SCDL Research Methodology

Research Methodology
unit 1:- understanding research
1 definition and meaning of research 2
2 arbitrary method 2
3 scientific method 2
4 encyclopedia of social science 3
5 clover and balsle 3
6 Young 3
7 webster's Twentieth Century Dictionary 3
8 Random House Dictionary of the English Language 3
9 John W.Best 3
10 meaning of research 4
11 systematic approach 4
12 objectivity 5
13 reproducible research 5
14 relevance 5
15 control 5
16 characteristics of research 6
17 objective of research 6
18 motivation in research 7
19 types of research 9
20 pure research 9
21 applied research 9
22 descriptive research 9
23 exploratory research 9
24 action research 9
25 diagnostic study 9
26 diagnostic study 9
27 evaluation study 9
28 experimental research 9
29 historical research 9
30 survey 9
31 exploratory research 10
32 conclusive research 10
33 pure, fundamental or theoretical research 10
34 applied research 11
35 exploratory research 11
36 need for exploratory research 12
37 advantages 13
38 disadvantages 13
39 case study approach 14
40 conclusive research 14
41 descriptive research 14
42 applications of descriptive approach 15
43 objective of descriptive approach 15
44 diagnostic study 16
45 evaluation study 16
46 action research 17
47 experimental approach 17
48 types of experimental design 17
49 after only design 17
50 one group before-after design 18
51 before-after design with control group 18
52 use of experimental design 18
53 research in decision making 19
54 role of research in various areas 20
55 financial management 20
56 production management 20
57 banking 21
58 government 21
59 human resource management 21
60 marketing management 21
61 research in natural or physical stores 22
62 research in social sciences 22
63 importance of social research to personnel management 23
64 personnel management 23
65 human resource development 23
66 Edward flippo 23
67 limitations of research 24
68 what constitutes a good research 24
69 systematic 25
70 logic 25
71 empirical 25
72 replicable 25
73 good researcher's qualities 26
74 method of approach 26
75 knowledge 26
76 qualification and attitudes 26
77 personal qualities 26
78 group 1 27
 unit 2:- Scientific method and research
1 scientific methods 32
2 Good and Hatt 33
3 definitions of scientific method 33
4 Karl Pearson 33
5 George A. Lundberg 33
6 L.L Bernard 33
7 Encyclopedia Britannica 34
8 characteristics of scientific method 35
9 basis of scientific method 36
10 reliance on evidence 36
11 definite problem to solve 36
12 verifiability 36
13 generality 36
14 predictability 36
15 objectivity 37
16 system 37
17 scientific methods and scientific research 38
18 components of scientific approach 38
19 procedural component 38
20 observation 39
21 formulation 39
22 verification 39
23 personnel component 39
24 bias and prejudice in scientific research 40
25 incomplete observation 41
26 inaccurate observation 41

unit 3:- Formulating research Problem and Hypothesis

1 unit of analysis 46
2 time and space boundaries 46
3 characteristics under stud 46
4 research process/planning process 46
5 primary stage 47
6 observation 47
7 interest 49
8 crystallization 49
9 formulating a research problem 49
10 primary synopsis 49
11 conceptual clarity 50
12 documentation 50
13 personal documents 50
14 company documents 50
15 consultants report and published materials 50
16 public documents 50
17 literature survey 51
18 secondary stage 51
19 research project planning 51
20 research project formulation 52
21 data collection 52
22 classification and tabulation 53
23 data analysis 53
24 univariate analysis 53
25 bivariate analysis 53
26 multicariate analysis 53
27 analysis and interpretation 54
28 testing of a hypothesis 54
29 interpretation of result 54
30 final stage 54
31 conclusions and recommendations 54
32 report witting 54
33 research problem need for defining 55
34 human considerations 55
35 economic consideration 55
36 time consideration 55
37 technical consideration 55
38 environmental consideration 56
39 prerequisites for formulating research problem 56
40 expensive study 56
41 well acquaintance with relevant theories 56
42 help from experts 56
43 clarity 56
44 source 56
45 selection of the research problem 56
46 reading 57
47 experience, academic 57
48 experience day to day 57
49 consultation 57
50 final exposure 57
51 brain storming 58
52 infusion 58
53 research 58
54 points to fonder on research problem 58
55 units of analysis 59
56 decision making unit -DMU 59
57 time and space coordination 61
58 all units or specific units 62
59 characteristics of interest 63
60 characteristics of interest versus unit of analysis 63
61 environmental conditions 65
62 formulation of a research problem and hypothesis testing 66
63 originating question 66
64 rational behind 66
65 specific question 66
66 importance of formulation 67
67 formulating hypothesis 67

