ehl;bdh; jkpofj;jpy; rpyk;Gf; fhyk; KjNy

CLUtp ,Ue;jdh;. mr;R ,ae;jpuk;> jhs;> ik Kjyhd mwptpay; tsh;rr ; pfshy;
jkpo;nkhop mr;rpy; Vw mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jdh;. ,jd;%yk; nra;ASf;Fs; rpiwg;gl;L
,Ue;j jkpo; ciueilr; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ. fijfs;> fl;Liufs;> ,jo;fs;>
mfuhjpfs;> jpwdha;Tg; Nghf;Ffs; Kjyhd jkpo; tsh;r;rpg; ghijf;F Nkiy ehl;lhh;
tUif> jPgkhfr; Rlh;tpl;lJ. fpwp];jth; jkpo; gzpia>
i. Nkiy ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jthpd; jkpo;g;gzp
ii. <oehl;Lf; fpwpj;jthpd; jkpo;g;gzp
iii. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jthpd; jkpo;g;gzp
iv. fpwpj;jth; my;yhjthpd; fpwpj;jtj; jkpo;g;gzp
v. fpwpj;jj; jkpo;gzpapy; tpise;j jkpo; kWkyh;r;rp vdg;gFf;fyhk;.
1. Nkiyehl;Lf; fpwpj;jthpd; jkpo;g;gzp
Nkiy ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jtUs;>

1. ,uhgh;lb; nehby
2. tPukhKdpth;
3. rPfd;ghy;
4. Nudpa];
5. fhy;Lnty;
6. vy;yp];
7. [p.a+. Nghg;
8. yhrpu];
63
MfpNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhh;
,th;fs; ,aw;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fshtd ke;jpu khiy> QhNdhgyNjrfhz;lk;>

VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk;> QhdjPgpif> Njk;ghtzp> jpUf;fht[h;f; fyk;gfk;> fpj;Njhpak;khs;
mk;khid> milf;fy ehafpntz;fypg;gh> fUzhfug; gjpfk; vdg; gy E}y;fisj;
jkpOf;F toq;fpAs;sdh;.
,yf;fz;g gzp
nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; Nghd;w gy
,yf;fz E}y;fisf; je;Js;sdh;.
xg;gpyf;fzg;gzp :
Ngr;Rj;jkpo; tof;fhw;iwg; gw;wpr; nra;ag;gl;lJ „nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;‟
,jid tPukhKdpth; ,yj;jPd;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;jhh;.
nkhopngah;g;Ggzp
jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghf;fis ,yj;jPdpy; tPukhKdth; nkhopahf;fk;
nra;Js;shh;. iggpis Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; rPfd;ghy;F nkhopngah;g;Gr; nra;Js;shh;.
Gjpa Vw;ghLk; jkpo; nkhopapy; ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh; Gwg;nghUs;
ntz;ghkhiy> GwehD}W Mfpa E}y;fis [p.a+. Nghg; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.
gpwgzpfshtd
mfuhjpg;gzp> njhFg;Gg;zp> vOj;Jr;ruP ikg;Ggzp> ciueilg;gzp>
ciurahrphpah; gzp> rptbg;gzp> tuyhw;Wg; gzp> ,e;jpag;gzp Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
jkpOf;F msg;gwpa njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdh;.
<o ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp

Nkiy ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp Nghd;Nw> <O ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fspd;
jkpo;g;gzpAk; Nghw;WjYf;F chpaJ. mth;fSs; ey;Y}h; Qhdg; gpufhrh;>
fdfrigg;Gyth;> rjhrpk;gps;is> gpypg;G nj.nky;Nyh> jdpehaf mbfs; Nghd;Nwhh;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhh;. ,th;fs; mfuhjpfs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> rpw;wpypf;fpaq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gilj;Js;sdh;.
iii) jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;Jth;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp

jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fSk; jkpOf;F mUe;njhz;L Mw;wpAs;sdh;.
Ntjehafrh];jphpoahh; ngj;Nyff;FwtQ;rp Eiyg; gilj;jth; NkYk; gl;lzk;
gpuNtrk; Qhdj;jr;rd; ehlfk; Qhdf;Fk;kp> Qhdcyh> guhgud;khiy> Nghpd;gf;fhjy;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,aw;wpAs;sh;.
2) kha+uk; Nrj ehafk;gps;sis ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jth;. Gjpd ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

je;ij fpwpj;Jtg; gilg;Gf;fshf. jpUtUs; khiy> jpUtUs; me;jhjp> Njtkhj
me;jhjp> NjtNjhj;jpu khiy gilj;Js;shh;. NkYk; ngz;kjpkhiy> ngz;fy;tp
ngz;khdk; ciueil E}y;fs; vOjpAs;shh;. nkhopngah;g;Gk; nra;Js;shh;.
3. vr;.V. fpU~;zg;gps;is
„[hd;gdpad; vOjpa The pilgrim‟s progress vd;Dk; E}iyj; jkpopy;
„,ul;rzpaahj;jpufk;‟ vd;Dk; ngahpy; nkhop ngah;g;Gr; rka ,yf;fpaj;ij
cUthf;fpdhh;. „fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh;‟ vd;W Nghw;wg;gLth;. jtpu ,ul;rzpa eph;zak;>
,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpa Fws; Nghd;wtitAk; gilj;Js;shh;.
64
gpwjkpo;f;fpwpj;jth;fs;
jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;> tPuFzghz;badhh;> [hd; rhKNty;>
Kj;Jrhkpg;gps;is> NjtNeag;ghtzh;> kw;Wk; gyh; njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdh;. ,itfs; gy
fpwpj;jt rkak; rhh;e;Jk;> gy rkak; rhuhj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fshfTk; cs;sd. NkYk;
jpU.tp.f. ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> fz;zjhrd; Nghd;Nwhh; fpwpj;jth; my;yhky; ,Ue;J
fpwpj;Jtj; jkpo;g;gzp Ghpe;Njhh; Mthh;.
,RyhkpaKk; jkpOk;
Kfk;kJ egp mry;fshy; fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;by; muG ehl;by; ,Ryhkpa
rkak; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Ryhkpah;fis ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nrhdhh;> JUf;fh;
vdf;Fwpg;gLfpd;wd. fp.gp. 14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; „khyf;fhg+hpd; gilnaLg;G‟
jkpofj;jpd; Nky; epfo;e;jJ mjd;gpwF miu E}w;whz;L nkhfyha Ml;rp jkpofj;jpy;
eilngw;wJ.
i) ,Ryhkpag; Gtyh;fspd; ghly;fs;

ii) ,Ryhkpag; fhg;gpaq;fs;
iii) ,Ryhkpar; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
iv) ,Ryhkpa Mrpnka;Q;Qhd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
v) ,Ryhkpa rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vi) ,Ryhkpa ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
vii) ,Ryhkpa ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg; ghly;fs;
viii) ,Ryhkpag; gonkhopfs;
ix) ,Ryhkpa xg;gpyf;fpak;
x) ,Ryhkpa ciutif – vdg;gFf;fyhk;.
1.,Ryhkpag; Gyth;fspd; ghly;fs;

1) ckWg;Gyth; (1642-1703)
ckWg;Gytuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,Ryhkpah;fspd; kuf;nfhs;iffis Kd;dpUj;jp
vOj;glg;Ls;sj> rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; %d;whk; fhz;lkhd „WGtj;Jf;fhz;lk;‟
Kw;Wg;ngwhky; ,Ue;jJ. ,f;Fiwia ePf;f ePf;f fhay;gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j „mfkJ
kiuf;fhah;‟ vd;gth; 1732y; ghba gFjp „rpd;dr;rw
P h‟ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}y; 39
glyq;fisAk; 1829 tpUj;jq;fisak; nfhz;lJ.
2) Fzq;Fb k];jhd; (1785-1835)

,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; njhz;b mUfpy; cs;s Fzq;Fbapy; gpwe;jhh;.
nka;Q;Qhdg; ghly;fisg; ghLk; „#gpg;Gyth;‟ ,th; ,tUila ghy;fs; gl;bdj;jhh;>
ts;syhh;> jhAkhdth;> ghly;fSf;F xg;ghf ,yq;Ffpd;wJ.
epuhkaf;fz;zp> guhguf;fz;zp> uFkhd;fz;zp> kNdhd;kzpf;fz;zp> Kjyhd

gy ghly;fsig; ghbAs;shh;. nghJthf k];jhd; rhfpbd; ghly;fsi Kfpapj;jPd;
rjfk;> mfj;jPrd; rjfk;> fz;zpg; ghly;fs; vd Kg;ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
3. Nrfzhg;Gyth; (Gyth; ehafk;)

Fzq;Fb k];jhdpd; gs;spj;Njhoh; „Fj;G ehafk;‟ vd;Dk; Guhzk;>
jpUkzpkhiy vd;Dk; fhg;gpak;> ehiafe;jhjp> kf;fhf;fyk;gfk;> Njhj;jpukhiy
Kjyhd E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Xwhg; Guzj;ij mr;Nrw;wpath; ,tNu.
65
4. rt;thJg;Gyth;
ehiff;fyk;gfk;> kjPdj;J> me;jhjp nkhi`jPd; Mz;lth;> gps;isj;jkpo;
Kjyhd gy rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fis;g ghbAs;shh;. fhsNkfg; Gytiug; Nghy
tirghLtjpy; ngah; ngw;wth; gz;lkpo; [t;thJ thnay;yhk; eQ;R‟ vd;Nw ,tiuf;
Fwpg;gpLth;. ghly;fs; Gide;Nj ngUk;nghUs; <l;ba rpwg;gpw;F chpath;.
5. tz;zf;fsQ;rpag;Gyth;
tz;zf;frpifs tpiue;J ghLk; Mw;wyh; - Mjyhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;
Riykhd; ebad; tuyhw;iw ,uhrehafk; vd;Dk; ngahpy; fhg;gpakhfg; ghbAs;shh;.
jPdtpsf;fk;> mypghJ~h ehafk; MfpadTk; gilj;Js;shh;.
6. nra;Fj;jk;ghtyh;
20k; E}w;whz;bd; ,iza;w „rjhtjhdp‟ ,th; xNu rkaj;jpy; „E}W
epfo;Tfisf; ftdfk;‟ nra;aty;yth;. nrd;id tpf;Nlhhpah kz;lgj;jpy; jpU.tp.f.
Kjyhd rhd;Nwhh; Kd;dpiyapy; E}W ftdfk; nra;Jfhl;br; „rjhtjhdp‟ vd;Dk;
gl;lk; ngw;whh;.
MWKfehtyh;> ,uhkypq;f ts;syhhpd; mUl;ghit kUl;glh vd tof;F

njhlh;e;j nghOJ Jzpe;J mtUf;F vjph;f;Fuy; nfhLj;jth; ,tNu. ,jd; %yk;
ts;syhhpd; ngUikia epiyehl;bdhh;. egpfs; ehaf khd;kpa kQ;rhp>
~k;rpj;jhrpd;Nfhit> jpUeh$h;j; jphpge;jwp> jpUf;Nfhl;lhw;Wg; gjpw;Wg;gj;jhe;jp>
,d;dpirg;ghkhiy> ePjpntz;gh Kjyhd E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
7. ,f;fhy ,Ryhkpah; Gyth;fs;

21k; E}w;whz;L ,Ryhkpa ftpQh;fs; gy;fpg;ngUfpAs;sdh;. mth;fSs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpyiuf; fhz;Nghk;.
ftpf;Nfh mg;Jy; uFkhd;

,sq;fiyj; Njh;tpy; Kjd;ikg; ngw;wikf;fhfg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; [p.a+.Nghg;
jq;fg;gjf;fjpypUe;J rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ tiu gy;NtW rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;wth;
kj;jpa murpd; nrk;nkhop thhpa cWg;gpdh;.
fw;fisf; flTnsd topgl;L te;jdh;. jhaP/g; efuthrpfs; newpahk;
,iwtidg; gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fr; nrd;w egp (]y;) kPJ fw;fis vwpe;jdh;.
,e;epfo;tpidf; fy;ntl;L vd;Dk; ftpijapy; tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
,d;Fyhg; :
F[uhj;jpy; ,Ue;j fgphp];jhd; xd;wDs; rkaj;jpd; ngauhy; ,RyhkpaUf;F
,iof;fg;gl;l ,d;dy;fis ,d;Fyhg; VjhtJ xU Fuy;‟ vd;Dk; ftpijapy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. td;Gzh;r;rpfs;> ,bf;fg;gl;l gs;sp thry;fs;> nfhSj;jg;gl;l
Fbirfs;> vd rka td;Kiwfs; epfo;fpd;wd.
Nkj;jh
gpwe;j Ch; nghpaFsk; xU E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. 350 jpiug;glg;ghly;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUJ fiykhkzp tpUJ kw;Wk; ghujptpUJ.
,yf;fpa Nte;jh; tpUJ> rhjidahsh; tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;shh; „Mfhaj;Jf;F
mLj;jtPL‟ vd;Dk; ftpij E}ypw;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhlkptpUJ‟ ntd;Ws;shh;.
66
,Ryhkpaf;fhg;gpaq;fs;
rpwe;j ,];yhkpaf; fhg;gpak; Xwhg;Guhzk;> ckWg;Gyth; ,jd; Mrphpah; 17 k;
E}w;whz;L rPuj; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; rPwh vd;gJ ,];yhkipaj;jpd; kw;nwhU fhg;gpak;
Kfpaj;jPd; Guhzk; (Fj;Gehafk;)
,Ryhkpar;rpw;wyf;fpaq;fs;
jkpopd; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; NghyNt ,Ryhj;jpYk;> rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fs; Njhd;wpa
tz;zk; cs;sd. mk;khid> me;jhzp> Mw;Wg;gil> gps;isj;jkpo;> Nfhit> nehz;b
ehlfk; Kjyhdit mit ahtd> mk;khid> egp mtjhhp mk;khid me;jhhp gpr;ir
,GwhfPk; Gyth; ghba „jpUkjPdj;J me;jhjp‟ jpU kf;fhj;jphpG me;jhjpiaf; Fyhk;
fhjpW ehtyh; ghbAs;shh;. ehif me;jhjp ,aw;wpAs;sh;. „Mw;Wg;gil” kJiur;
rq;fj;Jg;Gyth; Mw;Wg;giliaf; Fyhk; fwpWehtyh; ghbAs;shh;. gps;isj;jkpopy;
egpfs; ehafj;jpd; gps;isikg; gUt efpo;Tfisr; nra;J mdgpah rhfpG egpfs;
ehafg;gps;isj;jkpo; ghbAs;shh;.
,Ryhkpar; rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Kdh[hj;J> khiy> jpUg;Gfo;> fPh;j;jid> xOf;ftif> rka tif E}y;fs; gy
,Ryhkpa rka ,yf;fpaq;fshff; fhzf; fplf;fpd;wd. jpUg;Gfo;> fpH;j;jid>
xOf;ftif E}y;fs; rka tif E}y;fs; gilf;fg;gll;Ls;sd.
,Ryhkpa ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; :

jkpopd; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; tiffisg; NghyNt ,];yhkpa ehl;Lg;Gw E}y;fs;
gy rpwe;jd.
1) jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;> Foe;ijg; ghly;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs;>
Vw;wg;ghly;fs;> Fk;kpg;ghly;s>; fhjw;ghly;fs; Nghd;witAk; ,Ryhkpa
,yf;fpaq;fshfg; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,Ryhkpa ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs; :

gilg;Nghh; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,];]h ,yf;fpaq;fs;> k]; myh ,yf;fpaq;fs;>
ehkh ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ,Ryhkpag; gonkhopfs;>
xg;gpyf;fpaq;fs;> ciutiffSk; jkpopy; Njhw;wk; ngw;ws;sd. ,t;tpjkhfj; jkpo;
tsh;Tk;> rpwg;Gk; ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ.
tpdhf;fs;:;
1. gf;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;why; vd;d?
2. gf;jp,yf;fpaj;jpdhy; jkpopy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp epiyfis tpthp
3. rkakWkyh;rr ; p vd;why; vd;d?
4. ngsj;jKk; jkpOk – Fwpg;Giuf;f
5. fpwj;jt ,yf;fpak; vd;why; vd;d?
6. fpwpj;jt ,yf;fpaj;jpdhy; jkpopy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpapid tpsf;Ff
7. irtKk; jkpOk; tpsf;Ff
8. itztk; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa njhz;Lfis tpthp
9. ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jUf
10. ,Ryhkpag; Gyth;fisg;gw;wp vOJf.
67
myF-4
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
rpw;wpyf;fpak;:
rq;ffhy ,yf;fpak;> ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpak;;> jw;fhy ,yf;fpak; vd;W

fhy mbg;gilapYk; mf ,yf;fpak;> Gw ,yf;fpak; vd;W kdpj czHT
mbg;gilapYk; gf;jp ,yf;fpak;> rKjha ,yf;fpak; vd;w Nehf;f mbg;gilapYk;
,it Nghd;;W gy;NtW $Wfshf ,yf;fpaq;fs; gFf;fg; ngWfpd;wd. ,g;gFg;G
Kiwfspy; xd;Wjhd; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; “Nghpyf;fpak;” vd;Wk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;Wk;
tifg;gLj;Jk; KiwahFk;. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; cWjpg; nghUs;fs;
ehd;fpidAk; czHj;jp kf;fis ed;ndwpg;gLj;Jk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; “Nghpyf;fpaq;fs;”
vdg;gLk;. cWjpg; nghUs;fs;; ehd;fDs; xd;Nwh rpyNth Fiwj;J te;J fw;gid
nja;tg;Nghw;wy;> jdpkdpjg; Nghw;wy; Kjyhdtw;wpw;F kpFjpAk; ,lk; jUtd
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs.; jkpopy; neLk; ghly;fsha; mike;j gpuge;j tiffisr;
rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. ,jd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd tpj;Jk; tsh;rr
; pAk; rq;f
fhyj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fhyk;:
Vida ,yf;fpa tiffisg; NghyNt rpw;wpyf;fpa tifAk; jkpopy;

fhye;NjhWk; fpisj;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. Ie;jUtp Nghy ,ilawhJ; rpw;wpyf;fpakhfpa
mUtp. jkpopy; nfhl;ba tz;zk; ,Ue;jnjd;W jhd; $w Ntz;Lk;. rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpNyNa ,t;tifikfs; gy fpis tpl;ld. mtw;Ws; jiyikahdJ.
Mw;Wg;gil gpw tifikfSf;fhd tpj;Jf;fisAk; mq;Nf fhz;fpNwhk;.
ePjpapyf;fpaq;fs; rpy rpw;wpyf;ffpa tifikfshfNt nropj;jd. gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
rhHe;j rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk; gy;fpd. mLj;Jj; jiyik tha;e;j gps;isj;jkpo;> J}J>
cyhg; Nghd;w gy rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk; jioj; Njhq;fpd. mjd; gpwF ,d;W tiu
Kd;ida kuGfspd; topgl;l rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; rhj;jpu rkaj; Njhj;jpuk; ghl;Lj;
Jiwfsidj;jpYk; Njhd;wp te;Js;sd. gjpide;J> gjpdhW gjpNdohk;
E}w;whz;Lfis ehk; rpw;wpyf;fpaf; fhynkd;Nw miof;fyhk; vt;thW gy;yth;
fhyj;ijg; gf;jp ,yf;fpaf; fhg;gpa fhynkd;Wk; mjd; NkNyhq;fpa jd;ikahw;
$WfpNwhNkh. mJ Nghy; ehaf;fH fhyj;ijr; “rpw;wpyf;fpaf; fhyk;” vd;W
miof;fyhk;
rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpd; ,yf;fzk;:
lhf;lH jkpoz;zy mth;fs; rpw;wpyf;fpaf; fl;likg;G gw;wp tpsf;FfpwhH.

