Research- Based on scientific method of inquiry

1. Exploratory/ Formulative Research- The goal in this research is to formulate questions that a future research can
answer
2. Descriptive Research- Describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon. It answer who, what, where and
how questions
3. Explanatory- Answer “Why” questions. To explain
1. Basic Research- Focuses on supporting theories that explain how the world operates (primary consumer is the
community)
2. Applied Research- Intended for practical use (Primary consumer are the practitioners)
1. Action Research- Determined by the researchers who have needs for their findings.
2. Impact Assessment Research- Ex. To determine changes in housing if a new highway is built.
3. Evaluation Research- Measures the effectiveness of a program, policy or way of doing something.
1. Cross sectional- Simplest and least costly alternative.
2. Longitudinal- More complex and costly than cross sectional research.
1. Qualitative-
2. Quantitative- Expressed in numbers. Creates hypothesis to solve research problems.
3. Mixed Method- Uses both quantitative and qualitative data to answer questions.
- Words, pictures and narratives can be used to add meaning to numbers.
1. Survey Research- Uses of questionnaires and sampling.
2. Correlational Research- Effect of one variable to other variable
3. Causal comparative Research- Statistical relationship between two variables
4. Experimental research- Guided by a hypothesis. Has intervention that produces change.
5. Non Experimental- Starts from the outcome and attempts to determine causation.
6. Pretest/post test design- Comparing the difference in the variable before and after the intervention.
7. Retrospective study design- To investigate a phenomenon that happen in the past
8. Prospective study design- Attempts to establish what is likely to happen in the future.
9. Retrospective- prospective study design- Available data are analyzed and used as bases of future projections.
10. Semi experimental/quasi experimental- Partly experimental and non experimental.
1. Phenomenology- Describes unique lived experiences, phenomenon
-To evaluate an intervention or institution for knowledge production
-Use empirical methods (asking, observing, analyzing data) to generalized grounded statements.

2. Ethnography- Describe a culture’s characteristics

-Individual cultures that involves origins, development and characteristics of human kind
-social customs, beliefs, cultural development
3. Historical- Describe and examine the events of the past.
4. Case study- Comprehensive examination of an individual, group or situation.
-Treat the study population as one entity, Focus is on exploring and understanding

5. Grounded Theory-Not a theory itself but a process of developing empirical theory that consists of tasks and
principles through which theory can be built up through careful observation of the social world.

1. Overview- Determine what is important about the phenomenon (striking, remarkable occurrence) or culture of
interest.
2. Focused Exploration- In depth exploration of a phenomenon
 3. Confirmation- Proving findings as trustworthy
1. Mixed Method research- Uses qualitative and quantitative paradigm for separate phase of the study.
2. Mixed Model research- Mixes both qualitative and quantitative approaches within a study.
1. Triangulation- Putting together of results from different research methods and designs.
2. Complementarity- To collaborate, enhance and clarify the results of 2 methods.
3. Initiation- Discovering contradictions that lead to restructuring of research question.
4. Development- Using findings from one method to help inform/ improve the other method.
5. Expansion- Expanding the extent and categories of research by using different methods for investigating
essential parts.

E Research- Use of high performing computers and Information Technology to make research easy.

Research problem- Situation that needs improvement, change or solution

Research purpose- Goal or interest of the study

Problem Statement- Represents a situation to be studied.

-Researchers’ guide during the research process.

-Question or statement that must be analyzed that the research itself will answer.

Research questions- Specific questions to know the intent of the study.

Statement of the problem- Brief description of the issues that needs to be addressed by the researchers.

Concept Mapping- Used to organize ideas on any topic to create/ write a research title

-Used to clarify and write key research issues on the topic

-Help researchers to formulate good research problems

-Understand the relationship between the concepts and variables from the topic

Hypothesis- An idea or theory that is not proven but leads to further study.

-Uncertain statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

-Specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study.

-Statement you created when you assume an outcome

-Statement that predicts the relationship between the independent (causal) and dependent (outcome)

variable.

-A proposed explanation for an amazing event/ people (Phenomenon).

-Consists of independent and dependent variables. How two variables are related.

-Expected outcomes of the experiment

 - A statement that can be tested.

-Identify specific variables and their relationship

-It forms the foundation for the present or future research study.

-The treatment does have an effect

1. Logical- A hypothesis is based on an established theory or developed from a previous research.

2. Testable- Testing real situations, events, individuals.
3. Refutable- A hypothesis may have contradicting results in relation to the expectation of the researcher.

The Null Hypothesis- No effect, No change, No relationship, Nothing happen

- No difference between treatments

-Treatments has no effect

Experiment – Includes independent and dependent variable.

Review- To determine what has been written about the problem.

Related Literature/ Conceptual Literature- Clarify limitation, concepts and variables related to the study. (ex. Articles)

Related Studies- Previous research studies related to your study.

Paraphrasing- To express someone else ideas in our own words while citing the author.

Conceptual Framework/Proposed theoretical model- Shows the relationship of the variables. Based from theoretical
framework

Theory/ Theories- Verify observations, generate predictions related to a behavior.

Theoretical Framework- Interaction of variables. Foundation of a conceptual framework.

Research Method- Philosophical. Theoretical, conceptual, analysis of a research

Approach- Creation of Conceptual Framework/model by considering the variables of the study.

Research Design- Outline from writing the hypothesis to final analysis of data.

-Strategy of investigation to obtain answers to research questions

Sampling- Process of selecting a few sample from a bigger group (The population) to serve as a basis for getting
information from estimated respondents.

-The larger the sample size, the more accurate the findings

-Bias must be avoided in the selection of sample