Chapter 1 Introduction and Concept

1.1. Introduction

In differential calculus, we learned how to find the derivatives of given functions. We used the process of finding
the derivatives which we called differentiation. In this subject, we will learn a new process, that of finding the function
when its derivative is known. This new process is called antidifferentiation or integration. Integration, which is the
concern of integral calculus, can be interpreted both as an operation which is the inverse of differentiation and as a
method of computing areas bounded by curves and volumes of solids with known cross sections.

1.2. Symbols and Notations

d
In differentiation, is the operator symbol which means, that we have to differentiate the function or expression
dx
that follows the symbol. Now, for integration the operator will be  f ( x ) dx , and it read “the integral of function of x
(f(x)) with respect to x” or simply “the integral of f(x) dx”.

Take a look at the given expression below. It identifies the symbols and notations of integral.

 f ( x ) dx  F ( x )  C

 - the integral sign

f(x) - the given derivative of the unknown function which is called Integrand.
dx - the differential of x; this tells what the variable of integration is.
F(x)- the particular integral.
C - the constant of integration, is an arbitrary constant
F(x)+C- the unknown function or the integral.

1.3. Types of Integral

1. Indefinite Integral - integral without limits of integration

 f ( x ) dx  F ( x )  C

F(x) is a function whose derivative is f(x), and F(x) is called antiderivative or indefinite integral of function x
(f(x)).

2. Definite Integral - integral with limits of integration and with a definite value as answer.

b
a
b
f ( x ) dx  F ( x ) a  F (b )  F ( a )

Where a and b are called the limits (boundaries) of integration, and a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit.
b
The symbol a means that the expression before the symbol needs to evaluate. To evaluate, the upper limit is
substituted first to the variables in the expression minus the value obtained when the lower limit is then substituted.

1
Chapter 2 Indefinite Integral: General Formulas and Integration Methods

2.1. General Formulas

F1 ∫ a du=au+C , a is constant

u n+1
F2 ∫ u n du= +C, n≠ 1, u is variable.
n+1
F3 ∫ a f(u) du=a ∫ f  u  du =a F  u  + C

F4 ∫  f(u)+g(u)  du= ∫ f(u) du+ ∫ g(u) du

 f(u) n du=  F(u)

n+1
F5 ∫ n+1
+C

du
F6 ∫ u -1du= ∫ =ln|u|+C
u
au
F7 ∫ a u du= +C, a>0,a≠>0
lna
F8 ∫ eu du=eu+C
du u
F9 ∫ sinu du= - cos u+C F19 ∫ =arcsin +C
2
a -u 2 a
1du u
F10 ∫ cos u du=sin u+C F20 ∫ a +u 2 a
arctan
2
=
a
+C

du 1 u
F11 ∫ tan u du=ln|sec u|+C F21 ∫ 2 2
u u -a
=
a
arcsec
a
+C

du 1 u-a
F12 ∫ cot u du=ln|sin u|+C F22 ∫ 2 2
u -a
=
2a
ln
u+a
+C

du 1 a+u
F13 ∫ sec u du=ln|sec u+tan u|+C F23 ∫ 2
a -u 2
=
2a
ln
a-u
+C

du
F14 ∫ csc u du=ln|csc u-cot u|+C F24 ∫ =ln  u+ u 2+a 2 +C
u +a2  2 
2 du
F15 ∫ sec u du=tan u+C F25 ∫ = ln  u+ u 2 -a 2  + C
2 2
u -a  
1 1 2 u
F16 ∫ csc 2 u du=-cot u+C F26 ∫ a 2 -u 2 du= u a 2 -u 2 + a arcsin +C
2 2 a
1 1 2
F17 ∫ sec u tan u du=sec u+C F27 ∫
2 2
u +a du= u u +a + 2 2
a ln  u+ u 2+a 2 +C

2 2  
1 1 2
F18 ∫ csc u cot u du= uu=u+C F28 ∫ u 2 -a 2 du= u u 2 -a 2 - a ln  u+ u 2 -a 2 +C
2 2  
F29 ∫ lnu du=u ln u u+C

*See the solved problems of section 2.2 (Integration Method) for the example of F22-F29.

2
 Solved Problems

F1 ∫ a du  au  C , a is cons tan t

3 a dz = 3 a z + C
1. ∫ 2 dx = 2x + C 4. ∫
2. ∫ 11 dr = 11r + C 5. ∫ e dt = et + C
3 3
3. ∫ 2
dy = y + C
2

u n +1
F 2∫ u n du = +C , n ≠ 1, u is a var iable .
n +1

3
3 +1 5
x 1+1 1 2 3 z 2 2
1.
∫ x dx = +C = x 2 +C 3. ∫ z dz = ∫ z 2 dz = +C = z 2 +C
1 +1 2 3 5
+1
2
1
1 +1 3
2 y2 2 2
2. ∫ y dy =
1
+C = y +C
3
4.
+1
2
dq q 2 +1 1 -1 1
∫ = ∫ q - 2dq = +C = q +C = +C
q2 2 +1 2 2q

F3 ∫ a f (u ) du  a ∫ f (u ) du  a F (u )  C

x11
1. ∫ 2 x dx  2∫ x dx  2  C  x2  C
11
1
+1 3
2. y2 8 2
∫ 4 y dy = 4 ∫ y dy = 4
1
+C = y +C
3
+1
2
3
3 - +1 2
dx - x 5 5 5 5 z 1+1 5
3. ∫ =∫ x 5 dx = +C = x + C 4. ∫ dz = 5 ∫ z dx = 5 +C = z 2 +C
5 3 3 2 z -1 1 + 1 2
x - +1
5

F 4∫  f (u )  g (u )  du  ∫ f (u ) du  ∫ g (u ) du

x2
1. ∫ (2x + 1) dx = ∫ 2x dx + ∫ dx = 2 + C 1 + x + C 2 = x 2 + x + (C 1 + C 2 )
2
= x 2 + x +C
2. ∫ (x + 1) 2 dx = (x 2 + 2x + 1) dx
∫ by exp anding (x + 1) 2

x3 2x 2 x3
= ∫ x 2 dx + 2∫ x dx + ∫ dx = +C1 + +C 2 + x +C 3 = + x 2 + x +C
3 2 3

3
3. ∫ (x + 1)(3x - 2) dx = ∫ (3x 2 + x - 2) dx = 3 ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ x dx - 2 ∫ dx

x3 x2 x3 x2
= +C1 + +C 2 - x +C 3 = + - x +C
3 2 3 2

[ F (u )] n +1
F 5∫ [ f (u )] n du = +C
n +1

Take a look at the succeeding examples, it shows the use of the substitution of a single variable in exchange to
much complex one.