mjpy; rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fs; neLk; ghl;L Nghy;td. Kw;w Kbe;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l
nghUspd; Nkyhd. gyJiw rhHe;j ngUE}y;fs; Nghyy;yhJ xU rpyJiwfisg;
gw;wpa nra;jpfisNa cs;slf;fpd. RUq;fpa mikg;gpy; miktd. tr;rze;jp
khiy>gd;dpUg;ghl;bay; ,yf;fz tpsf;fg;ghl;bay;> rpjk;gug;ghl;bay; Kjypad
,tw;wp;y; ngUk;ghd;ikahd E}y;;fisg; gw;wp tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wd. gpuge;j kugpaypy;
96 E}y;fSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.1732 y; nra;ag;gl;l rfufuhjp 96 E}y;fSf;Fk; tpsf;fk;
$WfpwJ vd;fpwhH jkpoz;zy;. rpw;wpyf;fpak; fhg;gpahpd; tpUe;J tif rhHe;jnjd;gJ
GydhfpwJ.,yf;fpak; czHj;Jk; cWjpg; nghUl;fs; ehd;F. mit mwk;> nghUs;>
,d;gk;> tPL Mfpait. ,e;ehd;F cWjpg; nghUl;fspy; xd;W Fiwe;Njh my;yJ
xd;Wf;F mjpfkhff; Fiwe;J te;jhNyh mt;tpyf;fpaj;ijr; rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;gh;.
68
,iwtd; ,iwtp FWepy kd;dh;fs; FWepyj; jiytHfs; ts;;sy;fs;
Nghd;wtHfspd; Gfo;ghLtjw;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ. ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; tuyhW
nfhilg; gz;G> tPuk;> ntw;wp Mfpatw;iwg; Gfo;;e;J Nghw;Wk; kuG nfhz;lit
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vd;fpwhH jkpoz;zy;.
rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-
gioad fopjYk; > Gjpad GFjYk; ,yf;fpak; Kjy; gz;ghL tho;f;if

Kiw tiu epyTk; epajpNa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk; rq;f fhye; njhl;L gy;NtW tif
njhiffshf cUtq;fs; khwp tsHe;J tUfpd;wd.
njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tpj;J rq;f fhyj;jpy;

Mw;Wg;gilahf Kistpl;L Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;by; me;jhjpahf JspHj;J Vohk;
E}w;whz;by; cythf kukhfp 9-k; E}w;whz;by; fyk;gkhff; fpisj;J 11-k;
E}w;whz;by; gps;isj;jkpo; nkhl;lhfp 14-k; E}w;whz;by; gs;shff; fha;j;J 18k;
E}w;whz;by; FwtQ;rpahdJ vd;W rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspd; tsh;rr ; p gw;wp epuy;glf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
tif njhif:
ghl;;bay; E}y;fs; vd;gd ,t;tpyf;fpa tifikfspd; ,yf;fzk; $w te;j

E}y;fshFk;. mit gy;NtW vz;zpf;iffisj; jUfpd;wd. gd;dpU ghl;bay 63
,yf;fpa tiffs; gw;wpAk;>ntz;ghg; ghl;bay; 55 tif gw;wpAk;> etePjg; ghl;bay;
53tif gw;wpAk; rpjk;gug;ghl;bay; 63 tif gw;wpAk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fg;ghl;bay; 90
tif gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wd gpuge;j kugpay;. gpuge;j jPgpif rJufuhjp> njhd;D}y;
tpsf;fk; Kjypatw;wpy; 96 ,yf;fpa tiffs; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
Nguhrphpah; itahGhpg; gps;is njhy;fhg;gpaf; fhyj;jpy; toq;fpa

ehw;gj;jpuz;;L tiffs; gw;wpAk; ghl;bay; E}y;fspy; $wg;glhj vz;gj;ije;J
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf $wpAs;shH. ,it mfk; gw;wpait. Gwk;
gw;wpait> tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak; gw;wpait ahg;Gg; gw;wpait> vd Ie;J
ngUk;gphpTfshf Nehf;fj;jf;fd. NkYk; me;jhjp vd Kbtd. Nfhit vd Kbtd.
khiy vd Kbtd. tpUj;jk;> kQ;rhp> gj;J vd Kbtd Nehf;fj;jf;fd. ,tw;Ws;
jiyik tha;e;jitaha;f; fhzg;gLtd gjpdhd;F tifffNs vdyhk;. mit
Mw;Wg;gil> me;jhjp> khiy> gj;J(gjpfk;)> Nfhit> cyh> guzp> fyk;gfk;>
gps;isj;jkpo;> J}J> rjfk;> kly;> gs;S> FwpQ;rp vd;gdthk;. ,tw;Ws; gs;Sk;
FwtQ;rpAk; ,ir ehlf ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghw;gLk;.
rpw;wyf;fpaj; Njhw;wk; mfg;ghl;L> Gwg;ghl;L> gj;jpikg;ghl;L> ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghl;L

vd;w ehd;fpd; topg;gl;ljhFk;. jiy kfdpd; csiuAk; NgiuAk; ghuhl;Ljw;Nf gy
rpW E}y;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. CH vz; nra;As;> ngaH vz;>nra;As;> Chpd;dpir>CH
Nehpir> CH ntz;gh ngaH ,d;dpir. ngah; Nehpir> ngah; khiy vd;W gy rpW
E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd.
me;jhjp vd vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; me;jhjp. E}w;we;jhjp> Xtpae;jhjp> fypae;jhjp

vdg; gy E}y;fs; fpisj;jd vdpDk; gjpw;Wg; gj;je;jhjp vd;w tiyNa ngUk;
rpwg;Gg; ngw;Wg; gy E}y;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. rpw;wpyf;fpag; gl;bay; fPNo
jug;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; fhzhj gy E}y;fis ek; ghl;bay; E}y;fs; jUkplq;fSq;fSk;
cs. ,jpypUe;J tpLgLtdTk; cs.
69
1. mq;fkhiy
2. ml;lkq;fyk;
3. mDuhfkhiy
4. murd; tpUj;jk;
5. myq;fhug; gQ;rfk;
6. Mw;Wg;gil
7. ,izkzpkhiy
8. ,ad;nkhoptho;j;J
9. ,ul;ilkzpkhiy
10. ,Ugh ,Ug/J
11. cyh
12. cyhkly;
13. coj;jpg;ghl;L
14. ckpiQkhiy
15. cw;gtkhiy
16. Cry;
17. Ch; ,d;dpir
18. Ch; Nehpir
19. Ch; ntz;gh
20. vz; khiy
21. vO$w;wpUf;if
22. Ie;jpizr; nra;As;
23. xUgh xUg/J
24. xypae;jhjp
25. fbif ntz;gh
26. filepiy
27. fz;gilepiy
28. fyk;gfk;
29. fhQ;rpkhiy
30. fhg;Gkhiy
31. fhg;gpak;
32. Fokfd;
33. Fwj;jpg;ghl;L(FwtQ;rp)
34. Nfrhjpghjk;
35. iff;fpiskhiy
36. ifaWepiy
37. Nfhit
38. rjfk;
39. rhjfk;
40. rpd;dg;G+
41. nrUf;fstQ;rp
42. nrtpawpTE}c
43. jrhq;fj;jay;
44. jrhq;fk;
45. jhz;lfkhiy
46. jhz;lfk;
70
47. jhuifkhiy
48. jhidkhiy
49. Jk;igkhiy
50. Japnyilepiy
51. J}J
52. njhifr;nra;As;
53. etkzpkhiy
54. eadg;gj;J
55. ehkkhiy
56. ehw;gJ
57. ehd;kzpkhiy
58. E}w;we;jhjp
59. nehr;rp khiy
60. gjpfk(gj;J)
61. gs;S
62. gNahjug;gj;J
63. guzp
64. gy;re;j khiy
65. gtdpf; fhjy;
66. gd;kzpkhiy
67. ghjhjp Nfrk;
68. gps;isj;jkpo;
69. Gfo;rr; p khiy
70. Gwepiy
71. Gwepiy tho;j;J
72. ngah; Nehpir
73. ngahpd;dpir
74. ngUq;fhg;gpak;
75. ngUkfpo;rr ; pkhiy
76. ngUkq;fyk;
77. Nghh;f;nfOtQ;rp
78. kq;fyts;is
79. kly;
80. khiy tif
81. KJfhQ;rp
82. Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
83. Kk;kzpkhiy
84. nka;f;fhP ;j;jp
85. tre;j khiy
86. tuyhw;W tQ;rp
87. tUf;ff; Nfhit
88. tUf;f khiy
89. thif khiy
90. thNjhuz kQ;rhp
91. thAiw tho;;j;J
92. tpUj;j ,yf;fzk;
71
93. tpsf;Fepiy
94. tPu ntl;rpkhiy
95. ntw;wpf; fue;ij kQ;rhp
96. Ntdpy; khiy
,d;W 300f;F Nkw;gl;lit. ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; jiyik tha;e;j

gd;dpuz;ilg; gw;wpa tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tJ eyk;.
fyk;gfk;
„fjk;gk;‟ vd;w nrhy;Yld; njhlh;ghd nghUSilaJ ,r;nrhy; vd;gh;. gy;NtW

cWg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L mfKk; GwKkha;f; fye;J> gy;NtW ghtpdq;fshy;
ghlg;gLtjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. fyk; + gfk; vdg; gphpj;Jf; fyk; vd;gJ gd;dpuz;L
vd;Wk;. gfk; vd;why; mjpw;ghjp vd;Wk; nfhz;L> gjpndl;L cWg;Gfis cilaJ
fyk;gfk;. ,jd; cWg;Gfs; E}y;NjhWk; kpf;Fk; Fiwe;Jk; tUfpd;wd. GatFg;G>
jyk;> tz;L> mk;khid> ghz;> kjq;F> iff;fpis> rpj;J> Cry;> fsp> klf;F> Ch;>
kwk;> fhyk;> jio> ,uq;fy;> rk;gpujk;> fhh;> J}J> Fwk;> gpr;rpahh;> nfhw;wpahh;
Kjypad cWg;G tiffs;> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> jhopir ,jpy; tputp
tUk;. me;jhjpj; njhilahy; E}W ghly;fs; tiu ghlg; ngWk;.
njs;shW vwpe;j %d;whk; ee;jpth;kidg; ghuhl;bg; Nghw;Wk; ee;jpg; fyk;gfNk
fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. ,J Njhd;wpa fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;lhFk;.
,e;ee;jpth;kd; fhyk; fp.gp. 825 – 850 vd;gh;. ee;jpth;kdpd; khw;whe;jha; kfd; xUtd;
Gyikkpf;ftd; vd;Wk; mtd; ee;jpiaf; nfhy;tjw;F mwk; itj;Jg; ghbaNj ,e;E}y;
vd;Wk $Wth;. mJ njhpe;Jk; ,e;E}iy muq;Nfwr; nra;J jkpo;r;Rit gUfp
kfpo;Tw;W> ,Wjpg; ghliyg; gbf;Fk; NghJ ge;jy; jPg;gpbj;J> ee;jpfyk;gfj;jhy;
khz;l fij ehlwpAk; “fyk;gfNk nfhz;L fhak;tpl; njs;shiw ee;jp” vd;Wk; jkpo;
E}y;fs; ee;jpiag; Nghw;Wk;.
ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; nrhw;Rit. nghUl;Rit> fw;gid tsk; kpf;fJ. “Cry;”

kfsph; kd;dd; Gfo; ghbaJ.
“xlhpf; fz; kley;tPh;! MlhNkh Cry;
cj;jhpag; gl;lhl MlhNkh Cry;

Mlfg; G+z; kpd;dhl MlhNkh Cry;
mk;nkd;kyh;f; Foy;rhpa MlhNkh Cry;
$lth;f;Fj; njs;shw;wpy; tpz;zUspr; nra;j
NfhKw;wg; gilee;jp Ftya khh;j;jhz;ld;
fhlth;f;F Kd;Njhd;wy; ifNtiyg;ghbf;
fhQ;rpGu Kk;ghb MlhNkh Cry;”
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ghba MSila gps;isahh; jpUf;fyk;gfk; gj;jhk;

E}w;whz;by; gutpaJ. fz;gha fyk;gfk;> jpy;iyf; fyk;gfk;> ,ul;ilah;fs; vd Gfo;
ngw;wdh;. ,JfhWk; 63 fyk;gfq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
72
J}J
jd; fUj;ijg; gpwpnjhUtUf;Fj; njhptpf;Fk;khW xUtiuj; jd;rhh;ghsuhf
mDg;GtNj J}J ,yf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. Gwk; rhh;e;j J}Jfs;gy. Xsitahh; mjpad;
J}jDg;gj; njhz;ilkhDioj; J}J nrd;wJ. gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; „J}J‟ vd;Dk;
Jiwaike;j ghly;fis gyTs – jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; ghly; tUkhW.
“rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa ,q;Nfth NjndhLghy;
KiwahNy czj;jUtd nkha;gtsj; njhLjhsk;

JiwahUk; flw;Nwhzp Guj;jPrd; Jsq;Fkpsk;
gpiwahsd; jpUehkk; vdf;nfhU fhy; NgrhNa!”
nfhw;wtd;Fb ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; fp.gp.14Mk; E}w;whz;by; ghba> ir rpj;jhe;j

rhj;jpu E}y;fspy; xd;wha “neQ;RtpLJ}J ,t;tifapy; Kjy; E}y;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
J}J tpLk; nghUs;fs; GjpJ Gjpjha; mike;Js;sd.
“,ak;Gfpd;w fhyj;J vjpdkapy; fps;is
gak;ngW Nkfk; G+it ghq;fp – eae;j Fapy;
Ngij neQ;Rk; njd;wy; gpukuk; <iue;JNk
J}Jiuj;J thq;Fk; njhil”
md;dk;> kapy;> fpsp> Nkfk;> G+it> Njhop> Fapy;> neQ;R> njd;wy;> tz;L
vd;w gj;JNk Kd;G J}JtpLk; jFjpAilatdthff; fUjg;gl;ld. gpd;G gzk;. jkpo;>
Gifapiy> fhf;if vd ,t;thW mit gy;fpd nrUg;Gf;$lj; J}J tUk;
nghUshapw;W!.
gygl;ilr; nghf;fehjg;Gythpd; mofHfps;istpLJ}J fw;gid tsk; kpf;fJ.

