TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering

Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

A State of the Art

Structural Engineering

Markku Heinisuo
Professor of Metal Structures
Tampere University of Technology

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 1

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Main references

Roesset J., Yao J., State of the Art of Structural Engineering,

Jornal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 128, No 8, August ,
2002, pp. 965-975.

Structural engineering – Wikipedia. 2.1.2014

Own experiences

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 2

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
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Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering

Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Contents

• Brief history
• Materials
• Structural analysis
• Structures, buildings, bridges
• Economy and computing
• Education
• Predictions to future
(Emphasis in last)

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 3

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Brief history

• The first engineer in history known by name: Imhotep,

builder of the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser, 2700 B.C.E.

• 1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci

• 1638: Galileo Galilei: Two New Sciences.

• 1660: Hooke’s law, 1687: Newton’s laws of motion, 1700-…

Bernoullis, Euler, 1800-… Navier, Castigliano, Mohr, 1900-…
Timoshenko, Cross, Courant, …, 1956: Turner, Clough,
Martin, Topp: Stiffness and Deflection of Complex Structures
=> FEM

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 4

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Robert Hooke: Turn loaded tension rods up-side down => you
get structural form which can resist a lot of compression.

Famous application: Sagrada Família by Gaudi.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 5

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Brief history of steel standards in USA (Galambos, 2006)

• Allowed stress design 1923-;
• Limit state design 1963-;
• Performance based design
– Used especially in fire design
– Can be used load for definition, resistance definition, risk analysis etc.

Brief history of Eurocodes

1975 1989 Building 1.11.2007
EEC: Idea of directive EN in use
Eurocodes 89/106/ETY parallel with
Agreement with national codes
CEN

2010…2014
Only EN in use

1991-1998 2002-2005
ENV in use ENV => EN
parallel with
Consults made national codes
pre-standards

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 6

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Brief history of Product Modelling (BIM)

Osterriedr P., Richter S, IAI Project ST-5, Technical University of Cottbus, 2004.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 7

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Materials

• Traditional
• Stone, wood, brick
• 1800… iron, steel, reinforced concrete
• 1900… steel yield about 1000 MPa, concrete about 100 MPa
• 1900…composite materials (fiber-reinforced polymers)
• strengthening and retrofit
• new forms of bridge decks
• reinforcement in reinforced or pre.stressed concrete
structures
• Smart materials
• Not much applications yet in civil engineering
• Fire protection (intumescent) paint
METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 8
 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

What is high strength steel (HSS) = ?

• Up to 1950’ S355 were high strength steels

• Now up to S460 are ”regular” steels (Eurocode classification)
• Now up to S700 are high strength steels (HSS, Eurocodes
available up to S700)
• S700 – S1200 ultra high strength steels (UHS, Standards
available up to S960)

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 9

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structural analysis

• Classical methods
• Hooke and Mariotte in the 17 th century,
• Coulomb, Euler, and Lagrange in the 18th century,
• Airy, Betti, Boussinesq, Castigliano, Cauchy, Green,
Kirchhoff, Lamb, Muller-Breslau, Navier, Poisson,
Rankine, Ritter, Saint Venant, Stokes, Voigt, and Young
among others in the 19th century.
• In the first half of the 20th century Cross method (Cross,
Kani) iteration for frames => major impact in structural
engineering world wide.
• Timoshenko
• Development of the elastic theory of shells Dischinger,
Krauss, Flugge, Novozhilov, Pfluger, Reissner, and Vlasov.
METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 10
 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structural analysis

• Computer methods, 1956 =>

• Advent of the digital computer.
• Formulation of matrix structural analysis.
• Assemblies of linear members: plane and space trusses
and frames as well as plane grids.
• Implementation in general purpose computer programs of
the finite element method (FEM) and the boundary
element methods for two- and three-dimensional continua.
• Solving complex structures such as plates and shells of
arbitrary shapes with their actual boundary conditions.
• Emphasis from continuous to discrete mathematical
models.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 11

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structural analysis

• Computer methods, 1956 =>

• FEM: Who were the popularizers?
• Four academicians: J. H. Argyris, R. W. Clough, H. C.
Martin, and O. C. Zienkiewicz are largely responsible for
the “technology transfer” from the aerospace industry to
a wider range of engineering applications during the
1950s and 1960s.
• Olek Zienkiewicz, originally an expert in finite difference
methods who learned the trade from Southwell, was
convinced in 1964 by Clough to try FEM.
• Perhaps the most known kill app: STRESS by Stefen
Fenves, extension => STRUDL
METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 12
 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structural analysis

• Non-linear analysis
• Geometrical non-linearity
• Large deformations and displacements
• Contact problems
• Crack propagations
• Stability problems, etc
• Material non-liearity
• Plastification of materials
• Ultimate failure in normal and accidental conditions
• Dynamic problems, e.g. collasions
• Coupled problems, e.g. mechanical & thermal

