ANO NGA BA KORAPSIYON?

 Ang korapsiyon ay isang maling gawi o kasanayang kinasasangkutan ng

opisyal ng isang institusyon. Ito ay ang pang-aabuso sa hawak na
posisyon upang magkaroon ng pakinabang.
 Ang korapsiyon sa pamahalaan ay isang sakit na wala nang lunas
sapagkat ito ay nagaganap mula sa pinakamababang posisyon sa
pamahalaan hanggang sa pinakamataas na mga posisyon.

ANYO O URI NG KORAPSIYON

1. EMBEZZLEMENT O PAGLUSTAY
– Ito ay pagnanakaw ng pera ng isang taong pinagkatiwalaan nito.
Karaniwang ito ay ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng paglustay o maling
paggamit (misappropriation) ng pondo ng pamahalaan. Ang
pangkaraniwang ipinapataw na parusa sa ganito ay panghabambuhay na
pagkakakulong.
2. BRIBERY O LAGAY SYSTEM
– Ito ay ang pag-aalok, pagbibigay, pagtanggap, o paghingi ng ano
mang bagay na may halaga upang impluwensiyahan ang mga aksiyon ng
isang opisyal o empleyado ng pamahalaan. Isang halimbawa nito ay ang
red tape. Ang mga fixer na binabayaran upang mapabilis ang proseso ng
dokumento.
3. FRAUD O PAMEMEKE
– Ito ay tumutukoy sa pandaraya o panlilinlang (deception) sa
layuning makalamang o makakuha ng salapi o iba pang benepisyo. Ang
ilang halimbawa nito ay ang paggamit ng mga palsipikadong dokumento
o paglikha ng scam.
4. EXTORTION O PANGINGIKIL
– Isang illegal na paggamit ng kapangyarihan. Ito ay tumutukoy sa
panghuhuthot, panghihingi, o sapilitang pagkuha ng salapi. Karaniwang
ginagamit ang blackmailing o pangunguwalta sa pamamagitan ng
pananakot.
Iba pang anyo o uri ng korapsiyon
 Tax evasion o pagtakas sa pagbabayad ng buwis
 Ghost project o ghost payroll
 Evasion of Public bidding in awarding of contracts

ANG KAUGNAYAN NG KORAPSIYON SA ASPEKTONG PANGKABUHAYAN AT

PANLIPUNAN.
1. Lalong tataas ang presyo ng bilihin dahil bbawiin ng mga negosyante ang
pangignigkil na ginagawa ng mga opisyales.
 2. Nauubos ang pondo ng bansa. Mananatiling mababa ang pasahod sa mga
empleyado at tataas ang buwis.
3. Babagsak ang ekonomiya ng bansa
4. Ang mga negosyante ay mawawalan ng ganang mamuhunan.
5. Unti-unting mauubos ang kaban ng bayan
6. Mawawalan ng kredibilidad ang mga pampublikong institusyon at
tanggapan
7. Mawawala ang integridad ng mga opisyal.
8. Kapag ito ay naging tradisyon na, patuloy na magkakaroon ng hindi
pagkakapantay-pantay sa lipunan
9. Ito ay maaaring magdulot ng mga rally at pag-aalsa sa mga taong nais
kumawala sa ganitong sitwasyon.

Mga bunga ng korapsiyon

1. Kawalan ng oportunidad ng mga ordinaryong mamamayan na magkaroon
ng espasyo sa iba’t- ibang sangay ng pamahalaan.
2. Pagliit ng pondo na maaaring magamit ng pmaahalaan para sa mga
serbisyong panlipunan gaya ng pabahay, edukasyon, transportasyon, at
kalusugan.
3. Kawalan ng tunay na mga partido political sa bansa.
4. Pagtamlay ng suporta ng mga mamamayan sa gobyerno at ang pagtamlay
ng kanilang partisipasyon sa halalan at iba pang proseson political.

Nika Andrea N. Palermo

BEED 2A
 STRESS AND ANXIETY
What is STRESS?
Stress is the body's reaction to any change that requires an adjustment
or response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and
emotional responses. Stress is a normal part of life. You can experience stress
from your environment, your body, and your thoughts. Even positive life changes
such as a promotion, a mortgage, or the birth of a child produce stress.
Stress isn’t always bad. In small doses, it can help you perform under
pressure and motivate you to do your best. But when you’re constantly running
in emergency mode, your mind and body pay the price. If you frequently find
yourself feeling frazzled and overwhelmed, it’s time to take action to bring your
nervous system back into balance. You can protect yourself—and improve how
you think and feel—by learning how to recognize the signs and symptoms of
chronic stress and taking steps to reduce its harmful effects.

CAUSES OF STRESS
The situations and pressures that cause stress are known as stressors.
We usually think of stressors as being negative, such as an exhausting work
schedule or a rocky relationship. However, anything that puts high demands on
you can be stressful. This includes positive events such as getting married,
buying a house, going to college, or receiving a promotion.

Common EXTERNAL causes of stress include:

 Major life changes
 Work or school
 Relationship difficulties
 Financial problems
 Being too busy
 Children and family
Common INTERNAL causes of stress include:
 Pessimism
 Inability to accept uncertainty
 Rigid thinking, lack of flexibility
 Negative self-talk
 Unrealistic expectations / perfectionism
 All-or-nothing attitude

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF STRESS?

