MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU

B.Litt. - III YEAR

DJL33 - ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
(From the academic year 2016-17)

Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel

For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

 DJL33 - ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
ghlj;jpl;lk;

myF 1 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; XH mwpKfk; - rpy tiuaiwfs;

myF 2 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tifikfs;
1. tha;nkhop tof;fhWfs;
2. tha;nkhop rhuh tof;fhWfs;
3. r%f gof;f tof;fq;fs;
4. epfo;jJ
; fhiyfs;
5. nghUs; rhH gz;ghL
myF 3 tha;;nkhop tof;fhW
1. tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs;
2. tha;nkhopf; fijfs;
3. gonkhop
4. tpLfij
myF 4 r%f gof;ftof;fq;fs;
1. czT
2. cil
3. mzpfyd;fs;
myF 5 epfo;jJ
; fiyfs;
1. tpy;Yg;ghl;L
2.fzpahd; $j;J
3. fspay; Ml;lk;
4. Njhy;ghit epow;$j;J

ghl E}y;fs; :
1. “ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay; :
rpy mbg;gilfs; - Nj. Y}HJ
2. “ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T”
- lhf;lH R. rf;jpNty;

1
ghHit E}y;fs; :
1. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; :
- lhf;lH MW. ,uhkehjd;
2. “jkpopy; fijg;ghly;fs;”
- KidtH m.fh. ngUkhs;
3. “jkpoH gof;f tof;fq;fSk; - ek;gpf;iffSk;”
- KidtH fh. fhe;jp
4. “ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay; murpay;”
- M. rptRg;gpukzpad;

2
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
myF -1
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Xh; mwpKfk; - rpy tiuaiwfs;
Kd;Diu:
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fNs xU ehl;bd; cz;ikahd ehfhpfk;> gz;ghL>
fiy> ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk; tho;ifapid cilatuhth;.
kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpa md;Nw ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> ehl;Lg;Gw
fiyfSk; Njhd;wptpl;ld vdf; fUjyhk;. fpuhkkhf ,Ue;jhYk;
efukhfapUe;jhYk; mq;fq;F thOk; xU FO my;yJ gphptpduhy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;ngWk; njhd;Wnjhl;l tha;nkhop tof;Fila
fiy,yf;fpa tho;f;iff; $Wfis MuhAk; ,ay;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
vd;Wk; ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; vd;Wk; toq;fg; ngWfpd;wd.

ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;why; vd;d?

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; gz;ghLfisAk;
ek;gpf;iffisAk; ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; MuhAk; ,aNy
ehl;Lg;GwtpayhFk;. xU ehl;bd; tho;itAk;> tuyhw;iwAk;>
FiwiaAk; epiwiaAk; njspthff; fhl;Ltd ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaq;fs;. kf;fspd; gz;ghL> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> goikahd
vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gilahff; fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahFk;>
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsJ czh;TfisAk; ftpij GidAk; Mw;wiyAk;
fw;gid tsj;ijAk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fspNy fhzyhk;. ,itfs;
Vl;by; VwhtpbDk; vOj;jpNy thuhtpbDk; ghl;bNy ,lk; ngwhtpbDk;
ek; neQ;rpypUe;J kl;Lk; ePq;fhJ epw;Fk;.

ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; my;yJ ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; vd;w fiyr; nrhw;fs;

vt;thW Njhd;wpaJ?
ehl;Lg;Gw tof;Ffs; gw;wp mwptpay; mbg;gilap;y; MuhAk; ,ay;
ehl;Lg;GwtpayhFk;. „ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;‟ vd;W fy;tpg; Gyq;fspy;
gad;gLj;Jk; nrhy;Yf;F khw;whfNt ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; vd;w
nrhy; ,q;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. „Folk Lore‟ vd;w nrhy;
cUthtjw;F Kd; ,j;Jiw gw;wp gy nrhw;fs; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd.

3
ehl;Lg;Gw ,aiy ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; kuGgl;l gilg;Gfs; (Traditional
Creations) vd;gh;. nghJ kf;fisr; rhh;e;j kuG Kiwfs; (Popular
antiquities) vd;w ngahpYk;> kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; (Popular Literature) vd;w
ngahpYk;> nghJg; Guhztpay; (Common mythology) vd;w ngahpDk;>
vQ;rpaJ (Remains) vd;w ngahpYk; toq;fp te;jJ. 19-Mk;
E}w;whz;bduhd Mq;fpNya mwpQh; tpy;ypak; [hd; jhk]; „Popular
Antiquities‟ vd;w P ; gjj;jpw;F khw;wPlhf 1846 y; „Folk Lore‟
,yj;jd
vd;w njhliu cUthf;fpdhh;. tptrha tFg;gpdhpd; kuGfspYk;
goq;fhyg; gz;ghLfspYk; vQ;rp epiyj;J epw;Fk; mwpTG+h;tkhd
vr;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl mg;gjj;ij cUthf;fpdhh; “mk;GNuh]; nkh;l;ld;”
vd;w Gidg; ngahpy; „mNjdpak;‟ (Athenaeum) vd;w ,jOf;F mth;
xU kly; vOjpdhh;. kdpjdpd; gof;fq;fs;> tof;fq;fs;> rlq;F
Kiwfs;> %lek;gpf;iffs;> go nkhopfs;> fijg;ghly;fs;> goq;fhy
tof;fhWfs; Kjypatw;iw mj;njhlh; Fwpg;gjhf mth; $wpdhh;.
gy;NtW tof;fhWfisAk; ,f;$w;W vz;zpr; nrhy;tjhy; ,jid
vz;zpf;if tiuaiw (enumerative definition) vd;gh;. mjhtJ
goq;fhyg; gz;ghl;L vr;rq;fNs (Cultural Survivals) ehl;lhh;
tof;fhWfs; vd;W mth; fUjpdhh;;. Mdhy; ,d;W mj;njhlh; gy;NtW
kf;fspilNa gy;NtWgl;l nghUz;ikfisg; ngw;W tpl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
jhk]; Kd;nkhope;j mj;njhlh; gy;NtW ehl;bduhy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;L midj;Jyf mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy;yhfptpl;lJ.

„Folk Lore’ - mfuhjpg; nghUs;

Folk Lore vd;Dk; ,U nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L Folk Lore vd;w njhlh;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ Kjypy; ,r;nrhw;fSf;fhd mfuhjpg; nghUs;isf;
fhzyhk;.

Folk : ,r; nrhy;Yf;F mfuhjpfs; kf;fs; (People) ehL (nation) ,dk;

(race) vd;w nghUs;fisNa jUfpd;wd. rhjhuzkhfg; gd;ikapy;
ifahSk; NghJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l FO my;yJ gphpitr; Nrh;e;j kf;fs;
(People of a particular group of class) vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
4
Lore: ,r; nrhy;Yf;F mfuhjp fw;wy; mwpT rpwg;ghfg;
goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J toptopahf toq;fp tUfpwJ my;yJ xU gphpT
kf;fspd; cilik vd;W nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ.

mfuhjp mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpdhy; „Folk, Lore‟ vd;w nrhw;fs;>

kf;fSila my;yJ ehl;bDila my;yJ xU ,dj;jpDila> fw;wy;
kw;Wk; mwpT rpwg;ghfg; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J toptopahf toq;fp tUtJ
vd;w nghUisj; jUfpd;wd.

Folk Lore vd;gJ Folk, Lore vd;w ,U nrhw;fs; ,ize;jjhFk;

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Folk vd;w nrhy; tptrha
kf;fisf; Fwpj;J> gpd;dh; gbg;gwptpy;yhj ehl;L kf;fisf; Fwpj;jJ.
nghJthd njhopy;> nkhop> rkak; Kjypatw;iwg; gpd; gw;Wk; FOit
Folk vd;gh>; nghJthf fpuhkg;Gw> gbg;gwptpy;yhj kf;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk;. Lore vd;gjw;F “kuGr; nra;jpj; njhFjp” vd;Wk; “tof;fhW”
vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. Folk Lore vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd;
mwpT vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fhw;iw Folk Lore vd;Wk;
ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fhw;iw MuhAk; Ma;it „Folk Loristics vd;Wk;
$wyhk;. vy;yh INuhg;gpa nkhopfspYk; ,r; nrhy;ypd;
Mjpf;fj;ijf;fhzyhk;. n[h;kd; nkhopapy; die folklore vd;Wk; gpnuQ;R
nkhopapy; Lefolklore vd;Wk; ,j;jhyp nkhopapy; ];ghd;\; nkhopapy;
ilfolklore vd;Wk; u\;a nkhopapy; „Folk lore‟ vd;Wk; toq;fp tUtijf;
fhzyhk;.

tpy;ypak;- gh];fk; vd;w khdpltpay; NguwpQh; „Verbal art‟ vd;w

nrhy;iy cUthf;fpdhh;. „Verbal art‟ tha;nkhopf;fiy vd;Wk;> Non-
verbal art tha;nkhop rhuhf; fiy vd;Wk; cUthf;fpdhh;. Mdhy;
,r;nrhy; ePz;l ehl;fs; tof;fpy; „,y;iy. Folk lore‟ vd;w nrhy;Ny
epiyj;J tof;fpy; gapd;W tUfpd;wJ. jkpopy; „ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;>
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> „ehl;Lg;gz;ghl;bay;‟ vd toq;fg;gl;lhYk; „ehl;Lg;Gw
tpay; vd;gNj ngUtof;fhf epw;fpd;wJ.
5
rpytiuaiwfs;:
khpahyPr; vd;gth; ntspapl;l ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; mfuhjpapy;
,Ugj;NjhU tiuaiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw ehk;
mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; rhyr; rpwe;jJ.

“ehfhpfk; tha;e;j kf;fspd; kuGtop te;j gilg;GfSk;>

ehfhpfkw;w goq;Fb ; (Primitive) kf;fspd; kuG topg;gilg;GfSk;
ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpayhFk;. ,it xypfisAk; nrhw;fisAk; xUtpj
Xiraikg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;litahFk;. NkYk; kf;fspd;
ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> epfo;jJ
; jy;fs;> (Performances) eldk;>
ehlfq;fs; KjypaitAk; ,jw;Fs; mlq;Fk;. ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;
ehl;lhh; gw;wpa Xh; mwptpay; my;y. Mdhy; kuG rhh;e;j ehl;lhh; jk;
mwptpay>; kuG rhh;e;j ehl;lhh; jk; ghly; gw;wpa mwptpay;” vd;fpwhh;
N[hdh]; ghyp;];

tpy;ypak;gh];fk; vd;w khdpltpayh; fUj;J tUkhW>

“khdpltpaypy; ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; vd;w njhlh;> Guhz
kuGf;fijfs;> gokuGf; fijfs;> (legends) ehl;lhh; fijfs;>
gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> ghly;fs;. (Verses) fiyj;jpwk; tha;e;j>
tha;topahfg; gug;gg;gLk; rpy tbtq;fisAk; cs;slq;fpa nghUis
czh;jJ
; fpwJ. Mjypd; tha;nkhopf;fiyNa (Verbal art) ehl;lhh;
tof;fhw;wpay; vd;W tiuaWf;fyhk;. ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpayh;; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLk; xU Kf;fpaf; FOtpdh; fiyfs;> ifj;njhopy;fs;>
cilfs;> tPl;Ltiffs;> tof;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rikaw;fiy
Kjypatw;wpy; Mh;tkpf;ftuhf ,Ug;gij khdpltpayh; czh;e;jdh;.
Mdhy; cyfpd; gy;NtW gl;l KJgoq;Fb kf;fs; gw;wpa mth;jk;
fy;tpapy; (Jiwapy;) Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gy;NtW tiffisAk; Gof;fg;
nghUs;fshy; mwpAk; gz;ghl;by; (material Culture) tiuAUtf;
fiyfs; Fioj;J nra;ag;gLk; rpw;gk; (Graphic arts) kl;ghz;lk; Kjypa
fiyfisAk; njhopy;El;gtpay;> nghUspay;> rKjha> murpay;
mikg;Gfs;> rkak; vd;w gFjpfspy; mlf;fpg; “gz;ghL” vd;w nghJ

6
gFjpapy; Nrh;j;J Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lijAk; mwpe;jdh;. ,Ug;gpDk;
gz;ghl;bd; xU Kf;fpag; gFjp Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;Gfspd; fPo;
mlq;fhikia czh;e;jdh;. mjid ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; vd;W
jdpahf tifg;gLj;jpdh;. ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpaypd; vy;yh tbtq;fSk;
vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fpaj;Jld; fz;bg;ghfj; njhlh;GilaJ vd;W
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ; Mdhy; fy;tp mwpTs;s xU r%fj;jpYk; $l
ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; vOjg;glhkNyNa jpfOk;. NkYk; vOj;J tbtk;
vd;gij mwpahj r%fj;jpYk; mJ epiy ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,yf;fpaj;ijg;
Nghy; ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpaYk; ,ir> eldk;> tiuAUtf;fiy
Fiokf;;fiy (Graphic & plastic) Kjypatw;Wld; njhlh;Gila
xd;whFk;> Mdhy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; NtWgl;ljhFk;” vd;W
mth; $Wfpwhh;.

“ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; (Folk lore) vd;w nrhy; xU E}w;whz;Lg; goik

tha;e;jJ vdpDk; mjd; nghUs; Fwpj;J mwpQhpilNa rhpahd
fUj;njhUikg;ghL Vw;gltpy;iy. ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpaypy;
vy;NyhuhYk; xj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l xU nghJf;fUj;J> mJ kuG
rhh;e;jJ vd;gjhFk;> mjhtJ xUtdplkpUe;J kw;nwhUtDf;F fh;z
guk;giuahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;L vOj;Jr; rhd;whf epiyngw;wpUg;gij tpl
epidthw;wy;> tof;fk; Kjypatw;why; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l xd;whFk;.
eldq;fs;> ghly;fs;> fijfs;> gokuGf;fijfs;> kuGr; rlq;Ffs;>
(Tradition) ek;gpf;iffs;> %lek;gpf;iffs;> cynfq;Fk; cs;s
kf;fspd; gonkhopfs; vy;yhk; ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpaypy; mlq;Fk;;.
tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;> toptopte;j tptrhaf; FLk;gg;
gof;fq;fs;> fl;bl tiffs;> GOq;Fk; nghUs; tiffs; (Utensils)
rKjha mikg;Gfspd; kuGtop ,ay;Gfs; KjypaitAk; ehl;lhh;
tof;fhw;wpaYs; mlq;Fk;. Mdhy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tw;wpy; gpe;jpait
xU goq;Fb my;yJ fy;tpawptw;w xU r%fj;jpdhpilNa
fhzg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpaypy; mlf;Ftijtpl ,d
xg;gpaypy; (Ethnology) mlf;FtJ eyk;. gpe;jpa ,g;ghFghL trjpf;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;lNj jtpu vy;NyhuhYk; ,J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;litnay;yhk; mwpQuhy; ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;

7
vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mitnay;yhk; cz;ikapy; kuG
; itahk;” vd;W ];bj;jhk;rd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
rhh;ej

NkYk; gp.V. Nghl;fpd; vd;w mwpQh;> “vOj;J tof;fw;w tha;nkhop

rhh;e;j gz;ghl;by; (Oral Culture) vy;yhNk ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpayhk;.”
vd;fpwhh;.

NkNy ehk; fz;l ehd;F tiuaiwfSk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W

khWgl;lit. ,Ug;gpDk; xU rpy fUj;Jf;fspy; xw;Wik ,Ug;gijAk;
ek;khy; czu KbfpwJ. ,Jtiu ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpaiy tiuaWf;f
Kad;w midtUNk mjd; Gwg;gz;Gfis (External Criteria)
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl tiuaWf;f Kad;Ws;sdh;. ,Ugj;NjhU
tiuaiwfs; kl;Lky;yhky; ,d;Dk; gy tiuaiufs; fhzg;Lfpd;wd
,e;j tiuaiwfnsy;yhk; MW tifahd myFfisf; nfhz;Nl
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

1. tha;nkhopahfg; gug;gg;gLtJ.
2. kuG topg;gl;lJ.
3. Mrphpaw;wJ.
4. xU tpj tha;g;ghLfSf;Fs; mlq;FtJ
5. xU FOtpduhy; (ehl;lhuhy;) gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLtJ
6. gy;NtW tbtq;fshfj; jphpgiltJ (Variants)

ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs; tha;nkhopahfg; gug;gg;gLtd>

kuGtopg;gl;ld.> vOj;jpyd;wpf; fh;zguk;giuahff; nrhy;yg;gLtd
vd;gh;. “ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs; kf;fspd; tha;topNa gy jiy Kiwfs;
tho;e;jdthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;fpwhh; hpr;rh;l;. vk;. lhh;rd; . Mdhy;
“ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs; vy;yhk; tha;nkhopahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtd;
vdpDk; tha;nkhoptop ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtdnty;yhk; ehl;lhh;
tof;fhWfs; my;y” vd;fpwhh; tpy;ypak; gh];fk;

8
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
I. xU gf;f tpdhf;fs;:
1. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;why; vd;d?
2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; my;yJ ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; vd;w fiyr;
nrhw;fs; vt;thW Njhd;wpaJ?
3. Folk lore - mfuhjpg; nghUs; - $Wf.
4. ehl;Lg; Gwtpay; gw;wpa gy;NtW mwpQh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis
vOJf.
5. ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

II. fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Xh; mwpKfk; tpthpf;f:
2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; - rpy tiuaiwfs; Fwpj;J mwpQh;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ff.

9
 myF – 2 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tifikfs;
Kd;Diu :
ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfis tha;nkhop tof;fhWfs;> tha;nkhoprhuh
tof;fhWfs;> r%f gof;ftof;fq;fs;> epfo;jJ ; fiyfs;> nghUs;rhh;
gz;ghL vd Ie;J tifahfg; gFg;gh;. ,tw;Ws; tha;nkhop tof;fhW
vd;gjpy; ehl;lhHghly;fs;> tha;nkhopf;fijfs;> gonkhopfs;>
tpLfijfs;> fijg;ghly;fs; Mfpad mlq;Fk;. tha;nkhoprhuh
tof;fhWfs; vd;gjpy; ,ir> irif> eldk;> Mil> mzpfyd;fs;>
Nfhyk;> tpisahl;Lfs;> epfo;jJ ; f;fiyfs; Mfpad mlq;Fk;. r%fg;
gof;ftof;fq;fs; vd;gjpy;> ehl;lhHrkak;> kf;fspilNa ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> topghl;LKiw vd;gdnty;yhk;
mlq;Fk;. epfo;jJ ; fiyfs; vd;gjpy; epfo;jj ; g; gLk; ehl;lhh; fiyfs;
mlq;Fk;. nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL vd;gjpy; nghUs;fSk; mit rhh;e;j
gz;ghLk; MFk;.

tha;nkhop tof;fhWfs; :
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; (ehl;lhh; ghly;fs;) :
ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fisg; gw;wp mjpfkhd
E}y;fSk;> Ma;TfSk; ntspte;Js;sd. rhh;y];NfhtH njd;dpe;jpa
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; vd;nwhU E}iy ntspapl;Ls;shh;. ,e;jpahtpNyNa
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; Fwpj;J ntspte;j Kjy; E}y; ,JthFk;.
K.mUzhryk; mth;fshy; “fhw;wpNy kpje;j ftpij” vd;w ngahpy;
Kjy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; njhFjp ntspahdJ. ,th; “jhyhl;L
,yf;fpak;” vd;w E}ypy; jhyhl;bd; Njhw;w tsh;r;rpia Muha;e;Js;shh;.

jkpofj;jpYs;s ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; NguwpQh;fspy; fp.th. n[fe;ehjd;

mth;fSila Ma;T Kd;DiuAld; jQ;ir ruRtjp kfhy;
“kiyaUtp” vd;w ngaUld; ntspapl;lJ. fp.th. n[fe;ehjd;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd ghly;fisf; fiykfs; ,jopy; ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
“ehNlhb ,yf;fpak;” vd;w ,tuJ E}ypy;> ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fis Ma;T
nra;Js;shh;.

10
 j.e.Rg;gpukzpak; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fisj; njhFj;J “fhl;L
ky;ypif” vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. jkpoz;zy; jhyhl;Lg;
ghly;fisj; njhFj;J “jhyhl;L” vDk; E}iy ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd; je;ij vdf; fUjg;gLk; eh.thdkhkiy

mtHfs; ehl;Lg;Gwtpaiy mwptpay; Kiwapy; xU Jiwahf
tsHtjw;Fg; ghLgl;l NguwpQuhthh;. “Muha;r;rp” ,jo; %yk;
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;thsh;fis Cf;Ftpj;jtH. “jkpoH ehl;Lg;
ghly;fs;” vd;w E}iy ,th; ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

nr.md;dfhK mth;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fisj; njhFj;J

“Vl;by;vOjhf; ftpijfs;” vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;Ls;s E}y;
mwpQh;fs; gyhpd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;w E}yhFk;. Mh;.mofg;gd;
“ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; jpwdha;T” vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. ,th;
“jhyhl;Lf;fs; Ie;J” vd;w E}Yk; vOjpAs;shh;.

Nj.Y}h;J mth;fs; “ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;: rpy mbg;gilfs;”

vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,tNu ehl;LGwtpay; Ma;Tf;
fl;Liufisj; njhFj;J “ehl;lhh;tof;fhw;wpay; Ma;T” vd;w ngahpy;
gjpg;gpj;Js;shh;.” ehl;lhh;tof;fhw;wpay; fsMa;T” vd;w ,tuJ E}y;
rpwg;ghfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. Nj. Y}h;J mth;fs; ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;
Jiw tsh;r;rpf;F KO%r;Rld; <Lgl;Lj; jd;id mHg;gzpj;J tUfpwhh;.

mLj;J> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiwf;F jkJ tho;it mh;g;gzpj;J

tUgth; R. rz;KfRe;juk; Mthh;. ,th; “ jkpof ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;”
jkpopy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs;” Kjypa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ru];tjp
NtZNfhghy; mth;fs; jkJ lhf;lh; gl;l Ma;Ntl;il
“ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; r%f xg;gha;T” vd;w jiyg;gpy; E}yhf
ntspapl;Ls;shh;. fsMa;tpy; rpy mDgtq;fs; vd;wE}Yk;
ntspapl;Ls;shH> ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd mwpQh;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs;
Fwpj;J gy E}y;fis ntspapl;Ls;sdh;.
11
2. tha;nkhopf;fijfs; (ehl;lhh; fijfs;)
jkpopy; 1867k; Mz;L tPur;rhkp ehaf;fh; “kapy;uhtzd;
fij”iag; gjpg;gpj;jhh;. rp. khzpf;f Kjypahh;> “fjhrpe;jhkzp”ia
(khpahij uhkd; fij) ntspapl;lhh;. G];guj nrl;bahh;
ehl;Lg;Gwf;fijfisr; Nrfhpj;J “tpNdhjukQ;rhp” vd;w ngahpy;
ntspapl;Ls;shh;. f];J}hp ma;aq;fhh; (1983) mdtuj tpehafk; gps;is
(1953) v];.yPyh (1971)y; V.vy;.eluh[d; (1975) MfpNahh;
“gQ;rje;jpuf;fij” fis ntspapl;ldh;. thzd;. cyfpYs;s
ehl;Lg;Gwf;fijfisr; Nrfhpj;J “cyf ehNlhbf; fijfs;” vd;w
ngahpy; xU E}y; ntspapl;lhh;. MW. ,uhkehjd; mth;fSk;> Nf.vk;.
gf;jtr;ryk; mth;fSk; “njd;dhypuhkd; fijfis” ntspapl;ldh;.
tp.Nfhtpe;jd; vd;gth;> “goq;fhyf; fijfs;” jkpo;ehl;L goq;fijfs;”
vd;w E}y;fis ntspapl;Ls;shh;. fp. uh[ehuhazd; mth;fs;>
“jkpo;ehl;L ehNlhbfs; fijfs;” “jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpuhkpaf; fij” “taJ
te;jth;fSf;F kl;Lk;” Kjyhd E}y;fis ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfisg; gw;wp NkYk; gy mwpQh;fs; Ma;T nra;J
tUfpd;wdh;.

3. gonkhopfs;:
1842Mk; Mz;L ngh;rpty; vd;gth; Kjd;Kjypy; gonkhopfis
ntspapl;lhh;. NtZNfhghy; ehAL “gonkhop Gj;jfk;” vd;w E}iy
ntspapl;lhh;. [hd; yhru]; mth;fs; Mwhapuk; gonkhopfisr;
; rhujp gps;is “gonkhopj;jpul;L” vd;w
Nrfhpj;J E}yhf;fpAs;shh;. ghh;jj
ngahpy; E}y; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. “jkpofg;gonkhopfs;>” “tho;tpay;
gonkhopfs;” vd;w ngah;fspy; Nf.v];. ,yl;Rkzd; E}y;fis
ntspapl;Ls;shh;. ,tNu cyfg; gonkhopfisAk; njhFj;Js;shh;.
uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> v];.Nf. ehah;> khhpag;ghgl;> vd;. ntq;fl;uhkd;
MfpNahh; njd; jpuhtplg; gonkhopfisj; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

gonkhopfs; %yk; jkpo;g;gz;ghl;il Muha;e;Js;shh;.

nre;JiuKj;J g+it MWKfk; gFj;jwpTg; gonkhopfisj;

12
Njh;e;njLj;J njhFj;Js;shh;. jkpo;thzd; “jkpo;g;gonkhopfs;” vd;w
E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. e.tp.nrauhkd; mth;fs; tptrhag; gonkhopfisr;
Nrfhpj;J> tifg;gLj;jp Muha;e;Js;shh;. rhiy ,se;jpiuad; rKjha
Nehf;fpy; gonkhopfis Muha;e;Js;shh;. tp. ngUkhs; vd;gth; jk;
tho;ehisNa gonkhopf;F mHg;gzpj;J gonkhop Fwpj;j E}Yk;
fl;LiufSk; vOjpAs;shh;.

4. tpLfijfs;:
jkpo; tpLfijiag; gw;wp “,Unrhy; myq;fhuk;” vd;w ngahpy;
1877 Mk; Mz;L mUzhry Kjypahh; E}y; ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
„,Unrhy; myq;fhuKk; Kr;nrhy; myq;fhuKk;‟ vd;w ngahpy;
ngUkhs; ehlhh; tpLfijfisr; Nrfhpj;J ntspapl;Ls;shh;. “tpNdhj
tpLfij vd;w ngahpy; 1862Mk; Mz;L KDrhkp Kjypahh; E}y;
vOjpAs;shh;. uh[h Kj;ijah mth;fs; tpLfijfisr; Nrfhpj;J
tifg;gLj;jp Muha;e;Js;shh;. r.Nt. Rg;gpukzpak; 2>500 tpLfijfisr;
Nrfhpj;J mfu thpirapy; epuy;gLj;jp vOjpAs;shh;. tpLfijiag; gw;wp
Muha;r;rp Kd;Diunahd;Wk; vOjp cs;shh;. MW ,uhkehjd;
tpLfijfis mwptpay; Kiwapy; ed;F Muha;e;J “jkpopy; Gjph;fs;
Xh; Ma;T vd;nwhU E}iyg; gilj;Js;shh;.

5. fijg;ghly;fs; :
jkpofj;jpy; mwE}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fijg; ghly;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd
vd;fpd;wdh;. fijg;ghly;
Ma;it
1. Nrfhpg;Gg; gzp
2. tifg;gLj;Jjy;
3. Ma;T nra;jy; vd %d;whfg; gFj;Js;sdh;.
F[;ypfil gjpg;Gf;fs;> gtdhe;jk; gps;is gjpg;Gfs;> itahGhpg;gps;is
gjpg;Gfs;> nrd;id murpdhpd; fPo;j;jpir E}yf Xiyr;Rtb gjpg;Gf;fs;>
jQ;ir ruRtjp kfhy; gjpg;Gf;fs;> kJiug; gy;fiyf;fofg; gjpg;Gfs;>
jdpg;gl;Nlhh; gjpg;Gfs; (MWKfg;ngUkhs; ehlhh;> jp.eluhrd;>

13
rz;KfRe;juk;> thdkhkiy> rptRg;gpukzpak;> R.rf;jpNty; MfpNahH)
gjpg;Gfspd; %ykhff; fijg;ghly;fs; ntspte;Js;sd.

ts;spak;kd; fij> Rliykhlrhkp fij> ,rf;fpak;kd; fij>

fz;zfpak;kd; ghl;L> gpr;irf;fhyd; fij Kjyhdtw;iw MWKfg;
ngUkhs; ehlhh; gjpg;gpj;Js;shh;.

jp.eluhrd; vd;ghh; fl;lnghk;K Fk;kpg;ghly;> FUrhkp fij>

td;dpab kwtd; fij> jk;gpkhh; fij> Qhd rTdfphp fij>
fd;dbad; Nghh;> mNahj;jp fij Nghd;w fijg;ghly;fis Muha;r;rp
Kd;DiuAld; gjpg;gpj;Js;shh;.

eh. thdkhkiy vd;gth; fl;lnghk;K $j;J> fhd;fhrpG rz;il>

fhj;jtuhad; fijg;ghly;> Kj;jg;gl;ld; fij> tPughz;bad;
fl;lnghk;kd; fij Mfpa Ie;J fijg;ghly;fis kJiug;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;fhf Muha;r;rp Kd;DiuAld; gjpg;gpj;Js;shh;.

NkYk; K.mUzhryk; fijg;ghliy Muha;e;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; E}y;

vOjpAs;shh;.,uhkr;re;jpud; nrl;bahh; “,uhkg;igad; mk;khidiaAk;”;>
rf;jpf;fdy; “mz;zd;khh;Rthkp fij”-iaAk; V.vd;.ngUkhs;
“nts;isf;fhud; fijg;ghliyAk; Muha;e;Js;sdh;.

2. tha;nkhop rhuh tof;fhWfs;:

ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs; tha;nkhopahfg; gug;gg;gLtd>
kuGtopg;gl;ld> vOj;jpyd;wpf; fh;z guk;giuahfr; nrhy;yg;gLtd
vd;gh;.

“ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs; kf;fspd; tha;topNa gy jiyKiwfs;

tho;e;jdthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;fpwhh;. hpr;rh;l; vk;. lhh;rd; (1952)
Mdhy; “ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs; vy;yhk; tha;nkhopahf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtd. vdpDk; tha;nkhoptop ntspg;gLj;jg;

14
gLtdnty;yhk; ehl;lhH tof;fhWfs; my;y” vd;fpwhh; tpy;ypak;
gh];fk; (1953).

tha;nkhop topg; gug;gg;gLtd vd;w msTNfhy; rpf;fyhdJ.

ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs; vd;W lz;b]; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;ba gy
tof;fhWfs; jk;Kila ,ay;gpy; tha;nkhop rhh;e;jitay;y. ehl;lhh;
ek;gpf;iffs;> %lek;gpf;ifs;> ehl;lhh; tof;fq;fs; tpohf;fs;> ehl;lhh;
eldq;fs;> ehlfq;fs;> iriffs;> ehl;lhh; tpisahl;Lf;fs; Nghd;wit
tha;nkhop rhuh tof;fhWfshFk;.

nghUs;rhh; kuGfSs; ehl;lhh; fl;blf;fiy> iftpidg;

nghUs;fs;> Milfs;> czTfs;> Nghd;wit tha;nkhop rhuh
tof;fhWfSs; mlq;Fk; vd;gh;.