unit 4:- Hypothesis Testing

1 hypothesis :definition and meaning 72
2 definition of hypothesis 72
3 Goode and Hatt 73
4 Rummel and Balline 73
5 Webster Dictionary 73
6 Mill 73
7 Goode W.G and Hatt.P.K 73
8 Coffey 73
9 Cohen M and Negel E 73
10 William H George 74
11 Role of hypothesis 75
12 Goode and Hatt 76
13 sources of hypothesis 77
14 analogy 78
15 general culture 79
16 individual experience 79
17 scientific theories 79
18 kinds of hypothesis 79
19 level of abstraction 79
20 exploratory or descriptive hypothesis 80
21 tentative hypothesis 80
22 representative fictions 80
23 characteristics of hypothesis 81
24 formulation of hypothesis 83
25 importance of hypothesis 85
26 helpful in enquiry 86
27 selection of relevant factors 86
28 direction 86
29 helps in drawing conclusions 86
30 difficulties in formulating of hypothesis 86
31 lack of knowledge of scientific method 87
32 lack of clear theoretical background 87
33 lack of logical background 87
34 means to overcome difficulties 87
35 testing of hypothesis 87
36 steps in testing hypothesis 88
37 statistical hypothesis of significance 89
38 prepare a hypothesis 89
39 null hypothesis 90
40 alternative hypothesis 90
41 choose a suitable significance level 90
42 decide test criterion 90
43 carry calculations 91
44 decision 91
45 types of errors in testing of hypothesis 91
46 limitations of tests of significance 91
47 test of significance should not be used mechanically 91
48 conclusions are to be given in terms of probabilities and not certainties 92
49 tests do not tell us why the difference exists 92

unit 5:- Research Design

1 Meaning and definition of research design 96
2 Cook, Dentish and Jahoda 96
3 E.A.Schulan 96
4 Russel Ackoff 97
5 P.V.Young 97
6 meaning of research design 97
7 according to Cook Jahoda 97
8 selection of research problem 97
9 presentation of problem 97
10 formulation of hypothesis 97
11 conceptual clarity 97
12 methodology 97
13 literature survey and bibliography 98
14 data collection 98
15 hypothesis testing 98
16 result interpretation 98
17 report writing 98
18 relation between problem formulation and research design 98
19 selection of problem 99
20 factors affecting research design 99
21 time and money: determinants of design 100
22 advantages of research design 101
23 steps in research design 101
24 problem 101
25 objective of study 101
26 nature of study 101
27 sources of data 101
28 techniques of data collection 102
29 social cultural context 102
30 geographical limit 102
31 basis of selection 102
32 limitations and scope of study 102
33 contents of research design 102
34 research study 102
35 hypothesis 102
36 data collection 102
37 universe and sample 103
38 data analysis 103
39 report-writing 103
40 good research design 103
41 various types of research design 104
42 different research design 105
43 exploratory/ formulative research 105
44 conclusive research 105
45 case study 105
46 statistical study 105
47 vague problem 105
48 exploratory research 106
49 hypothesis 106
50 conclusive research decision 106
51 new ideas 106
52 research design for exploratory or formulative studies 106
53 design for exploratory or formulative studies 106
54 research design for conclusive studies 107
55 case stud method 107
56 statistical method 107
57 design for descriptive and diagnostic studies 107
58 anthropological 107
59 research design for experimental studies 110
60 informal experimental design 110
61 after only design 110
62 after only with control design 111
63 before and after with out control design 111
64 before and after with control design 111
65 formal design 111
66 completely randomized design 111
67 randomized block design 111
68 Latin square design 111
69 factorial design 111
70 experimental study design 111
71 experiment 112
72 analysis 113
73 outline of experiment 113
74 experiment 113
75 designs 114
76 analysis 114
77 basic principles of experimentation 114
78 randomization 114
79 replication 114
80 local control 114
81 advantages of planning experiments 114