1. ∫ x (x 2 + 1) 5 dx = ∫ (x 2 + 1) 5 xdx let u = x 2 + 1, n = 5, du = 2xdx

1 1
du = xdx ; is called neutralizing factor
2 2
1 1 1 u6 1
= ∫ u5 du = ∫ u 5 du = + C = (x 2 + 1) 6 + C
2 2 2 6 12

It may seem that this solution is difficult to execute, but this method is ideal in cases like  x (x 2 + 1)143 dx (you can
expand it if you want to).

 x2 
 dx  ( x 3  9) -2 x 2 dx let u  x 3  9, n  -2, du  3x 2 dx
2. ∫   3 2
 ∫
 x +9 
1 1
du  x 2 dx; is called neutralizing factor
3 3
1 1 1 u -1 1 1
 ∫ u -2 du  ∫ u -2 du   C  - ( x 3  9) -1  C  - 3 C
3 3 3 (-1) 3 3(x  9)

-1 du
F 6∫ u du = ∫ = ln | u | +C
u

dx
1. ∫ x
= ln | x | +C
2xdx xdx
2. ∫ 2
= 2 ∫ 2
let u = x 2 + 1 , du = 2xdx
(x + 1) (x + 1)
1
du = xdx
2
du
=2 ∫ = 2 ln | u | + C = 2 ln | x 2 + 1 | + C
u

au
F 7 ∫ a u du = +C , a > 0, a ≠ 1
ln a

4
 2. ∫ b -2x dx let u = - 2x , du = -2dx , a = b
z
1. ∫ 4 dz let u = z , du = dz , a = 4 du
- = dx
a u z
4 2
= ∫ a u du = +C = +C
ln a ln 4 du 1 au 1 b - 2x
= ∫ au (- )=- +C = - +C
2 2 ln a 2 ln b

F 8 ∫ e u du = e u + C

1. ∫ e 4 z dz let u = 4z , du = 4dz
du
= dz
4
du 1 1 1
= ∫ eu = ∫ e u du = e u + C = e 4 z + C
4 4 4 4
3+e y
2.∫ dy =∫ (3e - y + 1) dy = 3∫ e - y dy +∫ dy = -3e - y + y + C
ey

Problem Set 2.1.

Evaluate the following integrals using F1 to F8:

4 2
1.  2  x dx 11 .  x b 2 x dx

 y   dx 5 x dx 
2.   e 5  y 2  1 dy 12.    2 
   4 x  4 5x  5 
e2z  2
3.  16  9 z dz 13. 
e2z  2
dz

 x  1 x  3
  2 x  1 5x  3
4. 2
 5 x  5 dx 14.  3
dx
x
5.  5 x dx 15.  y 3  2 y 2  y dy

6. 
214
e 214 y
dy 16.   z  b  z dz 2

7. 3
2z
dz 17.   x  3 x  4  2 x  3 dx
2

x 2  2x e3y
8.  1  x  2 dx 18. 
3  3e 3 y
dy

dx 1  y  3

9.   x  x 14 
19.  1
dy
  y 2
 
dz
10.  2 x 25  16 x 2 dx 20. 
3  bz  a 

Remember the following derivative of the trigonometric functions.

5
 d du d du
sin u = cos u cot u = - csc 2 u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
cos u = - sin u sec u = sec u tan u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
tan u = sec 2 u csc u = - csc u cot u
dx dx dx dx

F 9∫ sin u du = - cosu + C

1. ∫ sin θ dθ = - cos θ + C

2.  sin x cos x dx let u  sin x, du  cos x dx

u2 1
  u du 
2
 C  sin 2 x  C
2

F 10 ∫ cos u du = sin u + C

1. ∫ x cos x 2 dx = ∫ cos x 2 xdx let u = x 2 , du = 2xdx

1
du = xdx
2
1 1
= ∫ cos u du = sin x 2 + C
2 2
2. ∫ cos 2 x sin x dx let u = cos x , du = - sin x dx
-du = sin x dx
3
u 1
= ∫ u 2 (-du ) = - + C = - cos 3 x + C
3 3

F 11∫ tan u du = ln | sec u | +C

1 1
dx 1 -2
1.∫ tan x let u = x 2 , du = x du
x 2
du
2du =
x
= ∫ (tan u ) 2du = 2 ∫ tan u du = 2 ln | sec x | + C
2.∫ (tan x +1) dx = ∫ tan x dx + ∫ dx = ln | sec x | + x + C

F 12 ∫ cot u du = ln | sin u | +C

6
 cos u
1. ∫ cot u du = ∫ sin u
du let u = sin u , du = cos u du

du
= ∫ u
= ln | u | + C = ln | sin u | + C

2. ∫ 2 x cot x 2 dx let u  x 2 , du  2 x dx

∫ cot u du  ln | sin u |  C  ln | sin x 2 |  C

F13∫ sec u du  ln | sec u  tan u | C

1 1 1
 

1.∫
2 x sec x2 1
dx  2
let u  x  1  2
, du 
1 2
2

x 1  2
 2
 2 x dx  x  1  2
xdx
x2 1
 2∫ sec u du  2 ln | sec u  tan u |  C  2 ln sec x 2  1  tan x2 1  C

dx dx
2.∫ sec  ln x  let u  ln x, du 
x x
 ∫ sec u du  ln | sec u  tan u |  C  ln sec  ln x   tan  ln x   C

F14 ∫ csc u du  ln | csc u - cot u | C

du
1. ∫ csc 4θ dθ let u  4θ , du  4 dθ ,
4
 dθ

du 1 1 1
 ∫ csc u
4

4 ∫ csc u du 
4
ln csc u  cot u C 
4
ln csc 4θ  cot 4θ C

du
2. ∫ csc 3 x dx let u  3 x, du  3 dx,
3
 dx

du 1 1 1
 ∫ csc u
3

3 ∫ csc u du 
3
ln csc u  cot u C 
3
ln csc 3 x  cot 3 x C

2
F 15 ∫ sec u du  tan u  C

7
 2 du
1. ∫ sec 3cx dx let u  3cx, du  3c dx,
3c
 dx
2 du 1 2 1 1
 ∫ sec u
3c

3c ∫ sec u du 
3c
tan u  C 
3c
tan 3cx  C

 sec 2 x  1 2 dx ∫ sec 2 x  2 sec 2 x  1 dx

2
2. ∫ 
2
 ∫ sec 2 x dx  2 ∫ sec 2 x dx  ∫ dx
1 2
 tan 2 x  C1  ln sec 2 x  tan 2 x  C 2  x  C 3
2 2
1
 tan 2 x  ln sec 2 x  tan 2 x  x  C
2

F16 ∫ csc 2 u du  - cot u  C

1
1.∫ csc 2 2 x dx  - cot 2 x  C
2
2.∫ 2 x csc 2 x 2 dx let u  x 2 , du  2 x dx

∫ csc 2 u du  - cot u  C   cot x 2  C

F17 ∫ sec u tan u du  sec u  C

1. ∫ sec x tan x dx  sec x  C

sin 2 x  sin 2 x 1  1
2. ∫ dx  ∫ 
 cos 2 x  cos 2 x 
 dx  ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x du  sec 2 x  C
cos 2 2 x   2

F18 ∫ csc u cot u du  - csc u  C

1
1. ∫ csc 5 x cot 5 x dx  -
5
csc 5 x  C

csc 2 x  1  1
2. ∫ tan 2 x
dx  ∫ csc 2 x   dx 
 tan 2 x 
∫ csc 2 x cot 2 x dx  
2
csc 2 x  C

Problem Set 2.2.

Evaluate the following integrals using F9 to F18.

8
    2 sec 2 4 x  sec 4 x tan 4 x
1. x sec 2 3 x 2  1 dx 6.  sec 4 x  tan 4 x
dx

dx tan 5x
2.  1  sin x
7.  cot 5 x
dx

3.  x sin (1  2 x 2 ) dx 8.  sin aθ cos aθ dθ

 ( cot x  csc x ) 2 dx  (sec 2 3 z  tan 2

3 3
4. 9. 3 z ) dz

sec 2 x  tan 2 x cos 3 x dx

5.  sec 2 x
dx 10.  x

2.2. Integration Methods

Since recalling or memorizing the formulas is very difficult to do and adds burden in analyzing and answering
the given problems in integrals, this topic deals with the integration methods or procedures which can be used as an
alternative to the long list of integration formulas.

9
2.2.a. Integration by Parts

Integration by parts is used when the integral of the given function, usually a product of two functions, cannot be
solved using the previous list of formulas. The integration by parts formula is shown below.

 u dv  uv   v du
The formula above were derive from
d(uv) = u dv + vdu
udv = d(uv) – v du, integrating this yields to the general formula of integration by parts.