3. r%f gof;f tof;fq;fs; :

rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; gw;wp tpsf;f te;j
vl;th;L gh;dl;ilyh; (1832-1917) vd;w Mq;fpNya khdpltpayuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mtpapaf vd;w nfhs;if. mtUila
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j rhh;y]; uhgh;l; lhh;tpdpd;
gbkyh;r;rpf;nfhs;iff;Fk; n`h;gh;l; ];ngd;rhpd; nfhs;iff;Fk; Vw;g
,f; nfhs;if mike;jpUe;jJ. mt;tpUtUk; ,aw;ifAyFk;
r%fTyFk; vspa tbtq;fspdpd;Wk; rpf;fyhd tbtq;fSf;F tsh;e;J
nrd;wd vd;W fUjpdh;.

rkaj;jpd; njhlf;fhy tbtpy; kdpjd; gy;NtW MtpfisAk;

fUj;jpy; nfhz;bUe;jhd; vd;W ilyh; epidj;jhh;. kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; ehj;jpfk; jhd; ,Ue;jnjd;w ];ngd;rhpd; fUj;jpw;F
khWg;gl;lth; ilyh;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,UtUk; gbkyh;r;rpf;
fUj;jhf;fj;jpdNu.

,d;iwa Ma;tpy; Mtpapak; rpwg;gplk; ngwtpy;iy. %d;W

fhuzq;fSf;fhfNt ,d;W mJ xjpf;fpj;js;sg;glhky; cs;sJ.

15
Kjyhtjhf ilyhpd; Nfhl;ghL E}W Mz;Lfshf Muha;r;rpapy; xU
jhf;fj;ijr; nra;Js;sJ. ,d;Wk; $l mNjhh; mjpfhug+h;tkhd
Nfhl;LghLNghy rpy tl;lhuq;fspy; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhtjhfr;
rkaj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpTg;G+h;tkhd tuyhW KOtjpYk; jhf;fk;
nrYj;jpa Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F mspf;fg;gl;l ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lg;
ngah;Nghy Mtpapak; (Animism) fhzg;gLfpwJ. %d;whtjhf
“Mtpapak;” Njhw;wk; gw;wpa 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L Ma;TfSld;
njhlh;GilaJ. Njhw;wk; gw;wpa gb kyh;r;rp Ma;Tfnsy;yhk;
Cfq;fNsnahopa cz;ikfsy;y.

ehl;lhh; rkak; (Folk Religion)

,d;W jkpofj;jpy; tof;fpYs;s gy;NtW rkaq;fSk; mr;rkaf;
flTsh;fSk; jpBnud;W cUthfptpltpy;iy. ,tw;wpw;Fk; xU ghpzhk
tsh;r;rp epiyAz;L. ,g;ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; cr;repiyapy; jhd; ,d;W
ehk; fhZk; epWtd hPjpahd rkaq;fSk; (Institutionalizes Religion)
mr;rkaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; “vy;yhk; ty;y” nja;tq;fSk;
Njhd;wpAs;sd. mNj Neuj;jpy; ,g;ghpzhk tsh;r;rpg; Nghf;fpd; gy;NtW
fl;lq;fspy; cUthd rka ek;gpf;iffSk;> flTsh;fSk; ek; tho;tpy;
,d;Wk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sik fz;$lhd cz;ikahFk;. ,itNa
ehl;lhh; rkakhfr; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.

jkpof ehl;lhh; rkanewpahdJ ,we;Njhh; topghL (MtptopghL)

kutopghL> tpyq;FtopghL> Gdpjg;nghUs; topghL> kdpjtpyq;FUtf;
fw;gid topghL vdg; gy;NtW topghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Ws;
,we;Njhh; topghL jkpofj;jpd; ehl;lhh; rka topghl;by; Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpwJ.

2. ehl;lhh; ek;gpf;iffSk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk;:

“ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs;” vd;wnjhU njhFg;igj; jkpotd; vd;w
v];. fhh;Nyh]; 1976 ,y; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. ,tNu Kjd; Kjypy;
ehl;lhh; ek;gpf;iffisj; njhFj;J ntspapl;lth;. ,j;njhFg;gpy;
jkpoh;fspd; 1025 ek;gpf;iffs; mlq;fpAs;sd. fhh;Nyh]; njhFj;j

16
ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffis K.rz;Kfk;gps;is mth;fSk;> V.,.fpsh];
mth;fSk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;jJ ; tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpohpd; ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wp Nkiy ehl;lhh; mwpe;J
nfhs;s ,e;E}y; gad;gLk;. f. fhe;jp mth;fs; “jkpoh; gof;f
tof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;” vd;w E}ypy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk; njhFj;Jk;
tFj;Jk; ed;F Muha;e;Js;shh;. fh. rhe;jp mth;fs; KJepiy lhf;lh;
gl;l Ma;tpw;F”ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fq;fs;” Fwpj;J tphpthf Muha;e;Js;shH.
“rq;f fhy epkpj;jq;fs;” gw;wp RrPyh NfhghyfpU\;zd; mth;fs; ed;F
Muha;e;Js;shH. “njd;dpe;jpa tof;fq;fs;” gw;wp n[fjPr ma;ah;
mth;fs; Muha;e;Js;shH. fe;jfphpjhrd; mth;fs; “epkpj;jq;fs; gw;wp
vOjpAs;shh;.” njh;];ld; mth;fs; gilj;j %d;W E}y;fs; %yk;
njd;dpe;jpa goq;Fb kw;Wk; rhjpapdhpd; gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gw;wp
epiwa mwpayhk;. gp.ehuhazd; vd;gth; “ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs;”
vDk; ngahpy; E}y; vOjpAs;shh;.

topghl;LKiw :
xapl;n`l; mth;fSk; vy;Nkhh; mth;fSk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;tq;fis topgLk; Kiwfisg;gw;wp ed;F
Muha;e;Js;shh;. gp.vy;.rhkp vd;ghh; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jha;nja;t
topg;ghl;ilg; gw;wp ed;F Muha;e;Js;shh;. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lr;
rpWnja;tq;fisg; gw;wp Muha;e;Js;shh;. K.mUzhryk; mth;fSk;
m.K.gukrpthde;jk; mth;fSk; jkpo;ehl;L tpohf;fisg; gw;wp
vOjpAs;sdh;.

ehl;lhh; topghL:
jkpofnkq;Fk; thOk; kf;fs; xNu gz;ghl;ilr; rhh;e;Njhuy;yh;.
xU nkhop NgrpdhYk; xNu jd;ikapdh; my;yh;. rhjpahYk; gy;NtW
cl;FOf;fshYk; NtWgl;NlhH. xU FOitr; rhh;e;Njhh; xNunahU
nja;tj;ij kl;Lk; topgLNthUky;yh;. xU nja;tk; jkpofnkq;Fk;
xNu khjphpahf topgLtJkpy;iy. rpy nja;tq;fs; rpy ,lq;fspy;
rpwg;ghf topg;glg;gLk;. RliykhlDk; ,rf;fpak;kDk;
17
njd;khtl;lq;fspy; topglg;gLtd. IadhUk; fUgz;zrhkpAk; kJiu>
Kfit khtl;lq;fspy; rpwg;gplk; ngWtd. jpnusgjp>
mq;fhsguNk];thp> $j;jhz;lth; jkpofj;jpd; tlkhtl;lq;fspy; nghpJk;
Nghw;wg;gLtd. ,j;jifa nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;it ehl;lhh;
topghLfs; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

topghl;bd; nray;ghLfs;:
epfo;jJ
; eh;fisAk;> Fwpg;gpl;l topghl;Lr; rlq;FfisAk;
Muha;e;j gpd;dh; rkaq;fspd; nray;ghLfshfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; me;Njhzpthy;y]; “,aw;ifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j> kf;fis
Neha; tha;g;gLj;j> Neha;ePf;fp eyk;ngw> khDl elj;ijfis
xOq;fikf;f> cs Neha;fis ePf;f> r%fj;jpw;F kWkyHr;rpa+l;l
topghLfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

ngUe;nja;t> rpWnja;t topghLfs;:

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; rpW nja;tq;fisAk; ngUe;nja;tq;fisAk;
topgl;lhYk;> ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;tq;fSf;Nf chpa topghl;L Kiwfspy;
nghpJk; NtWghL fhzKbtjpy;iy. v];kd; (Eschmann) kiytho;
kf;fspd; kjk; xU gf;fKk;> ,e;J kjk; kWKidAkhf ,Ug;gjhff;
fUJtNjhL ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;t topghL ,t;tpU KidfSf;Fs;
mlq;Ftjhff; $Wfpwhh;. ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;t topghLk;> ,e;J kj
topghLk; ,izAk; NghJ rpy khw;wq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp
ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;ttopghL gw;gy gbfisf; nfhz;lJ@ mtw;iwg;
gphpj;Jf; fhz;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhf cs;sJ. NkNyhl;lkhf ghh;f;Fk;
NghJ xU topghNlh nfhz;lhl;lNkh ,e;J kjj;ijr; rhh;e;jjhff;
fhzg;gbDk; Ez;Nzhf;fp Ma;e;jhy; me;j topghL ,e;J
kjj;jpdpd;Wk; jdpj;Jtk; ngw;wjhfj; njhpfpwJ.

nghJthf nja;t topg;ghl;bid ,Utifahfg; gFj;Jf;

fhzyhk;. 1. ngUe;nja;ttopghL 2. rpWnja;ttopghL. rptd;> jpUkhy;>
uhkh;> fpU\;zH> ghh;tjp> ru];tjp> yl;Rkp Nghd;w nja;t
topghl;bidg; ngUe;nja;t topghlhfTk;> khhp> fhsp> tPud;> gplhhp>
ma;adhh;> KdP]t ; ud; Kjypa nja;t topghl;bidr; rpW nja;t
18
topghlhfTk; gFf;fyhk;. ,aw;if topghl;by; Muk;gpj;j topghL
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpW nja;t topghlhf kyh;e;jJ. gpd;dh; ngUe;nja;t
topghL rpW nja;t topghL vd ,Utifahd topghLfs; Njhd;wpd.

4. epfo;jJ
; fiyfs; :
ehl;Lg;Gw epfo;jJ
; fiyfisg; gw;wpa rpe;jid jkpofj;jpy;
ma;k;gJfspy; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. nt.,uhkypq;fk;gps;is (1950)
“fiykfs;” ,jopy; “njUf;$j;J je;j nja;tg;gpurhjk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy;
vOjpa fl;LiuNa jkpof ehl;Lg;Gw epfo;jJ ; fiyfisg; gw;wpa Kjy;
gjpthff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Nj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; fpU\;zRthkp
kfhjpf;uht;rhfpig (1950) gjpg;ghrphpauhff; nfhz;L ntspaplg;gl;l
“gpd;dy;Nfhyhl;lk;” vd;w E}y; epfo;jJ
; jy; gw;wp tptukhf cs;sJ.
tp.rp. fe;ijahtpd; (1955) “kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;Lf;$j;Jfs;”
eh.thdkhkiyapd; (1959) “rpd;dj;jk;gp tpy;Yg;ghl;L” Kjyhdit
ghlq;fs; gw;wpaitNa. N[.jpyfhp (1954) nkhopngah;jJ
; kQ;rhpapy;
ntspte;j “ghitf;$j;J” epfo;jJ
; fiy gw;wpa fl;LiuahFk;. jkpo;
mwpQHfspd; epfo;j;J fiyfisg; gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjw;F fgpy
thj;];ahad;> rr;rpjhde;j thj;];ahad; (1959) MfpNahh; ntspapl;l
“,e;jpa fpuhkpa eldq;fs;” vd;w E}y; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
tha;g;Gz;L. ,e;E}y; “mg;gh];” vd;gtuhy; jkpopy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;L
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

epfo;jJ
; fiy tiffs;:
epfo;jJ
; fiyfisg; gy;NtW Ma;thsh;fs; gy;NtW Kiwfspy;
tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. mj;jifa tifg;ghLfs; mth;fspd;
juTfisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khWgLfpd;wd.

Nguhrphpah; V.vd;. ngUkhs; epfo;jJ

; fiyfspy; fye;J nfhs;Sk;
fiyQh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jdpahh; fiy
(Individual Art) FOtpdh; fiy (Group Art) vd;Wk;> fye;J nfhs;Sk;
fiyQh;fspd; ghy; (Sex) mbg;gilapy; Mlth;fiy> kfsph;fiy>
Mlth; kfsph;fiy vd;Wk;> epfo;j;jg;gLk; fhyk;> #oy;> Nehf;fk;
19
Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L r%fk;rhh; fiyfs; (Seciety based
arts) rkak; rhHfiyfs; (religion based art) vd;Wk; gythwhfg; gphpj;Jf;
$wptpl;L> “fiyfis tifg;gLj;JtJ rpf;fyhdJ” vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.

epfo;jJ; fiyfs;
1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir epfo;r;rpfs;
2. Ml;lq;fs; vd;W ,UngUk; gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
KjyhtJ gphptpy; fUtp ,ir epfo;r;rpfSk; Fuypir epfo;r;rpfSk;
kpfr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ml;lq;fs; vd;Dk; ,uz;lhtJ
gphptpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. fUtp ,ir
jkpofj;jpy; kuGtopg;gl;l Vuhskhd ,irf;fUtpfs; gad;ghl;by;
cs;sd. elf;Fk; my;yJ elf;fg;NghFk; epfo;r;rpfis
mwptpg;gitahfr; rpy fUtpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. kzepfo;r;rp Nghd;w
tho;tpay; epfo;r;rpfspy; thrpf;fg;gLk;. kq;fy ,ir me;epfo;r;rp
elf;fg;Nghtij mwptpg;gNjhL me;epfo;r;rpapd; gy;NtW epiyfspy;
JizahfTk; nray;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhapy; epfo;r;rpfspy; thrpf;fg;gLk;
,irf;fUtpfSk; mj;jifa gzpfisNa nra;fpd;wd. ,wg;G
epfo;r;rpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfSk; ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fy;y.
rpy Neuq;fspy; xNu ,irf;fUtp topghl;bYk; ,wg;gpYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L. rhd;whfg; giwiaf; $wyhk;. Mdhy;
,irf;fg;gLk; Kiwahy; elg;gJ topghlh ,wg;Gr;rlq;fh vd;gij
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

Fuypir :
Fuypir epfo;r;rpfs; ghuk;ghpakhf epfo;jj ; g;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
tpy;Yg;ghl;L> cLf;fbg;ghl;L. ghujk;gbj;jy;> ,yhtzp> fjhfhyl;Nrgk;>
fijgbj;jy; vd;w gy epiyfspy; Fuypir epfo;r;rpfs;
epfo;jj
; g;gLfpd;wd.

20
2. Ml;lq;fs; :
Ml;lq;fs; vd;Dk; ,uz;lhtJ gphpT gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1.fUtp ,ir Ml;lq;fs; :
fUtp ,irf;Nfw;g xUtNuh gyNuh xg;gidAld; MLk;
Ml;lq;fs; ,t;tifapy; mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fufhl;lk;> fhtbahl;lk;>
ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;> khLMl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> fubMl;lk;>
topahl;lk;> GypNtlk;> jg;ghl;lk;> fhspjpUeldk;> nfhf;fypf;fl;il
Ml;lk;> tPugj;urhkp Ml;lk;> Njtuhl;lk;> Nritahl;lk; Mfpait
,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;.

2.ghl;L Ml;lq;fs; :
fUtp ,irNahL ghly;fs; ghbf;nfhz;L my;yJ gpwh; ghLk;
ghly;fSf;Nfw;g MLk; Ml;lq;fs; ,t;tifapy; mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Fwtd; Fwj;jp Ml;lk;> Fk;kp> Nfhyhl;lk;> xapyhl;lk;> Ngahl;lk;>
rhkpahl;lk;> fUg;ghap Ml;lk;> ghk;G eldk;> ifr;rpyhk;ghl;lk;> cwpab>
kahdf; nfhs;is> Nfhzq;fp Ml;lk; Kjyhdit ,t;tifapy
mlq;Fk;.

3. muq;ff; fiyfs; :
kuG topahf toq;fptUk; VNjDk; xU fijia mbg;gilahf
itj;J mf;fijg;ghj;jpuq;fshf Ntlk; Gide;J nfhz;L fUtp
,irapd; JizAld; MbAk; ghbAk; NgrpAk; ebj;Jk; muq;fj;jpy;
epfo;jj; f;$ba fiyfs; muq;ff; fiyfs; vd;Dk; gphptpy;
mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd. njUf;$j;J> fzpahd;$j;J> gfy;Ntlk; Kjyhd
fiyfs; mlf;fyhk;. kdpjdhy; Ml;Ltpf;fg;gLk; ghitf;$j;Jk;
,g;gphptpy; mlf;f;gLfpwJ.

4. fij$wy; :
gy;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspd; JizAld; ghlyhfTk; trdkhfTk;
kf;fs; Kd; fij $Wk; gof;fk; jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpy;Yg;ghl;L> cLf;if epfo;r;rp> ,yhtzp Kjyhdit ,t;tifapy;
mlq;Fk;.

21
5. Nghh;f;fiyfs; :
xU fhyj;jpy; NghhpLtjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j Nghh;g;
gapw;rpfs; ,d;iwa epiyapy; nghONghf;fpw;F vd kf;fs; Kd;
epfo;jj; g;gLk; Nghh;f;fiyfshf khwpAs;sd. rpyk;gk;> fj;jpr;rz;il>
Kjyhdit ,g;gphptpy; mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kdpjh;fSf;Fs;s eilngWk;
,j;jifa rz;ilfNsad;wp tpyq;FfSf;Fk; gwitfSf;Fk;
gapw;rpaspj;J NkhjtpLk; fplha;r;rz;il> Nrty; rz;il>
Kjypatw;iwAk; ,t;tifapy; mlf;fyhk;.

6. tpj;ijfs;:
,d;iwa epiyapy; kf;fisf; ftUtjw;fhf ehl;Lg;Gw
epfo;jJ
; fiyfs; gytw;wpYk; tpj;ijfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. MapDk;
fz;fl;L tpj;ij> rhl;il mb> njhk;ghl;lk; Kjypait tpj;ijfs;
fhl;LtijNa Nehf;fkhf; nfhz;l fiyfs;> ghk;gpid itj;J
Ntbf;iff; fhl;LtJk;> Fuq;fpidg; gapw;Wtpj;J Mlr; nra;tijAk;
$l ,t;tifapy; Nrh;f;fyhk;. ,t;tifapy; epfo;jJ ; fiyfs;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

5. nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL :
khDlr; r%fq;fs; vy;yhk; jhk; thOk; Rw;Wr;#oYf;Fk;
fhyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g tho;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gbKiwapy; r%fq;fs;
jj;jk; nrhe;j Nehf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aw;if cyif tbtikf;fg; gy;NtW
je;jpNuhghaq;fisAk; mZFKiwfisAk; tsh;jn ; jLj;Js;d. ,aw;if
tsq;fisg; gz;ghl;Lg; gilg;GfshfTk; fiyg;gilg;GfshfTk;
(artifacts) khw;wpf; nfhs;tijNa Goq;F nghUs; rhh; gz;ghL (Material
Culture) vd;fpNwhk;.

1. iftpidf; fiyfs; :
ehl;lhh; iftpidf; fiyfs; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gNj Ma;thspd;
Kjy; tpdh iftpidf; fiyfspd; Kjd;ikahd gz;Gf;$W
kuGrhh;e;jJ vd;gJ jhd;. ehl;lhh; iftpidf; fiyfs; vd;git
kuTtopf;fiyfNs kugpd; Mw;wiy xUtd; iftpidf; fiyfspy;

22
njspthff; fhzyhk;. mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu iftpidf; fiyfs;
Fwpj;j cj;jpfSk;> jpDRfSk; (Designs) gy jiyKiwfshf xNu
FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fshy; toptopahfr; nra;ag;gl;L te;jd. rpy
Ntisfspy; mth;fs; jpwiktha;e;j xU fiyQhplk; Ngha;r rpy
Mz;Lfs; fw;Wj; Njh;e;J te;jdh;. fy;jr;rh;fSk;> kuj;jr;rh;fSk;
jq;fs; Foe;ijfis mLj;jth;fsplk; tpl;Lg; gapw;Wtpj;Js;sdh;. ,d;W
fw;rpw;g NtiyfSk;> kur;rpw;gg; gzpfSk; Fiwe;J tUtjhYk;
Gj;jk;Gjpa ve;jpug;gl;liwfshYk; iftpidf; fiyfs; eypTw;wd.

iftpidg;nghUs;fSk; fiyg;gilg;GfSk; :
gj;jkilg;ghAk;> jQ;rhT+h;jl;LfSk;> nel;bahy; nra;j khjphp
tbtq;fSk;> fz;zhbapy; tiwag;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk;> ek; tPl;Lf;
fjTfSk; epiyg;gbfSk;> kl;ghz;lq;fSk; fiyg;gilg;gfsh?
,t;w;Ws; rpytw;iw fiyg;gilg;Gfs; my;y vd;Wk; $wyhk;. jQ;irj;
jl;LfSk; nel;b fz;zhb Ntiyg;ghLfSk; fiyg;gilg;Gfs; vd;Wk;>
gj;jkilg;ghAk;> fjTfSk;> epiyg;gbfSk; kl;ghz;lq;fSk;
fiyg;gilg;Gfsy;y vd;Wk; $wyhk;. Mdhy; ,it xNu Neuj;jpy;
kfpo;r;rpia Cl;Lfpd;wd. r%f nghUshjhuk; rhh;e;j eilKiw
Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; nray;fSf;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd. eilKiwg;
gad;ghl;Lf;F Kjd;ikaspg;gjhf ,Ue;jhy; iftpidg; nghUs;
vd;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; eilKiwg; gad;ghl;bw;F chpajhfp>
fiyg;gz;Gf;$WfSk; Kidg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lhy; mtw;iwf;
iftpidf; fiyg;gilg;Gfs; vdyhk;.

2. kz;ghz;lf;fiy :
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; GijnghUs; Ma;tpy; fpilj; KJkf;fs;
jhopfSk;> jkpofnkq;Fk; GijnghUs; Ma;tpy; fpilj;j
kl;ghz;lq;fSk; ,jd; goikf;Fr; rhd;W gfUk;. GwehD}w;wpy; gy
ghly;fspy; “KJkf;fs; jhop gw;wpAk;” „kl;fyq;fs;‟ gw;wpAk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUts;Sth; “gRkl;fyj;Js;ehP ; nga;jphP,aw;W vd;W
ctik $Wfpwhh;.

23
 rq;fg; ghly;fspy; kz;ghz;lq;fs; nra;Nthh; “fyk; nra;Nfh”
(Gwk; 228>256) vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwdh;. kz;ghz;lk; nra;Nthiu
kzpNkfiy “kz;zPl;lhsh;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. rq;fg;Gyth;fSs;
ntz;zpf;Faj;jpahUk; xUth;. ,d;W ,th;fs; Ntl;Nfhth;> Ntshh;>
Fshsh;> Fath; vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. goq;fhyj;jpy;
,th;fs; ehl;lhh; jk; md;whl tho;tpy; Kjd;ikahd ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jdh;. njhopy;Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,d;iwa r%f>
nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; kf;fspd; tho;tpYk;> mth;fSf;Ff; fyq;fs;
nra;J je;j Ntl;Nfhth; tho;tYk; ngUk;khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jp tpl;ld.
jq;fspd; tho;NthL xl;ba jk; njhopiyNa tpl;Lr;nry;Yk; msTf;F
,th;jk; epiy khwptpl;lJ.

3. gj;jkilg;gha; :
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s “gj;jkil”vd;w Chpy; jahhpf;fg;gLk;
Nfhuk;gha;fs; Gfo;ngw;wit. gj;jkilapy; thOk; K];yk P ; rkaj;jpdh;
gha; jahhpf;Fk; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. gj;jkilapy; thOk;
K];ykP f
; Sf;Fg; gha;KilAk; njhopy; guk;giuahf tUtjhy;
gha;fspd; juq;fs;> tz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw toptopahf
Kd;NdhhplkpUe;J ,isa jiyKiwapdh; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

4. ehl;lhh; czT :
ehl;lhh; czT Kiw tl;lhu NtWghLfisf; nfhz;lJ.
njhlh;e;J kuGtopahf cz;zg;gl;L tUk; czTKiwfis ehl;lhh;
czT Kiw vdyhk;. md;whl> FLk;gk; rhh;e;j ehl;lhh; czT Kiw
tl;lhu kuig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. mJ tzpfKiw rhh;e;j>
epWtdkakhf;fg;gl;l tpLjp cztpdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lJ. mwptpay;
mbg;gilapyhd rj;JzT Kiwapdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lJ. czTfisj;
jahhpj;jy;> mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy;> mtw;wpd; r%f-cstpay;
nray;ghLfs; ehl;lhh; gz;ghl;by; mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp ehl;lhh;
czT Kiw Ma;Tfs; mika Ntz;Lk;. vtw;iw cz;zyhk;? vg;gb
vg;NghJ cz;zyhk;? fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w czT> czT ghpkhWk; Kiw>
,dk; rhh;e;j tl;lhu czTfs;> rhjp rkak; rhh;e;j czTtpyf;Ffs;

24
(taboos) czTKiw tpjpfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rikayiwfs;
(mLg;gq;fil) rikay; ghz;lq;fs;> cz;fyq;fs;> Nghd;wit gw;wpa
Ma;Tfs; ehl;lhh; tho;tpaYs; mlq;Fk;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; :
xUgf;f tpdhf;fs; :
1) gonkhop Fwpj;J ntspte;j E}y;fis tpsf;Ff.
2) tha;nkhop rhuh tof;fhWfs; vit?
3) „ehl;lhH topghL‟ – rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
4) fUtp ,ir vd;why; vd;d?
5) ehl;lhH czTKiw Fwpj;J vOJf.

%d;Wgf;f tpdhf;fs; :
1) tha;nkhop tof;fhWfs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu xd;W tiuf.
2) epfo;jJ
; fiyfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3) nghUs;rhH gz;ghl;bidf; $Wf.

25
 myF 3
tha;nkhop tof;fhWfs;
Kd;Diu :

ehl;lhH tof;fhw;W tifikfSs; (genres) tha;nkhop

tof;fhWfs; xU gFjpahFk;. tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> tha;nkhop kuG>
nrhy; rhHe;j ehl;lhH tof;fhW (verbal folklore) ehl;lhH ,yf;fpak;>
tha;nkhop epfo;jJ ; jy;fs; vd;W gythW tha;nkhop tof;fhWfs;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. tha;nkhop tof;fhWfs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk;
jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gz;Gfs; cz;L. eilapay; $WfSk;>
ntspg;ghl;Lf; $WfSk;> r%ftpay; $WfSk; gz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gz;ghL
NtWgLk;. ,e;j tha;nkhop tbtq;fis NtW gphpj;jwpag; gy;NtW
msTNfhy;fisg; gad;gLj;JtH. eilapay; $Wfs; my;yJ tbtf;
$Wfs; xU tif. ePsk;> ntspg;ghl;L tbtk; (ciueil> ftpij
,uz;Lk; fye;jJ) ahg;G mikg;G (Prosody)> nkhopapay;
ntspg;ghl;Lf;$W (md;whl tof;F my;yJ FwpaPl;L nkhop my;yJ
,Uz;ik tof;F) Nghd;w gz;Gfspy; tof;fhWfs; NtWgLk;.
cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk;> nka;g;ghLfspd; (,d;gk;> Jd;gk;> eif)
mbg;gilapYk; mit NtWgLk;. mjhtJ tof;fhWfis mtw;wpd;
mbf;fUj;Jf;fs;> Ritg;Gyg;gLj;Jk; jiytHfs; Nghd;w gz;Gfspd;
mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;JtH. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; tha;nkhop
tof;fhWfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; Ngrg;gLk;.

tha;nkhop tof;fhw;W tifikfs; :

jkpof ehl;lhH tha;nkhopg; ghly;fisg; gy;NtW gl;l #oy;fspy;
itj;Nj Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; ehl;lhH
jk;; tho;tpd; gy;NtW fzq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;;jg;gLfpd;wd. jkpoH jk;
tho;tpd; ve;jf;fzq;fspy; ghly;fs; ghlg;gltpy;iy vd;W fhz;gJ
mhpJ. xU Foe;ij gpwe;j NghJk;> mOk; NghJk;> J}q;fr; nry;Yk;
NghJk;> tpisahLk; NghJk; gUtkilAk; rlq;FfspYk;> jpUkzj;jpd;
NghJk;> njhopw;fsq;fspYk;> ,wg;gpYk; ghly;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.

26
1. tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; :
ngUk;ghd;ikahd tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; ,aw;ifr;
#oy;fspNyNa ghlg;gLfpd;wd. Mjypd; tha;nkhopg; ghly;fspd;
(tof;fhWfs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk;) ,aw;ifr; #oYf;Fk;> ghlfUf;Fk;
rpwe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

njk;khq;F> jpUkzg;ghly;> jhyhl;L> Fk;kpg;ghly;>

Nfhyhl;lg;ghly;> tpisahl;Lg; ghly;> Vw;wg;ghly;> mk;ghg;ghly;>
eLifg;ghly;> fisnaLf;Fk; ghly; vd;W vz;zw;w ghly;fs;
fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,q;F ehd;F ghly;fs; tof;fhWfspd; ,ay;Gfs;
rpwg;ghf tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd; tUkhW :

1. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
2. njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fs;
3. jpUkzg; ghly;fs;
4. xg;ghhpg; ghly;fs;

1. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;:
Foe;ijfisj; J}q;fr; nra;a jha;> ghl;b> mj;ij Nghd;w
cwtpdH ghLk; ghl;L jhyhl;lhFk;. jhyhl;L vd;w njhliu jhy; +
Ml;L vd;W gphpj;J „jhy;‟ vd;why; ehf;F. mjid Ml;bg;ghLtNj
jhyhl;L vd;W ,yf;fpathzH Fwpg;gpLtH. uhuhl;L> Nuhuhl;L> jhuhl;L
vd;Wk;> ehl;lhuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. jhyhl;Lg; ghLgtUf;F
nebanjhU ghly;; njhpe;jpUg;gpDk; ePl;bg;ghLk; jpwk; ,Ug;gpDk;
Foe;ij J}q;fj; njhlq;Fk; Neuj;ijg; nghWj;Nj> mjd; ePl;rp
mikAk;.

cynfq;FKs;s gy;NtW nkhopfspy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;

ghlg;gLfpd;wd. jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fSf;F Kiwahd njhlf;fk; cz;L.
MuhNuh MhpuNuh MuhNuh MhpuNuh vd;;Nwh
uhuhNuh uhhpuNuh uhuhNuh uhhpNuh vd;Nwh
NuNu NuuNu NuNu NuuNu vd;Nwh

27
jhyhl;bd; njhlf;fk; nghUsw;w xypfshf mikAk;. „Y}Y}” yy;yh
yy;Ny; „epd;D}dd;D‟ „NghNghL‟ (bobo) „^^‟ (dodo) Nghd;w xypfs;
Mq;fpyk;; Nghyp\;> Ukhdpd;> /gpnuQ;R> ,j;jhyp Nghd;w nkhopfspYk;
jhyhl;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; xypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j xypfis
vOg;gpaTlNdNa jhyhl;Lj; njhlq;fg; NghfpwJ vd;gij milahsk;
fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fSf;Fg; nghUshf miktdtw;iw gh.uh.

Rg;gpukzpad; njhFj;Jj; jUfpwhH.

