A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON

TSUNAMI WARNING
SYSTEM
 TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM

A
TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON
TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
Submitted by
K.R.DEEKSHA
16AK1A0421
Under the guidance of
Mrs.K.JANSI LAKSHMI., MTech
Assistant Professor, ECE Dept.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES,TIRUPATI – 517520
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI & PERMANENT AFFLIATION TO JNTUA )

2016 - 2020

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 TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

Venkatapuram (V), Karakambadi (Po), Renigunta (M),Tirupati-517520, A.P

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the technical seminar report entitled, “TSUNAMI
WARNING SYSTEM ” , done by K.R. DEEKSHA, Roll NO.16AK1A0421 submitted to
the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING from Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University,
Ananthapuram during the year 2016-2020.

Signature of the Guide Head of the Department

Date : ________________
Place : Tirupati

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ABSTRACT
The establishment of the tsunami warning system is based on the fact, that the seismic
waves propagate faster then tsunami wave. The tsunami wave arrive in the shore line after the
earthquake parameters can be determined, so that there is time left to evaluate the earthquake,
whether the earthquake is tsunamigenic or not, disseminated the information or warning to the
target area, and finally to do evacuation if necessary. For the tele-tsunami, in which the tsunami
will arrive in the beach more then one hour after the origin time of earthquake, generally there is
enough time to do all of those processes, so that the warning can be disseminate in 100 %
confidence level. For local tsunami, in which the tsunami will arrive in the beach less then one
hour, the warning is disseminated in the lower the confidence level. For example, Indonesia
Tsunami Warning System (InaTEWS) is designed for local tsunami warning for Indonesian
region. Any tsunami-genic earthquake occurs in the Indian Ocean plate boundary, the tsunami
wave will sweep the closest shore line within 20-40 minutes after the origin time of the
earthquake. The warning is determined just only based on the evaluation of the earthquake
parameters and tsunami modeling. It is difficult to add sea level data to increase the confidence
level of he warning. Although the confidence level is lower, the tsunami warning could be
disseminated. In some cases, especially for the eastern of Indonesia, the tsunami can be
generated within inner sea, such as Flores sea, Banda sea, Ceram sea, Maluku sea, and any
others. In that cases, tsunami wave will reach the closest shore line within 10 minutes or less.
This tsunami may be called as very local tsunami. By evaluating the time line for issuing the
tsunami warning, it is clear that very critical to disseminate tsunami warning based on the
available technology recently.

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CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE PAGE
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 07
2 WHAT IS TSUNAMI 08
2.1.WORKING OF TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM 09
2.2.TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM BY USING EMBEDDED
10
SYSTEM
3 DEEP SEA TSUNAMI ALERTING SYSTEM 13
4 DIGIQUARTZ BROADBAND PRESSURE SENSING 14
TECHNOLOGY
5 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A TSUNAMI ENCOUNTERS LAND 16
6 TSUNAMI SAFETY RULES 17
7 CONCLUSION 18
8 REFERENCES 19

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1.INTRODUCTION
A future without fear that tsunamis will again cause such huge loss of life is the main
goal of today's scientists that is bringing together leaders of the worst-hit nations and key aid
donors. The world must unite to ensure that next time, everyone will be ready. Countries around
the Indian Ocean, from Asia to Africa, were caught off-guard by the December 26 tsunami, with
waves up to 10m high crashing into coastal communities and packed holiday resorts. United
Nations experts say that an effective warning system, modeled on mechanisms that have existed
around the Pacific Ocean for more than half a century, could have drastically cut casualty
figures. A tsunami early warning system (TEWS) is a tool for public preparedness in tsunami
hazard mitigation. The system should be able to provide the possibility of tsunami generation
and disseminate a warning to the society in order to prevent loss of casualties and property. It
consists of two components: a network of sensors to detect and predict tsunamis as a half work
of the system, and an equal importance of communications infrastructure to issue warning to
permit evacuation of dangerous coastal areas as a half one. The TEWS are based on the fact that
seismic waves propagate faster then tsunami wave. In the open ocean the wave propagation
velocity of tsunamis is about 500 to 1,000 km/h (around 0.14 and 0.28 km/s) while earthquakes
has a typical wave speed of 4 km/s (around 14,400 km/h). It’s mean that there is a left time to
predict the arriving of tsunami wave into the shore line after the earthquake parameters can be
determined.

