Steel - 2019 Update B PDF

ETABS 2016 – USER’S EXERCISE BOOK
1
Acknowledgement
Motivation
Chapter(1) : Introduction
Chapter(2) : Welcome to ETABS
Chapter(3) : Structural Modelling
Chapter(4) : Material Properties
Chapter(5) : Section Properties/ Sizing
Chapter(6) : Load Patterns & Load Combinations
Chapter(7) : Structural Analysis
Chapter(8) : Steel Column and Beam Design
Chapter(9) : Connection Design (ETABS)
Chapter(10) : Shear Connections (RAM-Connection)
Chapter(11) : Moment Connections (RAM-Connection)
Chapter(12) : Footing Design (SAFE)
References
2
(1) Design
 Steel Frame Design
 View/ Revise Preferences .... (We use AISC 360-10 or MNBC 2016 for this tutorial project.)
(2) Design
 Select Design Combinations
Fill as shown in figure.
3
(3) Design

 Start Design/ Check . . . (Shift + F6)
 For column, violet color is ok.

(that means – Pn > Pu … M1 > Mu1 … M2 > Mu2 )
D/C ratio < 1 …… is ok.

Demand/ Capacity < 1
Applied/ Designed < 1
Pu / Pn < 1 … in other words … Pn > Pu
 For both beam and column, red (O/S) is not acceptable.

(that means – Modelling and Loading must be checked and revised.)
 Select columns (or) beams you want to change.

 Assign
 Frame
 Section Property
 Choose new column (or) beam size
4
Steel Column Design

Tension members and flexural members bent about a single axis can be designed directly using
a simple mathematical solution or beam charts or graphs. The design of columns and other
compression members is .
The difference is that members subjected to a compressive load have

even when they are concentrically loaded. Then, as soon as the compression member starts to
buckle, it is subjected not only to but as well.
The lateral displacement and deflection due to combined and loading are
known as P-Δ and P-δ effects. Making a column stiffer decreases its tendency to buckle, but
also its efficiency and cost effectiveness.
 Compression Member
 Steel Compression Strength = x

 Designed Compression Strength = . x
5
(1) Maximum Axial Loads, Pu = ?

- Display > Force/ Stress Diagram
- Frame/ Pier/ Spandrel …… F8
6
(2) Designed Axial Loads
 Pn = ?
 AISC – Manual of Steel Construction (Second Edition): Chapter (3) Column Design .. page 16 to 33
  Pn = ……………… kips > Pu = ……………. kips (OK)
7
E1. EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND SLENDERNESS LIMITATIONS
8
Judgmental Method
9
Analytical Method
Once a trial selection of framing members has been made, the use of the alignment chart in
Figure C-C2.2 affords a fairly rapid method for determining adequate K values.
However, it should be noted that this alignment chart is based upon assumptions of idealized
conditions which seldom exist in real structures (Galambos, 1988).
1. Behavior is purely elastic.
2. All members have constant cross section.
3. All joints are rigid.
4. For braced frames, rotations at opposite ends of beams are equal in magnitude,
producing single-curvature bending.
10
For unbraced frames, rotations at opposite ends of the restraining beams are equal in
magnitude, producing reverse-curvature bending.
5. The stiffness parameters L√𝑃/𝐸𝐼 of all columns are equal.

6. Joint restraint is distributed to the column above and below the joint in proportion to I /
L of the two columns.
7. All columns buckle simultaneously.
8. No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Where the actual conditions differ from these assumptions, unrealistic designs may result.
There are design procedures available which may be used in the calculation of G for use in
Figure C-C2.2 to give results that better reflect the conditions in real structures (Yura, 1971;
Disque, 1973; Bjorhovde, 1984; Davison et al., 1988).
3 Methods in ETABS 2016
When using the direct analysis method,

the effective length factor is always taken as 1.0.
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12
 The first step in designing a compression member is determining the effective length,
KL, which is a function of that member’s end conditions.
13
(3) Final Column Design
 Design > Steel Frame Design

 Display Design Information . . . . Shift + Ctrl + F6
 Identify All Failures
To achieve a beam/column moment connection, continuity plates, such as shown in Figure 2-3, are usually
placed on the column, in line with the top and bottom flanges of the beam, to transfer the compression and
tension flange forces of the beam into the column.
For connection conditions described in the last two bullet items, the thickness of such plates is usually set
equal to the flange thickness of the corresponding beam.
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(4) Column Orientation
* In Y-direction Lateral Loads, building is weak. * In X-direction Lateral Loads, building is strong.
 Direction of Load Distribution and Bending of Decking ?