1. Foe;ij
2. mjw;F Ntz;ba rhjdq;fs;
3. cwtpdHfs;
,g;nghUs;fspd; tphpitg; gpd;tUkhW vLj;Jf;fyhk;;.

1. Foe;ijia ikakhff; nfhz;l nghUs;fspd; tptuq;fs; :

m) Foe;ijapd;; moF M) mUeke;jj;jd;ik ,tw;iwg;
ghuhl;ly;.
M) Foe;ijiag; ngw jha; nra;j Nehd;G

2. rhjdq;fis ikakhff;; nfhz;l nghUspd; tptuq;fs; :

m) rhjdq;fspd; moF> Ntiyg;ghL Mfpatw;iwg; ghuhl;ly;.
M) mr;rhjdq;fisr; nra;tjtHfSf;Fk;> ghprhf
mspj;jtHfSf;Fk; ed;wp $Wjy;.

3. cwtpdHfis ikakhff; nfhz;l nghUspd; tptuq;fs; :

cwtpdHfspd; nray; tPuj;ij nry;t tsj;ijg; ghuhl;ly;

,g;nghUl; jiyg;GfSk;> mtw;wpd; cl;$WfSk; jhyhl;Lg;

ghly;fSf;Fhpa mbg;gilahd fUj;Jf;fshfpd;wd.

mOifia mlf;Ftjw;Fk;> cwq;f itg;gJNk jhyhl;bd; Kjw;

nray;ghlhFk;. Mjypd; jha; mOiff;Fhpa fhuzk; Nfl;gjhf XH
mbf;fUj;Jj; jhyhl;by; tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

28
 mOiff;Ff; fhuzk;
“fz;Nz xd;id ahubr;rhH
fz;kzpiaj; njhl;lJ ahH
nghd;Nd xd;id ahubr;rhH
nghd;kzpiaj; njhl;lJ ahH
Mubj;J ePaOjha;
mbr;rhiur; nrhy;ypaO
Ms; tpyq;F Nghl;L itg;Nghk;
njhl;lhiur; nrhy;ypaO
Njhs;tpyq;;F Nghl;L itg;Nghk;.

mj;ij mbr;rhNsh
my;ypkyHr; nrz;lhNy
khkd; mbr;rhNdh
ky;ypifg;g+r; nrz;lhNy

ghl;b mbr;rhNsh
ghY}l;Lq; ifahNy
ePl;b mbr;rhNsh
nea;a+j;Jq; ifahNy
Mubj;J ePaOjha;
Vyk;g+ tha; Nehf”

fhg;gpaf; fijkhe;jHfis cUtfg;gLj;jp tUzpg;gJ ftpQHfSf;F

ifte;j fiy. Mdhy; tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F
Kd;Ndhb vd;gjhy; ,t;TUtr; nropg;igj; jhyhl;by; fhzyhk;.

,yf;fpar; nrwpT
“fUk;Ng fspNjNdh fw;fz;Nlh rHf;fiuNah
rHf;fiuNah Kf;nfhOe;Njh rhjpkhpf; nfhOe;Njh
NjNdh jputpaNkh njtpl;lhj khq;fdpNah
khq;fdpAk; jpk;ghf Njk;nghope;j thahNy”

29
vd;W cUtfg;gLj;jp ghbtUk; xU jha;> jhd; Nehd;gpUe;jijr;
nrhy;ypa gpd; Foe;ijia cUtfg;gLj;Jjy; fhz;f.

Nehd;G Nehw;wy;
“ms;sp kpsF jpd;D
mWgJehs; Nehk;gpUe;J
fd;dp rpiwapypUe;J fz;nlLj;j FQ;ruNkh

cUtfk;
khdj;J kPNdh
Nkfj;J kpd;ndhspNah
jhfj;ijj; jPHf;f te;j
jq;f ,sePNuh?
mQ;rpNyAk; gpQ;Nrh
mUk;gpNyAk; thridNah?
g+tpNyAk; gpQ;Nrhp
GdypNyAk; thridNah?

gps;is tuk; Ntz;b ghLk; jha;

,j;jhyhl;ilg; ghLgtH nr. Ntjk; vd;w fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jtH.
mtH jpy;iy> khatuk; nrd;wijAk;> kuk; Rj;jp te;jijAk;
Fwpg;gpLjy; fhz;f.
“gps;isapy;yapd;D
jpy;iytdk; NghfapNy
jpy;iytdk; fz;njwe;J
gps;isf;fyp jPj;jjhf
kQ;rs; ,y;iyapd;D
khatuk; NghifapNy
khatuk; fz;jpwe;J
ike;jd;fyp jPj;jhf
gps;isapy;nyapd;D
g+kuj;ijf; fhj;jpUe;Njhk;
g+j;je;jh thLkpd;D
gps;is je;jh uhuhl;l
30
 ike;jdpy;nyd;D
khkuj;ijf; fhj;jpUe;Njhk;
khiyje;jh thLkpd;D
ike;jd; je;jh uhuhl;l”

cwT kw;Wk; nghUs; Fwpj;J ,lk; ngWk; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;

“ghyhd; Fbyhd; - eP
grpj;J mOjha; vd;W nrhy;yp
ghy; gRNth Njb
gazk; ,l;lhH cq;fs; mg;gh
fhnly;yhk; Rj;jpf;
fhuhk;gR Njb
kiyNky; gRNka
MdpilaH gj;jptu
gj;jp te;j ghy;gRf;F
ghy; kLTk; jq;f epwk;
nfhz;Lte;j ghy; gRf;F
nfhk;G nuz;Lk; jq;f epwk;
thq;fp te;j ghy; gRf;F
thy; vy;yhk; jq;f epwk;
cl;fhHe;J ghy;fwf;f
Kf;fhyp nghd;dhNy
gpbj;jpUe;J ghy; fwf;f
gpb nrk;Gk; nghd;dhNy
fd;W fl;lj;Jk;G
filfhDk; nghd;dhNy
njd;flY khzpf;fk;
njl;b ckpr;nrhhpe;J
tlflY khzpf;fk;
thhp ckpr; nrhhpe;J
jhdpNy cs;s ghiy
jspifapNy tpl;lhr;R

31
 tlfliy Muha;e;J
tapuepwr; rq;F vLj;J
tha;f;F tapuq;fl;;b
thq;fp thuhd; mk;khd; vd;W
je;jpte;J NgRJ ,g;Ngh – cq;fg;gh
jUkNuhl NkirapNy
rq;F nfhs;sg;Nghd mk;khd;
re;jpuNdh ,e;jpuNdh”

,j;jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; Foe;ijapd; ,aw;if czthd

ghypw;fhfg; gRitAk;> mg;ghiyg; Gfl;Ltjw;fhfr; rq;ifAk; Njbf;
nfhzUk; „ngUKaw;rp‟ ia ,g;ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. je;ij nfhz;L
te;j gRTk;> jha; khkd; nfhz;L te;j rq;Fk; ghuhl;ilg; ngWfpd;wd.

jha;khkd; ngUik
VWwJk; jq;fujk;
vwq;FwJk; nts;spujk;
NghFwJk; nghd;Dujk; - vdf;Fg;
g+nr gz;Zk; uhr Fyk;
njUnty;yhk; Njf;Fkuk; - xd;idr;
Nre;jnjy;yhk; uhrFyk;
uhrFy khkDf;F
Mir kUkfDk;
thrnky;yhk; td;dpkuk; - xd;
tk;rnky;yhk; uhrFyk;
uhrFy khkDf;F
MirAs;s uj;jpdNkh”
,g;ghlypy; jha;khkd; jkpo; ehl;lhhpilNa je;ijf;fLj;j ,lj;ijg;
ngw;wtd;. Ntshz;ikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%fq;fspYk;
mtHfSf;Fj; njhopy;GhpAk; kf;fspilAk; jhapd;; rNfhjuUf;F
Kjd;ikahd ,lKz;L. je;ijapd; kiwtpy; jha;khkNd Foe;ijapd;
tsHg;gpy; Kjyplk; ngWgtd;. jha;khkid mk;khd; vd;W miog;gNj
kuG. mk;khd; vd;gjw;F MnzhUtd; jhahf ,Ue;J nray;gLjy;

32
vd;W nghUs;. Mg;gphpf;f r%fj;jpy; jha; khkid „Male Mother‟ vd;Nw
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.

2. njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fs; :
tpsf;fk; :
ehl;lhH jk; tha;nkhopg; ghly;fSs; njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fs; xU
tifahFk;. “Njd;ghq;F vd;gJ mg;gbj; Nja;e;J khwp
toq;Ffpwnjd;W nrhy;thHfs;. Njd; vg;gb ,dpf;fpwNjh mg;gb
,dpf;Fk; ghd;ik me;jg;ghl;Lf;F cz;lhk;” vd;fpwhH fp.th.
[fe;ehjd;. ,e;jj; njhlUf;F NtnwhUthW njd; + ghq;F vd;W
gphpj;Jj; njd;dhl;L kf;fspd; ghq;fpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhy; njk;khq;F
vd;Wk; tpsf;fyhk;.

njk;khq;F gj;J tifr; rpe;Jg;ghly;fSs; xd;W. rkepiyr; rpe;J>

tpadpiyr; rpe;J> nehz;br; rpe;J> topeilr; rpe;J> Mde;jf; fspg;G>
fhtbr; rpe;J> tisay; rpe;J> jq;fr;rpe;J> Fs;sj; jhuhr; rpe;J>
njk;khq;F rpe;J vd;W rpe;J gj;J tifg;gLk;. XnuJif ngw;w
,uz;lbfs; msnthj;J tUjy; rpe;J vdg;gLk;. ,uz;lbfs; kl;Lkpd;wp
ehd;fbfs;; XnuJif ngw;W tUjYk; cz;L. rpe;jpd; capH ehb
Nkhidj; njhilNa. Nkhidaikjp ,y;iyNay; rpe;Jf;F
capHg;gpy;iy. xU rpe;Jg; ghl;by; tUk; xt;nthU rpe;Jk; fz;zp
vdg;gLk; (GytH Foe;ij 1967)

“thioab cd; $e;jy;

tapukb gy;fhtp
Vioab ehDdf;F
vuq;fiyNah xk;kdR
ed;dhd ehdh eded;dh
jd;dhd jhdh jidjhdh jhdh”

fhjy; Rit fdpag;ghLtjhy; ,jid ,d;g urj; njk;khq;F vd;gH.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ghl;L ,U rPhpul;il vJifj; njhilahy; mike;jJ.

33
ed;dhd vd;gJ njk;khq;Fg; ghl;by; vLg;ghFk;. vLg;G ,y;yhkYk; rpy
ghly;fs; mikAk;.

njk;khq;F ghLk; #oy; :

“njk;khq;Ff;F xU nkl;Lj;jhd; cz;L; MdhYk; mijg;
gythW jhsj;ij khw;wpg; ghLtJz;L. ,g;gFjpapy; 206 fz;zpfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;jf; fz;zpfSf;fpilNa nghUs; njhlHG VJk;
,y;iy. gygy epiyapNy cs;s Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; ghLk;
KiwapNy Jz;L Jz;lhf mike;jit ,it” vd;fpwhH
fp.th.[fe;ehjd;.

“%f;Fj;jpj; njhq;fypNy – Fl;b

Ke;E}W gr;irf;fy;Y
Misj;jhd; gfl;Ljb – Fl;b
mjpNy xU gr;irf;fy;;Y
re;jdk; cuRq;fy;Y – Fl;b
jiythriyf; fhf;Fq; fy;Y
kPd; cuRq; fy;Yf;fb – Fl;b
tPzhirg; gl;lhNahb”

,e;j ,uz;L fz;zpfSf;fpilNa nghUs; njhlHgpy;iy. xUtd;

xUj;jpia tpspj;J fy;Yfisg; gw;wp kl;LNk ghLfpwhd;.

njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fisg; ghLjw;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; Fwpg;gpl;l

,aw;ifr; #oy; vd;W xd;wpy;iy. jhyhl;Lg;ghly; Foe;ijiaj;;
J}q;fr; nra;Ak; NghJk;> xg;ghhp ahNuDk; xUthpd; ,wg;gpd; NghJk;
ghlg;gLk;. Mdhy; njk;khq;Ff;;Ff; fhyKk;> ,lKkpy;iy.
tz;bNahl;Lk; NghJk;> topeilg; gazj;jpd; NghJk;> ehw;W eLk;
NghJk;> fisnaLf;Fk; NghJk; ghlg;gLk;. xUtNuh> ,UtNuh MZk;>
ngz;ZkhfNth> FOtpduhfNth ,tw;iwg; ghLtH.

34
 njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fspy; gy. fhjy; vd;Dk; mbf;fUj;ijf;
nfhz;L mikAk;. ngz;iz Nehf;fp MZk;> Mizg; ghHj;Jg;
ngz;Zk; tpspf;Fk; tpspg;ghly;fshfNt mikAk;. gpd;tUk; ghly;
fhjyd; fhjypia Nehf;fpg; ghLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.

“fl;lg;Gs;Ns Fl;lg;Gs;Ns
fUntkzp Nghl;l Gs;Ns
ehf;Fr; nrte;j Gs;Ns
ehd;jhz;b Xk; GUrd;”

fhjyp fhjyid vz;zp Vq;fpg;ghLjy; :

gphpe;jpUf;Fk; fhjyp fhjyid vz;zp Vq;fpg;ghLk; ghlnyhd;wpy;
ctikfs; mLf;fLf;fhf tUfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jiytidg;
gphpe;j jiytp jd; neQ;rpw;Fr; nrhy;ypg; Gyk;Gjy; NghyNt gpd;tUk;
ghl;L miktJ fhz;f.

“kJiu khpf;nfhOe;Nj
kzY}U jhok;g+Nt
rptfq;ifg; gd;dPNu
NrUwJ ve;jf;fhyk;

fl;bYr; rl;lk; Nghy

filQ;nrLj;j tpl;lk; Nghy
cj;jpuj; J}ZNghy
Kj;J ,Ue;J thLwNd.

Mir kdk; $Rijah

mk;GUtpg; ghAijah
Nerkdk; neQ;rpdpNy
neUg;Gj; jzyhFjlh
Vf;fk; gpbf;Fijah
vd;DRU NghFijah
J}f;fk; FiwQ;rijah
Jiu kfidf; fhzhky;

35
 epiw Flj;Jj; jz;zp Nghy
epoyhLk; vd; rJuk;
Fiw Flj;Jj; jz;zPuha;
FiwQ;rja;ah cd;dhNy”

ngUk;ghd;ikahd njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fs; Mz;> ngz;

ciuahlyhfNt mikfpd;wd. ,e;j ciuahly; gz;Ng njk;khq;fpd;
jdpr;rpwg;Gf;$W vdyhk;. xU ghidr; Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;
vd;gJ Nghd;W xU ghliyf; fhz;Nghk;.

fhjyd; fhjypia Xb tUkhW mioj;jy; :

fhjyd;> fhjypia tPl;il tpl;L Xb tUkhW miof;f mts;
mtdhy; nra;a ,ayhj nray;fs; gytw;iwr; nra;ar; nrhy;fpwhs;.
mtDk; mt;thNw nrhy;fpwhd;.

Mz; : mQ;R &gh jhNud;

muf;F Nghl;l Nriy jhNud; - cd;
Mj;jhs; mwpahk eP
thf;fg;gl;L te;jpub
ngz; : mQ;R &gh Ntz;lhk;
muf;Fg; gl;Lr; Nriy Ntz;lhk;
jl;lhd; mwpahk – eP
jhyp gz;zp te;jpulh
Mz; : jl;lhd; mwpahk
jhyp gz;zp ehDk; te;jh
mLg;gq;fl;b ,y;yhk – eP
gUg;Gr; NrhW nghq;fp thb

ngz; : mLg;gq;fl;b %zpy;yhk

gUg;Gr; NrhW nghq;fp te;jh
ehTy gl;buhk – eP
etl;b KOq;fpuZk;

36
 ,e;jg; ghlypy; me;jhjp Nghy; nray;fs; mLj;jLj;Jj; njhLj;J
tuy; fhz;f. njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fspd; mbf;fUj;J ngUk;ghd;ikAk;
fhjNy.

jpUkzg; ghly;fs; :
jpUkzg; ghly;fs; vd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ mtw;iw tho;j;Jg;
ghly;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH. Mdhy; mtw;wpd; mbf;fUj;Jf;fs; vs;sp
eifahLgitahfTk;> Vry;fshfTk; mikAk;. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ
khg;gps;is tPl;bNyh kzg;ngz; tPl;bNyh eilngWk; tuNtw;gpd;
NghJ ,g;ghly;fs; ghlg;ngWk;. khg;gps;isapd; jkf;ifNah (mf;fhs;)
jq;ifNah khg;gps;isia tho;jj ; pAk;> jq;fspd; ehj;jdhiuf; Nfyp
nra;Jk; ghLtH. ngz;zpd; cld;gpwe;j ngz;bUk; mt;thNw
khg;gps;isia ,opj;Jk;> gopj;Jk; ghLtJ kuG.

jpUkz miog;G :
Vwf;Fiwa Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH jpUkzj;jpw;F cw;whH>
CuhH> cwT Kiwahiug; ghf;F itj;J miog;;gJ kuG. ghf;F
itj;jy; vd;W nrhd;dhy; jpUkzj;jpw;F mioj;jy; vd;Nw nghUs;.
ntw;wpiy> ghf;F itj;J miof;fhtpl;lhy; khpahijf; FiwT vd;Nw
fUjg;gl;lJ. jha;khkd;> jha;topj;jhj;jh> mj;ij Nghd;NwhUf;Fg;
ghf;F itf;Fk; NghJ xz;Nz miuf;fhy; c&ghf;fisAk; NrHj;J
itj;J miog;gH. kztho;j;Jg; ghly;fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ahUf;Fj;
jpUkzk; vd;gJk; ghf;F itj;jYk; Rl;lg;gLjy; fhz;f.

“fy;ahzk; fy;ahzk; vq;fsz;nzd;

fHzUf;Ff; fy;ahzk;
fy;ahznkd;W nrhy;ypf;
flNywpg; ghf;F tr;R
rpd;d kbAq; nfhy;yp
rPiknaq;Fk; ghf;F tr;R
tz;z kbAq; nfhy;yp
thpirnaq;Fk; ghf;F tr;R
njf;fpj;jp khkDf;F

37
 njd;dpiyapy; ghf;F tr;R
tlf;fpj;jp khkDf;F
thnoiyapy; ghf;F tr;R
cs;SU khkDf;F
xre;jnaiyapy; ghf;F tr;R”
vd;W jpUkz miog;Gg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.

ngz; Nfl;Lr; nry;Yjy; :

khg;gps;is tPl;lhH ngz; tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W ngz; Nfl;L te;j
nra;jpiaf; fhz;f.
“ngz;nzd;W nrhy;ypg;
Gwg;gl;lhH vq;fsz;zh
jhNud;D nrhy;yp
tutior;rhH cq;fsz;zh
rhpapd;D nrhy;ypr;
rk;kjpr;rhH vq;fsz;zh”
ve;jtpjkhd fl;Lg;ghLkpd;wp khg;gps;is tPl;lhH ngz;iz Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ljhfg;; ghly; Fwpg;gpLtJ fhz;f.

kzg;ngz;Zf;Fr; rPHnfhLj;jy; :
kzg;ngz;Zf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; gzk; my;yJ nghUspidj;
jkpopy; ghpr vd;W nrhy;YtH. kzkfd; tPl;lhH ngz;Zf;Fg;
GlitAk;> nghUSk;> gzKk;> eiffSk; nfhLj;Jg; ngz;izg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; epiy Kd;dH ,Ue;jJ. “gzKk;> gj;jh ,Uf;fZk;>
nghz;Zk; Kj;jh ,Uf;fZk;” vd;w gonkhop ,jid czHj;Jk;.
kztho;jJ
; g; ghlYk; ,jid czHj;JtJ fhz;f.

“kJiuapy gl;nlLj;jh kjpg;Gf; nfhwr;rYd;D

fhiuf;Fb gl;nlLj;jh fzKk; nfhwAKd;D
ms;spg; gzq;nfhLj;J nrhy;ypj; jwpg;nghl;L
khHGf;Fk; NjhSf;Fk; itukzp gjpr;R te;Njhk;

38
 gPyp tpuYf;F kpQ;rpAk; nfhz;L te;Njhk;
nkhl;lf;iff;F tstpAq; nfhz;L te;Njhk;
mt;tsTk; Nrfhpr;R te;Njhk; ge;jDf;F
fhzhJ fhzhJd;D fjwpdhH cq;fsz;zh
mQ;RNgH $b mkUq;f vd;whf
gj;Jg;NgH $b gjwhjpa vd;whf”

khg;gps;isia Nfyp nra;Ak; ghly; :

ngz;Zf;Fg; gzk; nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; khg;gps;is tPl;lhhplk;
,Ue;jpUg;gijAk;> gzk; nfhLj;j khg;gps;isia Nfyp nra;tjhf xU
ngz; ghba ghlypy; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
“gzj;ijf; nfhLj;NjhKd;D
gjwhjPf mj;jhNd – xq;f
gznky;yhk; $lg; - nghd;dh(s;)
gy;Yntny ahfhJ
Jl;nlf; nfhLj;;Njhkpd;D
njhauhjPf mj;jhNd – xq;f
Jl;nly;yhq;$b – vq;f
J}Zntny ahfhJ
fhR nfhLj;NjhKd;D
fjwhjPf mj;jhNd – xq;f
fhnry;yhq;$b – vq;f
fy;Yntny (fjT ntny) ahfhJ”

kz tho;j;J :
jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ nghpNahHfs; kzkf;fis tho;jJ
; tH.
kzkf;fs; tho;Tk;> tsKk;> eyKk; nghypa Ntz;Lnkd
tho;jJ
; tij
“gps;is gjpdhWk; ngw;Wg;
ngUtho;T tho;e;jpLq;fs;
kf;fs; gjpdhWk; ngw;W
kq;fskha; tho;e;jpUq;fs;

39
 My;Nghy; jioj;J
mUFNghy;; Nt&d;wp
eyKlNd ve;ehSk;
QhdKld; tho;e;jpLtPH!
mwpa KbfpwJ.

xg;ghhpg; ghly;fs; :
goikahd tha;nkhop tof;fhWfSs; xg;ghhpAk; xd;W.
,we;jtiu epidj;J mtH Nky; ghlg;gLk; ghliy xg;ghhp vd;gH.
,jid „xg;G‟> „gpyhf;fzk;‟ vd;w nrhw;fshYk; Fwpg;gpLtH. ,J
ngz;fSf;NfAhpa tof;fhW. ,jd; %yk; ngz; Mo;e;j Jauj;ij
ntspapLfpwhs;. cw;whUk; cwtpdUk; ,we;j tPl;Lf;Ff; Nfjk; (Jl;b)
Nfl;fr; nry;Yk; NghJ ngz;bH ,we;jthpd; cwtpdiuf; fl;baOJ
xg;ghhp itg;gJ jkpo;ehl;L kuG. ,we;j tPl;by; fl;b mOk; NghJ
jj;jk; tPl;by; ,we;Njhiu vz;zpf; nfhz;L mOjhy; vspjpy; fz;zPH
te;J tpLk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdH ngz;bH.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; xg;ghhp
“kha;e;j kfidr; Rw;wpa Rw;wk;
Ma;e;j g+ry; kaf;fj;jhDk;
jhNk Vq;fpa jhq;fUk; igASk;
fztNdhL Kbe;j glHr;rp Nehf;fpr;
nry;NthH nrg;gpa %jhde;jKk;
edpkpF Ruj;jpilf; fztid ,oe;J
jdpkfs; Gyk;gpa KJghiyAk;
fope;NjhHNj vj;jopglH cwP,
xope;NjhH Gyk;gpa ifAW epiyAk;”

vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa Gwe;jpizapaw; #j;jpuj;jhy; njhy;fhg;gpaH

fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu kfspH xg;ghhp ghb mOk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ
Gyg;gLk;.

40
 mtyr;Ritapd; cr;rfl;lk; xg;ghhpg; ghly;fshFk;. rhT epfo;e;j
tPl;by; Jaur; #oYk;> mOifAk; fye;J xg;ghhp ghlg;gLk; #oy;
fy;neQ;irAk; fyf;fpf; frpe;J fz;zPH ky;fr; nra;J tpLk;.

jha; je;ij> kfd; kfs;> mz;zd; jk;gp> mf;fhs; jq;if>

ghl;ld; ghl;b> khkd; khkp> J}uj;Jr; Rw;wk; Kjypa xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
jdpj;jdp xg;ghhpg; ghly;fs; cz;L. ,J Fwpj;Jg; gh.uh. Rg;gpukzpad;
gpd;tUkhW $WfpwhH. “xU ngz; re;jHg;gj;jpw;Fj; jFe;j nrhw;fisj;
njhpe;njLj;Jg; ghltpy;iynad;why; mg;nghUj;jkpd;ikiag; gw;wpj;
jk;Kd; Rl;bf; fhl;b KWtypg;ghHfshk;.

xg;ghhp ghLk; Kiw

xg;ghhpg; ghly;fspy; mjpfkhf klf;fhf tUk; nrhw;fisNa
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,we;jtUf;Fk;> xg;ghhp ghLfpwtUf;Fk; cs;s
cwitf; fhl;Lk;; nrhw;fNs ,k;klf;Ffs;. tPutey;Y}iur; rhHe;j
fhe;jk;khs; xg;ghhpg; ghly;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; klf;Fr; nrhw;fspd;
gl;bay; xd;W je;jhH. cw;whH> cwtpdH> ez;gH ,we;jthpd; tPl;bw;Fg;
gf;fj;jpy; te;jTlNdNa Fwpg;gpl;l cwT Kiwia Kjypy; fpsj;jp
moj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH.
fztDf;fhf : „mjpfhhp‟ „rPik mjpfhhp‟ „nry;tjp‟ (nry;t+mjpgjp)
(vd;ndj; Njba rPkhNd; vd;nd Mz;l rPkhNd‟
nfhOe;jp Kiw nfhz;l gz;fSk; ,j;njhlHfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
jha;f;fhf : „vd;idg;ngj;j mk;kh‟ vd;dg; ngj;jhs; (vd;idg;
ngj;j MaH vd;dg; ngj;j Mj;jh‟ ,we;jthpd;
jq;if> jkf;ifapd; kf;fSk; ,tw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
je;ijf;fhf : „vd;dg; ngj;j Iah‟ vd;dg; ngj;jhH (vd;dg; ngj;j
mg;gh)
khkpahUf;fhf : „vd;idj; Njba mk;kh‟ mj;Nj> „khkpahH mk;kh‟
khkdhUf;fhf : „vd;idj; Njba rPik‟ mjpfhhp> vd;idj; Njba
nry;tjp
41
rNfhjhpf;fhf : „vk;ngwtp mk;kh‟> „vk;ngwtp uhrhj;jp‟> „vk;ngwtp
ghg;ghj;jp‟
rNfhuDf;fhf : vk;ngwtp uhrh> vk;ngwtp rPik mjpfhhp> „vk;ngwtp
nry;tjp (vk; ngwg;Ng mz;zh> vk; ngwtpj; jk;gp)

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l klf;Ffis my;yJ tpspj;njhlHfisr; NrHj;J

,d;dpd;d cwtpdHf;F ,d;dpd;dthW ghlNtz;Lk; vd;gJ Nghy;
,d;dpd;d #oy;fspy; ,t;thW ghl Ntz;ba ghly;fSk; cs.
,we;jTld; ghLk; ghly;> cliy vLf;Fk; NghJ ghLk; ghly;> cliy
vLj;j gpd;dH tUNthH ghLk; ghly;> ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ghLk; ghly;>
tUk; topapy; ghLk; ghly;> ,uq;$dpy;; ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ;
ghly;fs; vd;W gy cs;sd.

J}uj;J cwtpdH ghLk; xg;ghhp

cwtpdH tUtjw;F Kd;dNu cliyg; Gijf;f vLj;Jr; nrd;W
tpl;lJ Fwpj;j xU ghliyf; fhz;Nghk;.
“J}uj;Nj ,Ue;Njd;D
RUnsOjpg; Nghl;Ll;lh – ehd;
RUf;fh tUNtDd;dh
J}f;fpl;Bf vk;nghzj;Nj
Xuzhf; fhfpje;jhd; - xq;f
ChpNyAk; gQ;rkha;ahhp
fhjj;Nj ,Ue;NjDd;D
fLjhrp vOjptpl;lh – ehd;
fLrh tUNtd;dh
flj;jpl;Bf vk;nghzj;Nj
fhydhf; fhfpjq;f – jq;f
filapNyAk; gQ;rkha;ah” (fztH)

ntspehl;by; ,we;jtUf;fhfg; ghLk; xg;ghhp (kidtp)

fpof;F Kfit khtl;lj;jpdH gyH nrd;w E}w;whz;by; ,uq;$d;
nrd;W tho;e;jdH. ,d;Dk; tho;fpd;wdH. mt;thW nrd;w NghJ
42
kidtpia ek; ehl;by; tpl;Lr; nry;tH. ,uq;$d; nrd;wtH fhyk;
nry;y (,wf;f) ,q;fpUg;gtH itf;Fk; xg;ghhp fhz;f.

“jq;fkhd nuq;Nfhidj;
jq;fnkd;Wk; nrhd;dPfNs – xq;f
jq;fyhk; vd;wf
P Ns - ,t;tj;
jq;fq; fre;jnjd;d – ePq;f
jdpg;gl;L nrd;wnjd;d?

,d;gkhd nuq;Nfhid
,d;;gnkd;Wk; nrhd;dPfNs – mq;Nf
,Uf;fyhk; vd;wPfNs - ,g;g
,d;gq; fre;jnjd;d – ePq;f
,k;irg;gl;Lr; nrd;wnjd;d?

gpwe;j ehl;il tpl;L ,uq;$d; nrd;W nghUs; Njb tskhd

tho;f;if thoyhk; vd;W kidtpia tpl;Lr; nrd;w fztd; mq;F
kba (,wf;f) ,q;F itf;Fk; xg;ghhp ,JthFk;.