In using this formula, the given integral must be separated into two parts, one part being u and the other part,
together with the differential function, being dv. (That is why the formula above is called the integration by parts.)

There are rules we should remember in analyzing this kind of integral.

- the part selected as dv must be readily integrable

- ∫ v du must not be more complicated than ∫ u dv

If the rules stated above are difficult to understand, then we can follow the cases stated below. It states that, while the
selected part dv is readily integrable, for the u part the following function which is arranged in order that the first in the
list should be tried first

1. Logarithmic functions like logax, ln x, etc. and inverse trigonometric functions

2. Powers of the variable of integration like x, x2, x3 and so on, when the variable in x.
3. Exponential functions like ex, ax and trigonometric functions like sin x, cos x, tan x, etc.

Solved Problems

2 2 1 x2
1.  x 2 e x dx take u  x 2 and dv  e x dx; then du  2 x dx and v 
2
e

Substituting all the values

2 1 x2 2 1 x2
 x 2 e x dx 
2
e x 
2
e 2 x dx let u  x 2 , du  2 x dx

1 2 x2 1 1 2 x2 1 2

2
x e 
2  e u du 
2
x e  ex C
2

2.  ln x dx ( proof for F 29)

1
take u  ln x and dv  dx; then du  dx and v  x
x
1
  ln x dx  (ln x ) x   x
x
dx  x ln x   dx  x lnx  x  C

10
 dx x3
3.  x 2 arcsin x dx take u  arcsin x and dv  x 2 dx; then du 
1 x 2
and v 
3

x3 x3 dx 1 3 1 x 2 xdx
 x 2 arcsin x dx  arcsin x
3
  3 1 x2

3
x arcsin x 
3  1 x 2
let u  1  x 2
du   2 x dx
du
  x dx
2
 du 
(1  u )   
 2  1
  u 1/ 2

2  u 1 / 2 (1  u ) du

1 1 3/ 2
 
2  (u 1 / 2  u 1 / 2 ) du  u 1 / 2 
3
u C

  1 x 2 
1
3
1  x 2  3  C
therefore ;

 x 2 arcsin xdx 
1 3
3
1
x arcsin x    1  x 2 
3
1
3
1  x 2  3  C   13 x 3 arcsin x 
1
3
1 x2 
1
9
1  x 2
 

4.  sec 3 x dx   sec 2 x sec x dx take u  sec x and dv  sec 2 xdx; then du  sec x tan x dx and v  ta

 sec x tan x   tan x sec x tan x dx  sec x tan x   sec x tan x dx  sec x tan x   sec x (sec 2 x

 sec x tan x   (sec 3 x  sec x ) dx  sec x tan x   sec 3 x dx   sec xdx

transpo sin g  sec 3 xdx to the left side

 sec 3 x dx   sec 3 x dx  sec x tan x   sec xdx

2  sec 3 x dx  sec x tan x  ln | sec x  tan x |  C

hence,
1
 sec 3 x dx   sec x tan x  ln | sec x  tan x |  C
2

Problem Set 2. 3.
Evaluate the following integrals.
1.  x3 1  x 2 dx 4.  sin t dt

x ex
2.  (1  x) 2
dx 5.  ln ( y  3) dy

3.  sin x ln(1  sin x) dx 6.  x 3 e 2 x dx

2.2.b. Integration of the Trigonometric Functions

This section deals with the integrals of product of two trigonometric functions and integration of power of each
trigonometric function. The following identities are employed to find the trigonometric integrals of this section.

11
 1. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 7. sin u cos v = ½ [sin (u+v) + sin (u-v)]
2. 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 8. sin u sin v = ½ [cos (u-v) – cos (u+v)]
3. 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x 9. cos u cos v = ½ [cos (u-v) + cos (u+v)]
4. sin2 x = ½ (1 – cos 2x) 10. 1 – cos x = 2 sin2 ½ x
5. cos2 x = ½ (1 + cos 2x) 11. 1 + cos x = 2 cos2 ½ x
6. sin x cos x = ½ sin 2x

If the integration of the trigonometric functions cannot be solved by using the general formulas then follow the
given cases in evaluating the integrals:

Case 1: ∫ sin n u du or ∫ cos n u du

where n is a positive odd integer.

Write: sinn u = sinn-2 u sin2 u
= sinn-2 u (cos2 u – 1)
cos u = cosn-2 u cos2 u
n

= cosn-2 (sin2 u – 1)
to obtain a series of powers of sin u or cos u.
If n is a positive even integer, use the substitution sin2 u = ½ (1 – cos 2u) and cos2 u = ½ (1 + cos2u)

Case 2: ∫ tan n u du or ∫ cot n u du

where n is a positive integer.

Write: tann u = tann-2 u tan2 u
= tann-2 u (sec2 u – 1 )
cot u = cotn-2 u cot2 u
n

= cotn-2 u (csc2 u – 1)
to obtain a series of power of tan u or cot u.

Case 3: ∫ sec n u du or ∫ csc n u du

where n is a positive even integer.

Write: secn u = secn-2 u sec2 u
n2

=
tan 2
u 1  2 sec 2 u
cscn u = cscn-2 u csc2 u
n2
=
 
cot 2 u  1 2 csc 2 u
to obtain a series of power of sec u or csc u.

Case 4: ∫ sec n u du or ∫ csc n u du

Where n is a positive odd integer, use integration by parts.

Case 5: ∫ sin m u cos n u du

If m and n are odd, use the method of case 1.

If m and n are even, use the following identities, sin2 x = ½ (1 – cos 2x), cos2 x = ½ (1 + cos 2x)

Case 6: ∫ tan m u sec n u du or ∫ cot m u csc n u du

Where n is a positive even integer, use the method of case 3

Case 7: ∫ tan m u sec n u du or ∫ cot m u csc n u du

Where m and n are positive odd integer

Write: tanm u secn u = tanm-1 u secn-1 u tan u sec u

12
 n2

=
sec 2
u 1  2 sec n 1 u tan u sec u
cotm u cscn u = cotm-1 u cscn-1 u cot u csc u
n2

=
csc 2
u 1  2 csc n 1 u cot u csc u
Case 8: ∫ tan m u sec n u du

Where m is a positive even integer and n is a positive odd integer.

This case is reducible to case 4 and can be solve using integration by parts.

Solved Problems
1.  cos 2 x cos 7 x dx let u  2 x, v  7 x; u  v   5 x; u  v  9 x , then by trigonometric iden

1
 cos 2 x cos 7 x dx    cos 9 x  cos (5 x) dx  1  cos 9 x dx 
1
 cos 5 x 
1
sin 9 x 
2 2 2 18

2.  sin 3 y cos 5 y dy let u  3 y , v  5 y; u  v   2 y; u  v  8 y , then by identity

1
 sin 3 y cos 5 y dy    sin 8 y  sin (2 y ) dy  1  sin 8 y dy 
1
 sin (2 y ) dy  
1
cos 8
2 2 2 16

3.  (sin 3t  sin 2t ) 2 dt   (sin 2 3t  2 sin 3t sin 2t  sin 2 2t ) dt

1 1 1

2 
(1cos 6t ) dt  2
2 
(cos t  cos 5t ) dt 
2
(1  cos t 4t ) dt 
1 1 1 1

2
dt  2 
cos 6t dt  cos tdt  
cos 5t dt 
2  dt 
2
cos 4t d  
1 1 1 1 1
 t sin 6t  sin t  sin 5t  t  sin 4t  C
2 12 5 2 8
1 1 1 1
 (sin 3t  sin 2t ) 2 dt  t 
12
sin 6t  sin t  sin 5t  t  sin 4t  C
5 2 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
4.  sin 2 t cos 2 t dt  
( sin 2t ) 2 dt 
2 4
sin 2 2t dt  
4 2
(1  cos 4t ) dt  8
dt 
8  
1 1
 t sin 4t  C
8 32
5.  cot 4 3 x dx   cot 2 3 x cot 2 3 x dx   cot 2 3 x (csc 2 3 x  1) dx   cot 2 3 x csc 2 3 x dx  
 csc 3x  1 dx  
1 1
  cot 2 3 x csc 2 3 x dx  2
  cot 3 3 x   cot 3 x   x  C
9 3