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 13

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structural analysis

• Mechanics are the basis for structural analysis and should be

taught to all engineering students.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 14

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structures, buildings, bridges, dams

• Interaction of material and analysis

development => engineering structures.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 15

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structures, buildings, bridges, dams

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 16

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Structures, buildings, bridges, dams

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 17

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Economy and computing

Last 50 years: constructability as an attribute in design

Not only the original cost of the structure but also
the costs of maintenance and repairs during its intended lifetime

Software and hardware development:

investigation of alternatives looking for an optimum solution
the integration of the design of the different components of the system
the coordination of the design and construction

Optimization started with weight optimization

Now in focus capital costs, life cycle costs, emissions, usability etc
Multi-criteria optimization and related decision making methods coming to
construction business

Reliability/robustness considerations started, including risk analyses, as well.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 18

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Education

In past rigorous theoretical treatment of basic and engineering sciences.

Most engineering professors had a substantial amount of practical experience and maintained
themselves in touch with the practice of engineering as did the great engineers of the 19th
century.

Research was often motivated by real problems encountered in practice, rather than being
dictated by funding agencies with the assistance of government panels, often consisting of
other academic researchers.

At present most faculty members (e.g. in USA) are hired upon completion of their PhDs
without any exposure to practice.

Enlightened institutions foresaw the problem and started many years ago hiring practicing
engineers as adjunct professors to teach design courses.

The time has come for the case study approach, commonly used in other disciplines, to
become more widely used in civil engineering education.

New type of closer industry-university cooperation, partnership, doctoral school.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 19
 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Education

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 20

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Predictions to future

Charles L. Miller at MIT: rather than attempting to predict the future, it is more
important to decide what the future should be and to try to influence change in
that direction.

So:

There will be taller buildings, deeper platforms in the ocean, and longer bridges
built. There will also be new structures built in space and perhaps on other
planets, as well as structures under water.

There will continue to be important progress in our analysis capabilities, allowing

us to predict better the behavior of structures, mathematics&computers.

There will be an increased use of uncertainty and risk analyses in structural

engineering.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 21

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Predictions to future
Continue

One can foresee buildings and bridges that are instrumented so as to be able to
monitor their performance and diagnose potential troubles easily, and structures
conceived so that they can be easily maintained, repaired, or replaced.

The time should come to see finally a fully integrated design process in which the
engineer can look at the complete system and the interactions.

There should be a much larger concern of the structural engineer for issues that
are not directly related to the resistance of the structure, but which are essential
for the functional, economic, or aesthetic viability of the work, or for the
acceptance of the project by the owners or the public at large.

Performance-based design codes will be further developed.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 22
 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Predictions to future

Finally

About 30 years ago researchers used FEM

Now it is routine in everyday design

About 30 years ago designers considered, should they start to use 3D modelling?
Steel designers took 3D modelling as routine about 20 years ago. Others are
now following.

Researchers use optimization to other objectives than weight.

Our vision (in Research Centre of Metal Structures) is that multi-criteria

optimization and connected decision making methods will be taken as routine in
structural engineering without 20-30 years delay.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 23

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Multi-criteria optimization, 10000 m2 hardware store

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 24

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Some urgent issues for the future, steel structures

In 1000-1700 builders where about next to king in the society.

Present ?

In UK the builders and covernment agreed 2013 that construction business

should push the economics of UK to raise.
They agreed clear actions to complete this. One key action is digitalization of the
contruction business in the wide range.

Can we do something similar in Finland and other countries, as well?

Steel structures can show the way? Automated fabrication, export, etc

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 25

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Some urgent issues for the future, steel structures

We are taking just the first steps in utilizing optimization of structures.

Steel business play with kilograms, intead deal with costs and emissions!
1053 kg 1379 kg
1641 € 1408 €

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 26

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Some urgent issues for the future, steel structures

Utilization of HSS in buildings

We have shown 5-20 % savings in costs, 20-40 % savings in kilograms
(=emissions). Contructors should be intrested in this.

Integrated design of joints of steel structures: to the same level as member

design, now using 50 years old techniques. => Cost efficient design, cost
knowledge for designers, validated and verified joint analysis models for 3D
design.

Control and optimization of automatized manufacturing by BIM.

Modular constructions, reuse of components, hydrid solutions, accidental issues.

Multi-citeria optimization, frames, foundations, cladding, stressed-skin design, i.e.

take into account the entire building, not just components.

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 27

 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of business and built environment, Department of Structural Engineering
Research Centre of Metal Structures, Seinäjoki, Tampere

Thank you

Applause?

METNET Hämeenlinna 18.02.2105 Markku Heinisuo 28