Foe;ijia ,oe;j jha;ghLk; xg;ghhp

FLk;g tho;f;if vd;Dk; Njhl;lj;jpy; kyHe;j kyHfs;
Foe;ijfs;> Foe;ijia ,oe;j jha; xUj;jp ghLk; xg;ghhpg; ghly;
,J.
“g+kpapy; Guz;lONjhk;
GOtha; Jbj;jONjhk;
mofhd ike;jid – vkd;
miof;f tUNtd; vd;whd;
<fbf;fr; rk;kjpNahk;
vkd;tur; rk;kjpj;Njhk;
fhw;wbf;fr; rk;kjpNahk;
fhyd; tur; rk;kjpj;Njhk;”

43
 kfis ,oe;j jha; ghLk; xg;ghhp
kzf;Nfhyj;jpy; fhz Ntz;ba kfisg; gpzf;Nfhyj;jpy;
fhz;fpwhs;. mts; gLk; Ntjidf;F msNt ,y;iy.
“kztiwg; ge;jypNy
kzf;Nfhyk; ghuhky;
gpztiwg; ge;jypNy – ehDk;
NguopT nfhs;Sfpd;Nwd;”.

khkdhUf;F kUkfs; ghLk; xg;ghhp

khkdhhpd; ,wg;Gf;fhf kUkfs; xg;ghhp itf;fpd;whs;. khkdhhpd;
md;Gk;> gz;G eyd;fSk; xg;ghhpg;ghly; %yk; Gydhfpd;wd.
“gps;isfis Mjhpr;Rte;j
Gz;zpaHf;Fg; Gj;jpnrhd;dPH – ePq;fs;
gps;isfis tPjpapy;tpl;L
gphpe;Njhb Kd;NghdPH”

xg;ghhp ghLk; Nehf;fk;

,we;J Nghdthplj;Jj; jhk; nfhz;l cz;ikahd md;gpd;
fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Jf;fj;ij ntspNaw;Wk; tpjkhf rpyUf;F xg;ghhp
gad;gLfpwJ. xg;ghhp ,we;J fplg;gtHf;fhf md;W; jj;jk;
kdf;Fiwiaj; jPHf;f cjTk; fUtpahfj; jpfo;tjhy; ghlgLfpd;wJ.
vdNt “cs;sg;Gz;Zf;F kUe;jhtjhy; cstpay; Nehf;F> gof;fkhff;
nfhz;Ltpl;likahy; gz;ghl;L Nehf;F> gof;fkhff; nfhz;L vz;zp
tUe;Jtjhy; cyfpay; Nehf;F” Mfpa tiffspy; xg;ghhp
ghlg;gLfpwJ vd;fpwhH tp. ruRtjp.

xg;ghhp fhl;Lk; ngz;fs; epiy

FLk;gj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba fztd; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; kidtp
ngUk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;Ffpwhs;. Nghpog;ig kl;Lkpd;wp mkq;fyp vd;w
nrhy;iyAk; jhq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;batshfpd;whs;. fztid ,oe;j
,og;igf; fhl;bYk; ifk;ik Nehd;gpd; nfh^uk;

44
Ntjidf;Fs;shf;FfpwJ. tpjitfs; ve;jr; Rgfhhpaq;fspYk; gq;F
ngwf; $lhJ. mts; njhl;l fhhpak; Jyq;fhJ. mts; vjpNu te;jhy;
rFdj;jil vd;nwy;yhk; r%fk; epidf;fpwJ. ngz;fSf;Fr;
nrhj;Jhpik ,y;yhj epiyapy; ngz;fSf;F NeUk;; Jauq;fis
xg;ghhpg; ghly;fspy; fhz;fpNwhk;. ngw;NwhUf;fg; gpd; gpwe;j tPl;bYk;
tuNtw;gpy;iy. ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;j ngz;nzhUj;jp jdf;Fg; nghd;Dk;>
nghUSk;> rPjdKk; Ntz;lhk; md;ghd thHj;ij $wp tuNtw;why;
NghJk; vd Ntjidahy; Gyk;Gtijf; fhzyhk;.
“ms;spf; nfhLf;f Ntz;lhk;
muz;kidapy; ghfk; Ntz;lhk;
md;ghd thHj;ij nrhy;yp vd;id
mutizj;jhy; NghJk;
gzq;fhR Nghl Ntz;lhk;
gl;Lg;gha; Nghl Ntz;lhk;
ghrKs;s thHj;ij nrhy;yp – vd;id
guhkhpr;rh NghJk;
rPHthpir nra;a Ntz;lhk;
rpg;gf;fl;L fl;l Ntz;lhk;
rhe;jkhd thHj;ij nrhy;yp vd;id
rphpf;f itr;rh NghJk;”
RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; ngz;fspd; czHr;rpfs; KOikAk; xg;ghhpg;
ghly;fspy; gpujpgypg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

45
 2. tha;nkhopf; fijfs;
Kd;Diu :
fijg;ghly;fisAk;> fhg;gpaq;fisAk;>; Guhzf; fijfisAk;>
gokuGf;fijfisAk; ehl;;lhH fijfisAk; vLj;Jiug;git
fijahly;fs; (Narrative) vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH. ,e;jf; fijahly;fisf;
ftpijapd; top vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLgit> ciueil top
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLgit vd;W ,U tifg;gLj;JtH. ftpijapd; top
(ghly;fspd; top) vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLgtw;iwf; fijg;ghly; (talked)
fhg;gpak; (epic) vd;W ,U tifg;gLj;JtH. ciueilapy;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; fijahly;fis ehl;lhH fijfs; (Folk tales) go
kuGf;fij (legend) Guhzf;fij (myth) vd;W %d;W tifg;gLj;JtH.

ehl;lhH fijfs; tiuaiw :

fij vd;gjw;Fr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;gJ nghUs;. ehl;lhH fijfs;
fijahly;fSs; xU tif. fw;gidahfg; Gide;J
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLgit. ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUNshL Gzuhg;
ngha;nkhop vd;Wk; $Wk;. ,tw;iw toq;fp tUk; rKjha kf;fs;
ehl;lhH FOf;fs;> ,tw;iwg; Gdpjkhdit vd;W fUJtjpy;iy.
tuyhW rhHe;jit vd;Wk; Nghw;Wtjpy;iy; rkaf; Nfhl;ghL rhHe;jit
vd;Wk; Vw;gjpy;iy. ,tw;iw kpFe;;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahf
vz;Ztjpy;iy. ,f;fijfs; mbf;fb nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk;
nghOJNghf;fhfNt nrhy;yg;gLk;. kfpo;r;rpa+l;LtNj mtw;wpd;
Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fkhFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; mwf;fUj;Jf;fisg;
gug;gTk;> ed;ndwpfisg; Gyg;gLj;jTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ehl;lhH
fijfSf;Ff; fhyKk; ,y;iy. ,lKk; ,y;iy. rpy Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;dH xNunahU Chpy; vd;Nwh fijapy; $wg;gl;lhYk;
mtw;iwnay;yhk; Nfl;NghH> cz;;iknad;W ek;Gtjpy;iy. ,jdhy;
jhd; fijf;Ff; fhYz;lh> ifAz;lh vd;w tof;Fj; jkpofj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ehl;lhH fijfspy; tUk; fijg;ghj;jpuq;fs;
khdpluhfTk;> khdpluy;yhj capHfshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

46
 ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; tha;nkhopahfg; gug;gg;gLtjhFk;. kuG
topg;gl;ljhFk;. gy E}w;whz;L fhykhf tha;nkhopahf kf;fspilNa
toq;fp tUtjhy; khw;wj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. %y MrphpaH ahH vd
mwpanthz;zhikAk; xU tpj tha;g;ghl;Lf;fs; mlq;FtJk;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; tiffs; :

ciueilapy; $wg;gLk; fijfspy; gy tiffs; fhzg;
gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwg; Guhzf;fij (myth) go kuGf;fij (legend)
ehl;Lg;Gwf;fij (tale) vd;W gphpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. tpy;ypak; gh];fk;
vd;Dk; khDltpay; mwpQH ,tw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW NtWgLj;jp
ciuf;fpwhH.

1. Guhzf;fijfs; :
cz;ikf;fij vd;W ek;gg;gLtJ; epidtpw;F vl;lhj
neLq;fhyj;jpw;F Kd; ele;jjhff; $wg;gLtJ; gy;NtW cyfq;fspy;
epfo;tjhff; $wg;gLtJ; kdpj ,dk; rhuhf; fijkhe;jHfisf;
nfhz;lJ; Gdpjk; vd;W fUjg;gLtJ.

2. gokuGf; fijfs; :
cz;ikf;fij vd;W ek;gg;gLtJ; mz;ikapy; goq;fhyj;jpy;
,t;Tyfj;jpy; epfo;e;jjhff; $wg;gLtJ; kdpjHfisf;
fijkhe;jHfshff; nfhz;lJ; rhjhuzk; my;yJ Gdpjk; vd;W
fUjg;gLtJ.

3. ehl;Lg;Gwf;; fijfs; :
GidTf;fij (fw;gidf;fij) vd;W ek;gg;gLtJ; vy;yhf;
fhyj;jpYk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; epfo;tjhf; $wg;gLtJ; kdpjHfisAk;>
kw;waitfisAk; fij khe;;jHfshff; nfhz;lJ; rhjhuzk; vd;W
fUjg;gLtJ.

47
 Nkw;$wg;gl;l %d;Wk;> ciueilapy; $wg;gLgit vd;gjhy;
ghly; tbtpy; $wg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gJ nghUsy;y. ,jid epidtpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpsf;fq;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fij vd;why; vd;d
vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s JizGhpfpd;wd. kf;fsplk; tha;nkhopahf
toq;fg;gLk; kuGtopf; fijfis ehk; „ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;‟ vd;W
ngaH Rl;b miof;fpd;Nwhk;;. goq;fijfs;> ehNlhbf; fijfs;>
fpuhkpaf; fijfs;> ghl;b fijfs;> jhj;jh nrhd;d fijfs;> ehl;lhH
fijfs; vd;Dk; ngaHfspYk; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; Nrfhpg;G kpFjpahf mtw;iw tifg;gLj;;j

Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ. Mz;b MHNd (Anti Aarne)Ak; ];bj;
jhk;]Dk; (Stith Thompson) ,ize;J ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfis Ie;jhf
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.

1. tpyq;Ff; fijfs; (Animal Tales)

2. rhjhuzf; fijfs; (Ordinary Folk - fales)
3. eifr;Rit kw;Wk; JZf;Ff; fijfs; (Jokesand Aneedotes)
4. tha;g;ghl;Lf; fijfs; (Formula Tales)
5. tifg;gLj;jg;glhj fijfs; (Unclassifies Tales)

lhf;lH R. rf;jpNty; mtHfs; Mwhf tifg;gLj;JfpwhH;.

1. kdpjf;fijfs; - fhjy; fijfs;
fhuzf; fijfs;
tprpj;jpuf; fijfs;
eifr;Ritf; fijfs;
mjpH\;lf; fijfs;
FLk;gf; fijfs;
Ntbf;iff; fijfs;
Ntbf;iff; fijfs;
cy;yhrf; fijfs;
ePjpf;fijfs;
gpuahzf; fijfs;
48
 fdTf;fijfs;

2. kpUff;fijfs;
3. ke;jpu je;jpuf;fijfs;
4. nja;tf; fijfs;
5. ,jpfhr Guhzf; fijfs;
6. gy;nghUs; gw;wpa fijfs;

lhf;lH R. rz;KfRe;;juk; mtHfs; ehd;F tifahfg; gFf;fpd;whH.

1. kdpjf; fijfs;;
2. kpUff; fijfs;
3. ke;jpuf; fijfs;
4. nja;tf; fijfs;

lhf;lH Nj. Y}HJ mtHfs; gokuGf; fijfis (legends) xd;gjhf

tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.

1. Njhw;wk; gw;wpa gokuGf; fijfs;

2. tuyhw;W gokuGf;fijfs;
3. ,lg;ngaH rhHe;j gokuGf; fijfs;
4. cs;SHg; gokuGf; fijfs;
5. NghH mopT gw;wpa gokuGf; fijfs;
6. ek;gpf;if gokuGf; fijfs;
7. ,we;NjhH gokuGf; fijfs;
8. Nga;fs; gw;wpa gokuGf; fijfs;
9. rka gokuGf; fijfs;

,e;j tifg;ghLfis KOikahdit vd;W $w ,ayhJ. mNj

Neuj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; tiffisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,it
JizGhpAk;.

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; jd;ikfs; :

ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fpy; fijf;Ff; fhy; ,y;iy vd;gH; ,d;Dk;
Muhag;GFe;jhy; KbNt ,Uf;fhJ. „xt;nthU KiwAk; khwhky; xd;W
49
Nghy; gpioAk;> gprpUk; ,y;yhky; fij nrhy;tJ vd;gJ Kbahj
fhhpak;. vdNt fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fijfs; khWjiyg; ngWfpd;wd‟
vd;fpwhH lhf;;lH gh.uh. Rg;gpukzpad; vd;gtH. fij nrhy;gthpd;
fw;gidf;Fk;> Nfl;gthpd; nghWikf;Fk; Vw;g> fijfs; FWfpajhfNth
nebajhfNth ,Uf;Fk;. nrhy;Yk; KiwAk; Nfl;gtHf;Nfw;g
khWtJz;L.

fijfspd; nghUz;ikfs; :
tho;f;ifg; gpur;rid> Mir> Jd;gk;> rhjpg;g+ry;> fhjy;> xOf;fk;>
Ntjid> Kl;lhs;jdk;> nghwhik> kd czHntOr;rp> fs;s el;G>
ke;jpuk;> Gj;j
; prhypj;jdk;> ePjp Kjypatw;wpd; nghUz;ikfisg; glk;
gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;.

50
 3. gonkhopfs;
Kd;Diu :
%jwptpypUe;J Njhd;wpa nkhop gonkhop. epidg;gpw;Fk; vl;lhj
goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj kf;fs; tho;tpy; tho;e;J tUgit vd;gijg;
gonkhopapYs;s „nkhop‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
rKjhaj;jpd; mDgt KjpHr;rpiaAk;> mwpTf;$WfisAk; tpsf;Fk;
rhd;whfg; gonkhopfSk;> tpLfijfSk; jpfo;fpd;wd. cyfpYs;s
midj;J nkhopfspYk; Ngr;R nkhopNa Kjd;ikahdJ vd;gJ
midtUk; mwpe;jnjhd;whFk;. Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fshd sayings old sayings
vd;gij Nehf;fpd; ,t;Tz;ik GydhFk;.

gonkhopapd; tpsf;fk; :
jkpopy; gonkhopf;F %Jiu> KJik> nkhopik> Kd;nrhy;>
KJnrhy;> goQ;nrhy; vd MW nghUs; ,Ug;gjhfr; Nre;jd; jpthfuk;
$Wfpd;wJ. kiyahsj;jpy; „goQ;nrhy;‟ vd;Wk;> njYq;fpy; „ehJb‟
vd;Wk;> fd;dlj;jpy; „ehz;Zb‟ vd;Wk;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; „proverb‟ vd;Wk;
miof;fpd;wdH. jkpo; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fzq;fis Muha;e;J ghHj;jhy;
gonkhopiaf; Fwpf;f Kg;gj;jpehd;F nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gjhf lhf;lH
t.ngUkhs; mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. mit : goFnkhop> njhd;ndwp
nkhop> KJnkhop> KJnrhy;> njhd;WgLfpstp> njhd;WgL gonkhop>
gonkhop> tha;nkhop> mwk;> neLnkhop> gy;yitNahH nrhy;> gz;ilg;
gonkhop> nrhyT> %Jiu> goQ;nrhy;> %j;NjhH nrhy; thHj;ij>
tof;F> ciu> gioa newpadha; tUk; nrhy;> gothHj;ij>
cyfnkhop> cgfij> RNyhfk;> nrhytil> trdk;> vOjh ,yf;fpak;>
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> vOjhf;fpstp> Nfs;tp> rUjp> ePjp nkhop>
KJik> nkhopik> Kd; nrhy;.

gonkhopapd; tiuaiw :
„gonkhop‟ vd;w nrhy;Ny gonkhop gw;wpa rpwe;j tiuaiwahf
mike;Js;sJ vd;fpwhH. [hd; yhru]; mtHfs;. „gonkhop‟ vd;gJ
cyFf;F czHj;Jk; cz;ikia xU rpwpa thf;fpaj;jpd; %yk;
RUf;fpf; $WtJ MFk;. mg;gonkhop KOikahf ,y;yhtpbDk; mij

51
tpsf;fpf; $Wk;NghJ KOf;fUj;Jk; ntspg;gLk;‟ vd;fpwhH JHfh gftj;
mtHfs;. hpr;rhHLlhHrd; mtHfs; gonkhopahdJ vspjpy;
ftdpf;ff;$ba> Nrfhpf;ff;$ba njhd;ik tha;e;j fUj;jhFk;.
,Ug;gpDk; vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; fbdkhdJ vd;fpwhH. [hd;
u];]y; mtHfs; gonkhop gyhpd; mwpitAk;> xUthpd; cz;ikj;
jd;ikiaAk; czHj;JtdthFk; vd;fpwhH. vy;NyhUf;;Fk; njhpe;j
cz;ikfisr; rpW thf;fpaj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;Jtd gonkhopfs; vd
Mf];NghHL Mq;fpy mfuhjp vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ.

gonkhopAk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; :

njhy;fhg;gpaH gonkhopia „KJnrhy;‟> „KJnkhop‟ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
„mq;fjk; KJnrhNyhL mt;Nto; ;epyj;Jk;‟
„VJ Ejypa KJnkhop vd;g‟
njhy;fhg;gpaH gonkhopf;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhH.
„Ez;ikAk; RUf;fKk; xspAk; cilikAk;
nkd;ik vd;wpit tpsq;fj; Njhd;wpf;
Fwpj;j nghUis Kbj;jw;F t&ck;
VJ Ejypa KJnkhop‟.

fUjpa nghUis tpsf;Fk; tifapy; Ez;ik> RUf;fk;> njspT>

nkd;ik Mfpa ,ay;GfSld; Fwpg;gpl;l nghUisf; fhuzj;Jld;
czHj;j ty;yJ gonkhop vd gonkhopf;F tiuaiw nra;;fpwhH. xU
fUj;ij czHj;JtJk;> mf;fUj;J fhuzj;Jld; mwpTf;F Vw;wjhfTk;>
njhy;fhg;gpaH El;gk;> RUf;fk;> tpsf;fk;> vspik cilajhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. $hpajha;r; RUq;fp tpOkpajha; vspjhfp ,aw;wg;gl;Lf; Fwpj;j
nghUis Kbj;jjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa nghUspidf; fUJtJ KJnkhop
vd;g‟ vdg; NguhrphpaH tpsf;fk; jUfpwhH.

njhy;fhg;gpaH gonkhopia „KJnkhop‟ „KJnrhy;‟ vd;w

ngauhy; miof;fpwhH. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; „neLnkhop‟ vd;W miof;fpwhH.
jpUntk;ghit „goQ;nrhy;‟ vd;Wk;> FkNur rjfk; „cyfnkhop‟ vd;Wk;
52
nfhd;iw Nte;jd; „%j;NjhH nrhy;‟ vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wd. fk;gUk;
gonkhopia „%Jiu‟ vd;w nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. fp.gp. 18k;
E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j gbf;fhRg; GytH „gonkhop‟ vd;w nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shH. mNj E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j Kj;jg;g nrl;bahH
gonkhopiag; „goikr;nrhy;‟ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. ghH GfOk; ghujp
gonkhopiaj; jdJ ghly;fspy; GFj;jpg; ghbAs;shH. gonkhopiar;
RUf;fpAk;> fUj;ij tphpthf tpsf;fpAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;shH.
njhy;fhg;gpaH fhye;njhl;L ,yf;fpa tof;fpy; gapd;W te;jij
mwpfpNwhk;.

jkpo;g; gonkhopfspd; njhFg;G :

%d;Wiw miuadhhpd; „gonkhop ehD}W‟ Kjy; gonkhopj;
njhFg;ghFk;. ,jidj; njhlHe;J „gonkhop tpsf;fk;‟ my;yJ
jz;liyahH rjfk;‟ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Nkiy ehl;;lhhpd;
tUiff;Fg; gpd;jhd; Kiwahd njhFg;Gg; gzp njhlq;fpaJ vdf;
$wyhk;. Kf;fpakhd gonkhopj; njhFg;Gk; Ma;T kl;Lk; ,q;Nf
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1842 ngHrpty; jkpofg; gonkhopfs;;

1870 yhhp gonkhopfs;
1894 [hd; yhru]; jkpo;g; gonkhopfspd; mfu
thpir
1897 n`Hkd; n[d;rd; jkpo;g;gonkhopfspd;
tifg;gLj;jg; gl;l njhFg;G
1913 mdtujtpehafk; gonkhop mfuhjp
gps;is
1962 uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is njd;nkhopfspy; gonkhopfs;
KjyhNdhH
1962 Nf. v];. ,yl;Rkzd; jkpofg;; gonkhopfs;
1975 rhiy ,se;jpiuad; rKjha Nehf;fpy; gonkhops;
1980 e.tP. nrauhkd; gonkhopfspy; Ntshz;ik
mwptpay;

53
 1987 t. ngUkhs; gyNehf;fpy; gonkhopfs;
1988 nrse;jpughz;;bad; jkpopy; gonkhop ,yf;fpak;
1988 fp.th. n[fe;ehjd; jkpo;g; gonkhopfs;

gonkhop tifg;ghL :
1. Rkpj; mtHfs; gonkhopfis VO gphpthf tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.
1. ctikj; jd;ikad
2. Nfypj; jd;ikad
3. rpNyilj; jd;ikad
4. kuGj; njhlHfs;
5. nrhw;nwhlHfs;
6. tpLfijj; jd;ikad
7. xyp ,iagpd
2. Mg;u`hk; mtHfs; gonkhopfis ehd;F tifahfg;
ghFgLj;JfpwhH.
1. NeHrk kjpg;G (positive equivalence) fhyk; nghd;dhdJ.
2. vjpHkiw rkkjpg;G (negative equivalence) Vw;wg; ghl;bw;F
vjpHg;ghl;by;iy
3. Neub fhuz fhhpaj; njhlHG (positive causational) gjwpa
fhhpak; rpjwpg; NghFk;.
4. vjphpil fhuz fhhpaj; njhlHG (negative causational)
,uz;L Fw;wq;fs; epahakhfhJ.
3. gpnusNd mtHfs; gonkhopia ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.
1. ,yf;fpag; gonkhop (Literary)
2. ,yf;fpakpy;yhg; gonkhop (Non-literary) my;yJ kuGg;
gonkhop
4. lhf;lH rf;jpNty; mtHfs; jkpo;;g;gonkhopfis Ie;J tifahf
tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.
1. msT mbg;gil (size basis)
2. nghUs; mbg;gil (subject basis)
3. mfuthpir mbg;gil (alphabetical basis)

54
 4. mikg;gpay; mbg;gil (structural basis)
5. gad; mbg;gil (functional basis)
5. lhf;lH f. rhe;jp mtHfs; jkpo;g;gonkhopfis ,uz;L ngUk;
gphpthfg; gphpf;fpd;whH.
1. cUtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gonkhopfs;
- thf;fpa mikg;Gs;s gonkhopfs;
- Nkw;Nfhs; gonkhopfs;
- xypapiaGg; gonkhopfs;
- Nfs;tpg; gonkhop
- ctikg; gonkhop
2. nghUis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.
- Ntshz;ikg;; gonkhopfs;
- kpUfq;fs; gw;wpa gonkhopfs;
- gwitfs; gw;wpa gonkhopfs;
- Ntbf;;ifg; gonkhopfs;
- neUg;Gg; gonkhopfs; Kjypad.
6. NguhrphpaH t. ngUkhs; mtHfs; jkpo;g; gonkhopfisg;
gjpndl;L tifahf tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.
- nghUs; mbg;gil
- jFjp mbg;gil
- rKjha mbg;gil
- rka mbg;gil
- xj;j fUj;J mbg;gil Kjypad

midj;J gonkhopfisAk; Nrfhpj;J Muha;e;jhy; Kiwahd

mwptpay; mbg;gilapyike;j tifg;ghL nra;ayhk;.

gonkhopapd; jd;ik :
jpde;NjhWk; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; mDgtq;fspd; jpul;Nl
gonkhopahFk;. mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vOe;jit. mwptpd;
RUf;fNk gonkhop vdyhk;. tho;f;ifapy; capHg; gz;Gk;> czHTg;
gz;Gk;> mwpTg; gz;Gk; gonkhopfspy; fUthf mike;;J tha;nkhop
,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwe;jnjhd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rpe;jid Mw;wYf;Fk;>
55
mwpT tsHr;rpf;Fk; ngUe;Jizahf cs;sJ. jkpo;g; gonkhopfisj;
jkpo; kf;fspd; mwpTf; fsQ;rpak; vd;Nw $wyhk;.

gonkhopapd; mikg;G :
gonkhopf;F ,U nrhw;fs; ,Ue;Nj jPu Ntz;Lk;. ,jidj;jhd;
Myd; lhz;b]; jiyg;G KbTiu (comment) ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwhH. ,jd; %yk; xU nrhy; gonkhop (one word proverb) f;F
tha;g;gpy;iy vd mwpfpNwhk;.

jiyg;G KbTiu
mOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;Fk;
mjpf Mir mjpf e\;lk;
fha;jj
; kuk; fy;yb gLk;

gonkhopr; #oy; :
ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fhWfisr; #oy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kiw>
nray;gLk; Kiw ,tw;Wld; ,izj;J Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ve;nje;j
Neuj;jpy; ahH> ahUf;F vjw;fhfg; gonkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gijAk; Muha Ntz;Lk;. gonkhopfisg; nghJthf nghpatHfs;
rpwpatHfSf;Ff; $WtH. ekJ r%f mikg;gpy; rpwpatHfs;
nghpatHfSf;Fg; gonkhop $Wtjpy;iy. ngz; jpUkz tp\akhfg;
NgRk; NghJ „jhiaj; jz;zPHj;Jiwapy; ghHj;jhy;> ngz;iz tPl;by;
ghHf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy‟ vd;gH. ngz;zpd; Fzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ
„jhiag; Nghy gps;is> E}iyg;; Nghy Nriy‟ vd;gH. gonkhopiaj;
njhFf;Fk;NghJ #oiyAk; Nehf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Myd; lhz;b];
typAWj;jpf; $WfpwhH.

gonkhopg; gad;ghL :
gonkhopfis cyfpYs;s midj;Jr; rKjhaq;fSk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Kd;Ndwpa rKjhaKk;> Kd;Ndw;wkpy;yhg; goq;Fbr;
rKjhaKk; gonkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rKjhaj;jpy;
mwf;Nfhl;ghLfis typAWj;jTk;> jtW nra;Ak;NghJ ,bj;Jiuf;fTk;

56
rKjhaj;jpy; ,ijr; nra;aTk;. ,jidr; nra;af;$lhJ vdf;
fl;lisaplTk; gonkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. kf;fspd; tho;tpy;
mDgtpj;j rhuk; vd;gjhy; kf;fspilNa mjw;nfhU nry;thf;Fz;L.
gonkhop ngha;apd;dh goaJk; RLk;‟ vd;gjpypUe;J kf;fs; gonkhop
kPJ itj;Js;s ek;gpf;ifg; GydhfpwJ.

gonkhopapd; fUg;nghUs; :
cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; midj;Jg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; gonkhop
NgRfpd;wJ. gonkhop njhlhj nghUNs ,y;iy vdyhk;. gonkhopapy;
fhzg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jtdthff; fhzg;gLtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;if> gof;f
tof;fq;fisAk; gonkhop tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. kdpj rKjha tuyhw;iw
tpsf;Fk; thapyhfTk; cs;sJ. gonkhopapd; fUg;nghUis> kf;fs;>
,dk;> tpyq;fpdk;> kuk;> nrb> nfhb> ,dk;> gz;ghL> gy;nghUs;
gw;wpaJ vdg; gphpf;fyhk;. ,g;ngUk; gphptpy; gy cl;gphpTfSk; cz;L.

,aw;if gw;wpa gonkhopfs; :

1. #hpaidf; fz;l jhkiu Nghy
2. g+kpiag; Nghy nghWik Ntz;Lk;.

kdpj cyfk; :
1. ghk;Gf;Fg; gy;ypy; tp\k;
gq;fhspf;F clk;ngy;yhk; tp\k;
2. fy;yhdhYk; fztd;
Gy;yhdhYk; GU\d;

tpyq;FfSk;> gwitfSk; :
1. Ml;Lf;F thiy mse;J itj;jhw;Nghy
2. caug;gwe;jhYk; CHf;FUtp gUe;jhfhJ.

kuk;> nrb> nfhbfs; :

1. nfhbf;Ff; fha; ghukh?
2. kpsF rpWj;jhYk; tPhpak; NghFkh?

57
FLk;gk; :
1. je;ij vt;top mt;top Gjy;td;
2. jha;f;Fg; gpd; jhuk;

rhjp :
1. ,ilad; Gj;jp gplhpapNy

Ntshz;ik :
1. mfy cOtij tpl Mo cO
2. mf;fiu khl;Lf;F ,f;fiu gr;ir

fy;tp :
1. ,sikapw; fy;
2. fw;wJ ifk; kz;zsT. fy;yhjJ cyfsT

nghUshjhuk; :
1. jpiu flNyhbAk;> jputpak; NjL
2. tuTf;Fj; jFe;jgb nryT nra;

kUj;Jtk; :
1. Rf;F ,y;yhj frhak; cz;lh?
2. MYk;> NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp

,yf;fz ,yf;fpak; :
1. fy;yhlk; gbj;jtdplk; nrhy;yhlhNj
2. tpy;Yf;F tprad;

Ez;fiy :
1. Mirf;F XH mstpy;iy
2. kdf;ftiy gyf;FiwT

jj;Jtk; :
1. Mir mz;bdhy; mOifAk; mz;Lk;
2. ,d;wpUg;ghH ehis ,y;iy

58
nja;tk; :
1. jpUf;fw;wtDf;Fj; nja;tNk Jiz
2. nja;tNk Jiz

gof;f tof;fq;fSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk; :

1. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk;
2. rdpg;gpzk; jdpNa NghfhJ

thdpiyapay; :
1. jl;lhd; jhog;gpwe;jhy; jg;ghky; kio tUk;

khjk;> fpoik :
1. Mbg;gl;lk; Njb tpij
2. ij gpwe;jhy; top gpwf;Fk;

gy;nghUs; : (Miscellaneous)
1. kdk;Nghy tho;T
2. jd; ifNa jdf;Fjtp

gonkhopahy; mwpayhFk; nra;jpfs; :

gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis tpsf;Fk; gonkhopfspd; thapyhf> rhjp>
rkak;> njhopy;> cwTKiw> nkhop> kpUfq;fs;> gwitfs;> nrb>
nfhbfs;> ,aw;if> FLk;gk;> jpUkzk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp mwpayhk;.
gonkhopfs; %yk; tho;f;ifapy; epyTk; mq;fjr; RitAk; tho;f;if
mDgtKk; Gyg;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gpd;dzpapy; mwpa ,ayhj
kf;fspd; rKjha ek;gpf;iffs;> tof;Ffs;> gof;f tof;fq;fisf;
gonkhop %yk; mwpayhk;. RUf;fkhff; $wpd; tho;tpd; midj;Jf;
$WfisAk; gonkhop %yk; mwpayhk;.

59
 4. tpLfij
Kd;Diu :
tha;nkhop kugpy; tof;fpypUf;Fk; tpLfijia ,U
mbg;gilfspy; Ma;thsH tiuaWj;jdH. rpyH mikg;ig mbg;gilaf;
nfhz;L tiuaWj;jdH. mikg;G vd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ ,yf;fz
mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapYk;> mbf;fUj;Jf;fis myFfshff; (thematic
units) nfhz;l mikg;gbg;gilapYk; tiuaWj;Js;sdH. NtW rpyH
tpLfijfspd; mwpjy;rhH gz;Gfspy; mf;fiw nfhz;L tiuaWj;jdH.
mjhtJ tpLfijapd; nray;ghl;il ikakhff; nfhz;L cstpay;>
r%ftpay;> mwpT El;gj;jpwd; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mit
epfo;jj
; g;gLk; #oy;fspy; itj;J tiuaiw nra;jdH.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; tpLfij :
Kjd; Kjypy; tpLfijiag; gw;wpa Fwpg;G njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpLfijiaj; njhy;fhg;gpaH “gprp” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
(nra;Aspay; 79) mLj;J nehbnahL GzHe;jgprp vd;W nra;Aspaypy;
165 Mk; #j;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. NkYk;>
“xg;nghL GzHe;j ctkj;jhDk;
Njhd;WtJ fpse;j JzptpdhYk;
vd;wpU itj;jNj gprptif epiyNa”
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

,yf;fpaq;fspy; tpLfij :
kzpNkfiyapy; “gprpAk; nehbAk; gpwH tha;Nfl;L” vd;W
tUfpwJ. gprp> nehb vd;gd ,q;F tpLfijfisNa Rl;Lfpd;wd.
ngUq;fijapy;> “nrk;KJ nrtpypaH ngha;e;nehb gfu” vd;Wk;>
“Gjy;tiu kUl;Lk; ngha;e;nehb gfuTk;” vd;Wk;> “gprpAk; nehbAk;
gpwTk; gapw;wp” vd;Wk; tUkplq;fspy; vy;yhk;> grp> nehb vd;gd
tpLfijfNsahk;.