13
6.  tan 5 2 x dx   tan 3 2 x tan 2 2 x dx   
tan 3 2 x sec 2 2 x  1 dx    tan 3 2 x sec 2 2 x dx   tan 3 2 x dx

  tan 3 2 x sec 2 2 x dx   
tan 2 x tan 2 2 x dx    tan 3 2 x sec 2 2 x dx   
tan 2 x sec 2 2 x  1 
  tan 3 2 x sec 2 2 x dx   tan 2 x sec 2 2 x dx   tan 2 x dx

1 1 1
 tan 4 2 x  tan 2 2 x  ln | sec 2 x |  C
8 4 2
7.  sec 4 x dx   sec 2 x sec 2 x dx   
sec 2 x tan 2 x  1 dx    sec 2 x tan 2 x dx   sec 2 x dx

1
 tan 3 x  tan x  C
2

 cot  ln x   1 csc  ln x 
dx dx 2 dx
8.  csc 6  ln x   csc 4  ln x  csc 2  ln x 
  2 2
x x x

 cot  ln x   2 cot  ln x   1 csc  ln x  x

4 2 2 dx


dx dx dx
  cot 4  ln x  csc 2  ln x  2  cot 2  ln x  csc 2  ln x    csc 2  ln x 
x x x
1 2
 cot 5  ln x   cot 3  ln x   cot  ln x   C
5 3
9.  tan 3 x sec 4 x dx    
tan 3 x tan 2 x  1 sec 2 x dx   tan 5 x sec 2 x dx   tan 3 x sec 2 x dx

1 1
 tan 6 x  tan 4 x  C
6 4

 cot 3 x csc 5 x dx   cot 2 x csc 4 x cot x csc x dx   csc x  1 csc x cot x csc x dx
2 4
10.

  csc 6 x cot x csc x dx   csc 4 x cot x csc x dx

1 1
 csc 7 x  csc 5 x  C
7 5
Problem Set 2.4.

Evaluate the following integrals.

1.  sin 8 x cos 8 x dx 6.  cos(3 x  2π ) cos ( x  π ) dx

2.  cos 6 x cos 3 x dx 7.  cot 3 2 x dx

2
cot 2 x  sec 2 x 
3.  csc x
dx 8.    dx
 tan 2 x 

4.  y (sin 2 y 2  cos 2 y 2 ) dy 9.  sec 5 x dx

sin 2 / 3 x sin 3 x
5.  cos 5/3
x
dx 10.  1  cos x
dx

2.2.c. Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

If the integrand contains one of the factors (a 2 – u2), (a2 + u2) or (u2 – a2) but no other irrational factor may be
transformed into another form involving trigonometric function of a new variable as follows:

a) When the integrand contains (a2 – u2), use the substitution u = a sin θ.

14
 b) When the integrand contains (a2 + u2), use the substitution u = a tan θ.
c) When the integrand contains (u2 – a2), use the substitution u = a sec θ.

Where u is any differentiable function, θ is an acute angle and a is any rational number.

Solved Problems

 

  
 
 

27 3 243
3.  x3 4x 2  9   sec 3 θ  3 tan θ  sec θ tan θ dθ  
tan 2 θ sec 4 θdθ
8 2 16

take u 2  4 x 2 ; u  2 x and a 2  9; a  3 
243
16   
tan 2 θ tan 2  1 sec 2 θdθ

243 243
put 2 x  3 sec θ 
16 
tan 4 θ sec 2 θ dθ 
16 
tan 2 θ sec 2 θ dθ

243  tan 5 θ  243  tan 3 θ  243 81

2dx  3 sec θ tan θ dθ   C  tan 5 θ  tan 3 θ  C
16  5  16  3  80 16

3
dx  sec θ tan θ dθ 


243  4 x 2  9
5/ 2 
  2
 81  4 x  9  3/ 2
 

80    16  C
2 35   33 
   
4 x 2  9 sec 2 θ 
1
80

4x 2  9
5/ 2


3
16

4x 2  9
3/ 2
 C
27
x3  sec 3 θ
8
4 x 2  9  3 tan θ

Problem Set 2. 5.

Evaluate the following integrals.

dt x 2
 16  3/ 2
1.  t4 9t2
3.  x3
dx

dr y2
2.  r3 r2 9
4.  y2  2
dy

15
2.2.d. Integration by Algebraic Substitution

When the integrand involves irrational functions, substitute a new variable to transform the irrational integrand
to one that is irrational. Since the substitution involves only algebraic terms, then it is called algebraic substitution.

a) When the integrand contains fractional power of a variable x only, use the substitution
z n x or zn  x
Where n is the denominator or LCD in some cases, of the fractional exponents of powers of x.

b) When the integrand involves fractional power of (a + bx) only, use the substitution
z  n a  bx or z n  a  bx
Where n is the denominator, or LCD in some cases, of the fractional exponents of a + bx and a and b are
any two rational numbers.

c) When the integrand contains the expression xm (a + bxn)p/q

m 1
Where m, n, p and q are integers and (n, q > 0) also if equals to an integers use the
n
substitution:
z 
q
a  bx 
n p
or 
zq  a  bx n  p

1
d) When the integrands is in the form where f(θ) is an expression involving trigonometric function
f (θ )
then take the substitution θ = 2 arctan z and will replace any rational function of sinθ and cosθ by a rational function z,
since
2z 1 z 2 2 dz
sin θ  , cos θ  , and dθ 
2 2
1 z 1 z 1 z 2
The first and second relations above are derived from the adjoining the figure below and the third by differentiating
θ = 2 arctan z
After integrating, use z = tan ½ θ to return to the original variable.

Solved Problems

16
 dx  3  6 z 5 dz z 5 dz z 3 dz  2 1 
1.  x x3
  z 3
z 2
6  z 2
 z  1
6  z 1
6   z  z  1 
 z

 1 
 dz 
put z  6 x or z 6  x  6
  z 2 dz   zdz   dz   
z  1 
 z3 z2 
6 z 5 dz  dx  6   z  ln | z  1 | C   2 z 3  3 z 2  6 z  6 ln | z  1 |  C
 3 2 
 
sin ce z 6  x  2 x1 / 2  3x 1 / 3  6 x 1 / 6  6 ln | x 1 / 6  1 |  C
then z 3  x 1 / 2 2 x 3 3 x 6 6 x  6 ln | 6 x  1 |  C
z 2  x1 / 3
x3/ 2 z3 z 4 dz  2 1 
2.  x 1
dx   2
z 1
2 zdz  2  z 1 2
 2   z  1 
 2
dz
z 1
 dz 
put z  x 1 / 2  2

 z 2 dz   dz   2

z 1
dz du 1 u
z 2 x take a look at the exp ression  z2 1
similar to F 20  2
a u 2

a
arctan
a
z3 1 z 2 3
2 zdz  dx 2  2 z  2 arctan   C  z  2 z  2 arctan z  C
3 1 1 3
2
z 3  x3/ 2  x 3 / 2  2 x1 / 2  2 arctan x 1 / 2  C
3
dx 2 zdz dz du 1 ua
3.  ( x  1) x  3
  2
z 2 z
 2
 2
z 2
 from F 22
 