 Which Direction should be Moment Frame, the Strong Axis of Building ?
15
(5) Steel Stress Check Information (AISC 360-10)
ETABS 2015 Steel Frame Design

AISC 360-10 Steel Section Check (Strength Summary)
Element Details
Level Element Location (in) Combo Element Type Section Classification
1 C3 126.2835 Factored Special Moment Frame C300x300 Non-Compact
LLRF and Demand/Capacity Ratio

L (in) LLRF Stress Ratio Limit
144.0000 0.531 0.95
Analysis and Design Parameters

Provision Analysis 2nd Order Reduction
LRFD Direct Analysis General 2nd Order Tau-b Fixed
Stiffness Reduction Factors

αPr /Py αPr /Pe τb EA factor EI factor
0.381 0.115 1 0.8 0.8
Design Code Parameters

Φb Φc ΦTY ΦTF ΦV ΦV-RI ΦVT
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.75 0.9 1 1
Section Properties
A (in²) J (in⁴) I33 (in⁴) I22 (in⁴) Av3 (in²) Av2 (in²)
16.24 1.43 373.52 108.34 9.3 7.44
Design Properties
S33 (in³) S22 (in³) Z33 (in³) Z22 (in³) r33 (in) r22 (in) Cw (in⁶)
63.25 18.35 72.23 28.55 4.7952 2.5826 3523.27
16
Material Properties
E (kip/in²) fy (kip/in²) Ry α
29000 36 1.5 NA
Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratio Eqn.(H1-1a)
D/C Ratio = (Pr /Pc ) + (8/9)(Mr33 /Mc33 ) + (8/9)(Mr22 /Mc22 )
0.549 = 0.489 + 0.056 + 0.004
Axial Force and Capacities

Pu Force (kip) ϕPnc Capacity (kip) ϕPnt Capacity (kip)
222.957 456.232 526.307
Moments and Capacities

Mu Moment (kip-in) ϕMn Capacity (kip-in) ϕMn No LTBD (kip-in)
Major Bending 134.03 2119.651 2119.651
Minor Bending 3.854 801.204
Shear Design
Vu Force (kip) ϕVn Capacity (kip) Stress Ratio
Major Shear 2.373 144.634 0.016
Minor Shear 0.078 180.792 4.302E-04
(6) Solutions
(i) Size
(ii) Material
(iii) Loads
Area = 13.2
d = 12.06
tw = 0.335
tw = 516
tw/2 = 316
bf = 8.045
tf = 0.575 (916)
T = 912
K = 114
K1 = 1316
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Column Splices
In buildings less than four storeys in height, it may be advantages to use a
single column for all of the storeys instead of using smaller column sizes for the upper levels, even though it
is more economical to use smaller columns for the upper levels. Locations of column
splices can affect the cost of a high-rise structure. The following situations are cited for consideration:
• Because the lower tier (column) is normally heavier, the column splice level is kept as low as possible in
order to reduce weight of materials.
• Splices must be made at least 4 ft above finished floor level on perimeter columns, as required by OSHA,
1926 Subpart R, to permit the installation of safety cables.
• To splice a column at the mid-height or point of contra-flexure (a change in the direction of bending in any
member) may appear desirable, but, as this is several feet above the steel framing, such a splice can require
because scaffolding can be required for access.
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Figure 1
A bolted column–column connection for columns that are the same size. The plates are bolted to the lower section of
the column in the shop and to the upper section on the site. All column connections are made at waist height above the
floor
Figure 2
Column sizes diminish as the building rises, requiring frequent use of shim plates at connections to make up for
differences in flange thicknesses.
Figure 3
Column connections may be welded rather than bolted. The connector plate is welded to the lower column section in
the fabricator’s shop. The hole in the connector plate is used to attach a lifting line during erection. The bolts hold the
column sections in alignment, while the flanges are connected in the field with partial- penetration welds in bevel
grooves. Partial-penetration welding allows one column to rest on the other prior to welding.
Figure 4
A welded butt plate connection is used where a column changes from one nominal size of wide flange to another. The
thick butt plate, which is welded to the lower column section in the shop, transfers the load from one section of
column to the other. The partial- penetration weld at the base of the upper column is made on the site.
However, LRFD Specification Section M4.4 recognizes that a perfect fit on the entire available surface will
not exist in all cases. A 1/16-in. gap is permissible with no requirements for repair or shimming. There is no
provision in the LRFD Specification for gaps larger than 1/4-in. When such a gap exists, an engineering
evaluation should be made of this condition based upon the type of loading transferred by the column splice.
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(2) Beam Design
 Steel Beam Design = ( fy )
TYPES OF BEAMS
Beams are usually said to be members that support . They are probably thought of
as being used in positions and subjected to or loads, but there are
frequent exceptions- roof rafters, for example. Among the many types of beams are joists, lintels,
spandrels, stringers, and floor beams.
SECTIONS USED AS BEAMS
The W shapes will normally prove to be , and they have largely replaced
channels and S sections for beam usage. Channels are sometimes used for beams subjected to light loads,
such as purlins, and in places where clearances available require narrow flanges. They have very little
resistance to lateral forces and need to be braced.
Harrison Avenue Bridge, Beaumonl,TIC (Courtesy of Bethlehem Steel Corporation.)
have more steel concentrated in their flanges than do and thus have larger moments
of inertia and resisting moments for the same weights. They are relatively wide and have appreciable
lateral stiffness.
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Classification of Sections for Local Buckling
The nominal strengths for flexure are dependent on the classification of the section as Seismically Compact,
Compact, Non-compact, Slender, or Too Slender. or sections are capable of
developing the before local buckling occurs. can develop
in compression, and buckle inelastically before reaching to a fully plastic stress distribution.
buckle elastically before any of the elements yield under compression.
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(1) Check Moment Capacity ………… Mn ≥ Mu
- Display
- Force/ Stress Diagram
- Frame/ Pier/ Spandrel …… F8
- FACTORED combo..
- Moment 3-3
- Fill Diagram + Show Value