unit 6:- data collection and measurement

1 meaning and importance of data 120
2 sources of data 121
3 documentary sources 121
4 field source 121
5 primary source 121
6 secondary source 122
7 data sources 122
8 primary sources 122
9 observation 122
10 interview 122
11 mailed questionnaire 122
12 secondary sources 123
13 internal sources 123
14 external sources 123
15 private documents or personal documents 123
16 advantages of secondary data 123
17 disadvantages of secondary data 124
18 characteristics for evaluating secondary data 124
19 data relation 124
20 quality 124
21 reliability 124
22 orginality 125
23 completeness 125
24 unbiasness 125
25 choosing the method of data collection 126
26 type of information method 126
27 nature of research study 126
28 unit of enquiry 126
29 education 127
30 skilled and trained person 127
31 sample size 127
32 methods of collection of primary data 127
33 observation 127
34 questionnaire and schedules 127
35 experimentation 127
36 simulation 127
37 interview 127
38 projective technique 127
39 questionnaires classification 129
40 structured questionnaire 129
41 non-structured questionnaire 129
42 coded questionnaire 129
43 un-codified questionnaire 129
44 personal data 129
45 consumption pattern 129
46 consumer product market 129
47 industrial product market 129
48 general information 129
49 essential features of questionnaire 130
50 types of questions should be avoided 131
51 pilot studies and pre-tests 131
52 mailed questionnaire method 132
53 telephone interview 132
54 experimentation 132
55 simulation 133
56 interview 133
57 projective technique 134
58 methods of collection of secondary data 136
59 internal sources 136
60 external sources 136
61 personal sources 136
62 autobiographies 136
63 diaries 136
64 letters memos 137
65 public sources 137
66 unpublished 137
67 published 137
68 advantages of secondary data 137
69 disadvantages of secondary data 138
70 scrutiny of secondary data 138
71 data relation 138
72 quality 139
73 reliability 139
74 originality 139
75 accuracy 139
76 completeness 139
77 unbiasness 139
78 merits and demerits of different methods of collecting primary data 139
79 comparison of principal methods of data collection 140
80 personal interview with questionnaire 140
81 mailed questionnaire advantages 140
82 telephone interview 140
83 preferred data collection method 141