u 2  a 2 2a
ln
ua 
 1 z 2  1 z 2
put z  x  3  2 ln C  ln  C
2 2 z 2  2 z 2
 
z2  x 3

17
 1 x3  2
z2 3 x  ln  C
2 x3  2
2 zdz  dx
sin ce x  z 2  3
x 1 z 2  3 1
x 1  z 2  2

  z  z  dz  16  5
z 2 1 1 1 1 z 5
z3 
 x3 1  4 x 2 dx  x2 1  4 x 2 xdx   C
4 2
4.  ( z ) zdz  
4 4 16 3 

put z  1  4 x 2 
1 5
80
z 
1 3
48
z C 
1
80
1 4x 2
5/ 2

1
48
1 4x 2 
3/ 2
 C   
z 2 1  4x 2
z 2 1  4x 2
2 zdz  8 xdx
1
zdz  xdx
4
dx z2 2 2 z 2  z  2  dz z2  z  2
5.  let x 2  x  2   z  x  2 , then x  , dx  and x2  x  2 
x x2  x  2 1 2z 1  2 z  2 1 2z
2 z 2  z  2 
dx 1  2 z  2 dz  1 z 2 
 x x2  x  2
   z2 2  z 2  z  2 
dz  2  2
z 2
 2

2 2
ln
z 2
C


  
 1 2z  1  2 z 
  

1 x2  x  2  x  2
 ln  C
2 x2  x  2  x  2
dy 2z 1 z 2 2 dz
6.  1  sin y  cos y
use the substitution sin y 
1 z 2
, cos y 
1 z 2
, dy 
1 z 2
2 dz
1 z 2 dz 1
  2z 1 z 2
  1  z 
 ln | 1  z |  C  ln 1  tan y  C
2
1 
1 z 2 1 z 2

Problem Set 2.6.

Evaluate the following integrals.

x 2 / 3 dx dx
1.  x 2/3
4
4.   x  2 3/ 4
  x  2 1 / 2

2.  x ( x  4) 1 / 3 5.  4  x dx

x dx 4  2x 1 
3.   2 x  1 4 / 3
6.  1  2x
dx

2.2.e. Integration of Rational Fraction by Partial Fraction

18
 A rational fraction is a fraction, in which the numerator and the denominator are polynomials in the variables of
integration, rational fraction of a variable given. If the degree of N(x) is less than of D(x), then the rational fraction is
called a proper rational fraction, otherwise, it is an improper rational fraction. If the degree of N(x) is equal to or greater
than to the degree of D(x), divide first N(x) by D(x) and express the result in the form
N ( x) R( x)
F ( x)   Q( x)  and integrate the fractional part on the mixed expression by resolving it to the
D( x) D( x)
sum of simpler fractions called partial fraction. There are four cases, depending upon the nature of the factors of
denominator, arise.

Case I: When the factors of the denominator are linear and none is repeated.
To each non-repeated linear factor ax + b appearing in the denominator of the given proper fraction,
A
there corresponds a partial fraction of the form ,where A is a constant to be determined.
ax  b

Case II: When the factors of the denominator are linear and some are repeated.
To each repeated linear factor (ax + b) n, there corresponds a sum of n partial fractions of the form
A B M
  ......  , where A, B,……M are constant to be determined.
ax  b  ax  b  2
 ax  b  n

Case III: When the factors of the denominator are irreducible quadratic factors and none is repeated.
To each non-repeated irreducible quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c, there corresponds a partial fraction of
A ( 2ax  b)  B
the form , where A and B are constant to be determined.
ax 2  bx  c

Case IV: When the factors of the denominator are irreducible quadratic factors and some are repeated.
To each repeated irreducible quadratic factor ( ax 2 + bx +c)n, there corresponds to a sum of n partial
A ( 2ax  b)  B C ( 2ax  b)  D P ( 2ax  b)  Q
  ............ 
fractions of the form 2
ax  bx  c 
ax 2  bx  c
2
 
ax 2  bx  c 
n , where A, B, C,

D,…….P and Q are constants to be determined.

Solved Problems

19
 3 x3  7 x 2  25 x  35  47 x  83 
1.  x2  5x  6
dx    3 x  8  2
 x
 dx
 5x  6 
sin ce the first and sec ond terms are int egrable,

isolate the third term and evaluate separately.

3x  8
x  5 x  6 3 x3  7 x 2  25 x  35
2

 ( 3 x 3  15 x 2  18 x )

 8 x 2  7 x  35
 ( 8 x 2  40 x  48)
47 x  83  remainder

47 x  83 47 x  83 A B
   multiply both sides by ( x  3)( x  2)
x2  5x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) x3 x2
47 x  83  A ( x  2)  B ( x  3)
47 x  83  Ax  2 A  Bx  3B
equate all coefficient of powder of x
 x 47  A  B
47  A  B  eq1

x  0
83  2 A  3B  eq 2
substituti ng eq1 to eq 2
83  2 A  3 47  A
A  58  substitute to eq1
47  58  B
 11  B
therefore ,
3 x3  7 x 2  25 x  35  58 11  58 11
 2
x  5x  6
dx    3x  8 


x3 x2
 dx   3 x dx   8dx   x3
dx   x2
dx

3 2
 x  8 x  58 ln | x  3 |  11 ln | x  2 |  C
2

4 y dy 4 y dy 4 y dy
2.   y  1  y 2
1    y  1 y  1 y  1
   y  1 2  y  1
4y A B C
   multiply both sides by  y  1 2  y  1
 y  1 2  y  1 y  1  y  1 2  y  1
4 y  A y  1 y  1  B  y  1  C  y  1 2
4 y  Ay 2  A  By  B  Cy 2  2Cy  C
Equate all coefficient of power of y
y 
2
0 AC
 A  C  eq1

20
  y 4  B  2C
4  2C  B  eq 2
y  0
0   A  B  C  eq3
Substitute eq1 & eq 2 to eq3
0  C  4  2C  C
4
 C  1
4
hence;
A  1 and B  2
therefore
4 y dy  1 2 1  dy dy dy
  y  1  y  1  2
  
  y  1  y  1

2

 y  1 
dy    y  1
2   y  1 2
   y  1
2
 ln y  1   ln y  1
 y  1
x 2
 4x  4   A B(2 x)  C 
3.   x  2  x 2
4  dx   
 x  2

x2  4 
 dx


 x 2  4x  4 A B(2 x) C  
  x  2 x  4
2
 

  x  2  x  4
2

x 
 2

2

2
x  4 x  4  
x 2
 4x  4   
 A x 2  4   2 Bx  x  2   C ( x  2)
x  4 x  4  Ax  4 A  2 Bx 2  4 Bx  Cx 2C
2 2

Equate coefficient of like power of x

x  2
1  A  2B
1  2 B  A  eq1
 x  4   4B  C
 4  4 B  C  eq 2
x  0
 4  4 A  2C  eq3
substitute eq1 & eq 2 to eq3
 4  41  2 B   2  4  4 B 
 4  4 8 B  8  8 B
 16
 B 1
 16
hence;
A  1 ; C  0
x 2
 4x  4   1 1( 2 x) 0  dx x dx
  x  2  x 2
4  dx   
x2