Elevation View (Grid - J)
 Right click on a critical beam
 Mu = ………………… kip-ft (Negative Moment)
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(2) Find Designed Moment Capacity, Mn = ?
- AISC-LRFD: Chapter(4) Beam and Girder Design, page 18 (e-book page 384)
Mn = ………………… kip-ft

Mn ≥ Mu (OK).
(Zx method): Assume shape is compact and Lb Lp.
Zx req’d = 12Mu / bFy

Zx = 12 x ………………… / 0.9 x 36
Zx = ………………… in3
- Choose W………………… (or) W…………………

- Lighter or Shallower beam.
24
- Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment
From elementary mechanics of materials, the stress at any point on the cross-section can be found from,
f=My/I (kip-in x in/ in4)

f = M/ S ( S = I/ y)
M=f.S
My = Fy. S
where, Fy = yield stress
S = section modulus
My = yield moment
The plastic moment capacity, which is the moment required to form the plastic hinge can easily be found
considering Figure.
Stress section at plastic hinge

From equilibrium of forces,
C=T
Ac = As
Ac = As
For shapes that are symmetrical about the axis of bending, the elastic and plastic neutral axes are the same
(Note that for a , the neutral axis coincides with centroidal axis). The plastic moment,
Mp = Fy (Ac) a = Fy (At) a = Fy (A/2) a
My = Fy. Z
Where, A = total cross-sectional area

a = distance between the centroids of the two half-areas
Z = (A/2) a = plastic section modulus
The ratio of the plastic moment Mp to the yield moment My is called the shape factor. The shape factor
equals 1.5 for rectangular and varies from about 1.10 to 1.25 for strong-axis bending (Zx, Sx) and 1.5 to 1.6
for weak-axis bending of standard wide flange shapes.
Mp = 1.1 to 1.25 My (strong-axis of W-sections)

Mp = 1.5 to 1.6 My (weak-axis of W-sections)
For W18x71, Mr = 248 kip-ft and Mp = 392 kip-ft
25
The following are the limit states that should be checked when designing beams.
1) yielding
2) lateral-torsional buckling
3) flange local buckling
4) web local buckling
5) tension flange yielding
6) local leg buckling
7) local buckling
8) shear
Local buckling can be prevented by using established limits on slenderness ratios for various
elements, such as the flanges and webs of the members.
Depending on its slenderness ratio, each element is classified (from the lowest ratio to the
highest) as compact (C), noncompact (NC), or slender (S).
If the flanges and webs are compact, the limit state for the entire member will be reached
before local buckling occurs.
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4. SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA
The AISC Manual no longer gives specific limits on deflections, leaving those decisions up to the engineer,
the end user of the structure, and the applicable building codes. In most of the United States, the limits given
by the International Building Code (IBC) will apply.
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33
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- Right-click on any beam
ETABS 2015 Steel Frame Design

AISC 360-10 Steel Section Check (Strength Summary)
Element Details
Level Element Location (in) Combo Element Type Section Classification
3 B1 168 Factored Intermediate Moment Frame B450x200 (W18x71)
35
LLRF and Demand/Capacity Ratio

L (in) LLRF Stress Ratio Limit
360.0000 1 0.95
Design Code Parameters

Φb Φc ΦTY ΦTF ΦV ΦV-RI ΦVT
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.75 0.9 1 1
Design Properties
S33 (in³) S22 (in³) Z33 (in³) Z22 (in³) r33 (in) r22 (in) Cw (in⁶)
125.87 15.78 24.64 7.4919 1.7057 4684.71
Material Properties
E (lb/in²) fy (lb/in²) Ry α
1.5 NA
Stress Check forces and Moments

Location (in) Pu (lb) Mu33 (lb-in) Mu22 (lb-in) Vu2 (lb) Vu3 (lb) Tu (lb-in)
168 312.25 1518942.49 221.29 -1929.79 11.01 1.13
Parameters for Lateral Torsion Buckling

Lltb Kltb Cb
0.384 1 1.025
Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratio Eqn.(H1.2,H1-1b)

D/C Ratio = (Pr /2Pc ) + (Mr33 /Mc33 ) + (Mr22 /Mc22 )
0.351 = 2.327E-04 + + 2.772E-04
Axial Force and Capacities

Pu Force (lb) ϕPnc Capacity (lb) ϕPnt Capacity (lb)
312.25 475181.73 670986.18
Moments and Capacities

Mu Moment (lb-in) ϕMn Capacity (lb-in) ϕMn No LTBD (lb-in)
Major Bending 1518942.49
Minor Bending 221.29 798365.94
Shear Design
Vu Force (lb) ϕVn Capacity (lb) Stress Ratio
Major Shear 1929.79
Minor Shear 11.01 240447.53 4.579E-05
(3) Design for Shear Strength
 Shear stress distribution

In the design of beams, shear rarely controls the design; therefore most beams
need to be designed only for flexure and deflection. However, special loading conditions,
such as heavy concentrated loads or heavy loads on a short-span beam, might cause shear to
control the design of beams.
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 Normal Shear Strength

In the AISC specification, the shear yield stress is taken as 60% of the yield
stress, Fy. The design shear strength is …
Where, Fy = yield stress