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2. WHAT IS A TSUNAMI

Tsunamis consist of a series of very long waves generated by any rapid, large-scale
disturbance of the sea. Most are generated by sea floor displacements from large undersea
earthquakes. Tsunamis can cause great destruction and loss of lives within minutes on shores
near the source, and some tsunamis can cause destruction within hours across an entire ocean
basin.
Most tsunamis occur in the Pacific region but they are known to happen in every ocean and sea.
Although infrequent, tsunamis are a significant natural hazard with great destructive potential.
They can only be dealt with effectively through programs of warning, mitigation, and education.

Another major problem is tsunamis cannot be seen at sea or by air. This is because in the deep
ocean, tsunami wave amplitude is usually less than high speeds. The tsunami may be perceived
as nothing more 1 m (3.3 feet). The crests of tsunami waves may be more than a hundred
kilometers or more away from each other. Therefore, passengers on boats at sea, far away from
shore where the water is deep, will not feel nor see the tsunami waves as they pass by underneath
at than a gentle rise and fall of the sea surface. The deep-water height of this tsunami was only
about 40 centimeters when it passed them and yet, when it arrived on the shore, it had
transformed into huge waves that killed people,destroyed the ports and villages along the
coastline. For the same reason of low amplitude and very long periods in the deep ocean, tsunami
waves
cannot be seen nor detected from the air. From the sky, tsunami waves cannot be distinguished
from ordinary ocean waves.

2.1.Working of Tsunami Warning System:

The Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) is established after the deadly
Tsunami on 26 December, 2004 at Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Sciences

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(INCOIS - ESSO), autonomous body under Ministry of Earth Sciences, located at Hyderabad
and is made fully functional to cover the entire Indian Ocean Region.
The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System comprises a real-time seismic monitoring
network of 17 broadband seismic stations to detect tsunamigenic earthquakes, a network of real-
time sea-level sensors with 4 Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR) in the open ocean and 25 tide
gauge stations at different coastal locations monitor tsunamis and a 24 X 7 operational tsunami
warning centre to provide timely advisories to vulnerable community. It also receives earthquake
data from all other global networks to detect earthquakes of M>6.5. The state-of-the-art early
warning centre at INCOIS - ESSO is operational since October 15, 2007 with all the necessary
computational and communication infrastructure that enables reception of real-time data from
seismic & sea-level sensors, analysis of the data, tsunami modeling, and dissemination of
tsunami advisories guided by a comprehensive standard operating procedure (SOP).
A host of all available communication technology options have been employed for timely
dissemination of advisories to various designated authorities to deal with effective emergency
response actions as appropriate. The centre is capable of detecting tsunamigenic earthquakes
occurring in the whole of Indian Ocean region as well as in the Global Oceans within 10 minutes
of their occurrence and disseminates the advisories to the concerned authorities within 20
minutes through various modes of communication like email, fax, SMS, GTS and website. Since
its inception in October 2007 to till date, ITEWC has monitored 339 earthquakes of M > 6.5 out
of which 63 are in the Indian Ocean region
ITEWC in its capacity as National Tsunami Warning Centre (NTWC) for India
disseminates tsunami bulletins to various national contacts like the Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA) control room, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA), Battalions of National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF), Coastal State disaster
relief commissioners, Indian Navy, Administration of Nuclear Power plants in the coastal states,
Disaster Management Administrators from Andaman & Nicobar Islands etc. ITEWC also acts as
one of the Regional Tsunami advisory Service Provider (RTSP) along with Australia &
Indonesia for the Indian Ocean region.
The tsunamis generated by the under-sea earthquakes in the two known subduction zones
of Andaman-Sumatra and Makran in Indian Ocean, can potentially affect entire Indian coastal
states and Island regions. The tsunami wave arrival time to different coastal locations depends

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upon the location of the under-sea earthquake. In general the tsunami reaction time will be
around 2 hours for the Indian mainland if the earthquake has occurred in the above mentioned
subduction zones. While for the Andaman & Nicobar Islands there is an exception where the
reaction time will be less than half an hour if the earthquake occurs off the A & N Islands region.

FIG: Working of tsunami warning system

2.2.Embedded Software Design :

Embedded Software Design The Embedded software [embedded c] is
developed compiled debugged and tested at the Host system. The tested code is downloaded into
microcontroller as object code using universal programmer. Then the chip is removed from the
universal programmer and embedded into the Target system. The Embedded software designis
shown in figure 4. When starting a new project, microcontroller to be used from the Device
Database should be selected and the µvision IDE sets allcompiler,assembler,and linker and
memory options. The Keilµvision debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals.A cross-

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assembler is used that can translate a text file written in Assembly language into a binary file that
can be uploaded into the microcontroller.