Rg;gpujPgf;ftpuhahpd; $sg;g ehaf;fd; „tpwyptpLJ}J‟ ,d;gj;jij rhHe;jJ(18 Mk;
E}w;whz;L) jkpo;tpLJ}J vDk; ngauhy; ,U E}y;fs; cs.mWgJ J}J E}y;fs; gw;wp
,d;W mwpa KbfpwJ.
cyh:
jpUtPjp cyhtUk; nja;tj;ijf; fz;L NjtubahHfs; kaq;Ftjhfg; ghLtJ
xU ehl;Lg; ghly; kuG . mJNghy murh;fs; cyhtUk; NghJ VO gUtkq;ifaUk;
fz;L fhjy; nfhz;L kaq;Ftjhfg; Gidayhapdh;. Ngij (5-7 taJ)ngJk;ig (8-11)
kq;if (12-13) kle;ij (14-19) mhpit (20-25) njhpit (26-31) Nghpsk;ngz; (32-40)
Mfpa kfsphpd; ,ay;Gk; Mly; ghlYk; ed;F Gidag;gLk;. mth;fs; jiykfidf;
fz;L fhjy; nfhs;Sfpw tpjKk; mth;fSila tajpw;Fj;jf mikAk;.
Kj;njhs;shapj;jpNyNa njd; $Wfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
“jhah; milg;g kfspH jpwe;jplg;
Njaj; jphpe;j FLkpaNt – Ma;kyh;
tz;Lyh mq; fz;zp takhd; Njh;f; Nfhijiaf;
73
fz;Lyh mk; tPjpf; fjT!”
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhH ,aw;wpa jpUf;fapyha QhdTyh vd;gJ fhyj;jhy;

Kw;gl;lJ. ,J nja;tPf cyh vd;Wk; Mjp cyh vd;Wk; rpwg;gpj;J miof;fg;gLk;.
cyh tUk; ,iwtdpd; khl;rpAk; fhl;rpAk; tphpj;Jg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.gjpndhd;whk;
E}w;whz;by; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; kPJ ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp ghba MSila gps;isahH
jpUTyh khiyAk; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; xl;lf;$j;jh;; ,aw;wpa %tUyhTk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.%tUyhtpy; tpf;fpuk NrhoDyh FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDyh. ,uhruhr
NrhoDyh Mfpa %d;W cyhf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Nrhoh tuyhw;iw mwpaj;
Jiz epw;gd %tUyh mWgj;njhd;gJ cyhf;fs; fpilj;jpUg;gjhf Kidth;
e.tP.nrauhkd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH;.
guzp:
“Mid Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w
khztDf;F tFg;gJ guzp”
vd ,yf;fz tpsf;;fg; ghl;bay; ,jw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; NghHf;fs

ntw;wpiag; Gfo;e;J ghLtNj guzpahFk;. mg;Nghh;fs; vq;F eilngw;wdNth .
mt;tplj;jpd; ngauhy; mit miof;fg;gLk;. Gwj;jpizapy; ,lk; ngWk; fs Nts;tp
fstho;j;J Kd;Njh;f;Fuit > gpd;Njh;f;Fuit Nghy;td guzpapyf;fpak; Njhd;w
mbg;gilahFk; . goq;fhyj;jpy; Vh;f;fsk; ghLk; nghUeNuad;wpg; NghHf;fsk; ghLk;
nghUeh;fSk; ,Ue;jhH;fs; . mth;fspd; tha;nkhopg; ghlypd; top te;jNj
guzpapyf;fpak;.
Nghh;f;fsj;jpd; nja;tk;(fhsp) nfhw;wit mt;ntw;wpj; nja;tj;ij topgLk;
tpohNt guzpahFk;. ,J mj;nja;tj;jpw;Fhpa ehshfpa guzp
el;rj;jpuj;jpw;nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. $spfs; vd;gd Nga;fs; NghH; eilngwhikahy;
thba $spfs; fhspaplk; Kiwapl mts; tpiutpy; NghH; tu ,Uf;fpwJ. tapwhu
cz;zyhk; vd;W $Wfpwhs;. ,t;thW njhlq;fpg; Nghh; epfo;r;rpfis tUzpg;gdNt
,e;E}w;gFjpahFk;.
raq;nfhz;lhh; ghba fypq;fj;Jg;guzpNa fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;ljhFk;.
fypq;fj;ij Nehf;fpr; Nrhog;gil nry;Yk; khl;rpiar; raq;nfhz;lhh; mofhfg;
Gidfpwhh;.
“ePykh kzpr; rptpif nts;sKk;
epj;jpyf; Fyf; ftpif nts;sKk;

fhypdhy; tUk; aKid nts;sKk;
fq;if nts;sKk; fhz;kpd; vd;dNt!”
mtyk; jd; fztd; NghhpNy caph; epj;jijf; Nfhl;l kidtp .

NghHfsj;jpw;F Xb mtd; jd; kPJ gha;e;j mk;Gfshy; js;shba gbtpo! mtd;
cly; jiu kfs; kPJ gLk; Kd; jhq;fpf; nfhz;lhshk;. NkYk; mtd; tpz;Zyfk;
NghdJk; Njt kfsph; mtisf;fz; $Lk; Kd; jhNd nrd;W mtid tuNtw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mts; jd; capiu clNd tpl;Ltpl;lhshk; xl;lf;$j;jH ghba
jf;fahfg; guzp Guhzj; njhlh;GilaJ. gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;jJ
jj;Jtuhah; Nkhftijg;guzp vdTk; itj;jpaehj Njrpfh; ghrtijg; guzp vdTk;
74
ghbad jj;Jt Nehf;fpy; vOe;jitahFk;. gjpNdO guzpfs; gw;wp ,d;W mwpa
KbfpwJ vd;gh;.
gps;isj;jkpo;:
jiytidNah flTisNah Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;L gj;jg;
gUtq;fshf mikj;Jg; ghLtJ gps;isj;jkpo; vdg;gl;lJ. xU gUtj;jpw;Fg; gj;J
tpUj;jq;fshf E}W ghly;fs; ghlg;gLk;. ,jid Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpo;
ngz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo; vd ,uz;lhff; $Wth;. fhg;G>nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;>
tUif> mk;Gyp> rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjh; vd;gd Mz;ghYf;Fhpad. ngz;ghYf;F
,Wjp %d;iwAk; ePf;fptpl;Lf; foq;F> ePuhly;> Cry; Nghy;td ghlg;gLk; Mo;thH;
ghly;fspy; ,t;tifikf;fhd tsh;r;rp epiyfisf; fhzyhk;.
xl;lf;$j;jh; ghba ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;jkpNo fhyj;jhy;
Kw;gl;lJ vd;gh;. gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; cUg; ngw;w ,jidr; rpwg;GWj;jpath;
FkuFUguh;. mth; ghba kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isj;jkpOk;. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp
gps;isj;jkpOk; epfuw;wit. gfopf;$j;jhpd; jpUr;nre;J}H;g; gps;isj;jkpOk;
gj;Jg;gps;isj;jkpo;; ghba kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;juk; gps;isapd; Nrf;fpohh;
gps;isj;jkpOk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. „gps;isj;jkpNo nghpa jkpo;” vd;W Nghw;WksT
,J jkpoyf;fpaj;jpy; ngUtsh;rr
; p fz;Ls;sJ. Vwj;jho 120 gps;isj;jkpo;
E}y;fs; gw;wp mwpfpNwhk;.
,d;Wk; fk;gh; gps;isj;jkpo; fhe;jp gps;isj;jkpo;> kiwkiyabfs;> gps;isj;jkpo;
vdg; gy Njhd;wpa tz;zk; cs;sd.
Mw;Wg;gil:
ghprpy; ngw;whd; Xh; ,utyhd; jd; vjpNu tUk; tWikg;gl;l ,utyid
tpspj;J ehd; ghprpy; ngw;W te;j ts;sypd; rpwg;igAk; tPuj;ijAk; nfhilg;
gz;igAk; tpsf;fp> ePAk; nrd;W ghprp;y; ngwyhk; vdf; $wp mq;Fr; nry;tjw;Fhpa
toptiffisf; $wp Mw;Wg; gLj;JtNj Mw;Wg;gilahFk;. ,jw;fhd ,yf;fzk;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
“$j;jUk; ghzUk; nghUeUk; tpwypAk;
Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;

ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwhmh;f;F mwpTeP,r;
nrd;W gandjpur; nrhd;d gf;fKk; (njhy; 1037)
$j;jh;> ghzh;> nghUeh;> tpwyp MfpNahhpy; ghprpy; ngw;wth; topapd;fz; ngwhj
tiuj; fhz;gJ xU gFjpahFk;. nry;tk; ngw;wtd;xU GwKk; twpatd; kWGwKkhf
,th;fs; cwoj; Njhd;Wthd; ngw;wtd; jhd; ngw;w ngUtsk; gw;wpAk; ngw;wKiw.
je;jtd; rpwg;G Kjypad gw;wpAk; tpthpg;ghd rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpYk;>
GwehD}w;wpYk; rpW rpW Mw;Wg; gilj;Jiw mike;j ghly;fs; cs.
gj;Jg;ghl;by; nrk;ghjp Mw;Wg;gilfs; vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; $wg;gl;lJ. mit
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil>
$j;juhw;Wg;gil vd;gd mtw;Ws; nghUeuhw;Wg;gil fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;ljhjy; $Lk;
vd;w fUj;Jk cz;L. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Mw;Wg;gilfs; tsutpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
fr;rpag;gKdpth; jpUNkdp ,uj;jpdf;ftpuhah;. njhOMh;NtyhAj Kjypahh;>Fyhk;
fhjpW ehtyh;> gpd;dj;J}h; ehuhazrhkp Iah; MfpNahh; KiwNa jzpifahw;Wg;gil>
75
Gytuhw;Wg;gil> neQ;rhw;Wg;gil> ,iwadhw;Wg;gil Mfpatw;iw vOjp
,t;tifikiag; Nghw;wpdhh;.
FwtQ;rp
FwtQ;rp ehl;bak;> FwtQ;rp ehlfk; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. ,e;j ,yf;fpa
tifapy; Fwj;jpf;F Kjd;ik fUjpf; FwtQ;rp vd;wdh;. rq;f fhyj;jpYk; Fwp
nrhy;Yk; kfsph; ,Ue;jdh;. FWe;njhifapy; xsitahh; ,th;fis “mftd;kfs;”
vd;W miof;fpd;whh;. FwtQ;rp jdp ,yf;fpakhf tsh;e;jJ. fp.gp. 12-Mk; E}w;whz;L
vdyhk;. gd;dpUghl;bay;>
„,wg;G epfo;ntjph; ntz;Z Kf;fhyKk;
jpwk;gl ciug;gJ Fwpg;gJ Fwj;jpg; ghl;Nl‟
vdpDk; ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Kjw;; FwtQ;rp fp.gp.18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa

jphp$luhrg;g ftpuhahpd; jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpNaahFk;. ,d;W ehw;gJf;F Nkw;gl;l
FwtQ;rp E}y;fs; cs;sd.
cyhtUk; jiytd; kPJ fhjy; nfhs;Sk; jiytp fhjy; Jd;gj;jhy; jtpf;f>
jiytdplk; Njhopiaj; J}J mDg;Gths;. ,t;Ntisapy; kiytsk; ghLk; Fwj;jp
Fwp ghh;j;J ed;ikgaf;Fnkd ey;thh;j;ij $w. jiytpjUk; Mil mzpfyd;fis
mzpe;J Fwpj;jp kfpo;Tld; nry;Yk; NghJ vjph;g;gLk; Fwtd; Gj;jhil fz;L Fwj;jp
kPJ Iaf; nfhz;L fLnkhop $w ,UtUk; Cly; nfhz;L ,Wjpapy; kdk; jpUj;jp
,iwtid tho;j;JtjhfNt> FwtQ;rp E}y;fs; mikAk;.
mofh; FwtQ;rp> jpUth&h;f; FwtQ;rp> tpuhypkiyf; FwtQ;rp> ghk;gz;z fTz;lh;
FwtQ;rp> jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;Lf; FwtQ;rp> eFkiyf; FwtQ;rp ,it jtpu nka;Qhdf;
FwtQ;rp> jj;Jtf; FwtQ;rp MfpaitAk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.
gs;S
gs;S ,yf;fpak; gs;Nsry;> gs;S ehlfk; vdTk; toq;Fth;. ,jd;
vz;zpf;ifapd; kpFjp fUjp “ney;Y tifia vz;zpdhYk; gs;S tifia vz;z
KbahJ” vd;gh;. njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; tdg;G vl;lDs; ,J “Gyd;” vd;Dk;
tifapy; mlq;Fk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; Gwj;jpizapaypy; Rl;Lk; “VNuhh; fstop”
rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; Vh; kq;fyk;> gpd;dhy; Njhd;wpa coj;jpg;ghl;L ,itNa gpd;dh;f;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jdp ,yf;fpakhfpg; gs;S ,yf;fpakha; kyh;e;jJ. gs;sh;fSila
tho;f;ifia kpFjpAk; NgRtjhy; gs;S vDk; ngah; ngw;wJ. kUjepy ,yf;fpak;>
mk;kz;zpd; ike;jh;fis cs;sthW fhl;Lk; ajhh;j;j ,yf;fpak;.
gs;S E}y;fspy; ngUik tha;e;jJ Kf;$lw;gs;S. 17Mk; E}w;whz;by;
ghlg;ngw;wJ. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; %d;W ejpfs;
$Lkplj;jpy; Kf;$ly; cs;sd. ,q;Fs;s ,dhtd; mofh; (jpUkhy;) gs;sd; ngah;
mofh; FLk;gd; %j;jgs;sp Kf;$lw;gs;S. ,isags;sp kUJ}h;g;gs;S ,k;%th;f;Fk;
,ilNa eilngWk; rz;il RitahdJ. mf;fhyr;r%f tuyhw;iwr; Rl;LtJ
,aw;if tUzid ed;F mike;jJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kiof;Fwpg;ghly; mikAk;
tpjk;.
“Mw;W nts;sk; ehistuj; Njhw;WNjFwp – kiy
ahskpd;dy; <okpd;dy; #o kpd;DNj
76
New;Wkpd;Wk; nfhk;G Rw;wpf; fhw;wbf;FNj – Nfzp
ePh;g;gL nrhwpj;jtis $g;gpLFNj”
Vida gs;S E}y;fs; jpUr;nre;J}h;g;gs;S> jpUth&h;g;gs;S> itrpag;gs;S>

itahGhpgs;S> fdfuhad; gs;S> jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S> tlfiug; gs;S>
jpUtpil kUJ}h;g;gs;S> gwhiy tpehafh; gs;S> jpUePyfz;ld; gs;S> Qhdg;
gs;S> nrz;gfuhkd; gs;S> Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
rjfk;
E}Wghly; nfhz;l E}Yf;Fr; rjfk; vd;W ngah;. Iq;FEW}Wk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk;
Njhd;wpa jkpopy; E}W ghly; nfhz;l E}y; Njhd;WtJ GJikad;W.
khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpr;rjfNk Kjw;rjfkhFk;. ,J cs;s KUf;Fk; gf;jpg;ghl;lhFk;.
mit ePjp NghjidAk; jj;JtKk; czh;j;Jk; E}y;fshy; tpsq;fpd. ,q;F kz;ly
mbg;gilapy; ehl;L tuyhW> E}y;fspd; rpwg;G czh;j;Jk; “Nrho kz;ly rjfk;>
ghz;b kz;ly rjfk;> <okz;ly rjfk;> nfhq;F kz;ly rjfk;> njhz;il kz;ly
rjfk;> ee;j kz;ly rjfk; vd;gd kz;ly rjfq;fs;” vd miof;fj;jf;fd. ,it
ehl;Ltsk;> Gfo;> kd;dh;> ftpQh;> ts;sy;fs; tuyhWfisf; $Wtd.
kly;
kly; vd;gJ mfj;jpizapy; xU JiwahFk;> mt;tbg;gilapy; ghba Gythpy;
xUth; „kly;‟ ghba khjq;fPudhh; vdr; rq;f E}y;fspy; rpwg;gpj;J miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; nghpa jpUkly;> rpwpa jpUkly; vd;W ePzl ghRuq;fis vOjpdhh;.
jkpopy; fltNu klNyWtjhf mr;RWj;JtJk;> klNyWtJk; cz;L. kfsph;f;F mJ
kugd;W MapDk jk;ikj; jiytpahfg; ghtpj;Jg;ghLk; jpUkq;ifaho;thh; klw;$w;W
kfsphplKk; mikayhk; vd. ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;l fhjy; Gyg;glg; ghLfpd;whh;. ,J
jtpu tskly; my;yJ ,d;gkly; vdr; rpUq;fhur; Rit kpf vOjpaditAk; cs.
tUz Fyhjpj;jd; kly; Nghd;wit mit me;ehisa rpw;wurh;fis kfpo;tpg;gijNa
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L ,t;tpd;gkly;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.
FkuFUguh;
Ie;J taJ tiu Cikahf ,Ue;j ,th; ngw;NwhUld; nrd;W jpUr;nre;J}h;
KUfis topg;gl;lNghJ NgRk; Mw;wy; ngw;whh;. clNd fe;jh; fypntz;gh vd;w
E}iyg; ghbdhh;. gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ,yf;fpatsk; nfhopf;fr; nra;jth;
,th;. kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;> kJiuf;
fyk;gfk;> fhrpf;fyk;gfk;> ePjpnewptpsf;fk;> jpUth&h;> ehd;kzpkhiy>
rpjk;guKk;kzpf;Nfhit> rpjk;gur; nra;Al; Nfhit> rptfhkpak;ikFsk; Kjypad
,th; ,aw;wpd. nrk;khe;j eilapy; cah;T etpw;rpahfg; ghLtjpy; ,th; ty;yth;.
tlehl;by; nrd;W jkpo; gug;gpath;. Kfyha kd;dhplk; mth; nkhopapy; Ngrp cjtp
ngw;wth;. JsrpjhrUk; ,tUila Ngr;Rf;fspdhy; ce;jg;gl;Nl ,uhkhazk; ghbdhh;
vd;gh; ehaf;fuhl;rpapy; jkpo; tsh;e;J tplhky;> kPz;Lk; epiy epWj;jpa mwg;Nghh;
kwth; ,th;.
Jiwgq;fyk; rptg;gpufhrh;
gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;ilr; rpwg;gpj;j jkpo;g; Gyth;fspy; FkuFUguiu mLj;J
tpsq;fpath; rptg;gpufhurh; ,tUk; Kd;dth; Nghyj; JwT G+z;lhh;. ,th; xU
tPuirth;. Jiwkq;fyk; ChpNy tho;e;jth;. ,jo; xl;lhky; ,jo; ,iaAk;
vOj;Jf;fspd;wp – ghLtJ epNuhl;lfk; vdg;gLk; akfk; vd;w nrhy;yzp mike;j
77
epNuhl;lf akf me;jhjpia ,sikapNyNa ghbg;Gfo; ngw;wth;. ,th; jpUntq;iff;
fyk;gfk;> Nfhit vd;w ,U E}y;fis vOjpdhh;. jpUney;Ntypapy; tho;e;j
nts;spak;gythzj; jk;gpuhdplk; fy;tp fw;whh;. mth; kPJ fyk;gfk;> jhyhl;L>
gps;isj;jkpo;> jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp> J}J Mfpa ,yf;fpa tiffis vOjpdhh;.
ed;ndwp vd;gJ ,tnuOjpa E}yhFk;. “gpuGyPq;fyPiy” tPu irtrkaj;ij tpsf;Fk
rpwe;j fhg;gpak;. fd;dl nkhopapypUe;J mJ ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. VRkj epuhfuzk; vd;w
E}y; fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ij kWj;J ,tNuOjpaJ.
jhAkhdth;
“vy;NyhUk; ,d;Gw;wpUf;f epidg;gJNt
my;yhky; Ntnwhd; wwpNad; guhguNk

neQ;rfNk Nfhapy; epidNt Rfe;jk; - md;Ng
kQ;rd ePH; G+irnfhs;s thuha; guhguNk”
vd;Dk; guhguf; fz;zp> vspa eilapy; vOjg; ngw;w mhpa fUj;Jg; Ngio>
rpj;jh;fs; fUj;Jf;fs; Nghy; ,iwtidj; njhog; G+Tk;> G+ridAk; Njitapy;iy.
cs;sj; J}a;ikAk; md;Gk;> vy;NyhUk; ,d;Gw epidg;gJk; mjw;F Mtz nra;tJk;
jhk; ,iwtDf;F cfe;jit. ,iwtd; ,d;gNk ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;w fUj;;ij
tpijf;fpwhh; jhAkhdth;.
,uhkypq;f ts;syhh;
“thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;” vdf; $Wk; mUs; ts;sy;