60
tpLfij : fiyr;nrhw;fs;
xU nkhopapy; Fwpg;gpl;;l xU tof;fhw;iwr; Rl;l ehl;lhH
vd;ndd;d nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH vd;gJ kpf kpf
,d;wpaikahjJ. ehl;lhH toq;Fk; nrhw;fis mwpe;jhy;jhd;
mtHfsplk;; mg;ngaHfisr; nrhy;yp mtw;iwg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisr;
NrHf;f Kbak;. ehl;;lhH tof;fhw;W tifikfspd; ngaHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
xU gz;ghl;bdH mtw;iw vt;thW fUj;jhf;fk; nra;Js;sdH
vd;gijAk;> mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; cl;nghUis czHj;Jk;.
jkpopy; gprp> nehb> gpjpH> GjpH> ntb> mopg;ghq;fij> tpLfij vd;w
gy ngaHfs; toq;Ffpd;wd. ,r;nrhw;fisg; gw;wp MW> ,uhkehjd;>
jkpopy; GjpHfs;> XH Ma;T” vd;w E}ypy; Muha;e;Js;shH.

„gprp‟ vd;w nrhy; jkpo; nkhopapy; ehl;lhhpil ,d;W

tof;fpypUg;gjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. gprp vd;w nrhy;Ny gpd;dhspy; „gpjpH‟
vd;whfpg; gpd; „GjpH‟ vd;W khwpaJ vd;w fp.th. [fehjdpd; fUj;ijr;
r.Nt. Rg;gpukzpad; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhH.

„nehb‟ vd;w nrhy; tof;Fg;gw;wp vOj te;j MW. ,uhkehjd;>

“ehl;lhH ,d;W GjpHfis nehb vd;W $Wk; tof;F ,y;iy” vd;fpwhH.

„ntb‟ vd;w nrhy; jpUr;rp> njd;dhHf;fhL> tlhHf;fhL> Nryk;>

jHkGhp khtl;lq;fspy; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. ntb vd;w nrhy;Yf;F
tpLtpj;jy; vd;gJ jhd; nghUs;. ntbj;J tpl;lhy; GjpH mtpo;f;fg;gl;L
tpl;lJ vd;gJ jhd; fUj;J.

„mopg;ghq;fij‟ vd;gJ ney;iy khtl;lj;jhH tof;F.

tpLfijiag; NghLfpNwd;. mjid mopf;fpwhah? vd;gJ kuG. ,q;F
NghLtij mopg;gjw;Nf> tpLtpg;gjw;Nf nehb> ntb> tpL> mop vd;w
fUj;jhf;fq;fs; Kjd;ikaspf;fpd;wd.

,dp „tpLfij‟ vd;w nrhy;iy Ma;Nthk;. “tpLfij vd;w

nrhy;yhl;rp gz;ilj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy
61
vd;Wk;> ,r;nrhy;yhl;rp kpf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpNyNa jkpo; nkhopapy;
fhY}d;wpAs;sJ vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,r;nrhy; njYq;fpy; „tpbfjH‟
(vidikatha) vd;Wk;> fd;dlj;jpy; „XlfNj‟ (odekathe) tpbfjh vd;Wk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. kiyahsj;jpy; „tpbfjh‟ flq;fjh vd;Wk; toq;fg;
gLfpwJ.

„tpLfij‟ vd;w nrhy; jkpofnkq;Fk; tof;fpYs;sJ.

tpLtpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vd;gNj nghUs;. ,r;nrhy; vy;yh tifahd
tpLfijfisAk; Rl;l xl;Lnkhj;jkhf ehl;lhuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwNj
jtpu ve;jnthU Jiz tifikiaAk; Rl;Ltjhfj; njhpatpy;iy.

tpLfijfspd; tiffs; :
jkpopy; tpLfijfis tifik nra;a Kad;wtH MW>
,uhkehjNd MthH. tpLGjpH tpLfzf;F vd;W gphpe;J mtw;Ws; rpy
tiffisAk; $WfpwhH. GjpH Ngr;R> ehl;Lg;Gwg; GjpHfs;> ,yf;fpag;
GjpHfs; vd;W gphpj;J ,tw;iw xU gl;baypLfpwhH.

tpLfijfis Nuh[H b. Mg;u`hk; mtHfSk; Myd;lz;;b];

mtHfSk; xd;gJ tifahfg; gphpf;fpd;wdH.
1. tpsf;f tpLfijfs;
2. vjpHkiw tpLfijfs;
3. jiy jg;Gk; tpLfijfs;
4. fijaikg;G tpLfijfs;
5. ciuahly; tif
6. nrhy; tpisahl;L
7. eif tpdhf;fs;
8. mwpT tpdhf;fs;
9. GjpHfs;

khpah yPr; (Maria Leach) mtHfs; ,uz;L tifahfg; gFf;fpd;whH.

1. cz;ik tpLfijfs;
2. tpdh tpLfijfs;

62
gphpl;lhdpa fijf;fsQ;rpak; ,uz;L tifahfg; gFf;fpd;wJ.
1. tpsf;f tpLfijfs;
2. eif tpdhf;fs;

lhf;lH r.Nt. Rg;gpukzpak; mtHfs; gz;G fUjp tpLfijfis

,uz;lhfg; gFf;fpd;whH.
1. ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;
2. ,yf;fpa tpLfijfs;

tpLfijr; #oy; :
GjpiuAk;> nehb tpdhitAk; cyfpw;F toq;fpa ngUik
,yj;jd P ; nkhopf;F cz;L. n[Hkdpapy; xU fhyj;jpy; kzg;ngz;iz
tpLfij %yk; NjHe;njLj;jjhf mwpfpNwhk;. njhlf;f fhyj;jpy;
tpNehjg; gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tpLfijfs;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rkaQ;rhHe;j tpLfijfshf khwpd. iggpspYk;>
FHuhdpYk; tpLfijfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUkzr; rlq;F> ,wg;G> gyp>
tpohf;; fhyq;fspy; tpLfijfs; Nghlg;gl;ld. Mg;gphpf;f tpLfijfs;
jhd; cyfpy; rpwe;jit vdf; $Wfpd;wdH. tpLfij ,utpNy jhd;
Nghlg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Fhpa fhuzk; Ghpatpy;iy. jkpo; ehl;by; rpWtHfs;
xd;W NrHe;J tpl;lhy;> tpLfij NghLk; tof;fj;ijr; rpy fpuhkq;fspy;
,d;Wk; fhzyhk;.

tpLfijapd; fUg;nghUl;fs; :
kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gFjpfisAk; gpujpgypg;gdthd
tpLfijfs; tho;f;ifapd; gad;gLnghUs;fshd fUg;nghUs;
ahtw;iwAk; tpsf;Fk; tifapdthf mikfpd;wd.

,aw;ifg; nghUl;fs; :
1. mg;gh gzj;ij vz;z KbahJ
mk;kh Glitia kbf;f KbahJ – tpz;kPd;> thdk;
2. ms;syhk;> fps;s KbahJ – jz;zPH
3. ,utpy; Njhd;Wk; ,Uis ntl;Lk; - kpd;dy;

63
tpyq;Ffs; :
1. xw;iwf; fhy; ehuhazd;
XilapNy kPd; gpbf;fpwhd; - nfhf;F
2. jz;zPH ,y;yhj jlhfj;jpy;
jhtpg;ghAJ xU fg;gy; - xl;lfk;
3. ,Ul;L tPl;bNy
FUl;nlUik NkAJ – ngUr;rhsp
gwitfs; :
1. mts; xU ghlfp
Mdhy; ngz; my;y – mJ ahH? – Fapy;
2. gfypy; JapYthd;
,utpy; myWthd; - Me;ij
3. gl;l kuj;jpy; gr;ir
mjpYk; rptg;G – fpsp
jhtuq;fs; :
1. gue;j fhl;Nlwpf;Fg;
gf;fnky;yhk; ril – Mykuk;
2. uhrh kfs; g+ ,y;yhky;
ril Nghl khl;lhs; - KUq;if
3. mb kyHe;J Edp kyuhj g+g;G+f;Fk; - thio
jhdpak; :
1. mb fhl;by; eL khl;by;
Edp tPl;by; - ney;
2. eLf;fhl;by; <l;b – fk;G
cly; cWg;Gfs; :
1. xU rhz; Fl;ilapy; xU Kothy; - ehf;F
2. mz;zDf;F vl;lhjJ
jk;gpf;F vl;Lk; - cjL
3. ,uz;L fpzw;Wf;F
xU ghyk; - %f;F

64
czTg; nghUl;fs; :
1. mhprp gzj;Jf;F xU gb
Mf;fpj; jpd;d Ms; ,y;iy – cg;G
2. nts;isf;fhud; G+f;f
ntFNgH fhj;jpUf;fpwhH – NrhW
3. Nfhop NkAJ Fly; NtFJ – Kl;il
gz;l ghj;jpuq;fs; :
1. xU ngz;Zf;F %d;W nfhz;il – mLg;G
2. flflh FLFL eLtpNy gs;sk; - Ml;Lf;fy;
3. ml;ilf;F Mapuk; fz; - ry;yil
mzpfyd;fs; :
1. xl;Lj; jpz;izapNy gl;Lf; fhAJ - %f;Fj;jp
2. jiuapy; Kl;bLk; tpuypy; xl;bLk; - fhy; nkl;b
3. jiyia Kwpj;Jf; fk;G fhl;Lf;Fs; itj;jhd; - jiyg;ghif
mwptpay; :
1. Milapy;yhj fWg;gofp
Mbr;; Rod;W ghLfpwhs; - ,irj;jl;L
2. ,e;j ChpNy mbgl;;ltd;
mLj;j ChpNy Ngha;r; nrhy;Yfpwhs; - je;jp
3. caug; gwf;FJ CHf;FUtp – thdt+Hjp
tpLfijapd; eil :
1. Nkhid
fWg;Gr; rl;ilf;fhud;
fhtYf;Ff; nfl;bf;fhud; - g+l;L
2. vJif
fbj;jhy; fbglhJ
gpbj;jhy; gpbglhJ – jz;zPH
3. ,iaG
gr;irg; gNrnyd;wpUf;Fk; ghfw;fhAky;y
gf;fnky;yhk; Ks;spUf;Fk; gyhf;fhAky;y
cs;Ns ntSj;jpUf;Fk; Njq;fhAky;y
cUf;fpdhy; nea; tbAk; ntz;izAky;y – Mkzf;F

65
 4. me;jhjp
VzpapNy Nfzp
NfzpapNy Fz;L
Fz;LNkNy Gy;Y
Gy;Yf;Fs; g+r;rp
Xub tpLfij :
rptg;Gr; rl;bf;Ff; fWg;G %b – Fd;wpkzp
<ub tpLfij :
nrj;Jf; fha;e;j khL
re;ijf;Fg; NghfpwJ – fUthL
%tb tpLfij :
fhAk; fha;f;Fk;
g+Tk; g+f;Fk;
fhRf;nfhU ,iyapy;iy – ehfjhsp
ehyb tpLfij :
Vwpdhy; tOf;Fk;
,iynad;why; RUSk;
fha; vd;why; JtHf;Fk;
gok; vd;why; ,dpf;Fk; - thio
tpLfijahy; mwpayhFk; nra;jpfs; :
tpLfij %yk; tl;lhu tof;Ffs;; kf;fspd;; gof;f tof;fq;fs;>
ek;gpf;iffs;> fhykhw;wj;jpd; rhay;fs; Kjyptw;iw mwpa KbAk;.
kdpj tho;tpy; fhzg;gLk; fUg;nghUl;fs; midj;ijAk;
tpsf;Ffpd;wd. kf;fspilNa fhZk; xOf;fk;> mtHfs; topgLk;
nja;tk;> njhopy; Kiwfs;> rhjp NtWghLfs; Nghd;w gyTk;
tpLfijapd; gpd;dzpapy; czHj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kdpj ,dj;jpd;
rpe;jidj; jpwid mstpl;L mwptpf;Fk; fUtpahf epw;gNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp
kf;fspd; nray;Kiwfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rpe;jidg;
Nghf;F> nfhs;iffs;> Nfhl;ghL Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whfTk; tpLfijfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd vd lhf;lH
r.Nt.Rg;ukzpak; $WtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. kdpj rKjha tuyhw;iw
mwpa tpLfijfs; Jiz Ghpfpd;wd.

66
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; :
I. xU gf;f tpdh :
1. jhyhl;L ghly;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
2. njk;khq;F ngaHf; fhuzk; ahJ?
3. xg;ghhp ghLk; Kiwapid tpsf;Ff.
4. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; tiffs; ahit?
5. gonkhopapd; tiuaiw.
6. tpLfijapd; fiyr;nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

II. %d;W gf;f tpdh :

1. jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.
2. njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fspy; fhjy; ngWk; ,lj;ij kjpg;gpLf.
3. xg;ghhpg; ghly;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
4. gonkhopapd; rpwg;gpidf; $Wf.
5. tpLfijapd; fUg;nghUl;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

67
 myF-4
r%f gof;ftof;fq;fs; : czT> cil> mzpfyd;fs;
Kd;Diu :
ehfhpfk; vd;w nrhy; GjpaJ. GJik vd;w nghUspy;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. “ey;y ehfhPfk; ghUq;f ek;k ehl;bdpNy> vy;yhNk
GJRjhDq;f” vd;w njhlHfs; ,jid tpsf;Ffpd;wd. jiyia
xg;gid nra;J nfhs;tJ> Mil mzpfshy; cliy xg;gid nra;J
nfhs;tJ Nghd;w kf;fspd; Gwf;fiy tsHr;rp epiyfNs ehfhpfk;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ehfhpfk; cztpYk;> cilapYk;>
mzpfyd;fspYk; ,it Nghd;w gpw tho;f;ifapd; Muthuq;fspYk;
Njhd;Wfpw xd;whFk; vd;w fUj;J <z;L Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. “jw;fhy
ehfhpfk; jiyiaf; nfLf;Fk;”> “ehfhpf nghlt fl;b”> “ehfhpfkhd
NjhL Kj;Jkzp” Nghd;w njhlHfSk; ,jid tpsf;Ffpd;wd. NkYk;>
ciwtplk; gad;gLj;Jk; kidg;nghUl;fs;> czTKiwfs;> thfdq;fs;
KjypadTk; ehfhpff; $Wfshfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gz;ghL vd;W
miof;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,e;j mbg;gil NtWghLfis kdjpw;nfhz;L
ehfhpfk; vd;gjw;F “kf;fspd; Gwtho;f;ifapd; Gwf; Nfhyj;jpd;
tsHr;rpkpF khw;wq;fs;” vd;Wk;> gz;ghL vd;gjw;F “kdtsHr;rp
Nkd;NkYk; jpUe;jp tUk; jpUj;j epiy” vd;Wk; nghUs; tiuaiw
nra;J nfhs;syhk;. mwpT tsHr;rp> fiy tsHr;rp vd;gd
tsHr;rpNahL njhlHGilad. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; czTg;
gof;ftof;fk;> cil> mzpfyd;fs; ,d;Dk; gpw gof;f tof;fq;fs;
Fwpj;J ,jd;fz; fhz;Nghk;.

czT :
Kjd;ik czTfs; :
kf;fspd; czTKiw gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; gy;NtW ghly;fspy;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; NrhW my;yJ rhjk;> fQ;rp> $o;> fsp
Kjypad Kjd;ik czTfshFk;. ,l;yp> Njhir> gpl;L>
nfhOf;fl;il> mg;gk;> gzpahuk;> KWf;F> mjpurk; Kjypa
rpw;Wz;bfisAk; Kjd;ik czTfshff; fUjyhk;. gyfhuk;> gl;rzk;

68
vd;w nrhw;fshy; fl;lg;gLk; ,it rpwg;G ehl;fspy; kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kjd;ik czTfshFk;. ney;yhprp> fk;G> Nfo;tuF>
Nrhsk;> tufhprp Kjypad rikaYf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kjd;ik
jhdpaq;fshFk;. ,tw;Ws; Kjy; %d;W jhdpaq;fNs mjpfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. NtHf;fliy kpFjpahf tpisAk; gFjpfspy;
mJTk; czTKiwfspy; rpwg;gplj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.

Jiz czTfs;
ML> Nfhop> gd;wp> vyp> cLk;G> khL Kjypatw;wpd;
,iwr;rpfSk; kPd;> ez;L> fUthL> rpd;dhFdp> NfhopKl;il>
thj;JKl;il KjypadTk; fj;jhpf;fha;> khtL> nfhs;S> g+rzpf;fha;>
ney;ypf;fha; KjypadTk;> Fok;G> rhk;ghH> tWty;> nghhpay;> tjf;fy;>
njhtay;> CWfha; Nghd;w gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; Kjd;ik
czTfSf;Fj; Jiz czTfshfpd;wd.

ghdq;fs;
fs;> fQ;rpj;jz;zp> ghy;> NkhH Kjypa ghdq;fSk;> kf;fshy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rpyH rhuhaj;ijr; rpwg;Gr; re;jHg;gq;fspy;
,ay;ghfg; gad;gLj;Jtij eilKiwapy; fhzKbfpwJ.

czitg; gf;Ftg;gLj;JjYk;> ehfhpf epiyAk;

jhdpaq;fs;> fha;fdpfs;> ,iwr;rp> kPd; Kjypatw;iwg; gr;irahf
cz;zy;> jPapypl;L thl;b cz;zy; Kjypa gy;NtW gbepiyfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> kf;fspd; ehfhpf epiyapy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. czTr; NrHf;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
rpytif czTfs; rpwg;Gpj;Jg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.

,iwr;rp> kPd; Kjypatw;iwg; gr;irahf cz;Zk; gof;fk;

mehfhpf epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. jkpofj;jpy; me;epiy ,y;iy.
ghlq;fspYk; mJ gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,y;iy. ez;bidr; Rl;Lj; jpd;gijg;
gw;wp xU ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Vida ghly;fs; jhdpaq;fs;>
fha;fdpfs; Kjypatw;iwg; gr;irahfNth> vspa my;yJ caHe;j

69
Kiwapy; rikj;Njh cz;Zk; epiyiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,iwr;rpia
rikj;J cz;gijNa ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

rpwg;GzTfs;
NrhW> $o;> fsp Kjypatw;Ws; (ney;yhprp) NrhW rpwe;j
czthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhNyNa kf;fs; fk;kq;$opidAk;
Nrhsf; $opidAk; $o; vd;W Rl;lhky; NrhW vd;W mjhtJ
fk;kQ;NrhW> Nrhsr;NrhW vd;W Rl;Lfpd;wdH.

Nrhw;wpNyNa mhprpapd; juj;ij itj;J caHT jho;T

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Fz;lQ;rk;gh> rpW rk;gh> ePl;lQ;rk;gh Kjypa
mhprpr;rhjq;fs; caHthfTk;> FWit mhprpr; rhjk; jho;thfTk;
Ngrg;gLfpd;w epiyiaf; fhzyhk;.

nea;a+w;wpNah> ghY}w;wpNah tWf;fg;gLk; ghfw;fha;> nea;

kzf;Fk; fj;jphpf;fha;> Gr> Grd;D Njhir> ntz;fyk; NghNy
KWKWg;gh Njhir> Mw;Wkziyg; Nghy; nghy nghyntd;wpUf;Fk;
Gl;L Kjypa czTfs; rikf;fg;gLk; gf;Ftj;jhy; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;wd.

tpUe;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; “grpf;Nfw;w fhg;gp” itj;jiyAk;

rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;whs; xU ngz;. “NrhW Kz;zh nfhQ;rk; tr;rp
Fj;Jf;fwp kpr;rk; tr;rp” cz;gJ rpwg;ghd tpUe;Jzthff; fUjg;gLk;
epiyia czHe;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ. jhfj;jpw;F NkhH Fbg;gJ
rpwg;ghff; $wg;gLfpwJ. gjdPH ViofSf;Nfw;w ghdkhfTk;> fs; trjp
kpf;ftHfspd; ghdkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rpy Kjd;ik czTfNshL rpy Jiz czTfspd; NrHf;if

(Combination) rpwg;ghfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. Fok;Gk; NrhWk;> rhWk;
NrhWk;> RLNrhWk; RLFok;Gk;> RLNrhWk; Gspf;Fok;Gk;> japUk;
NrhWk;> tj;jy; kPd;Fok;Gk;> ,l;ypAk; Vyf;fha; rhk;ghUk;> ,l;ypAk;
ghtf;fha; rhk;ghUk;> Gr Grd;D NjhirAk; Gspf;Fok;Gk;> mg;gKk;
nty;yKk;> fwpj;Njhir vd;gdtw;iwr; rhd;Wfshff; $wyhk;. ,e;jr;
NrHf;if$l fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; gyUf;F mhpa Rit kpFe;j czthff;

70
fhl;rpaspg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ. cz;z czNt fpilf;fhjtHfs;
czit tpUk;gp cz;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. vg;NghJk; jz;zPH Cw;wpr;
rhg;gpLgtHfSf;F Fok;Gr; NrhWk; rpwg;Gzthfj; Njhd;Wk;. vg;NghJk;
goq;fQ;rp cz;gtHfSf;F RLNrhWk; RLFok;Gk; caHthfj; njhpAk;.
,t;thNw gpw czTr; NrHf;if $l fpuhkg;GW kf;fs; gyUf;F mhpa
czthff; fhzg;gLtjpypUe;J mk;kf;fspd; nghUshjhu jho;epiyia
czHe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

rhjpAk; czTk;
czT tiffSs; rpy rpy rhjpapdHf;Nf chpaitahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fd;dpf;fhil> fhl;Lg;g+id> Fs;sehp> kwDf;FQ;rp
Mfpa midj;ijAk; NrHj;Jf; “fwpf;Fok;G” itj;Jz;zy; FwtHfspd;
czthff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ez;L czT fTz;lH> kiy kf;fs;
ghly;fspy; fhzg;gpLfpwJ. giwaH> FwtH> ,UsH> njhk;gH> fd;dhH>
jr;rH> fTz;lH MfpNahH gd;wpapiwr;rp cz;gijg; gw;wpg; ghly;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. “gd;wpaWj;Jf; $WNghLk; gzk; ngUj;j Nguq;fpa+H”
vd;W jq;fs; Chpd; nry;t tsj;ijg; gw;wp xU fTz;lH ngz;
ghLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jpy; gd;wpapiwr;rp rpwg;ghd czthff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.

czT ehfhpfKk; FLk;gKk;

rKjhaj;jpy; nghJthff; $o; rpwe;j czthff; fUjg;gltpy;iy
vd;Wk; NrhNw rpwe;j czthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; Kd;dHf;
$wg;gl;lJ. vg;NghJk; $No gad;gLj;Jk; xU vspa FLk;gj;jpd;
jiytpahf tpsq;Fk; xU ngz; mt;Tzit ntWf;fpwhs;. fztd;
kPJs;s ntWg;G xU fhuzkhdhYk; NrhWz;z epidf;Fk; epidthy;
Njhd;wpa ntWg;ghfTk; ,jidf; fUjyhk;. ,jd; tpisthff; FLk;g
mikjp nfLtijg; ghly; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,ijg;NghyNt ,l;yp fhg;G
gzf;fhuHfspd; ehfhpf czthff; fUjg;gLtijAk; me;ehfhpfj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;s epidf;Fk; gy Vio Mz;fs; ,l;ypf; filfspy; fld;
thq;fpj; jpd;Wtpl;Lf; flid milf;f ,ayhky; fld; gzj;jpw;fhd
tl;b fl;LtijAk; ghly;fs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Gjpa ehfhpfj;jhy;
FLk;g mikjp nfLtjw;F ,it rhd;Wfshfpd;wd.

71
xg;gidg;nghUl;fSk;> xg;gid KiwfSk; :
cliyj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jpa gpd; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xg;gidg;
nghUl;fisAk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwfisAk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L kf;fspd; ehfhpf epiy mstplg;gLfpwJ.

ePuhly; :
Fspf;fhik> gy; Jyf;fhik Kjypad ehfhpfkw;w nray;fshff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. FwtHfspd; thbf;ifiaf; $Wk;NghJ Fspf;fhik>
gy; Jyf;fhik> rPz;l ehw;wk; mbj;jy;> rPyg;Ngd; gpbj;jy; Nghd;w
mtHfspd; epiyiag; ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,j;jd;ikfNs
,tHfis ehfhpkw;wtHfshf Mf;fptpLtij czu KbfpwJ.

ePuhb cliyj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; jkpoHfsplk;

goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij ,yf;fpaq;fs;
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. gpw;fhyj;njOe;j ghit Nehd;G mjpfhiyapy;
epfo;e;j ePuhl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lNj vd;gH. #Yw;w kfspH
vz;nza; Nja;jJ ; ePuhLjYk; njhd;ikahd gof;fk; vd;gij
,yf;fz> ,yf;fpaq;fs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd.

,d;iwa epiyapy; ,UghyUk; vz;nza; Nja;jJ ; ePuhLfpd;wdH.

ey;nyz;nza; (vs; vz;nza;)> tpsf;nfz;nza; (Kj;Jf;nfhl;il
vz;nza;) Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ePuhlg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vz;nziag;
Nghf;f mug;G vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xUtpjj;jio g+rg;gLfpwJ.

“Mthuk;gl;l ntl;b myf;fj;jy nkOtp” vd;w ghlw;Fwpg;G

Mthuk; gl;iliaj; jiyapy; Nja;j;Jf; Fspf;Fk; gof;fj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ NghYk;”.

kQ;rs; Nja;jJ
; f; Fspg;gJ ngz;fSf;F kl;LNk chpa
gof;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU Mz;kfd; Nfyp nra;ag;gLk;NghJ
my;yJ ,fo;e;Jiuf;fg;gLk;NghJ „kQ;rs; Fspj;jtd;‟ vd;W
Rlg;gLtij tof;fpy; fhzyhk;. Fspg;gjw;nfd;W jdp kQ;rs; cz;L.
ntspapy; miye;J jphpe;jjhy; GOjp gbe;J te;jpUf;Fk; md;gdplk;
72
“Nja;jhq;nfhl;il thq;fpj; jUfpNwd;@ cd; clk;ikj; Nja;jJ
; f;nfhs;”
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. FbePUf;F Mw;WePH my;yJ Fsj;JePiug;
gad;gLj;Jk; fpuhk kf;fs; me;eHP fyq;fyhf ,Ue;jhy; mjid xU
ghj;jpuj;jpypl;Lj; Nja;j;jhq; nfhl;iliaj; Nja;jJ; me;ehP py; tpLtH.
rw;W Neuj;jpy; ePNuhL fye;Js;s kz; Kjypa mRj;jq;fs; mbapy;
jq;fptpLk;. NkNy njspj;J epw;Fk; ePiu vLj;Jf; Fbf;fg;
gad;gLj;JtH. Mdhy; Fspg;gjw;F MW my;yJ Fsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
fyq;fyhd ePiu mg;gbNa gad;gLj;Jk; epiyiaNa ngUk;ghYk;
fhzyhk;.

Mil mzpjy; :
kf;fs; cLj;Jk; Milfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ghly;fspy;
kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwg; gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;.

gl;Lil:
gl;Lil goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ
vd;gjw;Fg; nghUeuhw;Wg;gil Nghd;w rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; rhd;W
$Wfpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fSs; flTNshL njhlHGila ghlypYk;>
gzf;fhuH gw;wpa ghlypYk;> gl;lzj;Jg; ngz;fs; gw;wpa ghly;fspYk;>
ngz;fs; jq;fs; gpwe;j tPl;Lg;ngUik NgRk; ghlypYk;> GFe;j
tPl;Lg;ngUik NgRk; ghlypYk;> gl;Lil gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tUfpd;wd.
,ijj; jtpug; gl;Lil vspa kf;fshy; mzpag;gl;ljhf ve;jg;
ghlypYk; Fwpg;G ,y;iy.

ngz;Zil :
Glit> ,utpf;if> cs;ghb Kjypad ngz;fspd; cilfshFk;.

Glit :
ngz;fspd; kpf ,d;wpaikahj cil Glit. ,jidf; Fwpf;fr;
Nriy> rPiy vd;w nrhw;fNs kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tz;zg;Glitfs;
ky;ypifg;g+> nrt;te;jpg;g+ Nghd;w kyHfisnahj;j moFk;>
nkd;ikAk; tz;zKk; cila NriyfSk; g+g;Nghl;l NriyfSk;
ePyk;> gr;ir> nts;is Nghd;w tz;zr; NriyfSld; gy tz;zr;
73
NriyfSk; nghhp nghhpj;jhw;Nghd;W khd;Gs;sp Nghd;Wk; Gs;sp Nghl;l
NriyfSk;> Fz;Lkzp> gg;ghsp Mfpa epwq;fspy; cs;s NriyfSk;
ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. rPl;b vd;w vspa Jzp kf;fsplk;
kpFjpahfr; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

Glit nea;Ak; CUk; juKk; :

Nriyfs; mit nea;ag;gLk; ,lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
MHf;fhl;Lr; Nriy> fhe;jY}uhd; fk;gp rPy vd;Wk; nea;ag;gLk; E}ypd;
juj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xz;zh ek;gUrPy vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jpUkzg; Glit :
jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ kl;Lk; fl;bf;nfhs;sf;$ba Glit $iw
Nriy vdg;gLk;. rpW rpW $l;lk; Nghlg;gl;l vspa GlitNa
$iwg;Glit vdg;gLk;. $iw ey;yhil> gl;lhil vd;W jpthfuk;
Fwpg;gpLk; %d;W juq;fspy; $iw rhjhuz MilahapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W NguhrphpaH v];.itahGhpg;gps;is fUj;ij <z;L xg;GNehf;fyhk;.
$iwg;Glit gl;lhYk; nea;ag;gLtJz;L vd;gijj; “jhypfl;Lk; $iw
Nriy ngq;fSH gl;L” vd;w njhluhy; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

Mil ehfhpKk;> FLk;gg; nghUshjhuKk; :

,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghH ele;j fhyj;jpy; “thapy; Nriy”
gzf;fhuH kl;LNk cLj;Jk; Nriyahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gijAk;>
gpw;fhyj;jpy; midtUk; cLj;Jk; Nriyahf khw;wk; ngw;wJ
vd;gijAk; ghly;fs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. rpy ehfhpfg; nghUl;fs;
kf;fsplk; gutj; njhlq;Fk;NghJ cw;gj;jp ngUfp tpiy Fiwaj;
njhlq;Fk;. vdNt> midtuhYk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f nghUl;fshfp
khw;wk;ngWk;. thapy; NriyAk; mJ Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; gzf;fhuHfs;
kl;LNk gad;gLj;jj;jf;f msT tpiy caHe;jjhfTk; jw;fhyj;jpy;
midtUk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f msT Fiwe;jjhfTk; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;s
epiyia mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.