2

2
x  4 x  4
 dx    x2
2  x2  4

  ln x  2  ln x 2  4  C

21
 x5  3

 x  8 x  16 x  dx 
  8 x 3  16 x  
4.   x 2  4 2
dx   
 x 4  8 x 2  16 
xdx  
x 4  8 x 2  16
dx 
the sec ond term is int egrable by case 4

 x 2  4 2  x 4  8 x 2  16 8x  16x  A(2x)  B  C (2x)  D

3
.
x  x  4
2  x  4  x2  4
2 2 2

8 x  16 x  2 Ax  x  4  B  x  4  2Cx  D
x 4  8 x 2  16 x 5 3 2 2


 x 5  8 x 3  16 x  8 x 3  16 x  2 Ax 3  8 Ax  Bx 2  4 B  2Cx  D
3
 8 x  16 x Equating the coefficien t of like power of x
x  3
8  2A
4 A
x  2
0B
 x 16  8 A  2C
16  8(4)  2C
8C
x  0  D
0

8x  16x dx 
3
4(2 x )dx 0dx  8(2 x )dx 0dx
 4
x  8 x  16 2   x 2  4     x 2  4    x 2  4 2    x 2  4 2
xdx xdx
 8  16
 x  4
2
 x 2  4 2
8x 3
 16 x  8
 4
x  8 x  16 2
dx  4 ln x 2  4 
x 2
4 C
therefore ;
x5  8 
  x2  4 2
dx   xdx   4 ln x 2  4 


2
x 4
 C

  
x5 x2 8
  x2  4 2
dx 
2
 4 ln x 2  4 
2
x 4 
C

Problem Set 2.7.

Evaluate the following Integrals.

5x  4 dx
2
x dx
1.  3
x  4x
4.   x  1 x  2
4 dx  3 y 2  y  1 dy
2.  x 4 1
5.  y3  y2
5x 2
 3x  18  dx dx
3.  
x 9 x 2
 6.  1 x3

22
Chapter 3: Definite Integrals

These chapter deals that integration is not just a process of finding a function whose derivative is known as it
was discussed from the previous chapter, but instead it will show the true meaning of integration as the process of
summing up every measurement of a geometric and physical figures represented by a continuous function f(x) and there
exists an interval given by a ≤ x ≤ b. From its notation, the elongated S,  , which is a german letter summa meaning
summation, tells that the process under this notation are being added or integrated with each other. By agreement, we
write
b n

 a
f ( x ) dx  lim S n  lim
n   n  

f ( x k ) Δ k x  f ( x1 )Δ 1 x  f ( x 2 )Δ 2 x  .......  f ( x n )Δ n x
k 1
b
The symbol a f ( x ) dx is read “the definite integral of f(x), with respect to x, from x=a to x= b”. The

function f(x) is called the integrand while a and b are called limits (boundaries) of integration, lower and upper
respectively. The fundamental theorem of integral calculus states that for every continuous function f(x) on the interval a
≤ x ≤ b and if F(x) is any indefinite integral of f(x), then
b b
a f ( x) dx  F ( x )
a
 F (b)  F ( a )

Properties of definite integrals. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous on the interval of integration a ≤ x ≤ b.

a
1. a f ( x ) dx  0
b a
2. a f ( x ) dx   b f ( x ) dx
b b
3. a c f ( x ) dx  c a f ( x ) dx, where c is any cons tan t
b b b
4. a  f ( x)  g ( x ) dx  a f ( x ) dx  a g ( x) dx
c b b
5. a f ( x ) dx  c f ( x ) dx  a f ( x ) dx, when a  c  b

Walli’s Formula

π
0 sin n u cos m u du
2

If n and m are integer ≥0, the expression above can be evaluated easily by walli’s formula.

π A B
0 sin n u cos m u du 
2
α
C
Where:
A = (n – 1) (n – 3) (n – 5)…. until the last factor is 1 or 2
B = (m – 1) (m – 3) (m – 5)…. until the last factor 1 or 2
C = (n + m) [(n+m) – 2] [(n+m) – 4]…. until the last factor is 1 or 2
π
α = if n and m are both even integers, otherwise α = 1.
2
Note:
1. If either n or m is unity (1), evaluate the integral by integration of trigonometric function.
2. If either n or m is zero (0), replace one of the factors by unity (1).
Solved Problems

23
 1 1 1 1 x2 1 12 0 2 1 3
1. 0  2  x  dx  2 dx  0 0 x dx  2 x   2(1)  2(0)    2 
0 2 0 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 x4 2 2 x3 2 x2
2. 3 x  x 1 2 dx  3 x ( x 2  2 x  1) dx  3 x 3 dx  2 3 x 2 dx  3 x dx   
4 3 3 3 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 37
 ( 2) 4  ( 3) 4  ( 2)3  ( 3)3  ( 2)  ( 3)    65   (19)  (1)  
4 3 2 4 3 2 12

0   0  a  2 
a 2 a a a 1 a a x 2 a
3. a x dx  a x  x dx  a 0 dx  2 a 0 x 2 dx  0 x dx  ax 0 2 a
3 0
2
4 a 3 1 4 1 1 2
 a ( a  0)   a  3 2  (0) 2  (a 2  02 )  a 2  a 2  a 2  a
3 2 3 2 6

4 dx 1 1  12 1
1
x
4. e let u  x 2; du  x dx; 2du  x 2 dx
x 2
4 u 4 u 4 4
1 e 1 e du  2eu x 4 1
 ( 2du )  2  2e 2e e  2 e2  e
1 1

1 x ex
5. 0 1  x  2 dx by int egration by parts

dx
put u  x e x ; dv 
1  x  2

du  xe x  e x dx  v  
1
(1  x )
 e x ( x  1) dx
 1 1 1 1  x x ex 1 1 x ex 1 1
 x ex 
  (1  x ) 

 
0
 
0
 

 (1  x ) 
e ( x  1) dx  
(1  x ) 0
 0 e x dx  
(1  x ) 0
 ex
0

xe x 1  x e  xe 1  x 
x x 1  xe x x
e  xe x 1 ex 1 1
e e 0
e
  ex       1 
(1  x ) 0 1 x 0 1 x 0 1 x 0 11 1 0 2

π
2 (3 1) (6  4  2) 16
6. 0 sin 4 y cos7 y dy 
11  9  7  5  3  1
1 
1155

π
2  5  3  1 (5  3  1) π 5π
7. 0 sin 6 x cos 6 x dx 
12  10  8  6  4  2 

2

2048

24
 π
2 (6  4  2)(1) 16
8. 0 sin 7 θ dθ 
 7  5  3  1
1 
35

π
6 1 1 7  5  3  1 π 35π
9. 0 cos8 3θ dθ 
3  8  6  4  2

2

384
let u  3θ
du  3 dθ
1
du  dθ
3
at θ  0; u  3(0)  0
π π π
θ  ; u 3 
6 6 2

π
1 1  4  2 6  4  2 1  1
 0 sin
5
10. z cos7 z dz  2
2 2 12 10  8  6  4  2 60
1
let u  z
2
1
du  dz
2
2 du  dz
1
at z  0; u  (0)  0
2
1 π
z  π; u  π 
2 2

Problem Set 2.8.

Evaluate the following integrals.

π
2
2ex 2
1. 1 e x
6. 0 (1  cos 2 θ ) 2 dθ

4 2
 2 2 1  dx
2.   x 
2  x 2
  dx
 x  5 
7. 2 x2  4
π
 x 10
5  2
e  x 2  1 dx
3.
5 
8. 0 x 2 sin 2 x dx
 
9 ln 7
3 e 2 x dx
4.  4 t2
dt 9. 0 e x 1
π
e 2
5. 1 ln x dx 10. 0 cos 2 x tan x dx

Chapter 4. Plane Areas by Integration

25
 4.a. Area under a curve

Consider the figure. To find the area of the region R under a curve y = f(x) from x = a to x= b.
y

y=f(x)


b

A  a y dx

      



x=a x=b
dx

If y = f(x) is entirely below the x –axis, the area A of the region R from x= a to x= b is given by

x=a x=b
dx
y


     

b
a y


A  dx


 y = f(x)




If y = f(x) is partly above and partly below the x-axis on x = a to x= b, the graph of y = f(x) crosses the x-axis at
come point C, then the total area A is given by AT =A1 + A2


y
x=a x=b

 y = f(x)

dx


c b
A  a y dx  c y

dx
x

        





dx
Where:
y dx = element of integration
it represents a variable rectangle of height y and width dx
dA = it is the differential area A of the region R represented by a variable rectangle.