Aw = area of the web (overall depth times the web thickness) = d.tw
Cv = web shear coefficient
v = 0.9
v = 1.0 (when the below equation is satisfied for I-shaped members)
Since the shear stress is concentrated in the beam web, localized buckling of the web needs
to be checked. A web slenderness limit for local web buckling is defined as
 (I –shaped members)
When this limit is satisfied, local web buckling does not occur and Cv = 1.0 and v = 1.0.
Most I-shaped members meet the criteria in above Eq., except for the following shapes for
Fy = 50 ksi, for which v = 0.9 :
W12x14 W16x26 W24x55 W30x90

W33x118 W36x135 W40x149 W44x230
For this example project,

h/tw = ………………/ …………… = ……………
𝐸
√ 
𝐹𝑦
 Vn =  0.6 Fy Aw Cv
37
 Vn = 1 x 0.6 x 36 ksi x (…………… x ……………) x 1

 Vn = …………… kip
 Vn = …………… kip
 Vn = …………… kip (For  = 0.9)
Reference ; Steel Frame Design Manual (AISC 360-10)
Serviceability
38
∗Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding should be checked by suitable calculations of
deflection, including added deflections due to ponded water, and considering long-term effects of all
sustained loads, camber, construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage.
Long-term deflection shall be determined in accordance with ACI Code 9.5.2.5 or 9.5.4.3 but may be
reduced by the amount of deflection calculated to occur before attachment of non-structured elements. This
amount shall be determined on the basis of accepted engineering data relating to time-deflection
characteristics of members similar to those being considered.
Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to supported or attached
elements.
But not greater than tolerance provided for nonstructural elements. Limit may be exceeded if camber is
provided so that total deflection minus camber does not exceed limit.
Beam splices
39
It is often required to join structural members along their length due to the available length of sections being
limited and also due to transportation and erection constraints. Such joints are called . Splices have
to be designed so as to transmit all the member forces and at the same time provide sufficient stiffness and
ease in erection.
Splices are usually located away from critical sections. In members subjected to instability, the splice should
be preferably located near the point of lateral restraint else the splice may have to be designed for additional
forces arising due to instability effects. In all cases, the requirements of the code should be satisfied.
A typical bolted splice plate connection is shown in Fig.
Beam splices typically resist large bending moments and shear forces. If a rolled section beam splice is
located away from the point of maximum moment, it is usually assumed that the carries all the
and the carries the . Such an assumption simplifies the splice design considerably.
Where such simplification is not possible, as in the case of a plate girder, the total moment is divided between
the flange and the web in accordance with the stress distribution. The web connection is then designed to
resist its share of moment and shear.
Fig. Bolted beam splice: (a) Conventional splice (b) End-plate splice
(a) Flanges carry bending moments (unfinished splice) (b) Web carries shear forces (finished splice)

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1.
 What you should remember from this chapter?
1. Effective Length Factor

2. kL/r < 200 (Compression Member)
3. Three Analysis Methods in ETABS 2016
4. Unbraced Length and Braced Length for Beam
5. Effect of Column Base Plate
6. Restrained Conditions & Connection Types
41
 Design
 Steel Connection Design
 View/ Revise Preferences ..
42
Shear Connections and Moment Connections
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) defines three types of beam-to-column connections,
classified according to their moment-resisting capability.
Fully-Restrained (FR) moment connections are sufficiently rigid that the geometric angles between members
will remain virtually unchanged under normal loading.
Partially-Restrained (PR) moment connections are not as rigid as FR connections, but nonetheless possess a
dependable and predictable moment-resisting capacity that can be used to stabilize a building frame.
FR and PR moment connections are also sometimes referred to as rigid and semi-rigid connections,
respectively. Both connection types can be used to construct moment-resisting building frames.
Simple connections, known as shear connections, are considered to be capable of unrestrained rotation under
normal loading conditions and to have negligible moment resisting capacity. Buildings framed solely with
simple connections must depend on diagonal bracing or shear walls for lateral stability.
 In practice, there are a number of different ways of making any of these connections, using various
kinds of connecting elements and different combinations of bolting and welding.
 The object is to choose a method of stabilization and designs for individual connections that will result
in the greatest possible economy of construction for the building as a whole.
 For standard joint conditions in simple structures, the choice of which connection to use may be left
to the fabricator, who has firsthand knowledge of the safest, most erectable methods that will utilize
the company’s labor and equipment most efficiently.
 For more complex structures or for unique joining conditions, the structural engineer may dictate a
specific connection detail.
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 Selection of the type of fastener or fasteners
Selection of the type of fastener or fasteners to be used for a particular structure usually
involves many factors, including requirements of , relative ,
preference of , availability of , (as static or fatigue
loadings), preference of , and available.
It is impossible to list a definite set of rules from which the best type of fastener can be
selected for any given structure. We can give only a few general statements that may be
helpful in making a decision:
1. Unfinished bolts are often economical for light structures subject to small static loads
and for secondary members (such as purlins, girts, bracing, etc.) in larger structures.
2. Field bolting is very rapid and involves less skilled labor than welding. The pur- chase
price of high-strength bolts, however, is rather high.
3. If a structure is later to be disassembled, welding probably is ruled out, leaving the job
open to selection of bolts.
4. For fatigue loadings, slip-critical high-strength bolts and welds are very good.
5. Notice that special care has to be taken to properly install high-strength, slip-critical bolts.
6. Welding requires the smallest amounts of steel, probably provides the most at- tractive-
looking joints, and also has the widest range of application to different types of
connections.
7. When continuous and rigid, fully moment-resisting joints are desired, welding probably
will be selected.
8. Welding is almost universally accepted as being satisfactory for shopwork. For fieldwork, it
is very popular in most areas of the United States, while in a few others it is stymied by the idea
that field inspection is rather questionable.
9. To use welds for very thick members requires a great deal of extra care, and bolted
connections may very well be used instead. Furthermore, such bolted connections are
far less susceptible to brittle fractures.
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New Wembley Stadium London
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Bolting is a very common method of fastening steel members. Bolting is particularly cost effective in the
field. There are two basic ASTM high strength bolt specifications and one non-high strength ASTM bolt.
ASTM A325 and A490 High-Strength Bolts