Fig: embedded system design of tsunami warning system

Fig: tsunami warning system by using embedded system

KEILµVISION2:
This is used to compile the code written for the microcontroller. The
microcontroller code is written using embedded C. It encapsulates the following components:

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•A project manager
• A make facility.
•Tool configuration.
•Editor.
• A powerful debugger.
VB.NET:
VB.NET is designed to be the easiest and most productive tool for
creating .NET applications. It provides the following features:
• Common Language Runtime.
• Language Interoperability.
• Enhanced security
• Simplified deployment.
• Improved versioning support.
The controls used in this project include:
• Microsoft Communication Control: It provides serial communications for the application by
allowing the transmission and reception of data through a serial port.
• Oxygen Mobile SMS Control: This is used to send message to the destination user via SMS.
Oxygen Mobile ActiveX Control has modules messaging. These modules are independent and
can be used together or separately from each other. Each module or their combination has
methods for establishing phone connection and retrieving basic phone parameters.

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The following flowcharts illustrate the Tsunami warning system:

Fig: Basic steps followed during Initiation (during Tsunami)

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3. DEEP SEA TSUNAMI ALERTING SYSTEM

Development of an operational tsunameter was an extraordinary engineering

accomplishment. The task was to design, develop, test, and deploy real-time reporting, deep
ocean instrumentation capable of surviving a hostile ocean environment while performing with
the quality and reliability demanded of an operational tsunami warning system. To measure
tsunamis many technologies has been tested. At present the best way known to detect a tsunami
is to measure very accurately water pressure on the sea bottom. The tsunami detection algorithm
works by first estimating the amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations within the tsunami
frequency band and test these amplitudes against a threshold value.
The pressure acquisition station is a critical component of the tsunameter system and includes an
ultra stable, high precision, high accuracy, pressure depth sensor, a computer, a data logger and
an acoustic modem to communicate with surface buoy. The remarkable performance of depth
sensor is achieved through the use of a precision quartz crystal resonator whose frequency of
oscillation varies with pressure-induced stress. A quartz crystal temperature signal is provided to
thermally compensate the calculated pressure and achieve high accuracy over a broad range of
temperatures. The depth sensors include waterproof housings with integral shock protection
buoy.
The bottom pressure recorder (BPR) is a critical component of the tsunameter system and
includes a Digiquartz Broadband Depth Sensor, a computer, data logger and an acoustic

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transducer to communicate with the surface buoy. Tsunameter BPR

The Digiquartz Broadband Depth Sensor is the main sensing element in the bottom pressure
recorder. This sensor monitors pressure continuously and if the pressure reading changes above a
set threshold, then the tsunameter automatically transmits data to a surface buoy. The surface
buoy makes a satellite connection to Tsunami warning centers that evaluate the threat and issue a
tsunami warning.
The most important sensing requirement is the detection of very small pressure changes at water
depths up to 6000 meters. The change in water depth due to a tsunami in the open ocean is
generally less than one centimeter. The resolution capability of Digiquartz Broadband Depth
Sensors makes it possible for tsunameter to detect water level changes of less than one
millimeter at the deployed depth of 6,000 meters (one part in six million).

4. DIGIQUARTZ BROADBAND PRESSURE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

Digiquartz Bourdon Tube Broadband Depth Sensor

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Digiquartz Broadband Depth Sensors are based on the inherently digital, highly stable,
vibrating quartz crystal technology developed by Paroscientific over the last three
decades.Paroscientific pressure transducer mechanisms, oscillator circuits, and digital interfaces
are carefully designed for high resolution.
Digiquartz Broadband Depth Sensors employ a Bourdon tube as the pressure-to-load generator.
Pressure applied to the Bourdon tube generates an uncoiling force which applies tension to the
quartz crystal. The change in frequency of the quartz crystal oscillator is a measure of the applied
pressure. Temperature sensitive crystals are used for thermal compensation. The mechanisms are
acceleration compensated with balance weights to reduce the effects of shock and vibration. The
transducers are hermetically sealed and evacuated to eliminate air damping and maximize the Q
of the resonators. The internal vacuum also serves as an excellent absolute pressure reference.
The high performance of the Digiquartz Instruments is achieved through the use of a precision
quartz crystal resonator whose frequency of oscillation varies with pressure induced stress.
Quartz crystals were chosen for the sensing elements because of their remarkable repeatability,
low hysteresis, and excellent stability. The resonant frequency outputs are maintained and
detected with oscillator electronics similar to those used in precision clocks and counters.