74
 ntq;fha rpy;f;F Nriyiag; ngz;fs; Fwpg;ghf ,sk;ngz;fs;
tpUk;gp mzpAk; epiy gw;wp tpkHrdk; nra;fpwJ xU ghly;. ngz;fs;
cly; njhpAkhW nky;ypa Nriy mzptJ xOf;ff;Fiwthd nray;
vdf; fUJk; fpuhkg;Gw Mz;fspd; Fwpg;ghfp KjpatHfspd;
kdepiyia ,g;ghly; njspTgLj;JfpwJ. “Gjpa ehfhpfj;jhy; gz;ghL
nfl;LtpLk;” vd;w vz;zNk vjpHg;gpw;fhd fhuzk; vd;gJ
ntspg;gilahfj; njhpfpwJ. Mdhy; ,jw;F nghUshjhuKk; xU
fhuzkhf ,Ug;gij czu KbfpwJ. rpy ehfhpfg; nghUs;fs;> mit
Njhd;Wk;NghJ tpiy caHe;jitahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W NkNy
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. vdNt> tpiyAaHe;j Gjpa ehfhpfg; nghUl;fisf;
FLk;g cWg;gpdHfs; gad;gLj;JtJ mf;FLk;gg; nghUshjhuj;ijg;
nghpJk; ghjpf;Fk;. ,g;ghjpg;gpidf; FLk;gg; nghWg;Ngw;fhj ,isNahH
czHtjpy;iy. Mjyhy; mtHfs; Gjpa ehfhpfg; nghUl;fis
tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. Mdhy; FLk;gg; nghWg;Ngw;wpUf;Fk; KjpatHfs; Gjpa
ehfhpfg; nghUl;fs; FLk;g nghUsjhuj;ijr; rPHFiyar; nra;fpwJ
vd;gij czHe;J nfhs;tjhy; mtHfs; mjid vjpHf;fpwhHfs;.
,isatHfs; rw;W KjpatHfshfpf; FLk;gg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld;
cz;ikepiyia czHtjhy; mtHfs; Gjpa ehfhpfj;ij
vjpHg;gtHfshf khWfpd;wdH. Gjpa ehfhpfj;jhy; rKjhak; nfLfpwJ
vd;W $wpg; Gjpa ehfhpfj;ijf; fz;bj;Jf; Fuy; vOg;Gfpd;wdH.
,e;epiy ,ilawhky; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gjhy;jhd; rKjhaj;jpy;
vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk; Gjpa ehfhpfj;ij “tuNtw;gtHfs;”> “vjpHg;gtHfs;”
vd;w ,U mzpfs; epue;jukhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nts;isg;Glit :
nts;is epwj;ij mkq;fykhff; fUJk; gof;fk; fpuhkg;Gw
kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gij nts;isg;Glit fl;br; nry;Yk;
ngz;fisr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; ghly;fshy; czHe;J nfhs;syhk;. Kw;gl;l
rhjpapdhplk; jhd; nts;isg;Glit tpjitf;F chpajhfTk;> vdNt
mkq;fykhdjhfTk; fUJk; epiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpjitAk;> MilAk; :

75
 fztid ,oe;j kfspH caHe;j Nriyia mzpaf;$lhJ
vd;gijAk; rpj;jhiliaAk;> goe;JzpiaAk; mzpa Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; ghly; czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

rpWkpaH Mil :
ghthil> rpj;jhil> jhkzp (jhtzp) Kjypa MilfSk;
ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,it rpWkpaUk; ,sq;fd;dpaUk;
cLj;Jk; MilfshFk;.

,utpf;if :
ngz;fspd; Nkyhil utpf;F> ytpf;fp> [hf;nfl;L> rl;il
vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Gs;sp Nghl;l utpf;if> Muq;fp
(MuQ;R) tz;z utpf;if Nghd;w utpf;iffs; ghly;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ijf;Fk; ,lq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
nkl;lhrp (Madras) yTf;fp> gk;gha; utpf;fp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nriyia xg;gpl utpf;ifiag; gw;wpa Fwpg;G kpff; FiwthfNt
cs;sJ. ,d;Dk; $lg; gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; eLj;ju taJf;F
Nky; ngz;fs; gyH ,utpf;if mzpahkypUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
,utpf;ifapy; gy;NtW tsHr;rp epiyfs; Njhd;wptpl;l ,f;fhyf;
fl;lj;jpYk; $lf; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,utpf;ifazpAk; ehfhpfk; Kw;wpYk;
guttpy;iy vd;gijNa rhd;Wfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd.

cs;ghb :
cs;ghb mzpAk; gof;fk; fpuhkg;Gw ngz;fsplk; gutpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,J yg;gH ghb vd;Wk; rk;gH ghb vd;Wk;
Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.

MZil :
MZilfSs; Ntl;b> Jz;L Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Kjd;ik
,lk;ngWfpwJ. rl;il> gdpad;> fhy;ruha; (Pant) gw;wpa Fwpg;GfSk;
ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

76
Ntl;b :
Ntl;bfSs; gl;LNtl;b> rhpif Ntl;b> nts;is Ntl;b>
rhaNtl;b> vl;Lnkho Ntl;b> MWnkho Ntl;b> re;jdfyH Ntl;b>
fUg;Gf;fu Ntl;b> nrtg;Gf;fu Ntl;b Kjyhdit mofhditahff;
$wg;gLfpd;wd. vl;Lnkho Ntl;b> fUg;Gf;fu Ntl;b Kjypadtw;iwf;
fl;Ljy; ngUikahfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. rpyH Nfhtzk; kl;LNk
mzpjiyAk; ghly; Rl;LfpwJ. jiyapy; “jyg;gh” fl;LjYk;
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghNyhH njhopy;GhpAk;NghJ
Nfhtzk; fl;bj; jiyg;ghifAld; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. Vo;ikf;
fhuzkhf epue;jukhf ,Nj Nfhyj;jpy; ,Ug;ghUk; cz;L.

Jz;L :
Jz;LfSs; gl;Lj;Jz;L> rhpifj;Jz;L> ehfg;gl;bdk; Jz;L>
KUq;fg;g+j;Jz;L Kjypad Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; ehfg;gl;bdk;
Jz;L vd;gJ nea;ag;gLk; ,lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ngaH.
ghrkyH vd;Dk; jpiug;glj;jpy; ebfHfs; gad;gLj;Jk; Jz;bd;
khjphpia (Model) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nea;ag;gLk; Jz;L
mg;glj;jpd; ngauhNyNa Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. jpiug;glj;jpd; thapyhf cil
ehfhpfk; guTtjw;F ,J xU rhd;whFk;. jp.K.f. Ml;rpapy; rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdHfs; (M.L.A) ePz;l Jz;L NghLtJ tof;fk;. ,t;thW ePz;l
Jz;bidg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L ngUkpjj;Jld; nry;Yk; epiy kf;fisf;
fth;e;jJ NghYk;. mt;thW ePz;l Jz;L Nghl;Lr; nry;tJ xU
ehfhpfkhfNt tsh;e;j epiyia “vk;.vy;.V.Jz;L” vd;W
Rl;lg;gLtjpypUe;J czh;e;J nfhs;syhk;. “lHf;fplty;” vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; Jz;bidNa “KUq;fg;g+ lty;” “Njq;fhg;g+ lty;” vd;W
kf;fs; miof;fpd;wdh;.

rl;il :

gz;ilj; jkpoh; rl;ilia mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy ekJ ehl;bw;F

te;j atzh; KjypNahNu rl;ilia mzpe;jdh; vd;Wk; ,UNtW
fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd. fpuhkg;Gw vspa kf;fisg; nghWj;jtiu
rl;ilazpAk; gof;fk; kpfg; gpw;fhyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;
77
vdj; njhpfpwJ. ,th;fs; rl;ilzpahjjhy; jhd; rl;ilazpAk;
ehfhpfk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,d;Dk; Kw;wpYkhfg; guttpy;iy. fUg;G>
rptg;G> tz;zr; rl;ilfs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. gl;Lr;rl;il gw;wpAk;
Xl;Leh; mzpAk; fhf;fpr; rl;il gw;wpAk; ghly;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.nrhf;fh> \h;l;L vd;w nrhw;fSk; rl;iliaf; Fwpf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

gdpad; :

gdpad; mzpAk; gof;fk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; gutpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ

vd;gijg; ghly; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.

fhy;ruha; :

fhYruh (Pant) Nghl;L fhhpNy te;j ,isQdplk; xU ,sk;

ngz; vspjpy; kaq;Ftij xU ghly; Fwpg;gpypUe;J mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;. mt;tpisQd; nrd;idapypUe;J te;jjhfg;
ghlw;Fwpg;gpypUe;J Cfpf;f KbfpwJ. “fhy;ruha;” mzpjy; nts;isah;
ehfhpfk; Kjypy; efh;g;Gw nry;te;jh;fsplk; gutp mth;fs; thapyhff;
fpuhkg;Gwq;fSf;F gutpaJ vd;gijg; ghly; njspTgLj;JfpwJ. Gjpa
ehfhpj;ij ,isa rKjhak; tpUk;gp tuNtw;gijg; ghlyhy; mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.

rpifayq;fhuk; :
Mz;fs; :

gz;ilj;jkpoh; Kfj;ij kopj;Jf; nfhs;s mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.

fj;jphpahfpa kapHf;Fiw fUtpahy; VfNjrkhf Kfkaph;
Kjypat;wiwf; fj;jphpj;J te;jth;fs; vd;Wk; ngUk;ghYk; kPir jhb
tsh;f;f Nehpl;lJ vd;Wk; jiyKbia vz;nza; jltp gjQ;nra;Jg;
g+tpdhy; Gide;J nfhz;ldh; vd;Wk; Ma;thsh;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;.
,jpy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUe;jhYk; $lr; rkPgfhyk;
tiu Mz;fs; ePz;l Kb tsh;jJ ; f; FLkp itj;jdh; vdj; njhpfpwJ.
“kPir KWf;fofh kpd; FLkpfhurhkp” vd;Wk; “fj;j Fbfhud;” vd;Wk;
FLkp gw;wpg; ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. INuhg;gpah; tUiff;Fg;gpd;
mth;fspd; fpuhg;G itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; jkpofj;jpy; gutpaJ.
78
,e;ehfhpfKk; Kjypy; efh;g;Gwj;jpy; jhd; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ. goik
Nghw;Wk; ghh;g;gdh;fspilNa xU ehfhpf ,isQd; “mnkhpf;fd;
fpuhg;G” itj;Js;sijAk; mjidf; fz;L xU ,sk;ngz; mtdplk;
kaq;FtijAk; ghly; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. njhlf;fj;jpy;
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; gpuhg;G itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; gutpa NghJ
,isQh;fs; mjid tuNtw;gijAk; Kjpath;fs; vjph;j;jijAk;
fsg;gzpapy; Nfl;lwpa Kbe;jJ. KjpNahhpd; goik Nghw;Wk; gz;Ng
vjph;g;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk;. fpuhkg;Gwg; ngz;fSs; (Kjpath;fs;) xU
rhuUk; fpuhg;G ntl;bf; nfhs;Sk; ,isQh;fis ,Wkhg;Gilath;fs;>
Nkhrkhdth;fs; vd;Wk; $wpf; Nfyp nra;tij “Nkyj;njU
grq;fnsy;yhk; Nkbf;fhuz;b> fpuhg;G ntl;bf;fhuz;b” vd;w ghly;
njhlHfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,g;ghly; fpuhg;G ntl;bf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk;
gutpa fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kjpa ngz;fshy; rpWkpah;f;Fr; nrhy;ypj;
jug;gl;ljhFk;.

ngz;fs;:

ngz;fs; jq;fs; $e;jiy MirAld; Ngzp tsh;g;gijg; gw;wpg;

ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ePz;l $e;jy; rpwg;ghfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. $e;jYf;F
vz;nza; jlTjy;> <Uf;Fspay; Ngid ePf;Fjy;> rPZf;nfLf;fpw
fk;gpahy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fpid mfw;Wjy;> rPg;gpdhy; rPTjy;> ,t;thW
nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;l $e;jiy ms;sp Kbj;jy;> rpj;jpuk; Nghyf;
nfhz;il Nghly;> ril gpd;Djy; Nghd;w xg;gidfs; Ghpe;J kyh;
#Ljy; Kjypa nra;jpfisg; ghly;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

$e;jYf;F vz;nza; thq;fpj; jlTtjw;Nf trjpapy;yhj

ngz;fisg; ghly;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. xU jha; jd; jk;gpaplk; nrd;W jd;
kfSf;F vz;nza; thq;fpj; jUkhW Nfl;fpwhs;. kw;nwhU ngz; jd;
fzthplk; vz;nza; Nfl;Lj; jpl;L thq;Ffpwhs;.

ngz;fs; ,ul;ilr; ril gpd;dpf; nfhs;Sk; ehfhpfk; rkPg

fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. ,sk;ngz;fs; ,jid tpUk;gp tuNtw;wdh;.
Mdhy; goik tpUk;gpfshd KjpNahh;fs; ,jidf; Nfyp nra;J

79
vjph;f;fpd;w epiyiaAk; ghly;fs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J Nghd;w
Gjpa ehfhpfq;fs; guTjw;Fj; jw;fhyj;jpy; fhuzkhf ,Ug;git
jpiug;glKk; ehlfKkhFk; vd;W mth;fs; fUJtijAk; mg;ghly;fs;
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. vdNt> ,it mth;fshy; vjph;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

new;wpayq;fhuk; Kjypad:

ngz;fs; new;wpapy; rhe;Jg;nghl;L> ePy th;zg; nghl;L Kjypad

itj;J moFgLj;jpf; nfhs;th;. fz;Zf;F ikapl;L xg;gid nra;J
nfhs;tijg; gy ghly;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

Mz;fSk; new;wpapy; re;jdg;nghl;L> Fq;Fkg; nghl;L Kjypad

itj;J moFg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;th; vd;gijg; ghly; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mzpfszpjy; :

khdplhpd; moFzh;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghNl mzpfyd;fshf

cUntLj;Js;sd. Kjypy; kyh;> fha;> fdp> nfhl;ilfisAk; gpd;G
rq;F> Kj;J gtsk; Kjypadtw;Ws;shd mzpfisAk;> mjd; gpwF
nghd;> nts;sp Nghd;w cNyhf mzpfisAk; kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpdh;
vd;W Ma;thsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. NkYk; cNyhfq;fSf;F ke;jpu rf;jp
cz;L vd;w ek;gpf;if fhuzkhfg; Nga; gprhRfs; mZfhkypUf;Fk;
nghUl;Lf; fhg;G Kjypa mzpfis mzpe;jjhy; cNyhf mzpfs;
ngUfpd vd;Wk; MltH> jq;fs; nry;t tsj;ijf; fhl;lg; ngz;fSf;F
mzpfszptpj;jjhYk; mit ngUfpd vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;. jkpofj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gad;gLj;Jfpd;w E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd mzpfis mth;fs;
njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. mit jkpoh;fspd; moFzh;r;rpiaAk; njhopy;
El;gj;ijAk; nry;t epiyiaAk; rKjhag; gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltdthf mike;Js;sd. njhd;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu
kf;fs; mzpe;J tUk; mzpfisAk; Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wp tof;fpypUf;Fk;>
kiwe;J tpl;lJkhd mzpfisAk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlyfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
mzpfis Mz;fszpAk; mzpfs;> ngz;fszpAk; mzpfs; vd;W
,uz;lhfg; gphpj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.

80
Mzzpfs; :

Mz;fs; mjpfkhfj; jq;fis mzpfshy; xg;gid nra;J

nfhs;tjpy;iy vd;gijg; ghly;fs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fLf;fd;>
gTDfhg;G Nkhjpuk;> tPukzp> jz;l> tPujz;l Kjypa rpy mzpfs;
kl;LNk Mz;fSf;Fhpaitahfr; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

fLf;fd; mzptJ nry;t tsj;ijr; Rl;Ltjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,jidf; filf;fhuh; nra;jjhf xU ghlYk; kzkfd;fs; mzptjhf
,U ghly;fSk; Rl;Lfpd;wd. nry;t tskpf;Nfhhpy; rpyh; epue;jukhfTk;
VidNahh; jpUkzk; Nghd;w rpwg;G epfo;r;rpfspYk; fLf;fd; mzpe;jdh;
vd;gij ,tw;why; czh;e;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. ,d;W fLf;fd;
mzpjy; mUfpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mz;fs; fhg;gzptjhff; $Wk; ghly;
xU jiyKiwg; goik cilaJ. ,d;W ahUk; fhg;gzptJ ,y;iy.

ngz;fNshL xg;gpl Mz;fs; Nkhjpuk; mzptJ $lf;

FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU rpy ghly;fs; kl;LNk Mz;fs;
Nkhjpuk; mzptijf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.

ifapy; fl;lg;gLk; tPukzp> fhypy; mzpag;gLk; tPujz;il

Kjypad ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

Mz;fs; thr;rp (Watch) mzptJ ngUikahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

ngz;zzpfs;:

kfsph; mzpfyd;fs; kPJ ngU tpUg;gpduhf cs;sdh; vd;gijg;

ghly;fs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gpurtj;jpy; jhd; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; jhd;
mzpe;j eiffis vy;yk; ahh; mzpe;J ghh;g;ghh;fNsh vd;W vz;zpj;
jtpf;Fk; ngz; gy;NtW mzpfs; Ntz;Lk; vd;W mz;zdplk;
er;rhpf;Fk; ngz;fs;> mzpfs; nra;AkhW jl;lhdplk; $Wk; ngz;>
mzpkzp kPJ nfhz;l Mir fhuzkhfj; jq;fisNa ,of;Fk;
ngz;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW ngz;fisg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;.

fhjzpfSs; NjhLk;> %f;fzpfSs; %f;Fj;jpfSk;> ifazpfSs;

tisaYk; fhg;Gk;> iftpuyzpfSs; NkhjpuKk; fhyzpfSs;

81
nfhYRk;> ghly;fspy; kpFjpahfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,it
kfsphpd; cauzpfs; vd;gij czuKbfpwJ.

goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J tof;fpypUg;git :

fhy mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpdhy; fhjpy; mzpAk; NjhL>

fOj;jpyzpAk; rq;fpyp> Kj;Jr;ruk;> Kj;Jkzp> ifapyzpAk; tisay;>
iftpuypy; mzpAk; Nkhjpuk; Kjypa mzpfs; kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J
,d;W tiu nry;thf;Fld; jpfo;tij mwpa KbfpwJ. gz;ila
,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,tw;iwg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

mzpfSk; tpjitAk; :

mzpfszpe;J xg;gid nra;J nfhs;tJ kdJf;F ,d;gk;

ey;ff;$baJ. fztidg; gphpe;jpUf;Fk; kfsph; mtd; jpUk;Gk; tiu
,d;gq;is tpiotJ $lhJ vd;gij typAWj;jNt mk;kfsph;
mzpfszptjpy;iy vd;W ,yf;fpak; gilf;fg;gl;ld. mj;Jld;
fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; epue;jukhf ,d;gj;jpid tpioaf; $lhJ
,d;g czh;Nt mth;fSf;Fj; Njhd;wf; $lhJ vd;W fUjpNa ,d;gg;
nghUl;fis tpyf;FkhW cilikr; rKjhak; mth;fisg; gof;fp
te;Js;sJ. fztid ,oe;j kfsph; iftis Kjypa mzpfisf;
fisj;jy; gw;wpg; gioa ,yf;fpaq;fs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. fztid
,oe;j epiyapy; jhyp> rq;fpyp> tisay; Nghd;w mzpfis
ePf;Fk;NghJ kfsph; fjwpj; Jbg;gijg; ghly;fs; Fwpg;ghf xg;ghhpg;
ghly;fs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

goq;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tof;nfhope;jit:

new;wpapy; mzpag;gLk; Rl;b> fhjpy; mzpag;gLk; Xiy> fhypy;
mzpag;gLk; rpyk;G> rpyk;gpd; kPJ mzpag;gLk; ghlfk;> fhy;
ngUtpuypy; mzpag;gLk; fhyhop Kjypa gioa mzpfyd;fs;
ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; Rl;b vd;gJ jpUkzj;jpy;
kzkfs; mzpAk; mzpahf mUfpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Xiy vd;gJ
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; KJa ngz;bh; mzpAk; mzpahf cs;sJ.
jpUr;rp> jQ;ir> Nryk;> njd;dhh;f;fhL nrq;fw;gl;L nghd;w
khtl;lq;fspy; ,t;tzp mNefkhf tof;nfhope;J tpl;lJ vdyhk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Vida mzpfs; tof;fpy; ,y;iy.
82
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tof;fpypUg;git:

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa mzpfSs; %f;Fj;jp> jhyp> nkl;b>

Kjypad ,d;W kpFjpahd nry;thf;Fld; jpfo;fpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; ,Wjp
,uz;Lk; kfsph; mzptd. %f;Fj;jp ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehfhpfk;
vd;gij Ma;thsh;fs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,t;tzp fpuhkg;Gwg;
ngz;fsplk; kpFe;j nry;thf;FlDk; gbj;jth;fsplk; nry;thf;fpoe;Jk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ik;gilj;jhyp> Gypg;gy; jhyp
Kjypa mzpfs; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,d;W kzkhd kfsph; jhyp
mzpAk; gof;fk; fp.gp.10k; E}w;whz;by; jhd; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vd;gH.
nkl;b vd;gJ fhy; ngUtpuYf;F mLj;jtpuypy; mzpag;gLk;
mzpahFk;.

,t;tzp guj;ijauhy; tpUg;Gld; mzpag;gl;lJ vd;Wk; ,d;W

tof;fpypy;iy vd;Wk; $wg;gLk; fUj;J nghUj;jkw;wJ. ,jid
jkpofj;jpy; gy gFjpfspy; kzkhd kfsph; tpUg;Gld; mzptij
fhzKbfpwJ. “gPyhop (gPb)Ak; nkl;b Nghd;wNj. kpQ;rp ,jNdhL xj;j
fhy; tpuyzp”> rpyg;jpfhuk; $Wk; ey;yzp ,f;fhyzpfSld;
njhlh;GilajhFk;.

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tof;nfhope;jit

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tof;nfhope;j gy mzpfs; gw;wpa

Fwpg;Gf;fSk; ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fhjpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy;
mzpag;gLk; nfhg;G> KUT> (KUF) fhjpd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; mzpag;gLk;
FUL> ehtlk; (ehfg;glk;) fLf;fd;> %f;fpd; eLj;jz;by; mzpag;gLk;
Kj;Jg;gpyhf;F (Kj;Jg;Gy;yhf;F) Kjypad rkPg fhyk; tiu kf;fsplk;
tof;fpypUe;J te;Js;sd. ,it midj;Jk; gioa ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gltpy;iy fhykhw;wj;jhYk; Ntw;wpd kf;fspd; njhlh;ghYk;
jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehfhpfq;fshf ,tw;iwf; fUjyhk;.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tof;fpypUg;git :

fhjzpahd rpkpf;fp/njhq;fl;lhd;> fOj;jzpahd ml;bif>

gjf;fk;> ,ilazpahd xl;bahzk;> fhyzpahd nfhYR Kjypad
83
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaitahfj; njhpfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; xl;bahzk;
jpUkzk; Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfspy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. nfhYR
tpiy Fiwe;j cNyhfkhd nts;spapy; nra;ag;gLk; fhuzj;jhy;
kf;fs; kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kw;wit XusT trjpAs;s
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fsplk; kl;LNl fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tof;nfhope;jit :

khl;lY (khl;ly;) gl;il> Nyhyhf;F> ry;yl Nghd;w mzpfs;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp tof;nfhope;jitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
khl;lYf;F Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fld; jpfo;ej
; J vd;gjid
“,q;fpyPR khl;Y” vd;w njhluhy; czu KbfpwJ ,J fhjzpahd
Njhl;bypUe;J NkNyAs;s $e;jypy; mzpag;gLk; Nkyhf;F vd;gJ
fhjzp Nkw;Gwj;jpy; Jisapl;L mzpag;gLk; mzpahFk;. gl;il vd;gJ
gl;ilf; nfhYrhfyhk;. ry;yil vd;gJ fhypy; mzpag;gLk; mzp
vd;gijg; ghlyhy; Cfpf;f KbfpwJ. ,t;tzp gw;wp tptuk; vJTk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.

mzpfspd; khw;wq;fs;:

mzpfSs; gy fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;g rpw;rpy

khw;wq;fs; ngw;W NtW ngah;fisg; ngWfpd;wd. gioa fpz;fpzpNa
Gjpa nfhYrhfyhk;. gz;ila Cry; xz; FioNa ,d;iwa rpkpf;fp
njhq;fl;lhd; Mfyhk;. ,t;thW vy;yh mzpfSNk fhyj;jpw;Ff;
fhyk; tbtKk; ngaUk; khwp tUtij mwpa KbfpwJ.

mzpehfhpfKk; kf;fs; Vw;G epiyAk; :

fhyhop> rpyk;G> ghlfk;> jz;il Kjypa tof;nfhope;j gioa

mzpfs; xU rhuhuhy; (ngUk;ghYk; Kjpath;fs;) epidtpypUj;jpg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. tof;fpypUg;git Vw;Wg; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Gjpait
vjph;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kw;nwhU rhuhuhy; (ngUk;ghYk;
,isath;fs;) goik Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. eilKiwapy;
,Ug;gdtw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; GJikfNs tpUk;gp
tuNtw;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,sk; ngz;fs; jq;fspd; ghl;bkhh;fs;
gad;gLj;jp te;j fhrpkhiy> fhNjhiy Kjypa Nguzpfis

84
tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. nky;ypa rq;fpyp> rpkpf;fp> fyh; tisay; Nghd;w Gjpa
ehfhpfg; nghUl;fshd rpw;wzpfis tpUk;gp mzpfpd;wdh; ,g;Nghf;F
tajhdth;fshy; fLikahf tpkh;rdk; nra;ag;gLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
tpiy cah;e;j Milfs; kPJ ngz;fs; Mir nfhs;tjhdJ FLk;gg;
nghUshjhuj;ijr; rPh;Fiyf;Fkhjyhy; mJ fz;bf;fg;gLfpwJ. me;j
mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpdhy; ,q;Nf tpiy Fiwe;j rpw;wzpfis
ngz;fs; tpUk;GtJ tuNtw;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; khwhff;
fz;bf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzk; vd;d?
Mil tpiutpy; mope;Jtplf; $baJ. vdNt mjw;Fr; nryT
nra;ag;gLk; mjpfg;gbahd njhif nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy;
tPzhdjhfNt fUjg;gLk;. khwhfg; nghd;dzpfs; FLk;gj;jpd; epue;jpur;
nry;tkhff; fUjj;jf;fit. Mz;fs; jq;fspd; nry;tr; nropg;igg;
ngz;fSf;F eiffs; G+l;Ltjd; thapyhfTk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
,sk; ngz;fs; rpw;wzpfis tpUk;gp mzpAk; khw;wj;jhy; jq;fspd;
nry;tr; nropg;igf; fhl;l ,aytpy;iy vdf; fUjpNa nghWg;gpy;
,Uf;Fk; Mz;fs; mg;Gjpa ehfhpfj;ijf; fz;bf;fp;d;wdh;. NkYk;
rpw;wzpfis vjph;f;Fk; Nghf;F jq;ftpiyNaw;wj;jpdhy; ,d;W khw;wk;
ngw;Wtpl;lJ vd;gij eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; mwpe;J nfhs;s
KbfpwJ.

85
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
I. xU gf;f tpdhf;fs;

1. Kjd;ik czTfs; ahit ?

2. rpwg;GzTfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff?
3. ePuhly; nra;jpfisf; $Wf ?
4. ngz;fs; mzpAk; cil Fwpj;J vOJf?
5. “fhy;ruha;”- rpWFpwg;G tiuf?

II. %d;W gf;f tpdhf;fs;

1. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; czTg; gof;f tof;fq;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

2. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; cil gw;wp tpthpf;f
3. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; mzpfyd;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

86
 myF 5
epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs;
ehl;lhH fiyfs; mofpay; rhHe;jit. ehl;lhH fiyfis
efo;jJ; f; fiyfs; vd;Wk;> iftpidf; fiyfs; vd;Wk; ,U
tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. ,g;gFjp ehl;lhH epfo;fiyfisg; gw;wp kl;LNk
NgRfpwJ. ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay; Gyj;Js; epfo;jJ; jy; vd;gJ Fwpj;J
,U fUj;jhf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehl;lhH ghly;> tpLjiy ghly;>
fij nrhy;yy; Nghd;witAk; epfo;j;Jjy;;fNs vd;gJ xd;W. epfo;jJ ; f;
fiyfshfpa tpy;Yg;ghl;L> fzpahd; $j;J> Njtuhl;lk;> ghitf;
$j;J> njUf;$j;J Nghd;witAk;> ehl;lhH topghl;Lr; rlq;FfSk;>
tho;f;if tl;lr; rlq;FfSk; epfo;jJ; jy;fspy; NrHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j
,aYs; epfo;jJ ; f; fiyfspd; jd;ikfs; Fwpj;Jk;> mtw;Ws; xU rpy
tifikfs; Fwpj;Jk; fhz;Nghk;.

1. tpy;Yg;ghl;L :
„tpy;‟ vd;w ,irf;fUtpia mbj;Jf; nfhz;L xU FOtpdH
epfo;jJ
; k; fiy epfo;r;rp tpy;Yg;ghl;L vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mk;kd;
Nfhapy;fspy; kpFjpahfTk;> Rliykhld; Nfhapy;fspy; Fiwe;jstpYk;
tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;jj; g;gLfpd;wd. Mz;fNshL> ngz;fSk;
,f;fiy epfo;r;rpapy; gq;F ngWfpd;wdH. Mdhy; ngz;fs; jPl;bd;
NghJ tpy;ypirf;fr; nry;tjpy;iy vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. g+jg;ghz;bapy;
ngz;fs; ghba tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp xd;wpy; g+i[ nra;j Neuj;jpy;
kl;Lk; ghba ngz;zpd; FUthd Mz; xUtH fye;J nfhz;ljhf
Nj.Y}HJ Fwpg;gpl;lhH (11-5-99). fp.gp. 1910 Kjy; ngz;fs;
mz;zhtpahf ,Ue;Js;sdH vdj; njhpfpwJ. ,f;fiy tpy;Y>
tpy;ypirf;fiy> tpy;yb> tpy;ybr;rhd; ghl;L> tpy; ghl;L vd;W gy
ngaHfspy;; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fd;dpahFkhp> J}j;Jf;Fb> jpUney;Ntyp
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspYk; gioa ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpd; njw;NfAs;s
gFjpfspYk;> mjhtJ rpd;dfhkd;gl;b> rptfhrp> rhj;J}H> ge;jy;Fb
Kjyhd CHfspYk; tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,k;khtl;lq;fspy; khrp khjk; njhlq;fp Mb khjk; tiu Nfhapy;

87
nfhil tpohf;fs; mjpfkhf epfo;fpd;wd. mLj;j XhpU khjq;fspYk;
Nfhapy; nfhil epfo;r;rpfs; elg;gJz;L.