 High-strength structural bolts are furnished in two strength grades: ASTM A325 high-strength carbon
steel bolts and ASTM A490 quenched and tempered alloy steel bolts. ASTM A325 and A490 bolts are
available from 1/2-in. diameter to 1.5-in. diameter and in lengths generally up to 8 in.
 Each strength grade can be ordered as Type 1 (medium carbon steel for ASTM A325; alloy steel for
ASTM A490) or Type 3 (atmospheric corrosion resistant steel for both ASTM A325 and A490).
 Reference to Type 2 bolts was removed from the following its removal from the
ASTM A325 and ASTM A490 Specifications. The RCSC Specification establishes the requirements
for materials, design, installation and inspection of these fasteners.
47
ASTM A307 Bolts …. are sometimes called unfinished, machine or common bolts. Once common, these
fasteners are rarely used today.
The ultimate tensile strengths for A325 and A490 bolts are 120 ksi and 150 ksi respectively. We will also be
obtaining bolt strength information for use in the AISC equations from SCM Table J3.2 on page 16.1-
120. We'll cover that table in more detail later.
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UK – 8.8 bolt A490 bolt
Fu = 800 N/mm2
Fy = 0.8 x 800 N/mm2 = 640 N/mm2 (92800 psi)
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Weld Material, E60XX = 60 ksi

Weld thickness, 1/16 - inches (minimum)
Plate Material = A36

Plate Thickness = 1/4 to 3/8 in
Recommended Electrode Sizes
1.5 - 2.0 mm 2.5 mm

2.0 - 5.0 mm 3.2 mm
5.0 - 8.0 mm 4.0 mm
> 8.0 mm 5.0 mm
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WELD TYPES
Welds are identified by their profile or cross-section. The two most important types of structural welds are
fillet welds and groove welds [which includes both complete-joint penetration (CJP) and partial-joint-
penetration (PJP) groove welds].
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Design
 Steel Connection Design
 Start Design / Check
Right Click for Details Information
54
Connection Design: B21-CJ

Units: kip-in
Story: 4
Design Code: AISC 360-10
Beam-Beam Connection
Summary of results
Design Check Type D/C Ratio Result Reference

1 Bolt strength in single shear 0.026 Passed J3-1
2 Bolt bearing on web plate 0.023 Passed J3-6a
3 Shear yielding of web plate 0.037 Passed J4-3
4 Shear rupture of web plate 0.059 Passed J4-4
5 Block shear rupture strength of web plate 0.029 Passed J4-5
6 Design strength of weld 0.027 Passed J2-3
7 Bolt bearing on beam web 0.022 Passed J3-6a
8 Block shear rupture strength of beam web 0.023 Passed J4-5
9 Flexural yielding of the coped section 0.113 Passed Manual Part 9
10 Local web buckling on coped section 0.005 Passed Manual Part 9
11 Shear rupture of girder web 0.431 Passed Manual Eq 9-2
Material Properties
Beam B150x150 Fy36 Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi
Girder B450x200(W18x71) Fy36 Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi
Web Plate Fy36 Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi
Geometric Properties
Beam B150x150 tw = 0.3937 in d = 5.91 in tf = 0.27559 in bf = 5.91 in
Girder B450x200(W18x71) tw = 0.495 in d = 18.47 in tf = 0.81 in bf = 7.64 in
Coping c = 4.07 in dct = 2 in dcb = 0 in
Preferences s = 3 in Lev = 1.5 in Leh = 1.5 in
Bolts, Plate & Weld

Weld Size, D(1/16) = 4 in
Web Plate Thickness, t = 0.375 in
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Bolt Type = A325-N diameter, db = 0.875 in