The quartz crystal consists of two identical beams driven piezoelectrically in 180° phase
opposition such that very little energy is transmitted to the mounting pads. The high Q resonant
frequency, like that of a violin string, is a function of the applied load; increasing with tension
and decreasing with compressive forces. The digital temperature sensor consists of
piezoelectrically-driven, torsionally oscillating tines whose resonant frequency is a function of
temperature. Its output is used to thermally compensate the calculated pressure and achieve high
accuracy over a wide range of temperatures. The ultimate resolution achievable with a transducer
is limited by its noise level. The goal is to have the sensor noise levels much smaller than the
expected real signals at all frequencies of interest.

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The total system consists of an anchored seafloor bottom pressure transducer and a companion
moored surface buoy for real-time communication. A powerful acoustic spread spectrum modem
transmits data from submerged platform to the surface buoy. The data are then relayed via
Inmarsat-C satellite link to land stations, which forward the signals for immediate dissemination
to warning centers.

5. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A TSUNAMI ENCOUNTERS LAND

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As a tsunami approaches shore, it begins to slow and grow in height. just like other water
waves, tsunamis begin to lose energy as they rush onshore - part of the wave energy is reflected
offshore, while the shoreward-propagating wave energy is dissipated through bottom friction and
turbulence. despite these losses, tsunamis still reach the coast with tremendous amounts of
energy. tsunamis have great erosional potential, stripping beaches of sand that may have taken
years to accumulate and undermining trees and other coastal vegetation. capable of inundating,
or flooding, hundreds of meters inland past the typical high-water level, the fast-moving water
associated with the inundating tsunami can crush homes and other coastal structures. Tsunamis
may reach a maximum vertical height onshore above sea level, often called a run up height, of
10, 20, and even 30 meters.

6. TSUNAMI SAFETY RULES

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 All earthquakes do not cause tsunamis, but many do. When you hear that an earthquake
has occurred, stand by for a tsunami emergency.
 An earthquake in your area is a natural tsunami warning. Do not stay in low-lying coastal
areas after a strong earthquake has been felt.
 A tsunami is not a single wave, but a series of waves. Stay out of danger areas until an
"all-clear" is issued by competent authority.
 A small tsunami at one point on the shore can be extremely large a few kilometers away.
Don't let the modest size of one make you lose respect for all.
 The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center does not issue false alarms. When a warning is
issued, a tsunami exists. The tsunami of May 1960 killed 61 people in Hilo, Hawaii, and
they thought it was "just another false alarm."
 All tsunamis-like hurricanes-are potentially dangerous, even though they may not
damage every coastline they strike.
 Sooner or later, tsunamis visit every coastline in the Pacific. Warnings apply to you if
you live in any Pacific coastal area.
 During a tsunami emergency, your local civil defense, police, and other emergency
organizations will try to save your life. Give them your fullest co-operation.
 Never go down to the shore to watch for a tsunami. When you can see the wave you are
too close to escape it.

7. CONCLUSION

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DART to do a much better job predicting the height of tsunamis. The improvements will
help emergency managers decide who to evacuate and how long to keep them away from coastal
areas. The new system will enable scientists to predict the duration of the event, which in some
cases can be a series of waves lasting several hours. The system is economically critical and
would help woo back tourists scared away by the mass loss of life. The system, which comprises
hundreds of seismic stations worldwide, which can detect the earthquakes that are precursors to a
tsunami. Tsunami-the nature’s deadly beauty which leads to massive destruction life could be
avoided by using the system.

8. REFERENCES

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 Fauzi, 2009, Interoperability of Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning and Dissemination

system
 The German Indonesia Tsunami Warning System (report), 2008
 www.wikipedia.com
 McAdoo, Dengler, Prasetya, and Titov. Smong: How an Oral History Saved Thousands
on Indonesia’s Simeulue Island during the December 2004 and March 2005 Tsunamis.
(English).
 Natural Tsunami Warning, Course material of Tsunami Science and Preparedness
Training, 2007,seattle

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