unit 7:- Sampling and sampling Techniques

1 population and sample 146
2 sampling 146
3 definition of sampling 148
4 Biogrdus 148
5 Mildred Parton 148
6 P.V Young 148
7 Fank Yates 148
8 Goods and Hatt 148
9 Paul L Erdos and arthur J Morgon 148
10 Blalock and Blalock 148
11 Ya-Lun-chou 148
12 variables and attributes 149
13 continuous and discrete variables 149
14 collection of statistical data 150
15 primary data 150
16 secondary data 150
17 procedures for collection data 150
18 census survey 150
19 sample survey 151
20 advantages of sampling over senses 151
21 less expensive 151
22 less time consuming 151
23 greater accuracy 152
24 destructive enumeration 152
25 sampling 153
26 basic principles 153
27 law of statistics regularity 153
28 law of inertia of large numbers 153
29 implication of sampling 153
30 main characteristics of sampling technique 153
31 economy 153
32 intensive and elaborate study 153
33 reliability 153
34 scientific nature 154
35 suitability 154
36 reliability of sampling 154
37 size of the sample 154
38 homogeneity of the samples 154
39 representativeness of the sample 154
40 similar sample 154
41 importance of sampling 155
42 concentrated stud of selected items 155
43 representative units studied 155
44 large area 155
45 scrutiny of available information 155
46 sufficiency of results 155
47 collecting of the information 155
48 assumptions of sampling 155
49 accuracy 156
50 homogeneity 156
51 representative selection 156
52 advantages and disadvantages of sampling 156
53 accuracy 156
54 administrative suitability 156
55 advantage over census 156
56 less cost 157
57 saving in time 157
58 disadvantages 157
59 what makes a good sample 158
60 representative 158
61 accuracy 158
62 precision 158
63 sample size 158
64 selection of sample 158
65 geographical 158
66 individual 159
67 social 159
68 structural 159
69 characteristics of a good unit 159
70 accessibility 159
71 clarity 159
72 source list 159
73 standardization 159
74 validity 159
75 reliability 159
76 suitability 159
77 exhaustiveness 160
78 sampling and non-sampling errors 160
79 sampling errors 160
80 non-sampling errors 160
81 sampling frame 161
82 perfect frame 161
83 incomplete frame 161
84 inaccurate frame 161
85 inadequate frame 161
86 methods of sampling and probability sampling 162
87 probability sampling 162
88 non-probability sampling 162
89 probability sampling 162
90 uses of probability sampling 162
91 merits of probability sampling 162
92 accuracy 162
93 formulation of determinable representative sampling plans 162
94 wide applied method 162
95 demerits of probability sampling methods 163
96 expensive 163
97 requirement of large sample 163
98 other difficulty 163
99 simple random sampling 163
100 stratified random sampling 163
101 systematic random sampling 163
102 multi-stage sampling 163
103 cluster sampling 163
104 simple random sampling 164
105 simple random sampling with replacement 164
106 simple random sampling without replacement 164
107 simple random sampling with replacement 164
108 selecting a random sample 164
109 finite population 164
110 infinite population 164
111 lottery method 165
112 tippet's numbers method 165
113 selection from sequential list 165
114 grid system of a random sampling 165
115 precautions in simple random sampling 166
116 advantages of simple random sampling 166
117 disadvantages of simple random sampling 166
118 stratified random sampling 167
119 proportionate and disproportionate stratified sampling 167
120 allocation of sample size in different strata 168
121 allocation 169
122 principles of stratified random sampling 171
123 homogeneity 171
124 advantages 171
125 disadvantages 171
126 systematic random sampling 171
127 multistage sampling 172
128 cluster sampling 173
129 cluster sampling process m 174
130 cluster identification 174
131 nature of clusters 174
132 determination of number of stages 175
133 single-stage sampling 175
134 two stage sampling 175
135 multi-stage sampling 175
136 principles of cluster sampling 176
137 sampling with varying probabilities 177
138 methods of sampling: non-probability sampling 177
139 methods of sampling 177
140 non-probability sampling 177
141 convenience sampling 178
142 purposive sampling or judgment, quota sampling 178
143 sampling design 181
144 type of population 181
145 sampling unit 182
146 type of sample 182
147 sample size 182
148 size of the sample 182
149 factors determining the size of the sample 183
150 nature of the stud 183
151 nature of population 183
152 questionnaire and schedule 183
153 types of sampling 183
154 practicability 183
155 parameter and statistic 184
156 parameter 185
157 statistic 185
158 the sample mean methods 185
159 the sample proportion method 186
160 other sampling methods 186
161 snow balling 186
162 advantages of snow balling 186
163 saturation sampling 187
164 spatial sampling 187
165 self selected sampling 187
166 sequential sampling 187

unit 8:- Observation

1 definition of observation 194
2 oxford concise dictionary 195
3 meaning of observation 195
4 features of observation 196
5 Eye observation 196
6 Alm 196
7 Planning 196
8 Recording 196
9 physical and mental activity 197
10 purposive and selective 197
11 exactness 197
12 cause and effect relationships 197
13 direct study 197
14 importance of observation 197
15 observation a technique of data collection 198
16 Goode and Hatt 198
17 process of observation 198
18 sensation 198
19 attention or concentration 198
20 perception 198
21 types of observation 200
22 casual and scientific observation 200
23 natural and conceived observation 200
24 subjective and objective observation 201
25 direct and indirect observation 201
26 participant and non-participant observation 202
27 non-participate observation 203
28 merit of this method 203
29 structured observation and unstructured observation 203
30 controlled observation and non-uncontrolled conservation 203
31 controlled observation 204
32 advantages and disadvantages of observation 204
33 qualities of observation technique 206
34 instrumental aid in field of observation 206
35 limitation of observation 206
36 principle difficulties in observation 208
37 observation and inference 208
38 observer-caused effects 209