4.b. Area between two curves

26
 Consider figure A below. The area A of the region R bounded by two intersecting curves y = f(x) and y = g(x)
from x = a to x = b or from y = c to y = d if the curves is given by x = f(y) and x = g(y).
y


Figure A.
y = f(x)


y = g(x)


         



x=a x=b

Figure B shows the area A of the region R under a curve y = f(x) from x =a to x = b.
y


Figure B.
y = f(x)

b
Af  a f ( x ) dx

      

x=a x=b


Figure C shows the area A of the region R under a curve y = g(x) from x = a to x = b.
y

g = f(x)


b

Ag  a g ( x) dx

         


x =a x=b

Analyzing deeply the given figure it will result in the subtraction of A g to Af,, hence Af - Ag is the desired area of
the region R

27
 b b b
AT  Af  Ag  a f ( x ) dx  a g ( x) dx  a  f ( x)  g ( x ) dx

If we have the representative strip, that is the variable rectangle, we will notice that it touches the curve y = f(x)
and the curve y = g(x) in the upper and lower part respectively of the rectangle, therefore
b b
AT  a y dx  a ( y u  y l ) dx

Similarly, if the variable rectangle with length x and thickness dy, is represented by a horizontal strip, the right
curve by xr = q(y) and left curve by xl = p(y), therefore the area of the region is given by
d d
AT  cx dy  c( x r  x l ) dy

Solved Problems

1. Find the area under the given curves at a given interval

a. y = x2 from x = 1 to x = 3.
b. xy = – 1 from x =1 to x =2.

Solution:

a. y = x2 from x = 1 to x = 3. y = x2 from x = 1 to x = 3.

since y = x2 is a parabola


b 3 2 x3 3
a 


A y dx  x dx 

1 3 1
1

 33  13 
3  

1 26
y   26   square units
 3 3

              



x=1 x=3
dx
b. xy = – 1 from x =1 to x =2

b 2  1 2
A  a y dx  1   dx  ln x
 x 
y

1
 ln 2  ln 1  ln 2 sq. units

x=1 x=2



xy = -1
x

               





 28



 dx

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the line y = 2x – 4.

Solution:
y2 = 4x ------a parabola w/ vertex at (0,0) and opens to the right
y = 2x – 4 ---b line
locate the points of intersection: (multiply b by 2)
2y = 2x – 8 ----c
a – c; y2 = 4x
- (2y = 4x – 8)
y2 – 2y = - 8 y2 – 2y – 8 = 0
(y + 2) (y – 4) = 0

y=2 y=4
substitute the value of y to b and solve for x

4 = 2x – 4 -2 = 2x - 4
4=x 1=x
therefore the points of intersection: (4,4);(1, – 2)
y


y = 2x – 4

y2 = 4x


dx
 y2 yu

yu y1
        
yl          
x


yl dx










x= 1 x=4


AT = A1 + A2

A1: upper curve is the upper half of the parabola; yu =x1/2

lower curve is the lower half of the parabola; yl = - x1/2

29
 3 1
b 1  1 1  1 1 x 2 2 3 3 8
A1  y u  ( y l ) dx   2 x  2 x  dx  4 x dx  4
  2 2 
 2  4  1 2  0 2  
sq. u
a 0  0 3  3  3
 2 0
A2: upper curve is the upper half of the parabola; yu =x1/2
lower curve is the line; y = 2x - 4
3 4
b 4  1  4  1  x 2 2x 2
A1 a  yu  y l  dx    2 x 2   2 x  4   dx 
1  

  x 2  2 x  4  dx 
1  

3

2
 4x
2 1

2  3 2 3 
   4 2  12   4 4  1  19 sq. u.
 4 1 2
3   

 3

Therefore;
8 19 27
` AT     9u2.
3 3 3

3. Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves:

y = 6x – x2 and y = x2 – 2x

Solution:
Solving for the points of intersection y

y = 6x – x2 ---------a 
parabola opens downward
2
y = x – 2x ------------b parabola opens upward

set a = b
2 2
6x – x = x – 2x

2x2 – 8x = 0
2x ( x – 4) = 0 y=8


x=0 x=4

substitute the value of x to b

y = 6(0) - 02 y = 42 – 2(4) yU
y=0 y=8

the points of intersection: (0,0) (4, 8) y


y = x2 – 2x yL


            



y = 6x – x2 
x=0 dx x=4
b b
A  a y dx  a  y u  yl  dx

where:

30
 yu = 6x – x2
yl = x2 – 2x

4 2    x 2  2 x   dx  4 8x 2 2x 3 4
 0   6 x  x  8 x  2 x  dx 
2
A   
 

 0  2

3 0
2 64
 4  4 2  0 2    4 3  0 3   sq. u.
  3  3

Problem Set 2.9.

Find the area of the region bounded by the given curve. Graph the curve.

A. Area under a curve.

1. y = 12 – x – x2 from x = – 3 to x = 2
2. y = x3 – 4 from x = – 2 to x = – 1
3. y = sin x from x = π/3 to x = 2π/3

B. Area between two curves.

1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = e2x and y = ex and the line x = 2.
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the two curves y = sinx and y = cosx between two consecutive points of
intersection.
3. The vertices of a triangle are at (5, 1), (1, 3) and (-1, -2), find the area of the region bounded by the triangle.

Chapter 5. Volume of Solids of Revolution

A solid of revolution is a solid obtained by revolving a region in a plane about a line in that plane called the axis
of revolution, which may or may not intersect the region. The volume of solid generated by revolving the region can be
found by any of the following methods:

1. The circular disk method

2. The washer or ring method
3. The cylindrical shell method

The Circular Disk Method

The element of the area of the variable rectangle is perpendicular to the axis of revolution.
Consider a typical element of area:
Vertical strip whose length is y and thickness is dx. When the bounded region is rotated about the axis of
revolution, the variable rectangle will generate a circular disk whose radius is y and thickness is dx. And the volume of
the circular disk is given by
dV = π y2 dx
integrating over the entire region will result to
b
a π y
2
V  dx when using a vertical strip

similarly,
d
V  c π x 2 dy when using horizontal strip.

31
 y


y = f(x)

 y the axis of revolution is the

boundary of the region that is x

revolved
          




dx

 circular disk with radius y and thickness dx

x=a x=b

Note: the element of the region to be revolved is perpendicular to the axis of revolution.