Chronic stress can wear down the body's natural defenses, leading to a variety
of physical symptoms, including the following:
 • Dizziness or a general feeling of "being out of it."
• General aches and pains.
• Grinding teeth, clenched jaw.
• Headaches.
• indigestion or acid reflux symptoms
• Increase in or loss of appetite.
• Muscle tension in neck, face or shoulders.
• Problem Sleeping
• Racing heart.
• Cold and sweaty palms.
• Tiredness, exhaustion.
• Trembling/shaking.
• Weight gain or loss.
• Upset stomach, diarrhea

TIPS FOR REDUCING STRESS

People can learn to manage stress and lead happier, healthier lives. You may
want to begin with the following tips:
• Keep a positive attitude.
• Accept that there are events that you cannot control.
• Be assertive instead of aggressive. Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs
instead of becoming angry, defensive, or passive.
• Learn and practice relaxation techniques; try meditation and yoga
• Exercise regularly. Your body can fight stress better when it is fit.
• Eat healthy, well-balanced meals.
• Learn to manage your time more effectively.
• Set limits appropriately and say no to requests that would create excessive
stress in your life.
• Make time for hobbies and interests.
• Get enough rest and sleep. Your body needs time to recover from stressful
events.
• Don't rely on alcohol, drugs, or compulsive behaviors to reduce stress.
• Seek out social support. Spend enough time with those you love.

WHAT IS ANXIETY?
Anxiety is a normal and often healthy emotion. However, when a person
regularly feels disproportionate levels of anxiety, it might become a medical
disorder.
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried
thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure.
What is anxiety disorder?
Anxiety disorders form a category of mental health diagnoses that lead to
excessive nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worry.
These disorders alter how a person processes emotions and behave, also
causing physical symptoms. Mild anxiety might be vague and unsettling, while
severe anxiety may seriously affect day-to-day living.

Symptoms of Anxiety
 Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts
 Repeated thoughts or flashbacks of traumatic experiences
 Ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated hand washing
 Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANXIETY DISORDER

1. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)

is a chronic disorder characterized by excessive, long- lasting anxiety and
worry about non- specific life events, objects and situation. GAD sufferers often
feel afraid and worry about health, money, family, work or school, but they have
trouble both identifying the specific fear and controlling the worries.

2. PANIC DISORDER
Brief or sudden attacks of intense terror and apprehension characterize panic
disorder. These attacks can lead to shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and
breathing difficulties. Panic attack tend to occur and escalate rapidly, peaking
after 10 minutes. However, a panic attack might last for hours.

3. SPECIFIC PHOBIA
This is an irrational fear and avoidance of a particular object or
situation. Phobias are not like other anxiety disorders, as they relate to a specific
cause.
A person with a phobia might acknowledge a fear as illogical or extreme
but remain unable to control feelings anxiety around the trigger. Triggers for a
phobia range from situations and animals to everyday objects.

4. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER, OR SOCIAL PHOBIA

This is a fear of negative judgment from others in social situations or of
public embarrassment. Social anxiety disorder includes a range of feelings, such
as stage fright, a fear of intimacy, and anxiety around humiliation and rejection.
 This disorder can cause people to avoid public situations and human
contact to the point that everyday living is rendered extremely difficult.

5. OBSESSIVE- COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)

Is an anxiety disorder characterized by thoughts or actions that are
repetitive, distressing and intrusive. OCD suffers usually know that their
compulsions are unreasonable or irrational, but they serve to alleviate their
anxiety. Often, then logic of someone with OCD will appear superstitious, such
as an insistence in walking in a certain pattern. OCD sufferers may obsessively
clean personal items or hands or constantly check locks, stoves or light switches.

6. POST- TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

Is an anxiety that results from previous trauma such as military combat,
rape, hostage situations, or a serious accident. PTSD often leads to flashbacks
and behavioral changes on order to avoid certain stimuli.

7. SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER

High levels of anxiety after separation from a person or place that provides
feelings of security or safety characterize separation anxiety disorder. Separation
might sometimes result in panic symptoms.

SELF-TREATMENT
There are several exercises and actions to help a person cope with milder,
more focused, or shorter-term anxiety disorders, including:

 Stress management: Learning to manage stress can help limit potential

triggers. Organize any upcoming pressures and deadlines, compile lists to
make daunting tasks more manageable, and commit to taking time off
from study or work.

 Relaxation techniques: Simple activities can help soothe the mental and
physical signs of anxiety. These techniques include meditation, deep
breathing exercises, long baths, resting in the dark, and yoga.

 Exercises to replace negative thoughts with positive ones: Make a list

of the negative thoughts that might be cycling as a result of anxiety, and
write down another list next to it containing positive, believable thoughts
to replace them. Creating a mental image of successfully facing and
 conquering a specific fear can also provide benefits if anxiety symptoms
relate to a specific cause, such as in a phobia.

 Support network: Talk with familiar people who are supportive, such as
a family member or friend. Support group services may also be available
in the local area and online.

 Exercise: Physical exertion can improve self-image and release chemicals

in the brain that trigger positive feelings.

PREVENTION
Take the following steps to help moderate anxious emotions:
 Reduce intake of caffeine, tea, cola, and chocolate.
 Maintain a healthy diet.
 Keep a regular sleep pattern.
 Avoid alcohol, cannabis, and other recreational drugs.

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11874-stress
https://www.helpguide.org/articles/stress/stress-symptoms-signs-and-causes.htm
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454.php
https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety

NIKA ANDREA N. PALERMO

Speaker
BEED2A