Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or

conclusion and others. Those that were included in this chapter help in familiarizing

information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Foreign Literature and Studies

Definition of Co-curricular Activities

Co-curricular activities or CCA may be defined as the activities undertaken to

strengthen the classroom learning as well as other activities both inside and

outside the classroom in order to develop the personality of the child (Bhatia,

2012). CCA include sports, school bands, student newspaper, various social and

other types of activities like literary, dramatic, social services etc. whichever

attracted the attention of the child CCA were mainly organized after school hours

( Aggarwal, 2012).

To sum up all the definitions said above, it is clearly defined that co-curricular

activities (CCA) are extra- activities in school aside from academics, yet are still

related to it. It is implemented and being practiced by educational institutions for

it is considered as essential part of student learning experience and process.

Extracurricular vs. Co-curricular Activities

It should be noted that there is a definite, though sometimes fuzzy

difference between co-curricular and extracurricular activities. Where co-curricular

activities are connected in some way to the school and to academic learning,

extracurricular activities step outside of this realm. Extracurricular activities are

those activities that occur outside of the educational setting and do not provide

instruction or experience to supplement the academic curriculum (Study. com,

2017) .

The term "extra-curricular activities" are oftenly used to describe and define

these kind of activities in school. But due to the technical wording of "extra" which

is more describe as "outside" or a separate activities from academic setting. It

was interchange to co-curricular activities as it is more appropriate to use as a

terminology for these activities acknowledged by academic administration were

connected and related to academics and are still part of the learning process of

one's student.

The Benefits of CCA to students

According to Kuh (2012), participation in CCA contributes to (a) cognitive

complexity (e.g., critical thinking, intellectual flexibility, reflective judgment), (b)

knowledge acquisition and application, (c) humanitarianism (e.g., interest in the

welfare of others), (d) interpersonal and intrapersonal competence (e.g., self-

confidence, self awareness, ability to relate to others), and (e) practical

competencies (e.g., decision making, vocational preparation).

In the case study conducted by Kwon (2018) in Indiana University, results

revealed that students perceiving the CCA system as helpful and easy to use

expressed that activities discovered through the CCA system were beneficial to

their curriculum learning.

Regarding the academic outcomes of co-curricular activities, participation

in CCA has been positively associated with academic achievement including better

grades and test scores, increased engagement in school, and educational

aspirations (Massoni, 2014). Overall CCA have a positive impact on basic skills

such as interpersonal skills, teamwork skills, presentation skills, self-direction and

project management skills, which can contribute to future employability and career

development, (Wood, 2011).

In general, all the advantages of co-curricular activities said above were

developing one's own cognitive skills which gives students more ability of thinking.

Psychological aspects such as developing one's interpersonal relationship, social

skills, confidence etc. Moreover, it is also found out that it is link to students'

academic achievement which further outgrows competencies in their future career.

Disadvantages of Co-curricular activities

No matter how systematized and idealistic co-curricular activities were,

there will always be the other side of the coin. Disadvantages were still present

and were still being experienced by the students. It was showed in research that

participating in co-curricular activities will cause frustration, stress, and can be a

burden to poor families (Burie et al., 2015). Moreover according to Seneca et al.,

(2013) , some students may choose an activity that leaves enough time for school

work and other priorities, they choose to devote their extra time and attention to

that extracurricular interest, which in result ma comprise their studies

Local Literature

Yearly these co-curricular activities are being introduced and conducted in

the school, district, division, regional and even national level. Co-curricular

activities are those activities that fall outside the regular academic curriculum, yet

they are part of schooling. CCA earlier known as extracurricular activities are the

components of non-academic curriculum that help develop various facets of the

personality development of the child.

The types of Co-curricular Activities observed and participated by

most of the schools in the Philippines are investigatory project, quiz competition,

art and singing contest, games like Sci-Dama, Damath and Soduko, sports, Youth

for Environment in School Organization (YES-O), Supreme Student Government

(SSG), STEP and Scouting. These activities help in the earning extra points for the

selection of honor pupils, self development, improve social relationships and

honing skills and talents of the students.

Local Studies

There are different extra-curricular activities for every university in the

world. The Philippines is no exception, universities such as De La Salle University

(DLSU), Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU), and University of the Philippines

(UP) have their own extra-curricular activities that students actively take part in, (

Gatchalian, 2015).

In an interview with Briones (2015) he states that, “An active participant

is someone who finds time, devotes, and commits to extra-curricular activities.” He

further adds that, involvement with extra-curricular activities has taught him to be

committed, involved, accountable, responsible, and have a vision to both inspire

and empower people. Aside from that he had also discovered skills such as

speaking in public, event organization and management, and team building

facilitation.

It was clearly showed that co-curricular activities are as well practice

by educational institutions in the Philippines, for it provides essential needs of the

students especially towards their self - development. From primary to secondary

school, CCA is implemented, even with the change of the educational curriculum

of the Philippines, the K + 12 Basic Education Curriculum. Senior Highschool

students are just one of the level of students who have the freedom to participate

in CCA, whatever they wanted or whatever suits their talent and skills such as in

sports, singing, dancing, poster-making, academic writing, public speaking or oral

communicating competitions. There's a lot of students who are highly competent

thus, actively participate to these kinds of activities. However, there are several

students who tend to just be an audience and merely seat to watch their co-

students doing these activities. What are their reasons from being a non-participant

anyway? What do they actually think about co-curricular activities that resist them

to join? How about the one who actively participates? What forces them to join

CCA? It is quite intriguing, right? Hence, it's the purpose of the present study to

determine the perceptions of students towards co-curricular activities specifically,

senior highschool students of Arboleda National Highschool to further strengthens

existing literatures and studies about co-curricular activities that may help in it's

future development.
References:

Sunstar Baguio (2015) "Significance of Co-curricular activities to Students Life".

Retrieved : August 5, 2019 from https://www.pressreader.com/philippines

Gyaunlimited 2019. "The Concept of Co-curricular Activities" Retrieved : August 5,

2019 from https://www.gyanunlimited.com

UWC Philippines 2018. "Co-curricular Activities". Retrieved : August 3, 2019 from

https://www.ph.uwc.org

Seneca et. al 2013. "Disadvantages of Co-curricular Activities". Retrieved : August

3, 2019 from : www.scribd.com

"The Difference of Co-curricular Activities and Extracurricular Activities" (2015)

Retrieved : August 5, 2019 from www.study.com

"Advantages and Disadvantages of Co-curricular Activities" (2017). Retrieved :

August 3, 2019 from content.wisestep.com

Hnin Pwint Soe (2014) "Percpetion of Students on the Role of Extracurricular

Activities at a private University in Myanmar" Master of Education. Unitec Institute

of Technology. Pdf

Anna Han and Kyungbin Kwon (2018)

"Students' Perception of Extracurricular Activities: a Case Study" Department of

Education, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Korea Instructional Systems

Technology, Indiana University, Bloomington, U.S.A.