,uhkypq;f mbfs;. fiyAiuj;j fw;gidNa nka;nadf; nfhz;lhLk; fz;%b
tof;fnky;yhk; kz;> %bg; Nghfl;Lnkd %lf;nfhs;iffspd; Kil ehw;wk; tPRfpd;w
Nghyp rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F vjpuhfpd;w Gul;rpkpF rkar; rpe;jidahsh;. rkar;
rPH;jpUj;jg; nghpahh; ,th;.
rd;khh;f;f newp fz;l ts;sy;. caph;fsplk; fUiz> grpia fw;wy;>
Md;kNea xUikg;ghL gw;wpg; ghba mUshsh; ,th;.
“grpj;jpU> jdpj;jpU> topj;jU” vd;W jdpkdpjUk; cyFk; ca;ag;ghf;fshy;

ghij fhl;bath; ,th;. tlY}h; ts;syhhpd; jpUtUl;gh> jkpOf;Ff; fpilj;j NguUs;
vdyhk;. ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fshd Fk;kp> fz;zp> rpe;J> fPh;j;jidfnsdf; ftpijapy;
gy tz;zq;fis ,izj;jth; ,th;.
gjpndz; rpj;jh;fs;
rpj;jh;fs; fzf;fw;wth; tho;e;Js;sdh;. jpU%yNu Kjw;rpj;jh; vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. jpz;bww; rpj;jh;fNs filf;$ior; nrd;kpd;fs; vd khzpf;fthrfh;
$Wfpwhh;. rpj;Jf;fs; gw;wpj; Njthuj;jpYk; Fwpg;Gz;L ,th;fs; kUj;Jtk;. ke;jpuk;>
,urthjk;> Nahfk;> Qhdk; gw;wpnay;yhk; ghbAs;shh;. ,r;rpj;jh;fs; fp.gp. gj;jhk;
E}w;whz;il xl;b kpFjpahf thoe;jdh;. rpj;j kUj;Jt KdNdhbfs; ,th;fNs.
,th;fis xU tifapy; mf;fhy mwptpay; mwpQh;fs;> ,aw;if epGzh;fs;
vd;nwy;yhk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. rpj;jh;fspd; ngUikia czh;e;j ghujpahUk;>
„nrj;jth; jk;ik vOg;gpj; jUfpd;w
rpj;jh; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL„
78
vdg; ghuhl;Lth;.
rpj;jh;fspd; ghly;fs; vspiakhf ,Ug;gpDk; Mokhd jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs;
epiwe;jit. rpj;jh;fs; gyh; ,Ug;gpDk; tof;fpy; gjpndz;rpj;jh;fs; vDk; kuGs;sJ.
mfu thpirapy;
1. mfj;jpah; 10. rl;ilKdp
2. ,ilf;fhlh; 11. Re;juhde;jh;
3. cNuhkKdp 12. jpU%yh;
4. fkyKdp 13. ee;jp
5. fapyha ehjh; 14. gpukKdp
6. $d;fz;zd; 15. gpz;zhf;fPrh;
7. $h;kKdp 16. Nghfh;
8. nfhq;fzh; 17. kr;rKdp
9. nfhq;fzh;Nfhuf;fh; 18. thr Kdp
1. jpU%yh;:- jpUke;jpuk; ,aw;wpdhh; jkpOk; irtj; jpUKiw E}y;fs;
2. rptthf;fpahh;:- ,th; ghba ghly;fs; 520 Nahfrpj;jh;
3. gl;bdj;jhh;:- epiyahikapid czh;e;jNahrp
4. gj;jpufphpahh;:- JSt ehl;bdh; gl;bdj;jhiuf; fONtw;wp Njhw;whh;. mtUf;F
mbikahfp ,d;gq;fisj; Jwe;jhh;. ngz;zpd; khz;gpidg; Nghw;Wthh;.
5. ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh;:- ghk;G tbtkhf kz;lypj;J cs;s Fz;lypdp rf;jpia
vOg;gp mjd;%yk; Md;kjhprdk; ngw ,aYk; vd;gJ ,tuJ nfhs;if.
6. ,ilf;fhl;Lr; rpj;jh;:- Nfhdhh; vd toq;fg;gLk; ,ilah;fisAk;> MLkhLfisAk;
Kd;dpWj;jpg; ghbajhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah; vd;gh;.
7. mfg;Nga;r;rpj;jh;:- miyAk; kdj;ijg; Nga; vd cUtfpj;jjhy; ,tUf;F
,g;ngah; Nga; kdj;ijg; ngz;zhf tphpj;Jg; ghLfpwhh;.
8. Fjk;igr; rpj;jh;:- Fjk;ig vd;gJ fhjzp Fjk;ig mzpe;j ngz;fis
Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpg; ghbajhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;.
9. fLntspr; rpj;jh;:- thf;Fkzk; fle;J guntspiaf; fLntsp vdg; ghbajhy;
,tUf;F ,g;ngah;.
10. mofzpr;rpj;jh;:- ,tuJ ghly;fs; moFk; mzpeaKk; kpFe;J fhzg;gLtjhy;
,tUf;F ,g;ngah;.
11. nfhq;fzpr; rpj;jh;:- fhyk; fp.gp. 7Mk; E}w;whz;L. nfhq;F ehL. urthjk;>
Nahfk;> kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
12. rl;il Kdp:- rl;ilKdp Mapuj;J ,UE}W> jphpfhz;lk;> ruf;F itg;G>
etuj;jpd itg;G Kjypa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
13. mfj;jpah;:- rpj;j kUj;Jt Kiwfis tFj;jth;.
14. Rg;gpukzpa rpj;jh;:- ,iwtid KUfdhfNt fhz;fpwhh;. gy ghly;fspy;
KUfid kapy;tPud; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
79
15. Nghfh;:- jpU%h; khzhf;fh;> kUj;Jt goQ;Rtbfisg; Nghfhpd; ngauhy; $wtJ
eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
16. cNuhkKdp rpj;jh;:- ,tuJ clnyq;Fk; cNuhkk; kpFe;jpUe;jjhy; ,tUF;F
,g;ngah; vd;gh;.
17. fUT+h;r; rpj;jh;:- fUT+hpy; gpwe;j tuhjyhy; ,g;ngah;. ,uhruhrd; fl;ba Nfhapypd;
rptypq;fj;ij ,th; epWtpdhh;.
18. Njiuah;:- kd;ddpd; jiyf;Fs; ,Ue;j Njiuia mfw;wpajhy; ,tUf;F
,g;ngah; vd;gh;.
gjpndz;rpj;jh;fs; njhlh;ghfg; gy mfuhjpfs; cs;sd. ,it mhpa gy
nra;jpfis cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. mitahtd itj;jpa %ypif mfuhjp>
itj;jpa %ypif tphptfuhj;> itj;jpa kiyafuhjp> mUk;ngah; mDge;j mfuhjp>
njhif mfuhjp> gr;rpiy %ypif mfuhjp> ghpghd~ mfuhjp> fUg;nghUs; mfuhjp>
kiwg;G ntspg;gil mfuhjp vd;gd mit.
,yf;fz E}y;fs;
,yf;fzk; vd;gJ nkhopapd; Ntyp. ,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;Fj; jhd; ,yf;fzk;
,ak;g ,aYk;. jkpo;nkhopapy; $wg;gLk; xt;nthU ,yf;fzKk;> mJ njhlh;ghfg;
gd;D}W Mz;Lfshfg; gof;fj;jpy; Goq;fp te;j kf;fspd; tho;tpay; jpwj;ijAk;>
GyNthhpd; ,yf;fpa tsj;ijAk;jlk; fhl;Lk; fyq;fiu tpsf;fqfshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. xt;nthU fhyr; #oypYk; Njhd;wpa Gjpa Gjpa ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F
Vw;g Gjpa ,yf;fz E}y;fSk; Njhd;wpd. mit
1. vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;
2. vOj;J> nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
3. nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
4. nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
(m) mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
(M) Gwg;nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
5. ahg;G ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
6. mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
7. Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs;
8. ghl;bay;; E}y;fs;
1. vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;:-
vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk; vd;Dk; %d;W
,yf;fzq;fisj; njhy;fhg;gpah; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. mzp ,yf;fzj;jpw;F
mbg;gilahd ctik vd;Dk; mzpia ctk ,aypy; Cd;wp itj;Js;shh;
njhy;fhg;gpah;.
2. vOj;J> nrhy; ,yf;fzq;fs;:-
ed;D}y;:- fp.gp. 12 – 13 y; gtze;jp Kdpth;> ed;D}iy ,aw;wpdh;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; $wpa vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; ,yf;fzj;ij vspa Kiwapy; je;jhh;.
nkhj;jk; 462 E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sd.
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Nekpehjk;:- fp.gp. 12 – Mrphpah; FztPugz;bjh;. Rkz rkaj;jth;. vOj;J>
nrhy;> ,yf;fzq;fis 99 ntz;ghf;fs; ,aw;wpdhh;. ,jw;Fr; rpd;D}y;> vd;Dk;
ngaUk; cz;L.
3. nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:-
gpuNahftpNtfk;:- fp.gp. 17y; Mrphpah; Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh;> tlnkhopapy;
vOjg;gl;l E}ypd; jOty;E}y;. 4glyq;fs; 51 fl;lisf; fypj;fisr; nra;Al;fisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,yf;fzf; nfhj;J:- fp.gp. 17y; Mrphpah; Rthkpehj Njrpfh;. jkpOf;F v>x> o>
w> d vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd.
4. nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:-
1. mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:- 1. ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; jkpo;newp
tpsf;fk;> ek;gpafg;nghUs;> fstpay;fhhpif> khwd; mfg;nghUs; Nghd;wit
mf,yf;fz E}y;fs; MFk;.
2. Gwg;nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:- gd;dpU glyk;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
Gw ,yf;fz E}y;fs; MFk;.
5. ahg;gpyf;fz E}y;fs;:-
ahj;jy; - fl;Ljy;> vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb> njhil Mfpait nfhz;L
fl;br; nra;As; moFw cUthf;Fk; Kiwfis vLj;Jiug;gNj ahg;G ,yf;fzk;>
mkph;j rhfuh; ,U ahg;gpay; E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ahg;gUq;fyk;>
ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif vd;gd.
6. mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:-
jz;bayq;fhuk;:- tlnkhopapy; jz;b vd;gth; fhtpajhprdk; nkhopahf;fNk
jkpopy; jz;bayq;fhuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;. ,jd; Mrphpah; jz;b E}w;gh.125
khwiyq;fhuk;:- Mrphpah; jpUf;Fwisg; ngUkhs; mzpfs; 64. tlnkhopg;
kugpid xl;baJ.
7. Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs; :-
vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd;Dk; Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisAk;
$WtJ Ie;jpyf;fz E}y; vdg;gLk;. tPu Nrhopak; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;. njhd;D}y;
tpsf;fk;> Rthkp ehjk;> Kj;J tPhpak; Nghd;witahFk;
8. ghl;bay; E}y;fs; :
,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> mtw;wpd; ahg;G tbtq;fs; gw;wpAk; tiuaWj;Jf;
$Wtd ghl;bay; ntz;ghg; ghl;bay; E}y;fs;. nkhj;jk; 13 ghl;bay; E}y;fs;
cs;sd. gd;dpU ghl;bay;> ntz;gh ghl;bay;> etePjg; ghl;bay;> rpjk;gug;ghl;bay;>
njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fg;ghl;bay; gpuge;j kugpay; Kj;J tPhpak;
gpuge;j jPgpif ghl;bay; Nghd;witahFk;
epfz;Lfs;:
mfuhjpf; fiyf;F mbNfhypath; njhy; fhg;gpaNu vdyhk; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy;
,ilapay; >chpapay; vd;Dk; ,U ,aYk; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; kugpay; Mfpa
81
gFjpfSf;F mUQ;nrhw;fSf;F njhy;fhg;gpah; tpsf;fKiwiag; gpd;gw;wpNa
gpw;fhyj;jpy; epfz;LfSk; mfuhjpfSk; vOe;jd. nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;f E}y;fs;
epfz;Lfs; vdr; Rl;lg;gl;ld.
“jpthfuh; ,aw;wpa jpthfuk; „Kjy; epfz;L‟ vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. vdNt

,jw;F Mjpepfz;L> Mjpjpthfuk; vd;Dk; ngah;fSk; cs;sd. jkpopd; ngUikia
vLj;Njhjpr; rpwg;G nfhs;tJ gpq;fye;ij epfz;L MFk;.
jpthfuepfz;l fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. rq;ff; rhd;Nwhh; tof;F kpFjp. ,jd;
Kjy; E}y; Mjp jpthfuk; vd;gh;. Nre;jfh; vd;w kd;dd; Ntz;LNfhshy;
rkzuhfpa jpthfu Kdptuhy; ,aw;wg; gl;lilapd; Nre;jd; jpthfuk; vd;w ngaUk;
cz;L.
gpq;fy epfz;L jpthfuhpd; khzth; gpq;fyKdpth; vOjpaJ gpq;fye;ij
gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; 14>700 nrhw;fSk; tpsf;fKk; 1091 gy;nghUs; jUk;nrhw;fSk;
cs;sd.
#lhkzp epfz;L Fzgj;jpu Kdpthpd; khzth; ,th; kz;ly GUlh; vd;gJ
ngah;. fpUl;bz Njtuhahpd; fp.gp 16 E}w;whz;L gd;dpuz;L njhFjpfisAila
,e;E}Ny gyuhYk; tpUk;gpf; fw;fg;gl;lJ. chpr;nrhy;; epfz;L ntz;ghtpdhy; MdJ
Ke;jpaiy E}w;gh tbtpd. ryhk; vd;w nrhy;Yk; ,lk; ngWtjhy; mUzfphp
ehjUf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jJ ,/J vd;gh;.;
fahju epfz;L fahju Kdpth; vOjpaJ. fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw mfuhjp
epfz;L ,Nutzrpj;juhy; fp.gp 1594,y; vOjg;gl;lJ. irtg;Guhzk; gy ghbath;
,th; ,J Kjd; Kjyhf mfu thpirapy; nrhw;;fisf; $Wtjhy; cyfpy;
Njhd;wpa Kjy; mfuthpir my;yJ Kjy; mfuhjp vd;W ,jidj; jkpo;
mfuhjpf; fiy Mrphpah; Gyth; Re;ju rz;Kfdhh; rpwg;gpl;lhh;.
Mrphpa epfz;L nrQ;rpf;fLj;j Cw;wq;fhypy; gpwe;j ghthil thj;jpahh;
Fkhuh; fz;bg;Gytuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ gpd;G tPukhKdpthpd; rJufuhjp Njhd;wpaJ.
Nkiyehl;L Kiwapy; jkpopy; mfuhjpf; fiy tsuyhapw;W.
ciuahrphpah;fs;:
E}yhrphpahpd; mhpa fUj;Jf;fis vy;yhk; ciuahsh; cjtpahNyNa
cyfk; czh;e;J ,d;GWfpd;wJ. ngUfhhpfshfpa ciuahrphpah;fspd; cjtp
,y;iyahapd. gz;il cah; E}y;fshk; fUT+yq;fspy; njhFj;J itj;j tpiy
tuk;gpy;yhg; nghUs; kzpf;Ftpay;fisahk; vq;qdk; ngWjy; $Lk; vd;gh;.
1.,yf;fz ciuahrphpah;fs;:
ef;fPuh;> ,sk;G+uzhh;> Nrdhtiuah;> Nguhrphpah;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;>
nja;tr;rpiyahh;> fy;yhlh;> ed;D}y; ciuahrphpah;fs; Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
“nrwpTk; epiwTk; nrk;ikAk; nrg;Gk;
mwpTk; mUikAk; ngz;ghyhd”
vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa(nghUs;:206)E}w;ghtpw;F ,sk;G+uzhhpd; ciu>nghUs; tpsf;fk;