Nfhapy;fspy; eilngWk; ehl;fs; :

mk;kd; Nfhapy;fspy; jpq;fs;> nrt;tha;> Gjd; fpoikfspYk;
khld; Nfhapy;fspy; tpahod;> nts;sp> rdpf;fpoikfspYk; eilngWk;
tpohf;fspy;> xU ehs; epfo;r;rpahfNth my;yJ %d;W ehs;
epfo;r;rpahfNth tpy;ypir epfo;r;rp ,lk; ngWfpwJ. fhHj;jpif
khjj;jpy; mk;kd; Nfhapy;fspy; nrt;tha;f;fpoikfspYk; khld;
Nfhapy;fspy; nts;spf;fpoikfspYk; xU ehs; epfo;r;rpahf tpy;ypir
epfo;fpwJ. Vida midj;J khjq;fspYk; ,Wjpr; nrt;tha; my;yJ
nts;spf;fpoikapy; xU Neu epfo;r;rpahf ,f;fiy epfo;jj
; g;gLfpwJ.

topghl;Lr; rlq;Ff;fiy :
tpy;Yg;ghl;L ngUk;ghYk; topg;ghl;Lr; rlq;Ff; fiyahff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. jw;NghJ Nfhapy;fs; my;yhj gpw ,lq;fspy; nghOJ
Nghf;if Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; Fkhp>
ney;iy khtl;lg; gFjpfspy; topghl;il Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
epfo;jj
; g;gLk; Nghf;Nf kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fiy Nfhapy;
rhHe;jf;fiy vd;gjw;F m.fh.ngUkhs;(1997:53) gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fisr;
Rl;Lfpd;whH.

1. tpy;ypirf;fiy mk;kd; Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; fl;lhakhfTk;>

Rliykhld; Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; rpW msTk; epfo;fpwJ.
2. Nfhapypd; Kf;fpaj; nja;tj;jpw;F rhkpahLfpd;wtHf;F fUtiw
nja;tj;;jpd; mUs; tUtjw;Fs; tpy;ypirg; GytH rhkptuj;Jg;
gFjpiaf; fl;lhak; ghl Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.
3. Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; epfOk; tpy;ypirapd; ghL nghUs;
Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhapypd; Kf;fpaj; nja;tk; Fwpj;j fijahfNt ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4. Kf;fpa nja;tj;jpd; rhkpahbf;F mUs; tur; nra;Ak;
rhkptuj;Jg; ghLk; tpy;ypirg; GytH mij topghl;Lf; $WfSs;
xd;whff; fUJfpwhH.

88
 5. Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; tpy;ypir epfo;r;rpia elj;Jk; Kd;G
cliy Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tpujk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w kuG top tof;F cs;sJ.
6. tpy;ypir Nfhapy; my;yhj Nkilfspy; ghlg;gl;l gpd;Gk;
Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; ghlg;gLk;NghJk; jd; jdpj;jd;ikia XusT
jf;fitj;J tpLfpwJ.
,f;fhuzq;fshy; tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fiy nja;t topghl;NlhL
njhlHGila fiy vd;gij ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

Nkil mikg;G :
tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp eilngWtjw;fhd Nkil> Nfhapy;
fUtiwapd; NeH vjpNu ngUk;ghYk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. mq;F ,lk;
,y;yhj epiyapUg;gpd; fUtiwapd; gf;fq;fspy; Nkil mikf;fg;
gLfpwJ. rpy Nfhapy;fspy; fUtiwapd; vjpNu epue;ju Nil mikf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk; vd;W njhpfpwJ.

tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; FOtpdH :
tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; FOtpy; Fiwe;jJ ItUk; mjpfgl;rk; vz;kUk;
,lk; ngWtH. xNu FOtpy; ntt;NtW taJilatHfs; ,lk;
ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. xNu FOtpy; gs;sH> NjtH Kjyhd
ntt;NtW rhjpiar; NrHe;jtHfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUj;jiyf; $l fhzyhk;.

tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fiyQHfs; xg;gidf;nfd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

jUtjpy;iy. MapDk; mz;zhtpfs; jdpj;Jj; njhpAk; tz;zk;
vLg;ghf cil mzpfpd;wdH.

fijg;ghly;fs; :
tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapy; ghLtjw;nfd;Nw Vuhskhd
fijg;ghly;fs; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mfhy kuzKw;w gyhpd;
fijfSk; Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfSk; neLq;fhykhf Xiyr;
Rtbfspy; vOjg;gl;L te;Js;sd. Kjypy; ghlyhf kl;LNk fijfs;
ghlg;gl;L te;jd vd;W njhpfpwJ. jw;NghJ ghlYk; trdKkhf
vOjg;gl;Ls;s fijfis tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fiyQHfs;

89
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. %yf;fijia mg;gbNa gad;gLj;JtJk;
ghHitahsHfSf;F Vw;g mt;tg;NghJ khw;wq;fs; nra;J
gad;gLj;JtJk; cz;L. rpy Neuq;fspy; %yf; fijia itj;Jf;
nfhz;L jhq;fNs Gjpjhfg; gilg;gJk; cz;L. epfo;r;rpapd;
,ilapilNa gy cgfijfSk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. rpy fijfs;
tha;nkhop kughf kl;LNk cs;sd. ,j;jifa fijfis epfo;r;rp
elj;Jk; Chpy; Nfl;L md;Nw mtw;iwg; ghlyhfg; ghLk; Mw;wy;
tha;e;j fiyQHfs; ,d;Wk; cs;sdH. ehlhH Nfhapy;fspy; mtHfs;
Xiyr;Rtbfspy; vOjp itj;jpUf;Fk; fijiaj; jhd; ghl Ntz;Lk;
vd;w kuG fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fij E}y;fs; 1943 Kjy;
mr;rpy; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpd. MWKfg; ngUkhs; ehlhH> K.ngUkhs;
ehlhH Nghd;NwhH tpy;Yg;ghly;fis kpFjpahfg; gjpg;gpj;jtHfs;
eh.thdkhkiy> jp.rp.Nfhkjp ehafk;> jp.eluhrd;> V.vd;.ngUkhs;>
eh.,uhkr;re;jpud;> M.rptRg;ukzpad;> R.rz;KfRe;juk;> yhud;]; Nghd;w
gyUk; tpy;ypirg; ghly;fisg; GJg;gpj;J ,Uf;fpd;wdH. njd;jkpo;
ehl;by; fpilf;fpd;w tpy;ypirf; fijg;ghly;fis>
1. Guhzj; jd;ik nfhz;L Guhzkhf mikgit (rh];jh tuyhW>
tiy tPrpa fij> ,uz;a rk;fhuk;> ts;spak;kd; fij).
2. Guhzj;jd;ik nfhz;L Guhzkhf mikahjit (Kj;jhuk;kd;
fij> fhyrhkp fij> Rliykhld; fij)
3. tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; mikgit (ItH uhrhf;fs; fij>
fd;dbad; NghH> jk;gpkhH fij)
4. r%fk; njhlHgha; mikgit (Kj;Jg;ghl;ld; fij> rpd;dj;
jk;gpf; fij> g+yq;nfhz;lhs; mk;kd; fij> rpjk;gu ehlhH fij)
vd;W ehd;fhf tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Ffpd;whH m.fh.ngUkhs;. ,tH
ehQ;rpy; ehl;;by; toq;fg;gLk; vz;gj;;njhd;gJ tpy;ypirg; ghly;fspd;
ngaHfisj; jd; E}ypy; je;Js;shH vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

„tpy;ypir Nte;jH‟ vdg; Gfog;gl;l gpr;irf;Fl;b vd;gtH

fl;lnghk;kd;> t.c.rp.> ghujp> fhe;jpabfs; Nghd;Nwhhpd; tuyhWfis
tpy;Yg;ghlyhfg; ghbAs;shH. fz;zfp fij> rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijnahl;b
,tuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiythzH vd;.v];. fpU\;zd;
FOtpdH cUthf;fpa fhe;jpkfhd; fijAk; nfhj;jkq;fyk; Rg;G

90
vOjpa fhe;jp kfhd; fijAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. jkpo; tsHj;j fij>
ts;StH fij> fz;zfp fij Kjyhd E}y;fs; fof ntspaPlhf
ntspte;Js;sd. njhlHe;J rkfhyg; gpur;ridfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Vuhskhd tpy;Yg;ghly;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpy;Yg;ghly; gDty;fspd; (text) ngUf;fkhdJ mf;fiy njd; jkpo;
ehl;L kf;fspilNa ngw;Ws;s nry;thf;fpidj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
Fkhp kw;Wk; ney;iy khtl;l tpy;Yg;ghly;fspy; nja;t topghl;Lf;
fijfs; kpFjpahf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. tpy;Yg;ghlw; fiyapd; vy;iyg;
Gwkhd gioa ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpd; njd; gFjpfspy; topghL
rhuhj ,yf;fpaf; fijfs; mjpfk; ,lk; ngWtijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
tlf;F jkpo;ehl;by; ghuj> ,uhkhazf; fijNa tpUk;gpf;
Nfl;fg;gLtjhff; $WtH. fijg;ghly;fs; kpf mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLk; njd; jkpo; ehl;by; mg;ghly;fis mopahky; fhj;jjpy;
tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fiyf;Fk; gq;Fz;L vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

,irf; fUtpfs; :
tpy;Yg;ghl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf; fUtpfspd; mikg;G
Fwpj;Jk;> nra;Kiw Fwpj;Jk; kpf tphpthd mstpy; jp.rp.Nfhkjp
ehafk; tpsf;fpAs;shH. mjpypUe;J rpy Fwpg;Gfs; tUkhW :
tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fiy epfo;r;rpfspy; Kjd;ik ,lj;ijg; ngWk;
,irf; fUtp tpy;yhFk;. tpy;yhdJ nghJthf MW Ko ePsj;jpy;
mikAk;. $e;jw;gidapd; ituk; gha;e;j mbkuj;jpdpd;Wk; nrJf;fp
vLj;J mjd; kPJ fapWfis ,Wf;fkhfr; Rw;wp mjd; Nky; Jzpiar;
Rw;wp xg;gid nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;. %q;fpyhYk; tpy; nra;ag;gLtJz;L.
tpy;ypd; ,U KidfisAk; ntz;fyk; my;yJ gpj;jisf; Fg;gpfisg;
nghUj;jp khl;Lj;Njhy; tlj;jpdhy; ,U KidfisAk;> ,Oj;Jf;
fl;bapUg;gH. tpy;ypd; eLg;gFjp Flj;jpd; fOj;Jld; NrHj;J
,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. tpy;ypd; xUGwk; ntz;fy kzpfs; Ie;Jk;>
kWGwk; MWk; fl;bj; njhq;ftplg; gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j kzpfspd;
vz;zpf;if khWgLtJ cz;L. MapDk; xw;iwg;gilapy; mJ
mike;jpUf;Fk;. mz;zhtpNa fijg;ghLk; Gytuhf ,Ug;ghH.
mtUila ,U iffspYk; 1 ½ rhz; ePsKs;s Nfhy;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
mtw;wpd; ifg;gpbia mLj;J cs;sPL ngw;w fpz;fpzpfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.

91
,e;jf; Nfhy;fs; „tPR Nfhy;fs;‟ vd;W Rl;;lg;gLfpwJ. ,jidf; nfhz;L
tpy; ehz; kPJj;;jl;Lk; NghJ ,dpa xyp vOk;Gk;. ,e;j tPR Nfhy;fs;
rpy GytHfshy; moFw ,af;fg;gLk;. rpy FOf;fspy; GytH ghly;
ghl NtW xUtH tPR Nfhy;fisf; ifahs;tJk; cz;L. jw;NghJ
tpy;iy rpW rpW gFjpfshfr; nra;J epfo;r;rpf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ
,izj;J ehNzw;wpf; nfhs;tH vd;W V.vd;. ngUkhs; (1989)
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ntspa+HfSf;F tpy;iy vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F trjpahf
,j;jifa Vw;ghL nra;ag; gLfpwJ.

tpy;Yg;ghl;by; kw;whU Kf;fpa ,irf;fUtp cLf;F MFk;.

ntz;fy my;yJ gpj;jis thHg;gpy; khl;Lr; rt;tpdhyhd ,U
jl;Lfisg; nghUj;jp cUthf;fg;gLk; „rpw;wLf;F‟ ty;ypirapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mLj;J rpwg;gplk; ngWtJ Flk;. fOj;Jg;gFjp
kpfTk; cWjpahfTk;> tha; tpspk;G tisT ,d;wpAk; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Flk; tpy;ypirapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. itf;Nfhy; gphpkizapd;
kPJ ,f;Flk; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;jf; Flj;jpidj; jl;b ,irg;gjw;F
„gj;jp‟ nrhl;bf;fl;il‟ Mfpait gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rpW ge;jb
kl;il Nghd;W Njhyhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; gj;jpahy; Flj;jpd;
tha;g;Gwj;jpy; jl;LtH. Flj;jpd; tha;g;Gwj;ijf; fhl;bYk; rpwpJ mfd;w
tl;l tbTlDk;> ifg;gpbAlDk; $ba mikg;GilaJ „gj;jp‟. ,jid
tyf;ifapy; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L tha;g;Gwj;jpy; jl;Lk; mNj Neuj;jpy;>
,lJ if tpuypLf;fpy; itj;Js;s rpW kuj;Jz;lhyhd
„nrhl;bf;fl;il‟ahy; Flj;jpdJ fOj;jpw;F fPo;g;gFjpapy; jl;LtH.

,Uk;G my;yJ gpj;jisahy; Mf;fg;gl;l jhsk; (,J rhyH

vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;)> fUq;fhyp kuj;Jz;Lfshy; ePz;l rJu tbtpy;
ifalf;fkhf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; „fl;il my;yJ jhsf;fl;il
my;yJ fl;ilj;jhsk;‟ MfpadTk; tpy;Yg;ghl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kf;fpakhd ,irf;fUtpfshFk;. ,itNaapd;wp ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
ghHitahsHfisf; ftUtjw;fhf `hHNkhdpak;> My;uTz;L>
kpUjq;fk;> jNgyh> fpshhpnel; Kjyhd NtW ,irf;fUtpfSk;
,irf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

92
epfo;r;rpj; njhFg;G :
epfo;r;rp njhlq;Fifapy; ,iwtid Ntz;bf; fhg;G tpUj;jk;
ghlg;gLfpwJ. njhlHe;J ghlg;NghFk; fijiag; gw;wpf; $Wtjhfg;
ghly; ghlg;gLk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; ciuahfTk; $wg;gLtJz;L.
njhlHe;J jq;fSf;F tpy;ypiriag; gapw;Wtpj;j Mrhid tzq;fpagb
mitalf;fk; ghlg;gLk;. mjd;gpwF ehl;L tsKk;> fijAk; ghlg;gLk;.
rh];jh fij Kjypy; ghlg;gLk;. ,J ty;yuf;fd; fij vd;W
$wg;gLk;. ,f;fij ghb Kbj;j gpwF me;je;jf; Nfhapy; fijfs;
ghlg;gLk;. ,Wjpapy; thop ghLtJld; epfo;r;rp KbAk;.

tpy;Yg;ghl;bd; Njhw;wk; :
Nghhpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tpy;ypy; ehNzw;wp ntw;wpf;fspg;gpy;
jl;ba Xirapd; rpwg;Gf; fUjp mjpypUe;J tpy;Yg;ghl;L Njhd;wpaJ
vd;Dk; fUj;J gyuhYk; njhlHe;J nrhy;yg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jw;fhd
fhyk; vJTk; njhpatpy;iy. jp.rp.Nfhkjpehafk; tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf;fiy
14k; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd;W mDkhdpf;fpwhH m.fh. ngUkhs;
tpy;ypirf; fiy fp.gp. 15 Mk; E}w;whz;ilnahl;bj; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;
vd;w fUj;jpidf; $Wfpd;whH. K.rz;Kfk; gps;is> Nrhkny
MfpNahUk; ,Nj fUj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gij ,tH vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwhH. ,f;fiy RkhH 100 my;yJ 150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G
gps;iskhHfshy; epfo;jj
; p tug;gl;lJ vd;Wk;> jw;NghJ gy
rhjpapdhplKk; gutpAs;sJ vd;Wk; Kj;Jr;rz;Kfk;; $Wfpd;whH.
(,f;fUj;J fUj;juq;fj;jpy; $wg;gl;lNghJ ,jid kWj;Jf; fUj;Jfs;
$wg;gl;ld.) ,d;iwa epiyapy; gps;iskhH> ehlhH> Mrhhp> nrl;bahH
MfpNahHfNs mz;zhtpfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH vd;Wk;> mtHfSs; Kjy;
,uz;L rhjpapdNu mjpfk; vd;Wk;; Kj;Jr;rz;Kfk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
Mdhy; NtW rhjpiar; NrHe;jtHfSk; mz;zhtpfshf cs;sdH
vd;gijf; fsg;gzpapy; mwpa Kbe;jJ. rhd;whf nja;tf;fdp vd;Dk;>
ngz; mz;zhtp gs;sH rhjpiar; NrHe;jtH vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;.
tpy;ypirapy; gf;f thj;jpaq;fs; thrpf;Fk; fiyQHfs; gy;NtW
rhjpfisr; NrHe;jtHfshf cs;sdH. tpy;ypirf; fiy jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lj;jpypUe;J ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf;F te;j fiy vd;w ];^tHl;
gpshf;gHd; fUj;jpid m.fh.ngUkhs; kWj;Js;shH.

93
jkpofj;jpy; tpy;Yg;ghl;L :
tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fiy Fkhp> ney;iy khtl;lq;fSf;F chpajhff;
fhzg;gl;lhYk;> ,d;W jkpofk; KOtJk; XusT mwpag;gl;l
fiyahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;J jpiuAyfpy;
Gfo;ngw;w fiythzH vd;.v]; fpU\;zd; jpiug;glj;jpy; ,f;fiyia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. mjd;gpwF jkpofj;jpd; gy gFjpfspYk; fhe;jp
kfhd; fijia tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpahf elj;jpdhH. njhlHe;J
v];.v];. ,uhNre;jpud; Nghd;w ebfHfSk; jpuhtplf; fl;rpfSk; mfpy
,e;jpa thndhyp epiyaKk; fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; murpd; gy;NtW
JiwfSk; ey;fpa MjuT fhuzkhf ,f;fiy jkpofj;jpd; gy
gFjpfspYk; mwpKfkhdJ. FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w gy;NtW
eyj;jpl;lg; gzpfis kf;fspilNa vLj;Jr; nrhy;tjw;F ,f;fiy
nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp
epfo;r;rpfs; toq;Ftjpy; Rg;G MWKfk; Gfo;ngw;w tpy;Yg; ghlfuhff;
fUjg;gLfpwhH. kuGfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy vd;W ,tiug; gw;wpa
Fiw xU GwkpUe;jhYk; kf;fis kfpo;tpf;fj;jf;ff; fiyQuhf ,tH
cs;shH.

2. fzpahd; $j;J
fzpahd; vd;Dk; rhjpapduhy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; $j;J fzpahd;
$j;J vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. kFlk; vd;Dk; giwia mbj;J MLtjhy;
fzpahd; $j;J kFlhl;lk; vd;Wk;> kFlf; fr;Nrhp vd;Wk; rkPg
fhyq;;fspy; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. fd;dpahFkhp> jpUney;Ntyp> J}j;Jf;Fb
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; Rliykhld; Nfhapy;fspy; fl;lhakhfTk;>
mk;kd;> rh];jh Nfhapy;fspy; XusTk;> rpj;jpiu khjk; njhlq;fp Ig;grp
khjk; tiu fzpahd; $j;J epfo;jj ; g;gLfpwJ. kpf mUfpa epiyapy;
fy;ahz tPLfspYk;> g+g;Gr; rlq;F tPLfspYk; epfo;jj ; g;gLtJz;L.
mg;NghJ kPdhl;rp fy;ahzk; ghLtij kf;fs; tpUk;GtH. ,f;$j;jpid
MLk; fzpahd;fs; jpUney;Ntyp> =itFz;lk;> njd;fhrp njhlq;fp
ts;spa+H tiu trpf;fpd;wdH. ,jw;F tlf;NfAk;> njw;NfAk;
,f;fiyQHfs; ,y;iy. ney;iy khtl;lj;jpy; 300ypUe;J 325f;F Nky;
,tHfspd; vz;zpf;if fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;W =itFz;lk; nry;yg;gh
vd;Dk; fzpahd; $wpdhH. 300 FLk;gq;fs; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

94
,tHfs; N[hjplj;ijf; fzpf;Fk; ty;yik cs;stHfshf ,Ue;jjhy;
fzpahd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH vd;Wk;> Mjpapy; ,tHfspd; njhopy;
khe;jphPfKk;> NrhjplKk; vd;Wk; nry;yg;gh $wpdhH. jw;NghJ ,tHfs;
mj;jifa njhopy; VJk; nra;tjpy;iy. fzpahd; $j;J fzpahd;fshy;
kl;LNk epfo;jj
; g;gLk;. Nfhapw; rlq;Fff;fiyahfNt ,d;Wk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. NtW rhjpapdH ,f;$j;jpid epfo;jj ; Kad;W Neha;
te;J ,we;J tpl;ljhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

fzpahd;fspd; epiy :
fzpahd;fs; r%fg; gbj;jsj;jpy; nfhj;jbik epiyapy;
jPz;lj;jfhjtHfshf cs;sdH. nghJf; fpzw;wpy; jz;zPH vLf;Fk;
chpik $l ,tHfSf;F kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. fpuhkj;jpYs;s caH
rhjpf;fhuHfs; epfo;j;Jk; Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; ,tHfs; fl;lhak; Ml
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; mtHfs; jUk; njhifiaj;jhd; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; mf;fhyj;jpy; NtW CHfSf;F mtHfs;
nry;yf;$lhJ vd;gJk; mtHfs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjpfshFk;.
,t;tpjpfs; mtHfspd; tho;f;if epiyiaj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd.
fzpahd;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk; mjw;fhd muR
mq;fPfhuk; VJk; mtHfSf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. fzpahd;fs; vd;W
mtHfis miog;gijNa mtHfs; tpUk;GtJ ,y;iy. mtHfs; ghly;
ghLtjhy; GytHfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldH. ,jdhy; mtHfisj;;
jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpapy; NrHg;gjpy; gpur;rid Vw;gl;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ.
fzpahd; $j;Jj; njhopypy; Nghjpa tUkhdk; ,tHfSf;Ff;
fpilg;gjpy;iy. fzpahd; rhjpg; ngz;fs; $il nra;jy;> gha;
Kiljy; Nghd;w njhopy;fisr; nra;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfs; fzpahd;fspd;
$j;jpidg; ghHf;ff; $lhJ vd;w fl;Lg;ghLk; cs;sJ.

fzpahd;fspd; gpwg;G :
fzpahd;fs; Rliykhld; Nfhapy; nfhil tpohtpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wdH. ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhff; fzpahd;fspd; gpwg;G
Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij tUkhW :
“gfthd;> ghHtjpNahL cyifnay;yhk; cz;L gz;zp>
ifyhrj;jpy; ,Ue;jhH. xU ehs; gilf;fg;gl;l [Ptd;fSf;nfy;yhk;

95
gbasg;gjw;fhf gfthd; ifyhrj;ij tpl;L ntspNa nrd;wpUe;jhH.
mg;NghJ mq;F te;j gpuk;kid gfthd; vd;W epidj;J ghHtjp
gzptpil nra;ag; Nghdhs;. gpuk;kNjtd; jhd; gfthd; my;y vd;W
$wpdhH. gbase;j gfthd; ifyhak; jpUk;gpa NghJ ghHtjp mtiu
gpuk;kNjtd; vd;W vz;zp gzptpil nra;ar; nry;yhky; ,Ue;J
tpl;lhH. ,j;jifa Fog;gq;fSf;Ff; fhuzk; gfthDf;F Ie;J jiy
,Ug;gJ NghyNt gpuk;kDf;Fk; Ie;J jiy ,Ue;jJjhd;. ,jid
mwpe;j gfthd; gpuk;kd; te;jNghJ mtUila Ie;J rpurpy; xd;iwf;
fps;sp vLf;f> mJ gfthd; ifapy; xl;bf; nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy;
gpuk;kNjhrk; gpbj;J gfthd; Rliyapy; Ngha; MbdhH. mg;NghJ
ghHtjpAk;> fpU\;zDk; Kg;gj;jp Kf;Nfhb NjtHfSk; Njt ngz;fSk;
MbdH. nja;tg; ngz;fspd; fhypy; fple;j rpyk;Gfs; njwpf;ff; fzPH
vdg; ghiwapy; Nkhjp tpOe;jd. mjpypUe;J ,uz;L ghyfHfs;
mtjhpj;jdH. fzPH vd;W rj;jj;jpy; gpwe;jjpdhy; xU gps;is fzpahd;
vd;Wk;> xU gps;is fk;gH vd;Wk; fpU\zuhy; miof;fg;gl;ldH.
fpU\;zd; fzpahdplk;> „eP gpuk;kNjhrk; ePf;f Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;Wk;
fk;ghplk; eP nja;t topghL nra;a Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;Wk; $wpdhH.
„gfthDf;F gpuk;kNjhrk; ePf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; fUtpfs; Ntz;Lk;‟
vd;W fzpahd;fs; Nfl;f> fpU\;zd; jd; rf;fuj;ij vLj;J „,jid
kFlkhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;‟ vd;W nrhy;yp if ntl;Ltjw;Ff;
fj;jp xd;Wk; je;jhH.

fzpahd; ePuhbagpd; GJNtl;b cLj;jp ifapy; Koq;if

gf;fj;jpy; ntl;b gfthd; ifapy; gpbj;jpUf;Fk; rpurpy; uj;jj;ij
tpLfpwhH;. ,uj;jk; gl;lTld; me;j rpuR fPNo tpOe;J tpLfpwJ.
,t;thW fzpahd; gfthdpd; gpuk;kNjhrj;ij ePf;FthH. gfthdpd;
ifapypUe;J tpOk; fghyj;jpid my;yJ rpurpid fpU\;zd;
fzpahdplk; je;jhH;. mJNt „Nga; Kfk;‟ vdg;gLfpwJ.

,f;fijiaf; $wpa jpUtb iedhH ,f;fijiar; Rliykhld;

Nfhapy;fspy; ghlyhfg; ghLNthk; vd;W $wpdhH. fzpahd; gpwg;Gf;
Fwpj;J ,jw;F khWgl;l fijAk; $wg;gLfpwJ. vg;gbapUg;gpDk;

96
fzpahd;fs; jq;fis rptngUkhNdhL njhlHGgLj;jpf; $wpf;
nfhs;tjpy; ngUik milfpd;wdH. jq;fspd; Ml;lk;; rptngUkhdhy;
fw;gpf;fg;gl;lnjd;Wk; kFlk; mbf;Fk; Kiw ee;jpahy;
fw;gpf;fg;gl;lnjd;Wk; $wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. <];tuid topgl;lhy;
Njh\q;fs; ePq;Fk; vd;W rptgf;jHfs; ek;Gfpd;wdH. fzpahd;fNsh
<];tudpd; Njh\j;ij ePf;Ftjhf mtHfspd; gpwg;Gf; fij $WfpwJ.
mjid Rliykhld; topghL thapyhf epfo;jj ; pf; fhl;Lfpd;wdH.

fzpahd; $j;jpd; FOtpdH :

fzpahd; $j;jpy; MW my;yJ VO NgH ,lk; ngWfpd;wdH.
xUtH mz;zhtp my;yJ GytH vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwhH. ,tNu
mf;FOtpd; jiytuhfr; nray;gLfpwhH. ,tH jhd; fijiag; ghLgtH.
,tUf;Fj; Jizahf Jizg;ghlfH xUtH ,Ug;ghH. kFlk; mbg;gtH
,UtH. xUtH [hy;uhf;fhuH. ngz; Ntlk; jhpg;gtHfs; ,UtH. ,e;j
vz;zpf;if khWgLtJk; cz;L. kFlk; mbg;gtH %tuhfTk;
,Ug;gJz;L. gpd;ghl;L ghLgtUf;Fj; jdpahf xUtiu mkHj;jhky;
[hy;uhf;fhuNu gpd;ghl;Lg; ghLtJz;L. mz;zhtp ngUk;ghYk; 35
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;ltuhf ,Ug;ghH.

ngz; NtlkpLk; fiyQHfs; jq;fSila ePs Kbia tl;lkhff;

nfhz;il Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ngz;fSf;fhd Kf xg;gidAld;
Glit> [hf;nfl; Kjypad mzpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. ftHr;rpfukhf
,tHfs; cilazptjpy;iy. fhypy; rjq;if mzpfpd;wdH. mz;zhtp
Ntl;b kw;Wk; ePsf;if [pg;gh mzpe;J ,Lg;gpy; Jz;bidf;
fl;bapUg;ghH. kFlk; mbg;gtHfs; ngUk;ghYk; rl;il VJk;
mzptjpy;iy. rpyH rl;il mzptJz;L.

ghly;fSk;> fijfSk; :
fzpahd; $j;J mz;zhtp ghl> ngz; Ntlkpl;ltHfshy;
kFlhl;l ,irf;Nfw;g Mlg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd ghly;fs;
tha;nkhopahfNt cs;sd. ngUk;ghYk; Rliykhld; my;yJ fhsp
njhlHghd fijfs; Kjyplk; ngWfpd;wd. fzpahd; $j;jpYk; tpy;Yg;
ghl;bYk; fl;lhak; ghlg;gLgit vd;Wk;> Nfs;tpf;fij vd;Wk; (kf;fs;

97
tpUk;gpf; Nfl;Fk; fij) ,uz;L tif cs;sd. tpehafH tzf;fk;>
FU tzf;fk;> rh];jhf;fij (my;yJ ty;yuf;fd; fij my;yJ Iad;
fij) khld;> mk;kd; fij> thyp Kjypait fl;lhak; ghlg;gLgit.
Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij> ghHtjp fy;ahzk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik fy;ahzk;>
ghujf; fijfs;> ,uhkhazf; fijfs;> rpyg;gjpfhuf; fij>
mUzfphpehjH fij> rpWj;njhz;lH fij> khHf;fz;NlaH fij>
Iag;gd; fij> mhpr;re;jpud; fij> gl;bdj;jhH fij Kjyhd fijfs;
Nfs;tpf; fijfs; MFk;.