Hole Type = STD diameter, dh = 0.9375 in
Design Calculations
Shear Demand
𝑅𝑢 = √𝑃𝑢 2 + 𝑉𝑢 2 𝑅𝑢 = √0.3285 2 + 1.212 𝑅𝑢 = 1.26 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝟏 − 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟑 − 𝟏)
𝜋𝑑𝑏 2 3.140.8752
𝐴𝑏 = 𝐴𝑏 = 𝐴𝑏 = 0.60102 𝑖𝑛2
4 4
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙𝐹𝑛𝑣 𝐴𝑏 𝑛 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 54 ∗ 0.60102 ∗ 2 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 48.68 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝐷/𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐷/𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐷/𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.02578
𝜙𝑅𝑛 48.68
𝐷/𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1, 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑂𝐾
𝟐 − 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐞𝐛 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟑 − 𝟔𝐚)
𝑑ℎ 0.9375
𝑙𝑐1 = 𝐿𝑒𝑣 − 𝑙𝑐1 = 1.5 − 𝑙𝑐1 = 1.03 𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝑙𝑐 = 𝑠 − 𝑑ℎ 𝑙𝑐 = 3 − 0.9375 𝑙𝑐 = 2.0625 𝑖𝑛
𝜙𝑟𝑛1 = 𝜙(1.2𝑙𝑐1 𝑡𝐹𝑢 )
𝜙𝑟𝑛1 = 0.75(1.2 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 0.375 ∗ 58) 𝜙𝑟𝑛1 = 20.19 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜙𝑟𝑛2 = 𝜙(1.2𝑙𝑐 𝑡𝐹𝑢 )
𝜙𝑟𝑛2 = 0.75(1.2 ∗ 2.06 ∗ 0.375 ∗ 58) 𝜙𝑟𝑛2 = 40.37 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜙𝑟𝑛 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 𝜙(2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹𝑢 )
𝜙𝑟𝑛 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 0.75(2.4 ∗ 0.875 ∗ 0.375 ∗ 58) 𝜙𝑟𝑛 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 34.26 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝜙𝑟𝑛1 , 𝜙𝑟𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) + (𝑛 − 1)𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝜙𝑟𝑛2 , 𝜙𝑟𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(20.19,34.26) + (2 − 1)𝑚𝑖𝑛(40.37,34.26) 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 54.44 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝜙𝑅𝑛 54.44
𝟑 − 𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐞𝐛 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟒 − 𝟑)
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 4.19 ∗ 0.375 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 1.57 𝑖𝑛2
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 1 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 36 ∗ 1.57 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 33.94 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝜙𝑅𝑛 33.94
𝟒 − 𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐞𝐛 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟒 − 𝟒)
1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = [𝐿 − 𝑛(𝑑ℎ + )]𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = [4.19 − 2(0.9375 + )]0.375 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 0.82125 𝑖𝑛2
16 16
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 58 ∗ 0.82125 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 21.43 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝜙𝑅𝑛 21.43
56
𝟓 − 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐞𝐛 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟒 − 𝟓)
1 1 1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = [𝐿𝑒ℎ − (𝑑ℎ + )]𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = [1.5 − (0.9375 + )]0.375 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 0.375 𝑖𝑛2
2 16 2 16
2𝑛 − 1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = [{(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑣 } − { (𝑑ℎ + )}]𝑡
2 16
2∗2−1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = [[(2 − 1)3 + 1.5] − [ (0.9375 + )]]0.375 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 1.13 𝑖𝑛2
2 16
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = [(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑣 ]𝑡 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = [(2 − 1)3 + 1.5]0.375 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 1.69 𝑖𝑛2
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙[𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛(0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 , 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 )]
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 0.75[58 ∗ 0.375 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛(0.6 ∗ 36 ∗ 1.69,0.6 ∗ 58 ∗ 1.13)] 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 43.65 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝜙𝑅𝑛 43.65
𝟔 − 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐝, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟐 − 𝟑)
𝜙0.6𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑥 𝐷 ∗ 2𝐿
𝜙𝑅𝑛 =
22.627
0.75 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 70 ∗ 4 ∗ 2 ∗ 4.19
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 46.66 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
22.627
𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝜙𝑅𝑛 46.66
𝟕 − 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐰𝐞𝐛, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟑 − 𝟔𝐚)
𝑑ℎ 0.9375
𝑙𝑐1 = 𝐿𝑒𝑣 − 𝑙𝑐1 = 1.5 − 𝑙𝑐1 = 1.03 𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝑙𝑐 = 𝑠 − 𝑑ℎ 𝑙𝑐 = 3 − 0.9375 𝑙𝑐 = 2.0625 𝑖𝑛
𝜙𝑟𝑛1 = 𝜙(1.2𝑙𝑐1 𝑡𝐹𝑢 )
𝜙𝑟𝑛1 = 0.75(1.2 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 0.3937 ∗ 58) 𝜙𝑟𝑛1 = 21.19 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜙𝑟𝑛2 = 𝜙(1.2𝑙𝑐 𝑡𝐹𝑢 )
𝜙𝑟𝑛2 = 0.75(1.2 ∗ 2.06 ∗ 0.3937 ∗ 58) 𝜙𝑟𝑛2 = 42.39 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜙𝑟𝑛 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 𝜙(2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹𝑢 )
𝜙𝑟𝑛 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 0.75(2.4 ∗ 0.875 ∗ 0.3937 ∗ 58) 𝜙𝑟𝑛 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 35.96 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝜙𝑟𝑛1 , 𝜙𝑟𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) + (𝑛 − 1)𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝜙𝑟𝑛2 , 𝜙𝑟𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(21.19,35.96) + (2 − 1)𝑚𝑖𝑛(42.39,35.96) 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 57.16 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝜙𝑅𝑛 57.16
𝟖 − 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐰𝐞𝐛, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐉𝟒 − 𝟓)
𝐿𝑒ℎ = 𝑎 − 𝑔 𝐿𝑒ℎ = 2.5 − 0.5 𝐿𝑒ℎ = 2 𝑖𝑛
57
1 1 1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = [𝐿𝑒ℎ − (𝑑ℎ + )]𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = [2 − (0.9375 + )]0.3937 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 0.59055 𝑖𝑛2
2 16 2 16
2𝑛 − 1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = [{(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑣 } − { (𝑑ℎ + )}]𝑡
2 16
2∗2−1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = [[(2 − 1)3 + 1.5] − [ (0.9375 + )]]0.3937 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 1.18 𝑖𝑛2
2 16
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = [(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑣 ]𝑡 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = [(2 − 1)3 + 1.5]0.3937 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 1.77 𝑖𝑛2
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙[𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛(0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 , 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 )]
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 0.75[58 ∗ 0.59055 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛(0.6 ∗ 36 ∗ 1.77,0.6 ∗ 58 ∗ 1.18)]
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 54.39 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑅𝑢 1.26
𝜙𝑅𝑛 54.39
𝟗 − 𝐅𝐥𝐞𝐱𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝟗)
𝑒 = 𝑐+𝐺 𝑒 = 4.07 + 0.5 𝑒 = 4.57 𝑖𝑛
ℎ0 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐𝑡 ℎ0 = 5.91 − 2 ℎ0 = 3.91 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑅𝑢 𝑒 𝑀𝑢 = 1.26 ∗ 4.57 𝑀𝑢 = 5.74 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛

𝐴 = 5.91 ∗ 0.27559 + (3.91
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 + (ℎ𝑜 − 𝑡𝑓 )𝑡𝑤 𝐴 = 3.06 𝑖𝑛2
− 0.27559)0.3937
ℎ𝑜 2 𝑡𝑤 + 𝑡𝑓 2 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑡𝑤 )
𝑌 = ℎ𝑜 −
2𝐴
3.912 0.3937 + 0.275592 (5.91 − 0.3937)
𝑌 = 3.91 − 𝑌 = 2.85 𝑖𝑛
23.06
1
𝑙𝑥𝑥 = [𝑡𝑤 𝑦 3 + 𝑏𝑓 [ℎ0 − 𝑦]3 − [𝑏𝑓 − 𝑡𝑤 ][ℎ𝑜 − 𝑦 − 𝑡𝑓 ]3 ]
3
1
𝑙𝑥𝑥 = [0.39372.853 + 5.91[3.91 − 2.85]3 − [5.91 − 0.3937][3.91 − 2.85 − 0.27559]3 ]
3
𝑙𝑥𝑥 = 4.48 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑥𝑥 4.48
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1.57 𝑖𝑛3
𝑦 2.85
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 36 ∗ 1.57 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 50.86 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑢 5.74
𝜙𝑀𝑛 50.86
𝟏𝟎 − 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐰𝐞𝐛 𝐛𝐮𝐜𝐤𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞(𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝟗)
ℎ0 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 ℎ0 = 5.91 − 2 ℎ0 = 3.91 𝑖𝑛
𝑐
𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 𝑖𝑠.
𝑑
𝑐 4.07
𝑓= 2 𝑓 =2∗ 𝑓 = 1.38 𝑖𝑛
𝑑 5.91
𝜙𝑓𝑏𝑐 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜙𝑅𝑛 =
𝑒
697.52 ∗ 1.57
𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙𝑅𝑛 = 239.59 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
4.57
58
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Shop-welded
During Erection
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Source : Connection Toolkits, A Teaching Guide for Structural Steel Connections
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2. Shear End-Plate Connections
Typical end-plate connection to the web of a beam
3. Single-Angle Connection
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4. Double-Angle Connections
5. Stiffened Seated Connection
6. Un-Stiffened Seated Connection
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7. Tee Connection
Read these guidelines before Ram-Connection.
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Pinned Base (our project in Pha An City)
Fixed Base (our project in Yangon)

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- File > Create Report
- Check in Model Explorer

- Print report (or) Export to Word
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- Detailing Preferences
- Detailing
- Drawing Sheet Set Up
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- Detailing
- Start Detailing
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- Check in Model Explorer

- Drawing Sheets
- Right click on Drawing Sheets
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- Export Drawing Sheets…
- Drawing format (DXF) . . . . or . . . . AutoCAD

- Target Directory
 Make New Folder
 Name . . . 4-stories Project Drawings
 Star Export > Done
Note :
 Check your folder
 You need to adjust or revise the drawings according to your country detailing codes.
 Study the structural drawing format by Millimetre-Training & Design Group.
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Check List
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Reference : CHAPTER 4, BASIC DETAILING CONVENTIONS, AISC – Detailing for Steel Construction
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Select all steel column base.
 Assign
 Joint > Restraint > None
 Define
 Frame Section
 Add new property
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Local Concrete = 3000 psi (Yangon)
Minimum clear cover for beam and column = 1.5 in (ACI)
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Functions of Concrete Cover

- Corrosion resistance
- Fire resistance
- Bond improvement
- Good Appearance
- B14x24
- B9x12
- C20x20
- C18x18
Walling weight on Plinth Beam.

4.5’’thk. wall = Unit weight x wall height = 50 psf x 11’ = 550 plf
 Run Analyze
 Design
 Concrete Frame Design
 View/ Revise Preferences ..
 Start/ Design
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 For column, violet color is ok.
 For beam, green color is ok.
 For beam, red is also acceptable.

(that means – beam width and depth should be increased
and/ or shear and torsion reinforcement should be provided.)
 For both beam and column, red (O/S) is not acceptable.

(that means – beam and column sizes must be checked and revised.)
  Pn > Pu (OK)
Find cross-sectional area of rebar, As = ?