kpf;fjhf cs;sJ. „nrwpT‟ vd;gJ mlf;fk;> „ epiwT‟ vd;gJ mikjp „nrk;ik‟
vd;gJ kdq;Nfhlhik „nrg;G‟ vd;gJ nrhy;Yjy; mwpT vd;gJ ed;ik gag;gd jPik
gag;gd mUik cs;sf;fUj;J ciutpsf;fk; %yk; mwpayhk;.
82
,yf;fpa ciuahrphpah;fs;:
mUk;gjciuahrphpah;> mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;> ghpNkyofh; Nghd;wth;fs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. mbahHf;F ey;yhh; vJif> Nkhid Kjypatw;Wld; ,dpa
Rit gae;J nra;As; eilahf mike;Js;sJ. ,tUf;F epuk;igah; fhtyd;
ciuj; njd;wy; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; cs;sd.
ghpNkyofh; jpUf;Fws; KOikf;Fk; ciu tFj;Js;shh; . ghpghlYf;F ciu
tFj;jhh;. ciuahrphpah;fSs; vd;W “nrf;Nfh];Nyhtpah” mwpQh; fkpy;Rtygpy;
ghuhl;Lfpwhh;.
3. rka ,yf;fpa ciuahrphpah;fs;:
itzt rka ciuahrphpah;fs; ehjKdpfs; mUspa ehyhapu jpt;tpag;
gpuge;jj;jpw;F vOjpa ciufs; tpahf;fpahdq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
irt rka ciuahrphpah;fs; irt rkaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; „gd;dpU

jpUKiwfSf;F ciu vOJjf; $lhJ‟ vd;Dk; nfhs;if 20- E}w;whz;by; ciu
tFf;fj; njhlq;fpdh;. jpUthrfk; jpUke;jpuk; nghpaGuhzk; vd;Dk; gy E}y;fSf;F
ciu vOjpdhh;.
4. ghl;bay; ciuahrphpah;fs;:
ghl;bay; E}y;fSs; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. gd;dpU ghl;bay; ,jw;Ff;
fh.uh.Nfhtpe;juhr Kjypahh; tpsf;fTiu vOjpAs;shh;. ,yf;fz
tpsf;fg;ghl;baYf;F E}yhrphpauhd jpahfuha NjrpfNu ciu ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
etePjg;ghl;baYf;F K.rz;Kfk; gps;is Gjpa ciu ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
5. rhrdj; jkpo; ciueil
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j rhrdq;fspd; ciueil mikjpia %d;W
tiffshf tFf;fyhk;. 1. KOtJk; jdpj;jkpo;> 2. xU ghjp tlnkhop kWghjp
jkpo;> 3. jkpopd; ,ilapilNa tlnkhop vd;gd mit.
6. ,ilr;nrUfy; ciufs;
gioa> E}y;fspd; gpw;fhyj;jth; vOjpr; Nrh;g;gJ ,ilr;nrUfy; vdg;gLk;.
G+NthL Nrh;e;j ehUk; kzg;gJ Nghy; jd; fUj;J Gfoila tpUk;Gjy;> jd;
nfhs;iff;F Kuzhdtw;iw ePf;Fjy;> rpijTs;s %yg; gFjpf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jhNk
vOjpr; Nrh;j;jy; vd;git ,ilr; nrUfpyd; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs;
7. ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciu kuGfs;
ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciufisj; njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; nghOJ gy nghJthd
gz;Gfs; ciunaKjypd; kughff; filgpbf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sik Gydhfpd;wd. mit
eilr;rpwg;G
gpw ciukWg;G
ehlfg; ghq;F
,iaG fl;ly;
nrhw;nghUs; jUjy;
83
Nkw;Nfhs; Rl;ly;
tlnkhopg; gapw;rp
jUf;f Kiw
ghlNtW Rl;lk;
ciuapy; ctik $wy;
Nghd;wit ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciu kuGfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
tpdhf;fs;
1. rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpd; tif njhiffis vOJf?
2. rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;why; vd;d?
3. rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpd; fyk;gfk;> J}J> cyhtpsf;Ff?
4. FkuFUguh; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf
5. gjpndz; rpj;jh;fs; gw;wp vOJf?
6. epfz;Lfs; gw;wp tpthpf;f?
7. jpthfu epfz;L> gpq;fye;ij epfz;L gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf
8. ciuahrphpah;fspd; ,yf;fz E}y;fis njhFj;J vOJf?
9. ,yf;fz ciuahrphpah;fspd; E}y;fis tpthpj;J vOJf?
10. ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciu kuGfis vOJf.
tpdhf;fs;
1. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vit?
2. rpw;wpf;fpaj; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsh;rr
; papidj; jUf?
3. rpw;wpyf;fpa tif njhiffis tpthp
4. J}J vd;why; vd;d?
5. „cyh‟ Fwpg;Giufs;
6. „guzp‟ tpsf;Ff
7. gps;isj;jkpo; vd;why; vd;d?
8. Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; vit?
9. FwtQ;rp> gs;S ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;njOJf
10. rjfk; vd;why;v d;d?
11. klyp tpsf;Ff
12. jhAkhdth; Rthkpfs; ahh;?
13. rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfspd; gilg;Gfisj; jUf
14. „ts;syhh;‟ Fwpj;njOJf
15. gjpndz;rpj;jh;fs;‟ ahh;?
16. ,yf;fz E}y;fs; - tpsf;Ff
17. epfz;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
18. ciuahrphpah;fs; Fwpj;njOJf
84
myF – 5
Nkdhl;lhh; tUifAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk;
Kd;Diu
Nkiy ehl;lhh; tUifapd; thapyhfNt jkpo; ehnlq;Fk; xq;fp cah;e;J
tsh;e;jJ. mr;R ,ae;jpuf; fz;Lgpbg;G Nkiy ehl;lhUf;F chpaJ mr;R ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
rhapyhfNt jkpo; ciueilfs;> ftpijfs;> fl;Liufs; midj;Jk; tsh;rr ; p ngw;wd
vdyhk;.
Nkiyehl;lhh; tUif
Nkiyehl;lhhpd; tUif rkag;gug;Gjiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;>
mth;fspy; mr;R ,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ntFthf tsh;r;rp ngw;wd
vdyhk;. tPukhKdpthpd;> gukhh;j;j FUfij> rPfd;ghy;F Iah;> khh;lhf;Jiu
Nghd;Nwhhpd; jkpo; tsh;r;rpj; njhz;L mstplw;fhpaJ. fp.gp. 1812-y; nrd;idf; fy;tpr;
rq;fk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;l;lJ. ,r;rq;fk; Mq;fpNyah;fs; jkpo; fw;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
mikg;ghFk;. gjpdhW> gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;by; fpwpj;jth;fs;>
jq;fspd;kjf;nfhs;iffisg; gug;gj; jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;J vOjpdhh;fs;.
Nrtpah;> gphpl;Nlh> jj;Jt Nghjfh;> tPukhKdpth;> fhy;Lnry;Iah;> [hh;[; vy;

`hh;l>; My;gh;l; Ritl;rh; Ntjehafk; gps;is> Nghd;Nwhh; jkpio tsh;g;gjpy;
ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpath;fs;.
jpwdha;Tj;Jiwapy; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpNahh; Nkiy ehl;lhh;. ,yf;fzk;> epfz;L
Nghd;w jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;JiwfSf;Fk; khngUk; tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdh;. ,d;W
fly;fle;j ehLfspYk; jkpoh;fspd; E}y; tyk;te;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
ciueil
mr;R ,ae;jpuj;jpd; thapyhfr; rkag; gug;Gjiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
INuhg;gpah;fs; vOjpa ciueil> ,d;iwa ciueilf;F tpj;jhf mike;jJ.
tPukhFdpthpd; „gukhh;j;j FUfij.‟ ,dpa vspa ciueil tbitj; jkpOf;Fj;
je;jJ. rPfd;ghy;F Iahpd; Kaw;rpahy; jkpofj;jpy; ney;iy khtl;lk; juq;fk; ghbf;F
Kjyhtjhf mr;R ,ae;jpuk; te;jJ. ,jd; %yk; Guhz ,jpfhrq;fs; ciueilapy;
voyhapd.
jkpopd; njhlf;f fhy ciueil

jkpopy; nky;y ciueil tbtk; cUf;nfhs;syhapw;W ciueilapy; E}y;
,aw;Wk; tof;fk; INuhg;gpahpd; njhlh;gpy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W khh;lhf;Jiu
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ePz;l thf;fpaq;fshf vOjg;l;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j gof;fj;ij
INuhg;gpah;fs; khw;wp mikj;jdh;. thh;j;ijfSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntsp tpl;L vOJk;
Kiwiag; GFj;jpdh;. ciueil tbtikj;jth;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhh;>
MWKfehtyh;> ,uhkypq;f mbfshhh;> kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is> rpq;fhuNtY
Kjypahh;> nts;sf;fhy; Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> vk;.v];.g+uzypq;fk; gps;is>
kiwkiyabfs;> K.,uhfitaq;fhh;> ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;> ,urpfkzp jpU.tp.f.
fh.Rg;gpukzpagps;is> Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;. ,uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is Qh.
NjtNehag;ghthzh; K.t.t.Rg.khzpf;fk; Nghd;Nwhiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
ciutiffs;
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa ciuE}y;fs; kpfg;gythFk;. mitfs; gytiffshff;
fpise;jd. ,yf;fzTiu> ,yf;fpaTiu> rhj;jpuTiu> kzpg;gputhsTiu
vdg;gFf;fyhk;. ciuahrphpah;fs; vDk; E}y; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa ngUE}yhFk;.
jkpOf;F ciuahrphpah;fspd; nfhil msg;ghpaJ. jkpopy; Njhd;wpAs;s
85
ciufSf;Fk; ePz;l tuyhWz;L fp.gp vl;L Kjy; gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;L tiu
ciufs; NkNyhq;fpa fhyk; vdyhk;.
ciuahrphpah;fs; nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUjy;> nfhs;if tpsf;fk; nra;jy;>

itg;G Kiwf;Ff; fhuzk; fhl;Ljy;> ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;Gj;jUjy;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj;
jUjy;> rpwg;G tpsf;fk; jUjy;> tuyhW $Wjy; jpwdha;T nra;jy; Mfpa
gzpfisr; nrt;tNdahw;wpj; jk; ciufisr; rpwf;fr; nra;jdh;. ciuahrphpah;fs;
tpdhtpil Kiwapy; msit ,aypw;Nghy vOJjYk; vjidAk; xU epuy;glTk; xU
newpglTk; $WjYk; mth;fs; tof;fhwhFk;.
,yf;fz ciufs;
,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; ciuNa fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. ef;fPuuhy;
ciuf;fg;gl;Lg; gj;Jj;jiyKiw tiu nrtptopahff; Nfl;fg;gl;L te;J gpwF
vOjg;gl;lJ m/J vOjg;gl;l fhyk; fp.gp. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. nrk;khe;j
,yf;fpa eilapy; ,/J vOj;ggl;Ls;sJ. ,yf;fpa eil gapy;thh;f;F ,J kpFe;j
RitahFk; Kd;G gyh; ,ij kdg;ghlk; nr;aJ goFth;. njhy;fhg;gpa Kjy;
ciuahrphpah; „,sk;g+uzh;‟ „Nuhrphpah;‟ jk; rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; kl;LNk mwpag;gLk; ,th;
,sk;g+uzUf;Fg; gpw;gl;lth; nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; gpd;dhd;F ,ay;fSf;F kl;LNk
,tUiu fpilj;Js;sJ. er;rpdhh;fpdpahh; cr;rpNkw; Gyth; nfhs; er;rpdhh;fpdpah;
vd;W ,th; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh; ,th; ciufNs ,d;W kpFjpahff; fpilf;fpd;wd.
njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk; KOikf;Fk; ,tUiuAz;L.
kapiyehjh;
,th; ed;nfYf;F Kjd; Kjy; ciu vOjpath;. ,th; rkzh; RUf;fKk;
njspTk; cilaJ ,th; ciu gy mhpa Fwpg;Gf;fisAilaJ ,t;Tiu.
rq;fuekr;rpthah;
gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;by; jpUney;Ntypapy; Njhd;wp ed;nfYf;F tphpthd
ciunaOjpg; Gfo;ngw;wth;. ,th; jputhtLJiw klj;J <rhd Njrpfhpd; khzth;.
mk;klj;Jg; ngUk;Gyth; rptQhdKdpth; rq;fuekr;rpthahpd; Gj;Jiuiag; ngUf;fp>
tphpj;njOjpdhh;.
,yf;fpaTiufs;
mbahh;f;F> ey;yhUk;> ghpNkyofUk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. Kw;fhl;bath;fspy;
er;rpdhh;fpdpaUk; NguhrphpaUk; ,yf;fpaq;fl;Lk; ciufz;Ls;sdh;. mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;
nghg;gz;z fhq;Nfadhy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;lth;. epuk;ig vd;w Chpdh;. fp.gp. 12k;
E}w;whz;L ,th; fhyk; vd;gh;. mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; ciu ,ir> ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;fs;
gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. mjpfhu Kd;Diu> itg;GKiw tpsf;fk;> Fw;fspilNa
,iaG> rpwg;G tpsf;fk;> ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G Mfpait ghpNkyofhpd; jpwid
tpsf;Ftd.
ehyhapu ciufs;
jpUf;FUifg;gpuhd; - Mwhapug;gb jpUtha;nkhop gps;shd; eQ;ra P h; -
ek;gps;isapd; jpUtha;nkhop> xd;gjhapug;gbia vOjp itj;jth;. jpUg;gs;spvOr;rp
ciu> jpUtpUj;j ciu> nghpa jpUnkhopciu.
tlf;F jpUtPjpg; gps;is – jpUtha;nkhopf;F Kg;gjhapug;gb vOjpath;

,d;Dk; ngah; njhpahj> njhpe;j gioa ciuahrphpah;fs; gyuhth;
86
rhe;jpTiufs;
Fwpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ rptQhdKdpthpd; rptQhdg; Nghjf NgUiuNa MFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpa Kjw; #j;jputpUj;jp> ed;D}y; jpUj;jpAiu ,tnuOjpa ,yf;fz
ciufs;. rptQhd khthbag; NgUiu> rptQhd Nghjr; rpw;Wiu> rptQhdrpj;jpahh;
nghopg;Giu vd;gd ,th; vOjpa rhj;jpuTiufs;
kzpg;guthsk;
kzp jkpo;r;nrhy;> gputhsk; (gtsk;) tlnrhy; ,JNghy ,Unkhopr;
nrhw;fisAk; fye;J vOJtJ mofhf ,Uf;Fk; vdr; rkzh;fshYk; gpd;G itzt
ciuahrphpah;fshYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. Kw;$wpa ehyhapu jpt;tpag;gpuge;j <l;Liufs;
midj;Jk; kzpg;gpuths eilapdNt. kpfr;rpwe;j jpwdha;Tg; ngl;lfkhfpa mit
,e;eilg;Nghh;f;fhy; kf;fsplk; nghpJk; guthky; Nghapd.
,irehlf ,yf;fpak;
Kd;Diu
gy;yth; fhyk; njhlq;fp eha;ff; h; fhyk; tiu jkpo; ,irAk; ehlfKk; jdp
tsh;r;rp Fd;wpf; fyg;Gk; jphpGk; cilatiahapd. ,jdhy; jkpopy; ehlf ,yf;fpak;
cz;nld;gijAk;> ,irj;jkpo; vd xd;W <Lk; vLg;Gkpd;wp ,Ue;jijAk; Muha;e;J
nka;g;gpf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
,irj;jkpo;
,irj;jkpo; tuyhWk; jkpopy; kpf ePz;lnjhd;whf mikfpwJ> Rthkp
tpGyhde;jhpd; aho; }Ey; fw;ghh; ,t;Tz;ikia czh;th;. jkpopir Ma;Tf;F mJ
kpff; cWJizahf mikAk;. ,iwad;ufg; nghUs; ciuapy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;
,irj;jkpo; E}y;fs; tUkhW> KJehiu> KJFUF> fshpahtpiu> rpw;wpir> Nghpir>
ghpghly;> NkYk; ngUehiu> ngUq;FU> gQ;RkuG> gQ;rghujPak;> jhsrKj;jpuk;>
fpr;rGlntz;gh> ,irE}yfk;> jhstifNahj;J> ,irj;jkpo; vd;gdthFk;.
ghpghlypy; ,Ugj;jpuz;L ghly;fs; kl;LNk fpilf;fpd;wd. mg;ghly;fs; fPNo

,irg;gz;Zk; ,ir mikj;jth; ngaUk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fuy;> Jj;jk;>
iff;fpis> cio> fpsp> tpshp> jhuk;> vd VOepiyfs; jkpow;Rl;lg;gLk;.
,ilf;fhiyj;jpy; ,irNahL jkpo; ghba Njthu> jpUthrfk; jkpopir tsh;r;rpiaf;
fhl;Ltd. mUzfphp ehjh; jpUg;Gfo; ghb ,irj;jkpio tsh;j;jhh;. 1008 Nksfh;j;jhg;
gz;fSf;Fk; mth; jpUg;Gfo; ghbdhh; vd;gh;. ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; jkpopir rpwpJ
NtWgl;Lj; njYq;Ff; fPh;j;jidfisNa ghLk; fUehlf ,irahf cUf;nfhz;lJ.
„FwtQ;rp‟ E}y;fs; ey;y ,irg;ghly;fisf; nfhz;L gilf;fg;gl;ld. rPh;fhop

mUzhryf; ftpuhahpd; ,uhk ehlf; fPh;j;jidfs;> NfhghyfpU~;z ghujpapd;
es;jdhh; rphpj;jpf;fPh;j;jidfs; Nghyg;gy E}y;fs; jkpopir tsh;rr
; pia
epiyepWj;jpait. ts;syhh; ,uhkpq;fKk;> nrd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiy nul;bahUk;
fPh;j;jidfSk; fhtbr;rpe;Jk; ghbath;fs;. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG> ftp Fq;ru
ghujp> Kj;Jj;jhz;lth;> kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is Nghd;NwhUk; ,irj;jkpo;
tsh;r;rpf;F mUe;njhz;lhw;wpath;fs; Mth;.
ghujpahh; gz; mike;j ghly;fs; gy ghbdhh;. Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is gy

fPh;j;jidfis ,aw;wpdhh;. ghujpjhrd; ,iraikjp nghUe;jpa ghly;fis kpFjpAk;
ghbj; jkpopiria NkYk; tsg;gLj;jpath;. Nahfp rpj;jhde;j ghujpahh;> nghparhkpj;
J}ud; Nghy;thh; jkpopirg; ghly;fis kpFjpahfg; ghbd. kJiuj; jkpopirr; rq;fk;
tsh;j;J> jkpopir ,af;fj;ij tYTilajhf;fpath; Kj;ijah Nts;.
87
ehlfj;jkpo;
,irAld; $bj; jkpo; ehlfKk; md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu tsh;rr ; p ngw;wJ.
kiwe;J Nghd ehlf E}y;fs; gy. rpae;jk;> nra;apw;wpak;> KWty;> kjpthzh;
ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;> tpsf;fj;jhh; $j;J> $j;j E}y; vd;w mit Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,ilf;hfyr;Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; ehlfq;fs; vOjg;gl;L ebf;fg;gl;lij>
mf;fhyf;fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpaKbfpwJ. jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhapypy; „,uhruhNrr;Rtu
ehlfk;‟ ebf;fg;gl;jw;fhd Fwpg;G ,uhrhrpd; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gs;S> FwtQ;rp ehlfk;

coTj; njhopiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gs;sh;fspd; tho;it nul;b
mike;j ehlfNk gs;S ehlfkhFk;. ,jpy; nts;sk; tUtJ> gytif khLfs;>
tpijj;jy;> ehw;W eLjy; gw;wpnay;yhk; rpwe;j ehl;Lg; Gwg;ghly;fs; gy ,irAld;
$ba ,yf;fpa tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd.
Fwpj;j fhjyhy; tUe;jk; jiytpaplk; nrd;W Fwpnrhy;tjhfg; ghLtNj Fwk;>