,irf; fUtpfs; :
fzpahd; $j;jpy; Kjd;ik ngWtJ kFlk; vd;Dk; ,irf;
fUtpahFk;. kFlj;jpy; ke;jk;> cr;rk; vd;W ,uz;L tif cz;L.
kQ;rdj;jp (Ezh)> Ntk;G> g+tuR Nghd;w kuj;jhy; %d;W tisTfs;
nra;J mtw;iw tl;l tbtpy; ,izj;J mjd; kPJ vUikf; fd;W
Njhyhy; NghHj;jp kFlk; jahH nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kuNtiyfis Mrhhp
nra;jhYk; Njhy; itj;Jf; fl;;Ltij ,tHfNs nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdH.
cr;rj;jpw;F NjhypYs;s rt;it ePf;fhky; fl;lg;gLk; vd;Wk;>
ke;jj;jpw;F rt;it ePf;fpf; fl;lg;gLk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Gspaq;nfhl;ilia Cwitj;J Ntf itj;J> miuj;J girahf;fp
mg;giriaf; nfhz;L Njhy;fs; xl;lg;gl;L kFlk; jahH nra;ag;
gLfpwJ. kFlj;jpd; Njhw;wk; jg;gpid xj;jpUf;Fk;. MapDk;
Njhw;wj;jpy; rpW NtWghLk; mbg;gjpy; kpFe;j NtWghLk; fhzg;gLk;.
jg;gpidf; Fr;rpfshy; mbg;gH. kFlk; iffshy; mbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kFlj;jpy; cr;rk; my;yJ cr;rf;fl;lk; „fzPH‟ vd;w xypiaAk;> ke;jk;
my;yJ ke;jf; fl;lk; „njhk;‟ vd;w xypiaAk; vOg;Gfpd;wd.
cr;rf;fl;l kFlk; ,uz;Lk;> ke;jf;fl;l kFlk; xd;Wk; nghJthf xU
epfo;r;rpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

fzpahd; Ml;lk; epfo;jJ

; k; Kiw :
mz;zhtp Nfhapy; fUtiwapd; vjpNu rw;W J}uj;jpy; epd;W
nfhz;L ghliyg; ghLthH. mg;NghJ ngz; Ntlkpl;ltHfs;
mz;zhtpf;Fk;> fUtiwf;Fk; ,ilapy; epd;W MLtH. ghl;L
,irAld; ,Uf;Fk;. kFlk; Ntfkhf cr;repiyapy; mbf;f mjw;Nfw;g
98
Ml;lf;fhuHfs; Rod;W MLtH. ghl;L Kbe;J mg;ghlYf;F tpsf;fk;
$Wk; NghJ Ml;lf;fhuHfs; mtUf;F ,UGwKk; te;J epd;W nfhs;tH.
gpd;ghl;Lf;fhuHfSld; NrHe;J ghLtJk;> Nyrhf cliy mirj;Jk;
MLtJ cz;L. ghl;Lf;Fj; jFe;jthW kFlk; mbf;fg;gl;lhYk;> xyp
kpf mjpfkhff; Nfl;Fk;. mg;NghJ gpd;ghl;Lk; ghLtH. vdNt>
mz;zhtpapd; ghliyg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ rpukkhf ,Uf;Fk;. fzpahd;
Ml;lj;jpy; NeHf;Nfhl;by; epd;W MLk; Ml;lNk ngUk;ghYk;
fhzg;gl;lhYk;> Fk;kpg;ghl;bw;F tl;l tbtkhf epd;W MLk; Ml;lKk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. fufhl;lk; Nghy nky;yj; njhlq;fp Ntf epiyf;Fg;
Ngha; ,Wjpapy; mjpNtf epiyapy; Mb jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpr; Rod;W
Ml;lj;ij Kbf;fpd;wdH.

ifntl;L epfo;r;rp :
fzpahd; Ml;lk; topghl;Lr; rlq;Ff; fiyahf cs;sJ.
Rliykhld; Nfhapypd; topghl;Lr; rlq;fpy; mWgJ tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l
fzpahd;fs; ifntl;L vd;Dk; epfo;r;rpia epfo;j;Jfpd;wdH. Nfhapy;
fUtiwf;F Kd;Gwk; tphpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; thioapiyapy; fzpahd; jd;
,lJ ifapd; fPo;g;gFjpiaf; fPwp> mjypUe;J ntsptUk; ,uj;jj;jpidr;
nrhl;l tpLfpd;whH. Kd;G ,Ugj;NjhU nrhl;Lf;fs; uj;jk; tplg;gLk;
vd;Wk;> jw;NghJ %d;W nrhl;Lfs; uj;jk; tplg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk;
$wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epfo;r;rp Kbe;j gpd;dNu gpw caphpdq;fs;
gypaplg;gLk;. ,e;jf; ifntl;L epfo;r;rp ele;j es;sputpy; rhkf;nfhil
eilngWk;. gypaplg;gl;l ,uj;jj;jpy; gpire;j gr;rhprpr; Nrhwpid
RLfhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W mq;fpUe;jgb Nky; jpiriaj; jtpu Vida
jpirfSf;F vwpAk; „jpuis nfhLj;jy;‟ vd;Dk; epfo;r;rpapYk;
fzpahd; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;whH.

ifntl;L vd;gJ Nghy ehf;F ntl;L epfo;r;rpAk; elg;gjhfj;

njhpfpwJ. ehf;fpidf; fPwp ,uj;jk; rpe;j itg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,itnay;yhk; Kw;fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rpfs; eugypapd;
vr;rkhfyhk;.

99
Nga; Kfk; :
fzpahd;fsplk; kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;L tz;zk; g+rg;gl;l Kf%b
cs;sJ. ,J „Nga; Kfk;‟ vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;l
fzpahd; Njhw;wf; fijapypUe;J ,J gpuk;kdpd; Kfk; vd;W ek;gg;
gLtjhfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. ifntl;L epfo;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF
rhkpahbf;F rhkp tuhjNghJ xU fzpahd; Nga; Kfj;jpid Kfj;jpy;
mzpe;J nfhz;L Ml> rhkpahb mUs; te;J MLthH vd;W
$wg;gl;lJ.

,t;thW gy epiyfspy; fzpahd;fSk;> mtHfspd; $j;Jk;

rlq;fpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fzpahd;
$j;Jf;fs; ,d;W Nkil epfo;r;rpfshf mUfpa epiyapy; epfo;;j;jg;
gl;lhYk;> topghl;Lr; rlq;Fr; #oypd; xl;L nkhj;j epfo;itAk;
fhZk; NghJ jhd; ,e;jf; $w;wpid KOikahfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
,aYk;.

tuyhW $Wk; nra;jpfs; :

fzpahd;fs; kw;Wk; fzpahd; $j;Jj; njhlHghd tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfs; Fwpj;J m.fh.ngUkhs; $wpAs;s fUj;Jf;fs; Nehf;fj;;
jf;fit. ,tH fUj;Jg;gb fzpahd; Ml;lj;jpd; jhafk; jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lk; MFk;. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd Nfhapy;fspy;
fzpahd;; Ml;lk; epfo;tjhYk;> fzpahd; rhjpapdH ,e;j khtl;lj;jpy;
kl;Lk; tho;tjhYk;> ,r;rhjpapdhpd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; ,e;j
khtl;lj;jpw;F chpajhff; fhzg;gLtjhYk;> mtH ,e;j KbTf;F
tUfpwhH. Mdhy; Gfo; ngw;w thdkhkiy fzpahd; vd;gtH
fUj;Jg;gb fzpahd; rhjpapdhpd; g+HtPfk; tl jkpo;ehL vd;gjhFk;.
MH;f;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; njUf;$j;J elj;Jk; rhjpapdUk;> jhq;fSk;
xNu ,dk; vd;Wk;> gpd;dhy; fiy epfo;jj ; pa jd;ikapy; ntt;NtW
rhjpfshf Mfp tpl;Nlhk; vd;Wk; mtH $wpAs;shH. ,jidAk;; m.fh.
ngUkhs; jd; E}ypy; $wpAs;shH. ,J Ma;Tf;Fhpa fUj;jhFk;.

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Kf;$lw; gs;STk;>

tpwyptpLJ}Jk; fzpahd; Ml;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. tpuyptpLJ}J 16

100
Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jJ. Mjyhy; fzpahd; $j;J mf;fhy
fl;lj;jpw;Fk; Kw;gl;lJ.

fzpahd; $j;;jpid fzpahd;fs; kl;LNk MLfpd;wdH. rkPg

fhyj;;jpNy ,f;fiy rlq;Fr; #oiy kPwpg; gpw #oy;fspy; epfo;jj
; g;
gLfpwJ.

3. fspay; Ml;lk;
Nfhy;fisf; ifapy; gpbj;J Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk;
jdpj;jdpahfNth> xUq;fpize;Njh mbj;J MLk; Ml;lk; fspay;
Ml;lk; vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. jkpofj;jpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; ,e;j
Ml;lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU gFjpapYk; ,e;j Ml;lj;jpw;F
ntt;NtW ngaHfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fkhp khtl;lg; gFjpfspy;
fspay;> fspay; kb> fspay; mb> Ml;lk; vd;Wk;> jQ;ir khtl;lg;
gFjpfspy; fpl;babj;jy;> fpl;bahl;lk;> fpl;babay; vd;Wk;> jpUr;rp
khtl;lg; gFjpfspy; Mz;fs; MLk; Nfhyhl;lk;> „ite;jhid Ml;lk;‟
vd;Wk; <oj;jpy; tre;jd; my;yJ tre;jd; $j;J vd;Wk;> gy;NtW
ngaHfspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. MapDk; Nfhyhl;lk; vd;w nrhy;Ny
gutyhf mwpag;gl;l nrhy;yhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ngaHf;fhuzk; :
Nfhyhl;lk; Fwpj;J toq;fg;gLk; tl;lhur; nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J
Ma;thsHfs; gyUk; khWgl;l fUj;Jf;fis Kd; itf;fpd;wdH. Fkhp
khtl;l njd; jhkiuf; Fsk; tl;lhuj;ij Ma;Tf;fskhff; nfhz;L
„fspay; eldk;‟ Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;Js;s M.md;dnry;tk;
mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; fopay;> fspay; vd;w ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd vd;Wk;> „fopfis (fk;Gfis) ifapy; gpbj;J mbj;J
MLtjhy; fopay; vd;w ngaNu nghUj;jKilaJ‟ vd;Wk; $WfpwhH.
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;> uhjhGuk; Cuhl;rp xd;wpa fspay; Ml;lk;
Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;j F.fjpNurd; “ngz;fs; Nfhy; nfhz;L MLk;
Ml;lk; Nfhyhl;lk; vd;W toq;fg;gl;L tUtjhy; Mz;fs; Nfhy;
nfhz;L MLk; Ml;lKk; Nfhyhl;lk; vd;W jhd; toq;fpapUf;f

101
Ntz;LNk jtpu fspay; vd;W toq;fg;Ltjw;F epahakpy;iy. mjdhy;
fsp vd;w tpidia ikakhf itj;J tpsq;Fk; jd;ikahy;
,t;tl;lhuj;jpw;Ff; fspay; Ml;lk; vd;gNj rhpahd ngauhf
mikfpwJ” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. gilj;jy;> gilay;> Jitj;jy; -
Jitay;> tbj;jy; - tbay; vd;gJ Nghy fspj;jy; - fspay; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gJ ,e;j Ma;thshpd; thjk;. fop mbj;J
MLtjhy; fopay; Ml;lk; vd;W ngaH ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd;Wk;> mJ
gpd;dH tof;fpy; fspay; Ml;lk; vdj; jphpe;J toq;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;
vd;Wk; Qh.];Bgd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. tre;j fhykhfpa rpj;jpiu> itfhrp>
Mdp khjq;fspy; rpwg;ghf epfo;tjhy; fhythF ngauhf „tre;jd;‟
vd;w ngaH ngWtjhapw;W. fpuhkq;fspy; elf;Fk; tre;j fhy
tpisahl;L Nfhyhl;;lk; vd;W fiyf;fsQ;rpak; tpsf;FfpwJ. tre;jd;
vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,d;gk; vd;W nghUs; cz;L. mWtil Kbe;j
gpd;dH cotH ,d;g Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf MLk; ,d;gf; $j;Nj tre;jd;
$j;J. vg;gbapUg;gpDk; Nfhy;fis mbj;J Mz;fshYk;> ngz;fshYk;
jdpj;jdpNa my;yJ ,ize;J epfo;jj ; g;gLk; Nfhyhl;lk; jkpofj;jpd;
midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; ,yq;ifj; jkpoHfspilNaAk; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

Nfhyhl;lk; eilngWk; ,lq;fs; :

Nfhyhl;lk; nghOJNghf;fpid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l Ml;lkhfNt
jkpofj;jpy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fspd;
Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspy; Nfhyhl;lk; rpwg;G epfo;r;rpahf epfo;j;jg;
gLfpwJ. ,wg;Gr; rlq;fpd; NghJ fspay; epfo;jj ; g;gl;L te;jjhfTk;>
jw;NghJ epfo;jj ; g;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; njhpfpwJ. g+g;Gr; rlq;fpd; NghJ
kpf mUfpa epiyapy; epfo;jj ; g;gLfpwJ. Mrhd;fspd; fiyj;jpwidr;
Nrhjpg;gjw;fhd Nghl;b epfo;r;rpfSk; epfo;jj ; g;gLtJz;L. fpwp];Jk];>
capHj;njOjy; Nghd;w gz;biff; fhyq;fspYk; fspay; epfo;jj ; g;gl;L
te;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ. jw;NghJ kpf mUfpa epiyapNyNa fspay;
Ml;lk; Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;W Qh.];Bgd;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Mdhy; Nkhr]; vd;Dk; 81 taJ fspay; mb Mrhd;.
ehfHNfhtpiyr; Rw;wpAs;s Nfhapy;fspy; fspay; mb epfo;r;rp elj;j

102
kpFjpahf miof;fpd;wdH vd;Wk; $wpdhH. ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspYk;
nrd;W MLtJz;L vd;Wk; njhptpj;jhH.

ney;iy khtl;lk;> ,uhjhGuk; Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpy; fspay;

Ml;lk; kfpo;r;rpf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;> jpUtpohf;fs;> jpUkzk;> g+g;Gdpj
ePuhl;L> fpufg;gpuNtrk;> tuNtw;G tpohf;fs;> ntw;wp tpohf;fs;> gs;sp
fy;Y}hp Mz;L tpohf;fs;> taJ KjpHe;jtHfspd; ,wg;G epfo;r;rpfs;
Nghd;w #oy;fspy; epfo;jj; g;gLfpwJ. fpwp;jj
; tHfs; fpwp];Jk];
tpohf;fspYk;> jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw tpohf;fspYk; ,];yhkpaH
ngUehl;fs;> jpUkz epfo;r;rpfs;> Re;ej; fy;ahzk; Kjyhd
epfo;r;rpfspYk; fspay; Ml;l epfo;r;rpf;F Vw;ghL nra;fpd;wdH. ehlhH
[hjp kf;fsplk; ,t;thl;lk; kpFjp. caH rhjp kf;fs; ghdj;Jf;F
MLtJ ,Of;F vd;w fUj;ij cilatHfs;. Nfhapy; tpohf;fs;>
jpUkzk; Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfspy; fiy epfo;r;rpahf ,tHfs;
MLfpd;wdH. Fiwe;j tUkhdk; cs;s kPdtH> Mjp jpuhtplH>
rf;fpypaH Nghd;NwhH KjpNahH ,wg;G epfo;r;rpf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;>
jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw tpohf;fspYk; gzk;> czTg; nghUs;
Kjyhdtw;iwg; ngw;W MLfpd;wdH. ahjtH> kwtH Nghd;wtHfSs;
Ml;lk; njhpe;jtHfs; Fiwthf cs;sdH vd;Wk; njhpfpwJ.

Nfhy; :
Nfhyhl;lk; epfo;jJ
; tjw;F kpf Kf;fpakhd nghUs; Nfhy; MFk;.
,J msthYk;> cUthf;fg;gLk; KiwahYk; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;
khWgLfpwJ. jr;R Ntiyg;ghL kpf;f tHzk; jPl;b> gpj;jis g+z;
khl;b> kzpfs; NfhHj;J> myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l fk;GfSld; Mba
fiyQHfs; ,d;W ifapy; fpilf;Fk; fk;Gfisf; nfhz;L MLfpd;wdH
vd;W F.fjpNurd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Nfhyhl;lf; Fr;rpfs;> mbf;fk;G>
ryq;iff; fk;G vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

,irf; fUtpfs; :
Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf; fUtpfs; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;
khWgLfpd;wd. Fkhp khtl;lg; gFjpfspy; MHNkhdpak;> kj;jsk;>
[hy;uh Nghz;L thj;jpak; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhff; $wg;gl;lJ. jQ;ir

103
khtl;lj;jpy; Fe;jdk; vd;Dk; Njhy; fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J
,y;yhj NghJ jtpy; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. ghly;> Nfhyb> Fe;jsk;>
jhsk;> ifjl;ly; Nghd;w midj;Jk; xUq;;fpize;jjhf Ml;lk;
mikAk;. ghlYk;> ghly; ,irAk;> fUtp ,irAk;> Nfhyb ,irAk;
xUq;fpize;J nrd;why; kl;LNk Ml;lk; Fog;gk; ,y;yhky; epfOk;.

Nfhyhl;l Kiw :
Qh.];Bgd; Fkhp khtl;lf;; fspay; Ml;lKiw gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. “fspay; Fk;GL mlTld; njhlq;fg;gLk;. ,iwtDf;F
my;yJ fiyiaf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;j MrhDf;F tzf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
mlT Fk;GL mlT MFk;. fspaypy; Nfhopg;NghH mlT> gQ;rpntl;b
mlT> ts;sp mlT> ney;Fj;J mlT> ghk;G mlT> fd;dpf; nfhj;J
mlT> gl;lhsj;J mlT vdg; gy mlTfs; cs;sd. ,t;tlTg;
ngaHfs; ghly;fspd; cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapNy mikfpd;wd.
rhd;whff; Nfhopg;NghH mltpd; ghly;> ,U FOf;fs; ge;jak; fl;b
Nrty; Nfhopfis rz;ilaplr; nra;tJ Fwpj;J mikAk;. fspay;
epfo;j;jg;gLk;NghJ ,t;tpltpidf; Nfhop rz;ilapLtJ Nghy;
epfo;jJ; tH. vdNt ,jidf; Nfhopg;NghH mlT vd;gH. ,tthNw gpw
mlTfSk; ghly;fspd;; cs;slf;fj;jpw;F Vw;wgb epfo;jj
; g;gLk;.

fspay; Ml;lk; Muk;g Ml;lepiy> jahH Ml;l epiy> rhjhuz

Ml;l epiy> Ntf Ml;l epiy> kpd;dy; Ntf Ml;lepiy> ,Wjpahl;l
epiy vd;W MW Ml;l epiyfisf; nfhz;L mikfpwJ. mit
xt;nthd;Wk; mjd; jd;ikapy; NtWgl;;L mikfpd;wd. FUthl;lk;>
tzf;fhl;lk;> fg;gyhl;lk;> mDkhd; Ml;lk;> nfhf;F Ml;lk;>
,ul;ilahl;lk;> Fk;kpfspay; Ml;lk;> xapy; fspay; Ml;lk;> khub
Ml;lk; vd;W gy tiffs; $wg;gbDk; ,d;Dk; gy tiffs;
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; mit mope;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Ml;lj;jpd; KbT epiy kq;fsk; my;yJ thopg;ghb Ml;lk; MFk;.

4. Njhy;ghit epow; $j;J :

capuw;w ghitfis capUs;s ghj;jpuq;fisg; Nghy; ,af;fp
kdpjuhy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; $j;J ghitf;$j;J vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J

104
Njhw;ghitf; $j;J> kug;ghitf; $j;J vd;W ,U tifg;gLk;.
ghitfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ngaH NtWghLfs; ,it. ,itNaad;wp
ifAiw ghitf;$j;Jk; cz;L. ,dp jkpofj;jpy; eilngWk;
Njhw;ghit epow;$j;Jf; Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

,f;$j;jpd; ngaHf;fhuzk; :
jQ;irapYk;> jQ;irf;Fj; njw;Nf cs;s khtl;lq;fspYk;
„Njhy;ghitf;$j;J‟ vd;Wk;> jQ;irf;F tlf;Nf cs;s khtl;lq;fspy;
„Njhy; nghk;kyhl;lk;‟ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ghitfisr;
nra;tjw;F Ml;Lj;Njhy; my;yJ khl;Lj;Njhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhYk;>
,f;fiy ghitiaj; jpiukiwtpy; fhl;b epoyhf;fpf; fhl;LtjhYk;>
„Njhw;ghit epow;$j;J‟ vd;W miog;gJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf; fiyQHfs; :

Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf; fiyQHfs; jQ;irapy; kpf mUfpa
epiyapy; cs;sdH. GJf;Nfhl;il> kJiu> ,uhkehjGuk;>
jpUney;Ntyp> Fkhp Nghd;w njd; khtl;lq;fspy; gutyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,tHfs; kuhl;biaj; jha; nkhopahff; nfhz;l „uht;‟ vd;Dk;
tFg;gpdH kfhuh\;buj;jpypUe;J jQ;ir kuhl;baH fhyj;jpy; ,q;F
FbngaHe;j ,t;tFg;gpdH ,g;NghJ jkpoHfNs Mfptpl;ldH.

FLk;gj;jpYs;s midj;J cWg;gpdHfSk; epfo;r;rpapy; ntt;NtW

nghWg;Gfis Vw;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; ntt;NtW CHfSf;Fr; nrd;W
CHg; nghJ ,lj;jpy; tl;l tbtpyhd jpwe;jntspf; $lhuk; Nghl;L>
mjpy; nghk;kyhl;l Nkil mikj;J> tpsk;gug;gLj;jp> fl;lzk; t#y;
nra;J epfo;r;rpfis elj;Jfpd;wdH. ,jpy; fpilf;ff;$ba tUthia
itj;J mtHfs; tho;f;ifia elj;Jfpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; Nehf;fk;
md;whl tho;f;iff;fhd nghUs; <l;LtNjahFk;. nghOJNghf;fpid
ikakhff; nfhz;L epfo;r;rpfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. topghl;Lr; rlq;NfhL
njhlHGilajhff; fhz Kbatpy;iy. Mdhy; Kd;dH topghl;Lr;
rlq;NfhL njhlHGilajhf ,Ue;J jw;NghJ khwpapUf;fyhk; vd;W
ntq;flrhkp $WfpwhH.
105
$j;J epfo;jJ
; jy; :
Njhw;ghitf;$j;J epfo;jJ
; tjw;F MW NgH Njitg;gLtjhf
„jQ;ir nyl;Rkpgh]; Njhy; nghk;kyhl;lf; FOitr; NrHe;j
Nfhtpe;juht; $wpdhH.
kpUjq;fk; - xUtH
ngl;b - ”
jhsk; / rhy;uh - ”
gf;fg;ghl;L - ”
nghk;ikia Ml;b
fijtrdk; Ngr - ”
nghk;;ikfis vLj;Jj;
ju cjtpahsH - ”
ghitfis ,af;Fk; fiyQHfs; jpiukiwtpy; ,Ug;gH.
ghitfis ,af;fpf; nfhz;Nl ghb trdk; NgRk; Mw;wy;
tha;e;jtHfs; vj;jid taJilatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; epfo;r;rpia
elj;JtH. kug;ghitf; $j;Jf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;.
Njhw;ghit nra;ag;gLk; Kiw :
Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf; fiyQHfs; jq;fSila
epfo;jJ
; jy;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Njhw;ghitfisj; jhq;fNs nra;J
nfhs;fpd;wdH.
Njhw;ghitfisr; nra;tjw;F Ml;Lj;Njhy; my;yJ khd;Njhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Kulhf ,Uf;Fkhjyhy; khl;Lj;Njhy;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. Njhiy thq;fpa clNd ghit nra;jhy; ehw;wk;
mbf;Fk;. vyp fbj;J tpLk;. vdNt Njhiy Kjypy; gjg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
Njhiy thq;fp %d;W ehl;fs; rl;bapy; itj;J ehd;fhtJ ehs;
NjhypYs;s cNuhkq;fis ePf;fp gpd;dH; jz;zPhpy; myrp> Nrhg;Gg;
Nghl;L ed;F frf;fp kPz;Lk; myrpf; fha itg;gH. ,t;thW ehd;F
ehl;fs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g nra;ag;gLk; NghJ Njhy; gQ;RNghy; MfptpLk;.
gpd;dH Kisfs; mbj;Jj; Njhiy tphpj;J ,Wf;fkhff; fl;b cyHj;jp>
gpd; fj;jpahy; NjhypYs;s rt;Tfisr; Ruz;b vLj;J xspGFksT
nkypjhf Mf;fg;gl;l mj;Njhiy cg;Gj;jhshy; Nja;jJ;
Rj;jg;gLj;JtH. ,jdhy; jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghitfs; xspUk; jd;ik

106
nfhz;litahf cs;sd. ,t;thW jahH nra;ag;gl;l Njhypy; tz;zk;
jPl;b cUtk; tiutH. cspahy; jl;b mzpfs; Nghy; ntl;b
tpiug;Gf;fhf %q;fpy; gpshr;R itj;jf; fl;LtH. ,g;ghit xNu Njhypy;
nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
$j;J epfo;jj ; g;gLk; muq;F :
Njhw;ghitf; $j;J eilngWk; ,lk; tl;l tbtkhf
mike;jpUf;Fk;. mq;F $j;jhl;Lk; muq;fk; mikf;fg;gLk; Nkilapy;
ePs cau mfyq;fs; ghHitahsHfis kdjpy; nfhz;L mtutH
trjpf;Nfw;g mikf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk;> ,J FOTf;Ff; FO
khWgLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; njhpfpwJ. NkYk;> Njhw;ghit epoy; mirTfs;
thapyhff; fij epfo;r;rp nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. MfNt> epoy;fs;
ghHitahsHfspd; fz;fisf; $rr; nra;ahky; $j;ij ed;F
Ritf;fj; J}z;Ltdthf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Nfw;g tpsf;if
khl;b muq;fk; mikf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j muq;fj;jpy; fijf;F Vw;whw;Nghy;
ghj;jpu Kiwg;gb ghitfis thpirahf mLf;fp itj;Jf;; nfhs;fpwhH
epfo;jJ; eH.
fijfSk;> ghly;fSk; :
Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jfspy; ,uhkhazf; fijfNs kpFjpahf
epfo;jj; g;gLfpd;wd. QhdrTe;jhp> Iag;gd;> ey;yjq;fhs; fijfSk;
epfo;jj; g;gLfpd;wd. jQ;rht+H nghk;kyhl;lf; FOitr; NrHe;j
Nfhtpe;juht; ,uhkH gpwg;gpypUe;J gl;lhgpN\fk; tiu gjpndhU
ehl;fspy; Kbf;fyhk; vd;Wk;> jpdKk; ,utpy; ehd;F kzp Neuk;
my;yJ MW kzp Neuk; elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpdhH.
,uhkhazj;NjhL njhlHGila kapy; ,uhtzd; fij> ,uhkH
mRtNkjahfk;> ytFrh Kjyhd fijfSk; epfo;jj ; g;gLfpd;wd.
Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf;fhd ghly;fs; me;je;j FOitr; NrHe;j
fiyfQHfshNyNa cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ilapilNa njUf;$j;Jg;
ghly;fs;> njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fs;> jpiug;ghly;fs; Kjypad ,izf;fg;
gLfpd;wd vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. ghitia Ml;LgtH ghj;jpuq;fspd;
jd;ikf;Nfw;gf; Fuiy khw;wpg; NgRtjpy; ty;ytuhf cs;shH. ,tH
jpiukiwtpy; mkHe;jthNw ghitfis ,af;f> ,irf; fiyQHfs;
ntspapy; ,Ug;gH. ngl;Nuhkhf;]; ntspr;rj;jpy; epfo;r;rp elj;jg;gLk;.
jw;NghJ kpd; tpsf;FfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

107
 $j;J epfo;r;rp nghJthfg; gpd;tUkhW mike;jpUf;Fk;.
1. flTs; tho;j;J
2. Nfhkhsp (gg+d; jd;dwpKfg; ghly;)
3. $j;J mwpKfk;
4. eifr;Ritf; fhl;rp
5. fij Muk;gg; ghly;
6. fij epfo;r;rp
7. eifr;Ritf; fhl;rp
8. fij KbT
cr;rpf;FLk;gd;> cOtj; jiyad; vd;;Dk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; eifr;Ritf;
fhl;rpAk;> ghitfspd; Ntfkhd ,af;fq;fSk; rpWtHfis kfpo;tpf;ff;
$baitahf mike;Js;sd.
Njhw;ghitf; $j;jpd; goik Fwpj;J ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Kjy;
rhd;W jpUthrfk; jhd;.

$j;J epfo;jj; g;gLk; ,lq;fs; :

Njhw;ghit epow;$j;J jkpo;ehL> Nfush> fHehlfh> xhprh Mfpa
,e;jpahtpd; njd; khepyq;fspy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfushtpy;
,f;fiy ghtf;fsp> Njhw;ghitf; $j;J> ghtf;fjfsp>
Xyg;ghitf;$j;J vd;w nrhw;fshy; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. Me;jpuhtpy; njhfY>
nghk;kyhl;lh vd;Wk;> fHehlfj;jpy; njhfY> nghk;Ng Mlh my;yJ
rf;fy nfhk;Ng Mlh vd;Wk;> xhprhtpy; uhtd;rhah vd;Wk;
Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
nfhq;fdp> xhprh> Me;;jpuk;> fHehlfk;> jkpofk; Mfpa gFjpfspy;
mt;tg;gFjp nkhopfspy; Njhw;ghit epow; $j;ij ,d;dKk; epfo;jj ; pf;
nfhz;bUg;gtHfs; kuhl;ba g+HtPfKilatHfs;jhd;.
Njhw;ghit epow;$j;J ngUk;ghYk; FLk;gf; fiyahf ,Ug;gjhy;
toptopahf je;ijf;Fg; gpd; kfd; vd;w epiyapy; fw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;wdH.
,d;iwa epiyapy; Nghw;Wthuw;W kiwe;J tUk; fiyahfj;
Njhw;ghitf; $j;J cs;sJ. gdpnuz;L FLk;gq;fisr; NrHe;j
E}w;Wf;Fk; Fiwe;jtHfNs ,f;fiyia epfo;jj ; p tUtjhfj; njhpfpwJ.

108
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; :
I. xU gf;f tpdh :
1. „tpy;Yg;ghl;L‟ vd;why; vd;d?
2. tpy;Yg;ghl;L xU topghl;Lr; rlq;Ff;fiy vd;gij
m.fh.ngUkhs; $Wk; fhuzq;fis vOJf.
3. fzpahd;fspd; epiy Fwpj;Jf; $Wf.
4. “Njhy; ghit epow; $j;J” ngaHf;fhuzk; jUf.

II. %d;W gf;f tpdh :

6. tpy;Yg;ghl;bd; ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
7. fzpahd; Ml;lk; epfo;jJ; k; Kiwapid tpthpf;f.
8. “fspay; Ml;lk;” gw;wp fl;Liu xd;W tiuf.

109
 B. Litt. DEGREE EXAMINATION
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;

Time : Three Hours Maximum : 80 Marks

gFjp - m (5 x 4 = 20 kjpg;ngz;fs;)
vitNaDk; Ie;jDf;F xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.
1. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;why; vd;d?
2. “Folk Lore” mfuhjpg; nghUs; $Wf.
3. tha;nkhop rhuh tof;fhWfs; ahit?
4. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
5. tpLfijapd; fiyr;nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
6. Kjd;ik czTfs; ahit?
7. fzpahd;fspd; epiy Fwpj;Jf; $Wf.
8. “Njhy; ghit epow;$j;J” - ngaHf;fhuzk; $Wf.

gFjp - M (5 x 12 = 60 kjpg;ngz;fs;)
vitNaDk; Ie;jDf;F %d;W gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.
9. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; rpy tiuaiwfs; Fwpj;J mwpQHfspd;
fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ff.
10. nghUs;rhH gz;ghl;bidf; $Wf.
11. njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fspy; fhjy; ngWk; ,lj;ij kjpg;gpLf.
12. xg;ghhpg; ghly;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
13. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; czT gof;f tof;fq;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
14. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; mzpfyd;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.
15. tpy;Yg;ghl;bd; ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
16. fspay; Ml;lk; gw;wp fl;Liu xd;W tiuf.

Kidth;. kh. Kj;Jrhkp

,izg; Nguhrphpah;
jkpo;j;Jiw
t.c.rp fy;Y}hp
J}j;Jf;Fb
110