unit 9:- The interview method

1 definition and meaning of interview 214
2 vivien palmar 214
3 W.I Goode and P.K Hatt 214
4 P.V Young 215
5 C.William B Mary 215
6 meaning of interview technique 215
7 objectives of interview 217
8 types of interview 217
9 according to formality 218
10 formal interview 218
11 information interview 218
12 according to number 218
13 personal interview 218
14 group interview 218
15 according to purpose 218
16 diagnostic interview 218
17 treatment interview 218
18 research interview 218
19 interview to fulfill curiosity 219
20 short contact interview 219
21 prolonged contact interview 219
22 qualitative interview 219
23 quantitative interview 219
24 mixed interview 219
25 non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview 219
26 focused interview 219
27 repeated interview 220
28 structured interview 220
29 unstructured interviews 220
30 focused interview 221
31 clinical interview 222
32 non-directive interview or free or unstructured interview 222
33 in-depth interview 222
34 problems in interview 223
35 advantages of the interview method 223
36 advantages 223
37 scoring and test devices 225
38 disadvantages 225
39 major limitations of the interview method 227
40 process of interview 228
41 introduction 229
42 object of the interview 229
43 interview 229
44 free atmosphere 229
45 help 229
46 research question 230
47 encouragement 230
48 direction 230
49 note-taking 230
50 concluding 230
51 report 231
52 pre-requisites of successful interview 231
53 study design 231
54 encouragement 231
55 friendly atmosphere 231
56 characteristics of interview 231
57 questions 231
58 pre-test 231
59 bias 231
60 objective 232

unit 10:-The questionnaire method

1 meaning and purpose of a questionnaire 236
2 sociologists 236
3 purpose of a questionnaire 236
4 types of questionnaire 237
5 structured questionnaire 237
6 non-structured questionnaire 237
7 open-ended questionnaire 238
8 close ended questionnaire 238
9 mixed questionnaire 238
10 pictorial questionnaire 238
11 kinds of questionnaire items 239
12 information 239
13 background 239
14 subject 239
15 formulation of a questionnaire schedule 240
16 physical form of the questionnaire 242
17 choice of questions 243
18 wording of questions 243
19 guidelines for questionnaire items 244
20 sequence of questions 245
21 questionnaire-choice, wordings etc 245
22 wording questions 245
23 sequence of questions 246
24 advantages and disadvantages of questionnaire 246
25 advantages 246
26 less skill and training 246
27 economical 248
28 standardization 248
29 anonymity 248
30 less pressure 248
31 disadvantages 248
32 limited response 248
33 low return 249
34 lack of checking on replies 249
35 limited response 249
36 limited success 249
37 economical 249
38 lack of personal contact 250
39 possibility of wrong answers 250
40 illegibility 250
41 useless in depth problems 250
42 pre-testing questionnaire 250
43 model questionnaire 251

unit 11:- The survey methd

1 definitions of social survey 262
2 Mark Abrams 262
3 E.W Burgess 262
4 Shelly M Harrison 262
5 Herman N Morse 263
6 C.A Moser 263
7 A F Wells 263
8 F L Whitney 263
9 P V Young 263
10 meaning of srvey 263
11 objects of survey 263
12 characteristics of social survey 264
13 types of survey 265
14 factual survey 265
15 opinion survey 265
16 interpretive survey 265
17 genreal survey 265
18 specific survey 265
19 reglar and ad-hoc surveys 266
20 prelimianry and fina; surveys 266
21 censys and sample surveys 266
22 official, semi-official or private survey
23 confidential or public surveu 266
24 telephone survey 267
25 personal interview survey 267
26 mail survey 267
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