FwtQ;rp vdg;gl;lJ. FkuFUguhpd; kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk; ehlfkhf mikatpy;iy.
rptf;nfhOe;J Njrpfs; vOjpa rpuNge;jpug+ghyf; FwtQ;rp ehlfkhf mike;Js;sJ.
Fk;Ngrh; FwtQ;rp ehlfk;> mh;j;j ehhPRtuf;FwtQ;rp jpUth&h; FwtQ;rp Nghd;w
E}y;fSk; Njhd;wpd.
nehz;b ehlfk; :
jPatopfspy; ele;J xOf;fk; nfl;Lg; gpuj;ijahplk; cwT nfhz;L> Kbtpy;
Jd;gg;gl;L> nehz;bahfp tUe;Jtjhff; fw;gid nra;J ghLtd ,t;tifapd;
rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk; Gfo;ngw;wJ. jpUld; kdk; khwp nkf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;W
jpUe;jpntl;lg;gl;l fhiyj; jpUk;gTk; ngw;Wj; jpUk;gp tUtjhf ,f;fij $WfpwJ.
rpe;J vd;Dk; ahg;gpdhy; ghlg;gl;ljhy; „nehz;br;rpe;J‟ vd;Nw ghl;L miof;fg;gl;lJ.
fPh;j;jid ehlfk;
rPh;fhop mUzhfphpf; ftpuhah; ghbaJ ,uhkehlff; fPh;j;jidfs; mNrhfKfp
ehlfk;> rPh;fhopj;jyGuhzk;> mDkhh; gps;isj;jkpo; vy;yhk; mth; vOjpapUe;jhYk;
mtUf;F mopahg;Gfo; je;jJ ,uhk ehlfNk. KOtJk; ghly;fshfNt
mikf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;ehlfk; ey;y „nkl;L‟ mike;j kf;fs; tpUk;gpf; Nfl;Fk;gbahd
,rig;ghly;fspd; njhFjp ,J.
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ehlfg;gzp Ghpe;J> jkpo; ehlfj;ijr;
rpwf;fr; nra;j JwrpFth;. njUf;$j;J tif Gfo;ngw;Wj; jpfo;tijg; ghh;j;J mNj
ghzpapy; ehlfq;fis vOjp NkilNaw;wpg; Gfo;ngw;whh;. ,tUila ehlfq;fspy;
ghly;fs; kpFjpahf ,Uf;Fk;. ciueil Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; ,uz;Lk; nre;jkpo;
eilapy; ,yf;fzg; gpioapd;wpf; fhzg;gLk;. mit Guhzf;fijfis xl;bait. ePjp
Nghjid kpf;fit. gpufyhjd;> rpWj;njhz;lh;> gtsf;nfhb> yfFrh Nghd;w ehw;gJ
ehlfq;fis vOjp ,th; NkilNaw;wpAs;shh;. E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ghly;fslq;fpa
„mgpkd;A‟ ehlfj;ij xNu ,utpy; vOjpa rpwg;gpw;Fhpa gilg;ghsh; ,th; ,d;iwa
jkpo; Nkil ehlfj; je;ij‟ vd;W Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;.
rk;ge;j Kjypahh;
„jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah;‟ vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; (fp.gp.
1873-1964) jkpo; ehlf tsh;rr ; papy; xU jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ghly;fis kpfTk;
Fiwj;J> Nkdhl;L Kiwia xl;b vspa ciuahly;fSld; $ba ehlfq;fis ,th;
88
gilj;jhh;. kf;fs; tho;f;ifg; gpd;gw;wpdhh;. ePjpgjp Nghd;w cah;gjtpapy; ,Ue;jhYk;
„RFz tpyhr rgh‟ vd;w epWtdj;jpd; %yk; gy ehlfq;fis muq;Nfw;wp>
mf;fiyf;F ,Ue;J te;j ,opitg; Nghf;fpdhh;. ,uj;jpdhntsp> kNdhfuh> ,uz;L
ez;gh;fs;> fs;th; jiytd; Ntjhs cyfk; vd;gd ,thpd; Gfo;ngw;w ehlfq;fs;
„rghgjp‟ eifr;Rit ehlfk; Nrf;];gpah; ehlfq;fisj; jkpopy; je;jth;. tlnkhop
ehlfq;fs; rpyTk; ,tuhy; jkpohf;fg;gl;ld.
rpWfij
rpWfijapd; ,yf;fzk;
fw;gidf; fijfs;> cz;ik epfo;Tfs;> kw;Wk; eifr;Rti fye;Nj
rpWfijfs; vOjg;gLk;. ,tw;iw KiwNa njhy;fhg;gpah; $wpa nghUNshL Gzuhg;
ngha;nkhop nghUNshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhop vd;W $wpatw;NwhL xg;Gzuj; jf;fd.
vl;Lj; njhifg; ghly;fs; midj;Jk; rpWfij tbtpd vdyhk;.
njhlf;fk;> tsh;r;rp> rpf;fy;> cr;rf;fl;lk; KbT vd;Dk; 5 $Wfisr; rpWfij

nfhz;bUf;Fk; mjpfgl;rk; ,uz;L kzp Neuj;jpw;F Nky; fijePsf;$lhJ. Fjpiug;
ge;jaj;jpd; njhlf;fk; KbT Nghy; $h;ik nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fpisf;fijfs;
$lhJ. fijapy; $wg;gLk; xt;nthU epfo;Tk; fijNahL njhlh;G nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gd rpWfijf;fhd tiuaiwfs;.
rpWfij tuyhW
fij $wYk; Nfl;lYk; kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fye;j xd;W. vdNt xt;nthU
kdpj r%fj;jpYk; fijfs; epuk;g cs;sd. vdNt rpWfijiaf; jdpnahU
,yf;fpakhff; fUJfpd;w Nehf;fpid mnkhpf;fhitr; Nrh;e;j vl;fh; Myd;Ngh
njhlq;fp itj;jhh;. Nkdhl;lhh; tuTk; tsh;r;rpAk; gj;jphpf;iffspd; gf;fgyKk;
rpWfijfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fj; JizGhpe;jd. 18k; Ew;whz;by; tPukhKdpth; vOjpa
„gukhh;j;jFUfij‟ jkpo;r;rpWfijfspd; Kd;Ndhb vdyhk;.
19k; E}w;whz;by; rpWfij vOj;jhsh;fs;

tPuhrhkpr; nrl;bahhpd; tpNehjurkQ;rhp> jhz;ltuha Kjypahhpd;> gQ;rje;jpuf;
fijfs; nrt;tNjrtuhaKjypahhpd; mgpeaf;fijfs; rpWfij cUtpy; cUg;ngwj;
njhlq;fpd t.Nt.R Iahpd; kq;ifah; furpapd; fhjy;> Kjypa fijfs; t.Nt.Rtpd;
njhFg;G m.khjitapd; ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; %lek;gpf;if tpLjiy Nehf;F
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,jo;rhh; vOj;jhsh;fs;
1933 Kjy; 55 tiu „kzpf;nfhb‟ ,jo; rpWfijia Xh; ,af;fkhff; nfhz;L
tsh;j;jJ. „vOj;J‟ ,jOk; ,jpy; gq;F nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy;> F.g.uh[Nfhghyd;>
e.gpr;r%h;j;jp> jp.[hdfpuhkd;> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> b.v];.,uhikah> GJikg;gpj;jd;>
ty;ypf;fz;zd;> mNrhf kpj;jpud;> fy;yp Mfpa vOj;jhsh;fspd; rpWfijfs;
ntspte;jd.
,jpy; rhuh vOj;jhsh;fs;

K.t.fp. uh[ehuhazd; rp.th. [fe;ehjd;> n[frpw;gpad;> R.rKj;jpuk;>
Rg;ughujpkzpad; Nghd;Nwhh;.
ngz; vOj;jhsh;fspd; rpWfijfs;

ngz;fspd; rpf;fy;fs; 1970-fSf;Fg; gpwF Neubahfg; ngz;fNs Ngrpf;fsj;jpy;
,wq;fpdh;. mjd; tpisthf ngz;fspd; tho;tpay; rpf;fy;fs; cyf muq;fpy;
89
cs;sJ cs;sgb muq;Nfwj; njhlq;fpd. ngz; vOj;jhsh;fspy;> ,uh[k;fpU~;zd;>
mk;ig> #lhkzp> mDuhjh ukzd;> jpyftjp> ghf;ah Nghd;Nwhh;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fshth;.
Gjpdk;
Nkdhl;lhh; njhlh;ghy; jkpOf;Ff; fpilj;j Gjpa ,yf;fpa tif Gjpdk;.
Gjpdk; vd;Dk; nrhy; „Novel‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. Novel vd;why;
Newness vd;W nghUs; ,g;nghUspd; mbg;gilapNyNa Novel vd;gJ Gjpdk;
vdj;jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpWfij xU khspifapd; rhsuk; vd;why;> khspifapd; nkhj;jg;gug;Gk; Gjpdk;

MFk; vd;fpd;whh; [pahh;[%h; vd;Dk; mwpQh; Gjpdj;ijr; rkfhyr; rhpj;jpuk; vdyhk;.
jkpopd; Kjy; Gjpdk; (gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; 1879)
kha+uk; ePjpgjp Ntjehafk;gps;is mth;fs; 1879,y; gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;

vd;Dk; Gjpdj;ijg; gilj;jhh;. jkpopy; ,k;khjphp ciueil etPdk; nghJ kf;fSf;F
mspf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mifahy; ,e;E}y; thrfh;fSf;F ,urkhfTk; Nghjid
epiwe;jjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; vdg;ngUik nfhs;fpNwd; vd;W Gjpdjj;jpd; Kd;Diuapy;
Ntjehafk; njspT nra;fpd;whh;.
jkpopd; Kjy; %d;W Gjpdq;fs;

Gjpdk; Mz;L Mrphpah;
1. gpujhgKjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; 1879 kha+uk; Ntjehafk;
gps;is
2. fkyhk;ghs;rhpj;jpuk; 1898 ,uh[k; Iah;
3. gj;khtjp rhpj;jpuk; 1898 m.khjitah
Jg;gwpAk; Gjpdq;fs;
Mq;fpyk; njhpe;j jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopapd; jOtyhfg; gy
Jg;gwpAk; Gjpdq;fisg; gilj;jdh;. MuzpFg;Grhkp Kjypahh;> tLt+h;Nf Jiurhkp
Iaq;fhh;> Nfh.Mh;. uq;fuh[;> Nfhij ehafp mk;khs; Nghd;Nwhh; gpwh; Jg;gwpAk; rhk;G
%yk; eifr;Rit Cl;Lk; Njtd;. rq;fh;yhy; %yk; Jg;gwpAk; jkpo;thzd;> fNz~;
trpe;j%yk; Gfo;ngw;w R[hjh> tpNtf; &gyh ghj;jpuq;fis cyttpl;L
mwptpaw;fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nrh;j;J vOjpa uhN[~;Fkhh; KjyhNdhUk; Jg;gwpAk;
Gjpdj;Jiwapy; Gfo;ngw;Nwhh; Mth;.,
r%fg;Gjpdq;fs;
r%f tho;tpaypd; kf;fs; rpf;fy;fis mbg;iglahff; nfhz;L vOk;
Gjpdq;fs; ,it> fy;fpapd; jpahfg+kp> fs;tdpd; fhjyp> kFlgjp> miyXir
Kjyhd gy gq;fspg;Gfs; %yk; rhjpf;nfhLik> tpijf;nfhLik> nghUe;jkzk;
,tw;wpw;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLj;J tpLjiy Ntl;ifia Cl;bdhh; mfpyd;
fijg;gilg;gpYk; ghj;jpug;gilg;gpYk;> ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpYk; jdpj;jd;ikAilahh;.
jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fspy; Kjy; Kjypy; QhdgPlg;ghpR ngw;wtUk; ,tNu. K.tujuhdhh;
jkpo;ehl;Lg;ngh;dhl;~h; vd;w ghuhl;ilg; ngWth;. ghit> faik> thlhkyh;> fs;Nsh
fhtpaNkh> ngw;w kdk;> fhpj;Jz;L vd 15 Gjpdq;fs; vOjpAs;shh;. mfy;tpsf;F
rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ ngw;wJ. NkYk; eh.ghh;j;j rhujp> Nfh.tp.kzpNrfud;>
Re;juuhkrhkp Nghd;NwhUk; Fwpg;gpj;jf;fNfhh;.
,itjtpu tuhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fs;> tl;lhug; Gjpdq;fs;> nkhopngah;g;G Gjpdq;fs;>

jOty; Gjpdq;fs;> $l;Lg;Gjpdq;fs;> FWk;Gjpdq;fs; vdg; gytifg; Gjpdq;fs;
90
gilf;fg;gl;L tUfpdw;d ,d;W gy nz; vOj;jhsh;fSk; jq;fspd; gilg;Gfisr;
nrt;tNd ntspapl;L tUfpd;wdh;. n`g;rpah Np[Rjhrd; yf;~;kp> th]e;jp> rptrq;fhp>
ughf;ah.. vdf; $wpf;nfhz;Nl nry;yyhk;.
kuGf;ftpij
Kd;Diu
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bid kWkyh;r;rpf;fhyk; vdyhk; ,e;jpatpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lKk; NkiyehLfspd; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghl;Lj; jhf;fKk; Gjpa kWkyh;r;rpf;F
tpj;jpl;ld. gioa kuGfspypUe;J Gjpa fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; tphpa Muk;gpj;jd.
rpw;wurh;fisg; ghb Gfo;e;J Jjpghb> cyh kly; vdg;ghLk; epiyapy; khw;wk;
tpise;jJ. tpLjiy Ntl;ifAk;> Mq;fpNyahpd; Mjpf;fg;Nghhf;Fk; r%f
Mh;tyh;fisj; jl;b vOg;gpaJ. ghujpahh; cs;spl;l ftpQh;fs; r%fk; Fwpj;Jg;
ghlj;njhlq;fpdh;. ,j;jifa xd;Wgl;l czh;Nthl;lq;fs; „ghujp guk;giu‟ vd;w
GjpanjhU ghijia cUthf;fpaJ.
ghujpahh; (1882-1921)
,aw;ngah; Rg;ukzpad; vl;laGuj;J muritf; ftpQuhf ,Ue;jhh;. mq;F
[kPdj; hhplk; mbtUbahf ,Uf;fg;gpbf;fhky;> ntspNawpdhh;. ,tuJ tpLjiy
czh;r;rpf;F t.c.rp. fpyhh; KjyhNdhh; cukpl;ldh;. mjd;tpisthf 1921 NyNa
„MLNthNk gs;S ghLNthNk
Mde;j Rje;jpuk; mile;J tpl;Nlhnkd;W‟
vd;W tpLjiyg; ghly; ghbdhh;.
ghujp ghly;fspy;
„ngz;fs; mwpit tsh;j;jhy; itak;
Ngjik mw;wpLk; fhdPh;
vd;gjd; %yk; ngz; Kd;Ndw;wr; rpe;jidiag; ghLfpwhh;. NkYk; xUikg;ghl;Lr;
rpe;jid> rhjpak; fisjy;> jkpo;g;gw;W Nghd;wr; nra;jpfisAk; ghbAs;shh;.
ghujpjhrd; (1891-1964)
,aw;ngah; „fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;‟ ghujpahh; ftpijfspy; nfhz;l <Lghl;lhy;
ghujpjhrd; Mdhh;. ngz; Kd;Ndw;wk;> nghJ Tilik %lg;gof;f vjph;g;G Kjyhd
nfhs;ifg; ghly;fspd; %yk; „Gul;rpf;ftp‟ vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. njhlf;f fhyj;jpy;
ghujpjhrd; flTs; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jhh; ghujpapd; Kjpy; mwpKfj;jpy; „ghL‟
vdf;Nfl;f>
;Vq;nfq;F fhzpDk; rf;jpalh-jk;gp
VOfly; mts; tz;zklh‟
vdg;ghbajd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk; ngz;fy;tpr; rpe;jid. tpjit
kWkzr;rpe;jid> nghJTilikr; rpe;jid Fwpj;Jk; ftp ghbAs;shh;. ghz;bad; ghpR>
vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;> Kjypad ,tuJ Fwq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is (1876-1954)