 Design
 Concrete Frame
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 Design output
 Longitudinal Reinforcing = Main steel
 As = in2
According to ETABS design output,
 As = 4.0 in2
According to ACI design limitation,
 As = p. Ac = p. b. h = 0.01 x 20 x 20 = 4.0 in2
Required, As = 4.0 in2
No. of rebar = 4.0/ ? ( ? = Designer’s choice)
if 18mm is used, As(provided) = 0.44 in2
No. of rebar = 4.0/ 0.4 = 10 nos.

 Odd number should not be used in column to avoid confusion for rebar fixer.
 Provide 10 – 18 mm, As = 4.4 in2
Check steel ratio, Rho, p = ?
 Design
 Concrete Frame
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For OMRF and IMRF,

 p = 1% to 8%
For SMRF,
 p = 1 % to 6%
 Steel congestion, concreting is impossible in beam-column joints.

 Rebar % is double in steel lapping locations.
Check shear reinforcement, Smax = ?

 Design output = Shear Reinforcing
 shear reinforcement for columns = 0.00 in2/in
For seismic detailing and ductility, Smax = h/2 = 20/2 = 10 in @ c/c spacing
  Mn > Mu (OK)
Find cross-sectional area of rebar, As = ?
102
- As = p.b.d
- As = 0.004 x 14 x 22
- As = 1.23 in2
No. of rebar = 1.23 / ? ( ? = Designer’s choice)
if 16mm is used, As(provided) = 0.3 in2 if 18mm is used, As(provided) = 0.39 in2
No. of rebar = 1.23/ 0.3 = 4.1 ~ 4 nos. No. of rebar = 1.23/ 0.39 = 3.1 ~ 3 nos.
 Tension steel, provide 3 – 18 mm.

 Compression steel, As’ = 50% As = 2-18 mm.
For further Study;

Chapter (13), Detailing, Millimetre – Training & Design Group, 2017 By Hand Course.
Shear reinforcement (Shear Force Diagram)

 Design output = Shear Reinforcing
 shear reinforcement for columns = 0.009 in2/in
  Vn > Vu (OK) ……… Stirrup is not required.
 Vn =  ( Vc + Vs )
 Vc =  2 √𝒇′𝒄 . b. d
= 0.75 x 2 x √3000 . 14. 22
= 25304 lbs
= 25.3 kip
Vu = ? (Display > Forec/ Stress Diagram)
103
Vu = 25 kip <  Vc
Stirrup is not required.
 Use 8 mm stirrups as minimum.  Vs = As. Fys
 Provide 8mm@11’’c/c for middle strip and 8mm@5’’c/c for column strip.
 Provide closer spacing in locations and joints.
104

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ETABS 2016 – USER’S EXERCISE BOOK

Chapter(2) : Welcome to ETABS

Chapter(3) : Structural Modelling

Chapter(4) : Material Properties

Chapter(5) : Section Properties/ Sizing

Chapter(6) : Load Patterns & Load Combinations

Chapter(7) : Structural Analysis

Chapter(8) : Steel Column and Beam Design

Chapter(9) : Connection Design (ETABS)

Chapter(10) : Shear Connections (RAM-Connection)

Chapter(11) : Moment Connections (RAM-Connection)

Chapter(12) : Footing Design (SAFE)

Fill as shown in figure.

 Steel Frame Design

 For column, violet color is ok.

D/C ratio < 1 …… is ok.

 For both beam and column, red (O/S) is not acceptable.

 Select columns (or) beams you want to change.

Steel Column Design

The difference is that members subjected to a compressive load have

 Steel Compression Strength = x

(1) Maximum Axial Loads, Pu = ?

(2) Designed Axial Loads

  Pn = ……………… kips > Pu = ……………. kips (OK)

E1. EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND SLENDERNESS LIMITATIONS

5. The stiffness parameters L√𝑃/𝐸𝐼 of all columns are equal.

3 Methods in ETABS 2016

When using the direct analysis method,

(3) Final Column Design

 Design > Steel Frame Design

(4) Column Orientation

 Direction of Load Distribution and Bending of Decking ?

(5) Steel Stress Check Information (AISC 360-10)

ETABS 2015 Steel Frame Design

LLRF and Demand/Capacity Ratio

Analysis and Design Parameters

Stiffness Reduction Factors

Design Code Parameters

Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratio Eqn.(H1-1a)

D/C Ratio = (Pr /Pc ) + (8/9)(Mr33 /Mc33 ) + (8/9)(Mr22 /Mc22 )

0.549 = 0.489 + 0.056 + 0.004

Axial Force and Capacities

Moments and Capacities

(2) Beam Design

 Steel Beam Design = ( fy )

SECTIONS USED AS BEAMS

Harrison Avenue Bridge, Beaumonl,TIC (Courtesy of Bethlehem Steel Corporation.)

Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

(1) Check Moment Capacity ………… Mn ≥ Mu

(2) Find Designed Moment Capacity, Mn = ?

Mn = ………………… kip-ft

(Zx method): Assume shape is compact and Lb Lp.

Zx req’d = 12Mu / bFy

- Choose W………………… (or) W…………………

- Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment

f=My/I (kip-in x in/ in4)

Stress section at plastic hinge

Mp = Fy (Ac) a = Fy (At) a = Fy (A/2) a

Where, A = total cross-sectional area

Mp = 1.1 to 1.25 My (strong-axis of W-sections)

For W18x71, Mr = 248 kip-ft and Mp = 392 kip-ft

- Right-click on any beam