Solved Problems

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the given curves about the given line
1. (x-1)2 = 20 – 4y ; x = 1, y = 1 y = 3 about x = 1
2. y = x2 + 1; x = 0 ; x = 2 about x axis

Solution:
y
1. (x-1)2 = 20 – 4y
(x-1)2 = – 4 (y – 5) parabola w/ vertex at (1,5) and opens downward.


horizontal strip


y=3
x
dy

R


y=1
x

            
XL
XR


x=1




32
  x  1 2  20  4 y

x 1  20  4 y
XR  1  20  4 y
XL  1

1 1  2
3 3 3  3 3 
V  1   X R  X L  2 dy   20  4 y  1 dy   1 20  4 y  dy   


1
20 dy 
1 4 y dy 

 4 y 2 3
   20 y

3
1

2 1
    60  20  2(9)  2(1)     40  16  24  cubic uni
 

2. y = x2 + 1 parabola w/ vertex at (0,1) and opens upward

y

 y = x2 + 1

vertical strip


yu
y
x

        



x=2 yL = 0

y u  x 2  1 parabola, y L  0 the axis of revolution

2 2 2 4  2 x 2  1 dx    2x 4 dx  2 2x 2 dx 
V  0   yu  y L  2 dx   0  x 2  1  0  2 dx   0  x 


 0
 0 
 5 2 2   
 x 2x 3 2  2
5 05 2( 2) 3 2(0) 3 206
     x      2  0  
5 3 0  5 5 3 3  15
 0 0   
 

The Washer or Ring Method

The axis of revolution is not a boundary of the region to be resolved. The representative strip (variable
rectangle) is perpendicular to the axis of revolution

33
 Consider the region bounded by the graphs of the continuous function y = f (x) and y = g (x) and vertical line
 y
x = a and x = b, when the region R is revolved about the axis of revolution. Each variable rectangular elements generates
a washer andthe volume of the washer is given by
dV = π (Ro2 –Ri2) dx
but Ro = yu and
 Ri = yl so that dV = π (yu2 – yl2 ) dx, integrating the entire region yields
b
a π ( y u
2
 y l 2 ) dx

V 


Similarly, if the
 y-axis is the axis of revolution
d
V  c π (x r 2  x l 2 ) dy

y = f(x)




yu R

y Ro


yL

Ri
dx x

                                   





x=a x=b
 y = g(x)


x-axis is the axis of revolution

Solved Problems

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the given curves about the given line(axis of
revolution).

1. y = x2; y = 2x about y = 0
2. y2 = x; y = x-2 about x = 0

Solution:

1. y = x2 eq 1 parabola w/ vertex at (0,0) and opens upward

y = 2x eq 2 line
locate first the point of intersection which will serve as the boundaries of the region to be revolve.

Equate eq1 and eq2

x2 = 2x
2
x – 2x = 0
x ( x – 2) = 0, therefore the value of x are, x = 0 and x = 2
hence;
from either eq1 and eq2
if x = 0 x = 2
y=0 y=4

34
the points of intersection are (0,0) and (2,4)
y


y=4
y = 2x

y = x2

y
 Ro

Ri
dx x

      

x=2

Ro = yu = line
Ri = yL = parabola

2 2 2  4x3 x5  2
V  0   Ro 2  Ri 2  dx     2 x  2   x 2  2  dx  
0 
2 4
0 
 4 x  x  dx     
     3 5 0

   25 
4( 2) 3 4(0) 3 05   64 u 3
      
 3 3   5 5  15
   

2. y2 = x eq1 parabola w/ vertex at (0,0) and opens to the right

y=x-2 eq2 line
locate first the point of intersection which will serve as the boundaries of the region to be revolve.

eq1 – eq2
y2 = x
– (y = x – 2)
y2 – y = 2
y2 – y – 2 = 0
(y – 2) ( y +1) = 0
therefore the values of y are, y = 2 and y = – 1
y


if y = 2 y = – 1
x=4 x=1 
the points of intersection (1, – 1) (4, 2)

 Ro = XR
        



35



 Ri = XL
y=2

dy

y=–1

y=x-2
y2 = x

x=4
Where:
Ro = XR =y + 2 line
Ri = XL = y2 parabola

2 2  Ri 2  dy   2   y  2  2   y 2  2  dy   4  y 2  4 y  4  y 4  dy
V  1  Ro 


1   


1   

 y3 4y2 y5  2  2 3 2 5    13   1 5 
    4y       2( 2) 2  4( 2)     2(1) 2  4( 1)  
 3 2 5  1  3 2   3 5 
     
72 
V  u3
5

The Cylindrical Shell Method

The rectangular element of the area is parallel to the axis of revolution the axis of revolution may or may not be
a part of the bounded region.
Let R be the region bounded by the curve y = f(x) the x –axis and he line x =a and and x = b, where f(x) is
continuous on the closed interval x = a and x = b and f(x) ≥ 0, for all x in [a,b]. If R is revolved about the y-axis, each
rectangular element of the area will generate a cylindrical shell of mean radius r and length y and thickness of dx. The
volume of the cylindrical shell is
dV - mean circumference of the base multiply by the length multiply by the thickness
dV = 2πrlt
dV = 2 π x y dx, integrating the entire region yields

b
V  a 2π x y dx if y-axis is the axis of revolution.
similarly,
d
V  c
2 π y x dy
y
if x-axis is the axis of revolution.

        

36

 y = f(x)

radius (r) = x
y

Axis of revolution
(x-axis) dx
x=a x=b

Solved Problems

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the given curves about the indicated axis:
1. x = 4y – y2; y = x; about y = 0
2. y = 16 – 4x; x + y = 4 about x = 1.

Solution:

1. x = 4y – y2 eq1 parabola w/ vertex at (4,2) and opens to the left.

x=y eq2 line

substitute the value of x in eq2 to eq1

y = 4y – y2 x = 4y – y2
y2 – 4y + y = 0 y2 – 4y = – x
y2 – 3y = 0 y2 – 4y + 4 = – x + 4
y ( y – 3) = 0 (y – 2)2 = – (x – 4) parabola w/ vertex at (4,2)
the values of y: y = 0 and y = 3
therefore;
if y = 0 y = 3
x=0 x=3

b 3 3 2  y  dy  2π 3 3 y 2  y 3  dy
V  a 2π y x dy  2π 0 y  X R  X L  dy  2π 0 y  4 y  y 


0  

 3y3 y4 3  4   4 
 2π     2π  3 3  3    0 3  0  
 3 4 0 
  y 4   4 
     
27π
V  u3 
2


x = 4y – y2

x=y

y =3


       
37
        


 XR
XL
X axis of revolution
dy
radius (r) = y

2. y2 = 16 – 4x eq1. parabola w/ vertex at (0,4) and opens to the left

x+y=4 eq2 line
from eq2 x = 4 – y substitute

it to
y eq1

y2 = 16 – 4(4 – y) 
y2 = 16 – 16 + 4y
y2 – 4y = 0 
y (y – 4) = therefore the values of y are, y = 0 and y = 4
if y = 0 y = 4
x =4 x = 0



radius (r) = 4 – x


 y

yu 

yL dx
                    











V = 2π r l t
Where: r = x – 4; 
l = (yu – yL); t = dx
yu = upper half of the parabola

yL = line
from : y2 = 16 – 4x = 4 (4 – x) by squaring both sides of the equation yields
y = [4 – (4 – x)]1/2
yu = ± 2 (4 – x) 1/2 taking the upper half give the value of y = + 2 (4 – x)1/2
yL = 4 – x

38
 4 4
2π (4  x)  2 4  x  2   4  x   dx  2π  2 4  x  2   4  x  2  dx
1 3
V  0   0  
4
 5 
  2 4  x  2    4  x  3 
V  2π    
 5  3 
 
 2  0
 5 5 
4 2  1 3 4 2  1 
V  2π 
 5
 4  4    4  4    4  0    4  0 3  

 3  5  3 
 
 64  128π 3
V  2π    u
15
  15

Problem Set 2.10.

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the given curves about the indicated axis of
revolution:

1. y = ln x; x = e , y = 0; about the y – axis

2. x2 + y2 = 25; x + y = 5; about y = 0 ( volume of the smaller region)
3. x2 + y2 = 2; y3 = x2; about x-axis ( volume of the smaller region)
4. y = x3; y = 8; x = 0; about y = 8
5. y = 4x – x2; y = x; about y = 4
6. Find the volume of a sphere of radius r.

39