ftpkzpapd; ghly;fs; „kyUk; khiyAk;‟ vd;Dk; njhFg;ghf ntspte;Js;sJ.
jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Mq;fpyk; vd Kk;nkhopg;Gyik tha;e;jth;. jkpof;ftpij>
fy;ntl;L Muha;rr; p> rKjha rPh;jpUj;jk; ngz;tpLjiy Mfpa jsq;fspy; <LghL
nfhz;lth; ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk; fPh;j;jidfs;
KjyhditAk; ,tuJ gilg;Gfs;.
„cs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpij - ,d;g
cUntLg;gJ ftpij
njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy; - cz;ik
91
njspe;J ciug;gJ ftpij
vdf; ftpijf;F ,yf;fzk; $wpAs;shh;. nkhop ngah;g;G ftpijfs; gy
,aw;wpAs;shh;. ftpkzp gl;lk; ngw;wth;. „ngz;zpd; ngUik‟ Ngrpath; ehkf;fy;
ftpQh;. nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;is (1888-1972)
jpyfh; tpijj;j tpj;J ghujpahf Kisj;jJ. fhe;jp Jtpd tpij ehkf;fy;

ftpQuhfj; Njhd;wpaJ vd %jwpQh; ,uhrNfhghy; ciuf;fpd;whh;. fhe;jpaf; ftpQh;
vd;gNghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr;rj;jpahf; fpufj;jpd; nghOJ fhe;jpiaf;
Fwpj;J>
„fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ
rj;jpaj;jpd; epj;jpaj;ij ek;Gk;ahUk; NrUtPh;‟
vdg;ghbaJ ,tiuf; fhe;jpathjpahf milahsg;gLj;jpaJ. jkpopd; ngUik
ghbAs;shh;. „mtDk; mtSk;‟ rpq;nfhyp> jkpo;Njh; Kjyhdit ,tuJ ftpijj;
njhFg;Gfs;.
gpw ftpQh;fs;
Rujh – ctikf;ftpQh; vdr;rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgth; nea;jy; ePh;> rphpg;gpd;wpjo;>
RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; JiwKfkk; ,tuJ ghly; njhFg;Gfs;.
thpzjhrd; u.K vDk; Gidg;ngah; nfhz;lth; jkpor;rp> nfhbKy;iy>
nghq;fw;ghpR> ,yf;fpak; Kjypa Ey;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. jiyg;ghly;fs;
„thzpjhrd; ftpijfs;‟ vDk; jiyg;gpy; ntspte;Js;sJ.
Kbaurd;
,aw;ngah; fh.R. JiuuhR fhtpag; ghit> tPufhtpak;> Kbaurd; fhtpa
fijfs; ,tuJ gilg;Gfs; „g+q;nfhb‟ fhg;gpaj;jpw;F jkpof murpd; ghpR fpilj;jJ.
fz;zjhrd;
(1927-1981) fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,tuJ ftpijfs; 7
njhFjpfshf ntspte;Js;sd. „khq;fdp‟ Ml;ldj;jp – Mjpke;jp> ,tuJ
FWq;fhg;gpaq;fs;. mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;> ,NaRfhtpak; Nghd;wit ,tuJ
gilg;Gfs;.
jtpu> ftpNahfp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh; r.J.Rg;gpukzpa Nghfp> K.fUzhepjp>
Gyth;Foe;ij> fh.K.nrhPg;> ngQ;rpj;jpudhh;> f.rPdpthruhftd;> jpUNyhfrPjhuhk;>
Jiwtd;> fk;gjhrd;> NtoNte;jd;> ty;yk;> Ntq;flgjp Nghd;Nwhh; jukhd
ftpijfisj; jkpo; md;idf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
GJf;ftpij
xU ehl;Lf; fiyr;#oypd; xt;nthU rKjha khw;wKk; me;ehl;L
,yf;fpaq;fspy; vjpnuhypf;Fk; mwptpay; khw;wq;fs; cyfpd; mtrur; #oy;>
Njitfspd; mRug;Nef;F> cyfj;njhopy; Gul;rpfs; mwptpay; Gul;rpfs; Nghh;fs;
Kjyhdit cyf ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gioa kuig khw;wpd. ,yf;fpaq;fspd;
Nghf;fpYk; mstpYk; GJ khw;wj;ij tpistpj;jd. gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapd; tpisthfr;
Rje;jpuk; rkj;Jtk; rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;Dk; nghUz;ik gyJiwfspYk;
epiynfhz;lJ. ,tw;wpw;F nefpo;Gykhf ,Uf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ftpijfspYk;
xU GJtbtk; cUf;nfhs;sf; fUf;nfhz;ld.
GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpuhd;R ehl;L hpk;ghl;> ky;yhh;Nk MfpNahiuf;
Fwpg;gpLth;. mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh; thy; tpl;lkDila Gy;ypd; ,jo;fs; (Leaves of grass)
GJf;ftpijapd; Kaw;rpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J v];uhgTz;l;
b.v];p. vypal; MfpNahh; GJf;ftpijapy; ,wq;fpNahh;.
92
jkpopy; ghujpahhpd; tif ftpijfs; GJf;ftpijf;fhd Kd;Ndhl;lkhfg;
GJf;ftpijg; ghtyh;fshy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld. trdftpij> tpLepiyg;gh> fl;lw;w
ftpij vdg; gy ngah;fshy; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; miof;fg;ngw;W 1980 fspy;
GJf;ftpij vd;Dk; ngahpy; epiy nfhz;Ls;sJ.
GJf;ftpijf;F ,yf;fpag; gj;jphpf;iffs; Vzpg;gbfshf ,Ue;jd.

GJf;ftpijapd; tsh;rr; p epiyia>
1. ghpNrhjidf;fhyk; : 1934-1947
2. kWkyh;r;rpf;fhyk; : 1959 – 1969
3. nry;thf;Ff;fhyk; : 1970 Kjy; vd;W GJf;ftpijapy; FwpaPL vd;Dk; E}ypy;
mg;Jy; uFkhd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
1. ghpNrhjidf;fhyk; (1934-1947)
kzpf;nfhb> jpdkzp> n[aghujp> fpuhk Copad; cs;spl;l 10 ,jo;fs;
GJf;ftpijfsi ntspapl;ld. ,e;j ,jo;fspy; e.gpr;r%h;j;jp> K.g.uh[Nfhghyd;>
f.eh.Rg;ukzpak;> ty;ypf;fz;zd;> GJikg;gpj;jd; MfpNahh; GJf;ftpijf;
ftpQh;fshf mwpKfkhdhh;fs;. cUtg;ghpNrhjid> ahg;gw;w me;jeil> kdj;jpd;
Fuy;> r%ftpkh;rdk;> mq;fjk;> Gjpa ghh;it> tho;Tr;Rit> Jj;JtNehf;F Kjyhd
nghJg;gz;Gfs; ,f;ftpQh;fspd; GJf;ftpijfspy; ,ioNahbd.
e.gpr;r%h;j;jp ,aw;ifapd; jd;ikfspy; tho;tpd; jj;Jtj;ij itf;fpd;whh;.

tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Nrhdpahfp xLq;fpg; Nghtjpy; ,d;gkpy;iy. vjph;j;J epd;W
Nghuhl Ntz;Lk; ,e;jjj;Jtj;ijg; glh;e;J tUk; njd;idapd; mbapy;
xOq;fpf;fplf;Fk;Nrhdpf;fKfpd; ,iltplhj Kaw;rp %yk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
F.g.uh[Nfhghyd; F.guh. tiftpijfs; jhk; vOjpdhh;. „kzpf;nfhbapy; 24
ftpijfs;> fyhNkhfpdpay; 5 ftpijfs; kl;Lk; jhd; vOjpahf ty;ypf;fz;zd;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. F.g.uh. jdJ ftpijfisf; fUtisAk; ifAk; vd;Dk;jiyg;gpy;
njhFj;J E}yhf ntspapl tpUk;gpdhh;. filrp tpiu Mir epiwNtwtpy;iy. F.guh.
fpuhk Copad;> gj;jphpf;ifapy; nfsu Mrphpah; kw;Wk; Mrphpauhfg;gzpGhpe;jhh;. 1944
Vg;uy; filrpapy; mth; kuzk; mile;jhh;.
GJikg; gpj;jd;
GJikgpj;jd;> ftpijfisAk; mq;fjr; RitNahL vOjpdhh;. „XlhjPh;‟ vd;Dk;
ftpijapy; vOj;Jf;$ypfis mq;fjkhff; Fwpg;gpl;L> Kbtpy;
„Iah> ehd;
nrj;jw;Fg; gpd;dhy;
epjpfs; jpul;lhjPh;
epidit tpspk;G fl;b
fy;ypy; tbj;J itahjPh;
vd;W kpf moffhf; ftpijr; rpw;gj;ij tbj;J itj;Js;shh;.
II. kWkyh;r;rpf;fhyk; (1959-1969)

vOj;J> ,yf;fpatl;lk;> eil Mfpa ,jo;fs; ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy;
GJf;ftpijfSf;F ,jopay; gq;fspg;gpidj; je;jd. jUK> rptuhK>
rp.kzpitj;jP];tud;> rz;KfRg;igah> KjyhNdhh; kWkyh;r;rpf; fhy GJf;ftpijf;
ftpQh;fs; Mth;.
,th;fs; ftpijfspy; gbkk;> FwpaPL> FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghL> gadw;wgoik>
kpFNtfg; GJik gw;wp vOjpAs;shh;.
93
jUK rptuhK ,d;iwa ,Ug;Ng ehis> New;W vd;Dk; rpe;jidfSf;F
Muk;gkhfpwJ vd;gjid>
„fhyf; Fsj;Nj
ehis New;W vd;w
miyNad; Gus;fpwJ
,d;W vDk; fy;Jisfs;
tPrp tpOtjdhy;.
vd;W jUK rptuhK $Wfpd;whh;.
rp.kzp itj;jP];tud; tho;;fi ; fapd; midj;J epfo;Tfisak; ftpijahf;Fk;g
hq;F ,thplk; cz;L. ek; tPl;Lr; rhf;filNa Mdhy; ehwj;jhd; nra;Ak; ,f;fUj;ij
„mtd; tPl;Lr; rhf;filapy;
mLj;J tPl;L ehw;gLj;Jg;
GuStJ xU tbf;fkhr;rp…
vDk; ftpijapy; glk;gpbf;fpd;whh;.
III. nry;thf;Ff; fhyk; (1970 Kjy;)

frljgw> jhkiu> thdk;ghb> m/> I> o> jPgk;> Vd;> RtL> Qhdujk;> Kjyhd
29 ,jo;fs; ,f;fhyr;#oypy; GJf;ftpijf;F cukpl;L tsh;j;jd. Gjpa kjpg;gPLfs;>
khh;f;rpa <LghL> kdpjNeak;> mujrpaw;rhh;G> fLikahd r%f tpkh;rdk;>
tlnrhw;fyg;G> trdftpij eil Kjyhd gy nghUz;ikfs; nry;thf;F fhyf;
ftpQh;fsplk; fhz;gLfpd;wd.
fyhg;gphpah: kdpj kdj;jpd; mOf;ifj; NjhYhpj;Jf; fhl;Ltdthf ,tuJ ftpijfs;

cs;sd. ,g;Nghf;F
„mts; mofhapy;yhjjhy;
vdf;Fj;
jq;ifahfptpl;lhs;.
vd;Dk;f tpijapd; %yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
mg;Jy; uFkhd;:
,d;iwa jkpo;f; ftpij gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ jiyik rhd;w ftpQh;fspy;
mg;Jy;uFkhDk; xUth;. ghy;tPjp> Neah; tpUg;gk;> Rl;Ltpuy;> Kjypa gyftpijg;
ghilg;Gfs; ,tUila gbkq;fshfTk; FwpaPLfshfTk; ghq;Filad. ,th;
ftpijfs; „fhytO‟ vd;Dk;f tpij gadw;w gioikfspy; fUj;ijr; nrYj;JtJ
fhytOthf KbAk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ ,jid>
„fle;j fhyj;jpw;Fs;
cd; Nrf;fs; Eioal;Lk;
cd; fpisfisAk; Vd;
mq;NfNa ePl;Lfpwha;
vd gpioTtjd; %yk; czuyhk;.
rpw;gp:
kuGf; ftpijapypUe;J GJf;ftpijf; te;jth; 1. epyTg;g+> Kjy; „#hpaepoy;‟
Kba xU ftpij E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. „ghujp ts;sj;Njhs;‟ ftpijfis
xg;gha;T nra;Js;shh;.
K.Nkj;jh:
GJf;ftpij> tuyhw;W ehty; vdg; gyJiwfspYk; Gfo;ngw;wth;.
fz;zhP ;g+f;fs;> ehafk; xU fhtpak; Njrpa gy ftpijj;; njhFg;Gf;fisj; je;jth;.
94
thdk;ghb ,af;fj;jth; ghNte;jh; tpUJ ngw;Ws;shh;. „Mfhrj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL”
vd;Dk; [Yf;F rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp ghpR ngw;Ws;hh;. rhjpf; nfhLik gw;wpf; fhw;iw
kpul;ba rUFfs;‟ vd;Dk;f tpij tpthpf;fpwJ.
ituKj;J :
GJf;ftpijapYk; jpiug;glj;JiwapYk; Gfo;ngw;Ws;s ftpQh; ,th;. ,tUila
Kjy; ftpijj; njhFg;G „itfiw Nkfq;fs;‟ vd;gJ jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;>
,d;ndhU NjrpafPjk;> vd gioa gid Xiyfs;> ,Jtiu ehd; ftpuh[d; fij>
rpw;gpNa cidr; nrJf;FfpNwd;. jz;zhP ; Njrk;> fs;spf;fhl;l ,jpfhrk; Kjyhit
,tuJ gilg;Gfs; „fhjy; capy;‟ vd;Dk; ftpijapy; fhjiyg; gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ
$l>
„fhuy; khh;f;];
ehw;fypapy;
cl;fhh;e;J nfhz;Nl
caph;tpl;l khjphp
vd;W fhh;y; khh;f;i] ctikahf;Ffpd;whh;. ,jd;%yk; „ftpg;NguuR‟ ituKj;Jtpd;
fhuy;khh;f;];lNljhd gw;iwAk; nghJTilikf; nfhs;ifg; gpbg;igAk; czuyhk;.
GJf;ftpij cj;jpfs; :
GJf;ftpijapy; gbkk;> FwpaPL. ,Uz;ik> njhd;kk; Kjyhd cj;jpfs;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. ,it jtpu 1) <h;f;fk; jiyg;G 2) xyptbtk; 3) fl;by tbtk; 4)
Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp 5) rpNyil Kjyhd cj;jpfSk; gyd;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ehlfk;
Kj;jkpod; Kj;jha;g;gha;j; jpfo;tJ ehlf;ffiy. ,ay;. ,irahy; fhJf;F
kl;Lk; jhd; ,d;gk;> $j;Jfy; fz;Zf;Fk; ,d;gk; vd;W fiyQh; b.Nf. rz;Kfk;
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;. ehlfk; gz;ila fhye;njhl;L „$j;J‟ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehlfk;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; „ehlfk;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;yhl;rp Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
„ehlf tof;fpDk; cyfpay;tof;fpDk;
ghly; rhd;w Gyndwp tof;fk;
vd;Dk; (njhy;-1999) thpfs; ehlf;ffiy njhd;W njhl;L jkpo;ehl;by; toq;fg;gl;L
tUtjid mwptpf;Fk;.
gz;ila ehlfE}y;fs;
mge;jk;> nraw;wpak;> KWty;> gujNrdhjp gjpak;> kjpthzh; ehlfj;jkpo;
Kjyhd ehlf E}y;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;jd. ,it gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis mbahh;f;F
ey;yhh; rpyg;gjpfhu ciuapy; Fwpj;Js;shh;.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;
1. ghz;luq;fk;
2. nfhLnfhl;b
3. kuf;fhy;
4. ghit
5. Jb
6. Fil
7. my;ypak;
8. Flk;
95
9. ky;
10. Ngb
11. filak;
vd;Dk; gjpndhUtiff; $j;Jf;fis khjtp Mbajhfr; rpyk;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdJ.
khjtp ehlf ed;D}y; ed;F filgpbj;Jf; fhl;bdhy;v d;Wk;$Wfpwj>
Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy; ehlfk;
,uhruhNrr;Ru ehlfj;jpd; %yk; kd;ddpd; ntw;wpfs; ebj;jf;fhl;lg;gl;ld.
„FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; ehlfk; g+k;Gya+h; ehlfk; KjyhditAk; Nfhtpy;fspy;
ebf;fg;gl;ld. „ca;ate;jhs; aNrhij‟ vd;gts; jpUtpohf;f hyq;fspy; ehlfq;fs;
ebf;Fk; chpik ngw;wpUe;jhs;. ehlff;fiy kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; „muR khdpak;‟
toq;fg;lg;lJ.
17> 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ehlfk; :

kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; fp.gp. 17,y; Nfhapy;fspy; ehlfq;fs;
ebf;fg;gl;ld. „rpuNge;jpu g+ghygsf; FwtQ;rp‟ ehlfk; jQ;irapy; ebf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ijj; njhlh;eJ 18k; E}w;whz;L Kba FwtQ;rp> gs;S> nehz;b ehlfq;fNs
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp> Kf;$lw;gs;S Kjyhapd
ehlfq;fshapd. kde;jpUe;jpa nehz;b> xUtd; nkf;fh nrd;Wkplk; ePq;fp tho;e;jjhf
ebf;fg;gLtJ „rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk;‟ ,t;tifiar; Nrh;e;jNj „,uj;jf;fz;zPh;‟
ehlfk;
19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ehlfk;

m) tuyhw;W ehlfq;fs;
kJiu tPud; tpyhrk;> ey;yjq;fhs; ehlfk;. utpth;kh Kjyhdit tuyhw;iw
mbg;gilahf;f nfhz;lit. fhrp tpRtehj Kjypahh;> lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk; vd;Dk;
tuyhw;W ehlfj;ij vOjpdhh;.
M) nkhopngah;gG
; ehlfq;fs;
1) N~f;];gpahpd; „rpk;gypd;‟ ehlfj;ijj; jkpopy; rj;jpatjp vd;Dk; ngahpy;
,yf;Fkzg;gps;is vd;gtUk; „rurhq;fp‟ vd;Dk; ngahpy; RNyhf;rdr; nrl;bah;
vd;gtUk; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.
20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ehlfq;fs;

rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;> nj.ngh.fpU~;z rhkpg;ghtyh;>
b.Nf.v];. rNfhjuh;fs;> v];.tp. rf];uehkk;> mt;it. jp>Nf.rz;Kfk;> mwpQh;
mz;zh> Nghd;Nwhh; ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ehlfj;Jiw tsh;j;njLj;jth;fs;
jw;fhy ehlf Mrphpah;fs;

1) fiyQh; fUzhepjp:
ehlfj;Jiwapy; GJikia tpistpj;jth;. mz;zh topapy; rPh;jpUj;jk;
fUj;Jfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. kzpkFlk;> ke;jpuFkhhp> guhrf;jp> J}f;FNkil> g+k;Gfhh;
Kjyhdit fiyQuJ fhtpag;gilg;Gfs;.
2. Nrh (,uhkrhkp):
mq;fjk; ,tUf;Ff; ifte;jfiy. ahhplKk; nrhy;yhNj> Neh;ik cwq;Fk;
Neuk;> rk;gthkpANf ANf> kdk; xU Fuq;F> ,utpy; nrd;id> Kfk;kJ gpd; Jf;sf;>
ahUf;Fk; ntl;fkpy;iy Kjyhdit ,tuJ gilg;GfSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
96
3. Nf. ghyr;re;jh;:
ntw;wpfukhd gilg;ghsp ePh;f;Fkpop> nkOFth;j;jp> vjph;ePr;ry;> Nk[h;
re;jpufhe;j;> rh;th;Re;juk; Kjyhd ehlfq;fisj; jpiug;glq;fshfTk; jahhpj;jhh;.
njUf;$j;J ehlfq;fs;
nrd;w rpy E}w;whz;Lfshf ehlf muq;F ,y;yhky; tPjpapyp; ebf;fg;gl;L tUk;
ehlfq;fs; ,it. fl;baq;fhud;> ghj;jpuq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthd; eifr;RitNahL
tpsf;Fthd;. #oYf;F Vw;wthW midtiuAk; rphpf;fr; nra;thd;.
$j;Jg;gl;liw vd;Dk; mikg;gpid e.Kj;Jrhkp elj;jp tUfpwhh;. ghPf~ ; h
vd;Dk; mikg;gpid Qhwp> K.uhkrhkp> Nf.V.QhdNrfud; MfpNahh; elj;jp
tUfpd;wdh;. thndhyp ehlfq;fs; Fuy; Vw;wj; jho;tpd; %yk; kl;LNk trdq;fspy;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiy ntspf;nfhzUk; gzpiar; nry;fpd;wd. njhiyf;fhl;rp
ehlfq;fspy; neLe;njhlh;fs; rpy> tUlf;fzf;fpy; ghh;itahsh;fis <h;j;J
tUfpd;wd.
fl;Liu
„fiygapy; njspTk; fl;Liu td;ikAk;‟ vd;Wk; NghJ> tha;nkhopahf
vLj;Jf;$Wk; gz;Ng tw;GWj;jg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyj; njhlh;Gf;Fg;gpd; „fl;Liu‟ vOJjy;
vd;w KiwGFe;jJ. fl;Liu vd;gJ xU ahg;G tbtk; Nghy> Ma;tpayhapDk;
mwpatpayhapDk; ,d;W fl;LiuahfNt vOJfpd;wdh;. fl;Liu vd;gJ Xh; ,yf;fpa
tif. mjw;nfd xU tbtk;> fl;Lf;Nfhg;G cz;L. ,jid czh;e;J fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gld;
fl;Liu vOjpa Mrphpah;fs; gyuhth;.
jkpo; ,jo;fs; rpwe;j fijfis> njhlh;fijfis JZf;Ffis

ntspapLfpd;wd. rpwe;j fl;Liufis mit tpUk;gp ntspapLtjpy;iy. Mq;fpy
,jo;fs; rpwe;j fl;LiufSf;Nf Kjyplk; jUfpd;wd. jkpopy; ntspaplg;gLk; ,jo;fs;
nghpJk; fl;Liuapyf;fpaj;ijg; Gwf;fzpg;gJ tpe;ijahfNt csJ. fl;Liu tsh;rr ; p
ciueil tsh;rr ; pAld; nghpJk; gpd;dpg; gpize;jjhFk;.
jpU.tp..f. uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is K.t.NjtNeag; ghtzh; Nghy;thh; rpwe;j fl;Liu

tbtq;fsij; je;jth; Mth;. kiwkiyabfs; nrt;tpa> nrwpTs;s fl;Liufis
vOjp topfhl;ldhh;. „fl;Liu tiutpay;‟ fz;lth; ghtzh;.
ehtyh; e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;> jkpo;j;jhj;jh c.Nt.rh. fzf;fhah;

r.NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;. t.Rg.khzpf;fk;> e.rQ;rPtp> Nghd;w
gyh; rpwe;j fl;Liuahrphpah; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wdh;. ,d;W fl;Liu tiffSk;
gy> fl;Liu vOJNthUk; fzf;fw;wth; Mth;.
JiwNjhWk; jkpo;
,d;W jkpo; gy;NtW Jiwfshff; fpistpl;Lg; gphpe;J tsh;e;J tUk; xU
MytpUl;rkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
mwptpay; jkpo;
Kidth; e.Rg;Gnul;bah;> ng.eh. mg;Grhkp Vida gyh; njhlf;fj;jpy;
,j;Jiwapy; E}y; vOjpdh;. ,d;W E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd mwptpaywpQh;fs; jkpopy; vOj
Kide;Js;sik> xsp kakhd vjph;fhyj;ij czh;j;JfpwJ. fiyf;fjpy;> jpdkzp
Rlh; NghYk; ,jo;fs; mUk;gzp Mw;wp tUfpd;wd.
Ez;fiyj;jkpo;
97
rpw;bfzgjp> rpw;gr; nre;E}y; vOjpAs;shh;. „gQ;rkuG‟ vd;w ,irj;jkpo; E}y;
ntspte;Js;sJ. NkYk; gy E}y;fs; ntspte;j tz;zk; cs;sd. ,irf;fiyapy;
„aho;E}y;‟ NguwpQh; tpGyhde;j mlfshh;> Fle;ij Re;juNurdhh;> tP.g.fh. Re;juk;
,d;W kk;kJ Nghy;thh; gzp Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ. mwpQh;. K. mUzhryk; vOjpa jkpo;
,iraha;T E}y; 14 njhFjpfshf tpsq;FfpwJ.
nkhopapay;
kuGtop ,yf;fzk; ,Uf;fTk; nkhopapay; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mij mZFk;
Kiw ngUjp tUfpwJ. nkhopapaiy ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; Vida rhh;Gj;Jiwfspy;
,ize;J Nehf;Fk; Ma;Tk; tsh;e;J tUfpwJ. nj.ngh.kP. ,jd; tsh;rr ; pf;F
tpj;jpl;lhh;. Kidth;. t.Ra;. Rg;ukzpak; Kidth;. r.mfj;jpaypq;fk; Nghypthh;>
,j;Jiwapy; epiyahd gzpiag; Ghpe;Js;sdh;.
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
ghl;Lj; njhFg;Gk; Ma;Tkhf ,j;Jiw ,d;W ey;y tsh;r;rp fz;L tUfpd;wJ.
Kidth; R.rz;KfRe;juk;> Kidth; MW. ,uhkehjd; Nghy;thh; ,j;Jiwf;F
ey;njhz;lhw;wp tUfpd;wdh;. ghisaq;Nfhl;il> Nguhrphpah; Y}h;Jk;> mtiug;
gpd;gw;wpg; gyUk; ehl;lhh;tof;fhw;paYf;F fw;nwhz;lhw;wp tUfpd;wdh;.
jpwdha;tpay;
jpwdha;tpaYk; xl;baYk; jkpoy; xUGwk; ngUtsh;r;rp fz;L tUfpd;wd.
Kidth;. f. ifyhrgjp> Kidth; tp. rr;pjhde;jk;> Kidth;. jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp>
jkpoz;zy; Nghy;thuhy; ,j;Jiwfs; tsh;f;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. gy;NtW jpwdha;T
E}y;fs; ntspte;Jk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
Ma;tpay;
jkpopy; gp.vr;.b.vk;./gpy; Ma;tpy; <LgLthh; njhif ngUfptpl;ljhy;> Ma;tpay;
newpKiw E}y;fSk; ,d;W tUfpdw;d. jkpopd; Ma;tpy; mwpKfk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
E}yhFk;.
nkhopngah;g;gpay;
nkhopngah;g;ig xU fiyahfNt fUjp tsh;f;Fk; JiwfisAk; ,d;W
fhzKbfpd;wJ.
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;
,it njhlh;ghd gioa E}y;fSk;> Gjpa Ma;T Ey;fSk;> ghl E}y;fSk;
kpFjpahf vOjg;gl;Lk; Gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Lk; tUjy; ey;y mwpFwpahFk;.
,jopay;
jkpo; ,d;W ngw;W tUk; ngUtsh;r;rpf;Fj; jpiug;glk;> thndhyp> ,jo;fs;>
NkilNgr;R ehd;Fk; Kf;fpa mbg;gilfshFk;. fiyf;fjph;> kQ;rhp ,jo;fSk;> Gyik>
nre;jkpo;r;nry;tp> nre;jkpo; jkpo;g;nghopy; Nghd;w ,jo;fSk; gpwehs;> thu,jo;> khj
,jo;fSk; kf;fspilNa jkpiog; gug;Gk;g zpia Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd. gpioaw;w
jkpiog; gug;gTk;> ,yf;fpa czh;it tsh;f;fTk; ,it NkYk; NkYk; ey;topapy;
gad;gl Ntz;Lk;.
„vd;WKs njd;jkpo; vd;nwd;Wk; tho;f‟ jkpo;nkhopiaf; fk;gd; rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$Wk;nghOJ „vd;WKw njd;jkpio ,ak;gpapir nfhz;ljhfg; ghbdhd;. mfj;jpah;
jkpiog; gilj;jhnud;Wk;> Mjprptd; mfj;jpaUf;Fj; jkpiog; Nghjpj;J> mth; %yk;
98
cyfpw;Fj; jkpo;nkhopia toq;fpdnud;Wk; cyTk; fijfsi mwpe;jpUe;Jk; fk;gd;
vd;WKs njd;jkpo; vd;W mjd; rpwg;gwpe;J $wpdhd;.
,e;jpa ehl;L muR MizfspYk;> ,e;jpa gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; nrt;tpay;
nkhopfs; (classical languages) vd;W tUk;NghJ rk];fpUjk;> muhgp>
ghurPfk; Nghd;witNa Rl;lg;Lfpd;wd. jkpo; ,f;fhy nkhop vd;w gl;baypNy jhd;
tUfpwJ. Kd;idg; gok; nghUl;lk; Kd;idg; gok; nghUNs gpd;idg; GJikf;Fg;
ngah;j;Jk; mg;ngw;wpaNd vd;w kzpthrfh; mUs;thf;Fr; rptngUkhDf;Fg;
nghUe;JtJ Nghyr; nre;jkpOf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; jkpo; nrt;tpay; nkhop vd;W
mwptpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ jkpo; ,dpthOk; tsUk; jilfisj; jsh;j;J GJkyh;r;rp
ngw;Wr;rpwf;Fk; vd;gJk; cWjp.
„Xq;fypil te;J cah;e;Njhh; njhotpsq;fp

Vq;nfhypePh; Qhyj; jpUsfw;Wk; - Mq;ftw;Ws;
kpd;Ndh; jdpahop ntq;fjpnud;W VidaJ
jd;Ndy yhj jkpo;
- jz;bayq;fhuk;
tpdhf;fs;
1. Nkdhl;lhh; tUifahy; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisj; jUf.
2. ciueil vd;why; vd;d?
3. ciuapd; tiffis tpsf;Ff?
4. ,ir ehlf ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;G tiuf.
5. rpWfij ,yf;fzk; jUf
6. rpWfijapd; cj;jpfis tpthpf;f
7. kuGf;ftpij tpsf;Ff
8. Gjpdk; vd;why; vd;d?
9. Gjpd tiffisj; jUf
10. GJf;ftpij Njhw;wk; - tsh;rr; p epiyia tpthp
11. ehlfk; vd;why; vd;d?
12. ehlf tbtq;fisj; jUf
13. fl;Liu – tpsf;F
14. JiwNjhWk; jkpo;t sh;r;rpapid tpsf;Ff
15. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;why; vd;d?
99

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MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

DJL24 - jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW

Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel

For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

nkhopapy; gue;Jgl;L gpizg;Gz;L ,Uf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk;

,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa Nehf;F :

Gyth;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhW

,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpw;Fj; jdpj;jdpg; Gyth;fs; my;yJ E}y;fspd; mwpT kpf>

Njrpa gz;ghl;L tuyhW

„jiyik tha;e;j ,yf;fpa tuyhWfs; gyTk; ehfhpfg; gz;ghl;L

Xh; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;Fr; rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;> kf;fs; Rit czh;T Kjypad

tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhyk; gw;wpaJ. murpaypy; ,d;iwa epfo;Tfs; ehisa

jkpo;> rk];fpUjk;> rPdh> `Pg;U> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> vgpNuak;> vDk; VO

fp.K. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L mstpy; Njhd;wpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;> mjw;Fk; Kd;Ng

%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopNahL neUq;fpa njhlh;GilaJ jkpo;. jkpopy; ,Ue;J

jkpo; nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wpa Njhlh> Nfhj;jh> gzpa ngl;lf;FWk;g> ,Us

njYq;fpd; capnuhyp khw;wq;fs;

njYq;fpd; nka;nahyp khw;wq;fs;

,q;qdk; jkpopy;> tlnkhop> Nghh;j;Jf;fr

,jo;fs; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp jpiug;glk; Mfpa Clfq;fSf;Fk;

,itazj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf ,d;W ehSk; Gjpjhf tsh;e;J tUk; fzpdp>

vq;Fk; fzpdp vjpYk; fzpdp vd khwptUk; cyfpd; tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;g> jkpo;

,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuapy; Kr;rq;fq;fs; gw;wp ef;fPuh; tpthpj;Js;shh;.

Mfpad gw;wp tptuq;fs; ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu

Kr;rq;fq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; rq;fq;fs; Fwpj;J>

Kr;rq;fq;fs; vd;gJ KOg;ngha;

m) „rpfu‟ vOj;J njhlq;Fk; nrhy; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tuhJ vd;gJ

M) Kjw;rq;fj;jpy; rptngUkhd;> KUfNts;> FNgud; Mfpa flTsh;fs;

,) Kjw;rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhf mfj;jpak; kl;LNk $wg;gLfpwJ.

<) Kjy;> ,uz;lhk; rq;fq;fs; Ma;e;jjhff; $wg;gLk; GyNthUk;> fhy

rq;fg;GyNthUk; fhy vy;iyAk;>

c) rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLtdtw;Ws; rq;fk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd njspthd

C) NghUk; g+rYkhfp ,Ue;j goe;jkpofj;jpy; Gyth;fs; xUq;F $bj;

2) filr;rq;fk; kl;Lk; cz;ik

m) njhy;fhg;gpak; jtpu> Kjy;> ,ilr;rq;f E}y;fs; vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

,) NtW NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j Gyth;fisAk; rpwg;Gf; fUjp> xNu fhyr;

,t;thW $wg;gLk; nra;jpfspy; Mq;fhq;Fr; rpy Kuz;ghLfs; njd;gLfpd;wd.

m) jiyr;rq;fj;Jg; Gytdhh; Kd; vd;Dk; nghpa Guhzg;gFjp.

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; ,yf;fpa tifikfs;

1. E}y; - El;gkhd nra;As; tbtk;

vd;gd mit. njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNyNa ciueil tif ,Ue;jik

ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;gpdhYk;

(nra;Aspay; : 171) vd;Dk; E}w;gh vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. mitahtd>

;kf;fs; Ejypa mjid jpizAk;

vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak; ,k;kugpd; gb> fhjy; czh;Tfs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd;

 fsT> fw;G vd mfj;jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;

„ntl;rp epiu fth;jy; %l;ly; fue;ijahk;

vl;L E}y;fspd; njhFg;Ng „vl;Lj;njhif‟ vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpw;F vz;

„ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W

vl;Lj; njhifAs; KOtJk; fpilf;Fk; njhif E}y;fs; ehd;F

„E}W‟ vd;Dk; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; E}y;fs; 2.

„rpyUk; gyUk; filf;fz; Nehf;fp

„epyj;jpDk; nghpNj> thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

 Iq;FW E}w;wpy; xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; E}W E}W ghly;fs; vd;Dk; tpjj;jpy;

,t;thW gj;Jg; ghly;fis xU njhFg;ghfr; Nrh;j;J vOJk; Kiwiag; gpw

 nry;tr;nropg;G kpf;f FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; jiytp> jiytid kze;jgpwF

„md;dha; thopNtd; ld;idek; glg;ig

„ghly; rhd;w Gyd;newp tof;fk;

(mfj;jpizapay; : 35) vd;Dk; E}w;gh Fwpf;Fk;. njhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fz tpjpg;gb.

jpizf;Fhpa GyNghUk; ghly; vz;zpf;ifAk;

jpiz Mrphpah; ghly;fs;