Review of Literature

An attempt is made here to review the available literature on the problem and prospects
of related issues with a view to examining the studies conducted on the subject. Since
comprehensive analysis of all available literature on the topic is neither possible nor found
required; only relevant contributions are briefly presented.

"Anna: 13 Days That Awakened India", by Ashutoh. This book is study of Anna Hazare's fast
unto death in August 2011, demanding the enactment of strong Lokpal Bill, was a watershed
movement in post-independence India. Coming soon after a slew of corruption exposes, the
movement galvanized an increasingly disenchanted middle class nothing had in decades. Here
author weaves together the story of the thirteen days that changed India. He had a ringside view
of the developments, stationed as he was at the Ramlila Grounds in New Delhi, the venue of the
fast and intimate access to the two warring parties: the Congress government at center and Team
Anna. Evoking the Jayprakash Narayan movement and Gandhi’s Satyagraha, Ashutosh mines
the history of India's post-independence politics to understand the phenomenon that is Anna
Hazare.1

The research scholar Bawa Vasant Kumar writes the article named "on Gandhi in the 21st
Century: Search for an Alternative Development Model" Gandhi's espousal of ecologically
sustainable and employment-oriented development is all the more significant today as fossil fuel-
driven industrialisation and insatiable consumerism engender crisis in resources on a global
scale.2

Bhanu Vinod wrote an article on "Politics of Lokpal: a way beyond". There is larger message,
social activist Anna Hazare was not trying to subvert the democracy or electoral politics. He was
trying to transform a flawed democracy into full democracy. Or, he was trying to elevate the
politics of few (elites) onto a higher or broader domain, the politics of the people. Ultimately,
democracy happens when it is run by these few political elites and their prompters. Constant
vigil and intervention by the general public or civil society can sustain a vibrant democracy. 3

"Gandhi, the Philosopher" by Bilgrami Akeel. Gandhi’s thought and his ideas about specific
political strategies in specific contexts flowed from ideas that were very remote from politics;
instead they flowed from and were integrated to the most abstract epistemological and
methodological commitments. The quality of his thought has sometimes been lost because of the
other images Gandhi evolves - a shrewd politician and a deeply spiritual figure. Gandhi's view of
moral sense, his denial of the assumed connection between moral sense and moral judgment, is
of considerable philosophical interest and in his writings, take on a fascinating theoretical
consolidation. In Gandhi's highly 'integrating' suggestion, as this paper suggests, there is no true
non-violence until criticism is removed from the scope of moral; the ideal of non-violence is thus
part of a moral position in which moral principles, which leads us to criticise others, are
eschewed.4

Charles F. Andrews, Arun Gandhi's book "Mahatma Gandhi: His Life and Ideas". This book
introduced me more clearly to a lot of Gandhi's closely held beliefs, but it got really hard to read
at times (dull or repetitive), and it also expected me to know the history of India's struggle with
British rule better than I did. Part of that the book was first published two decades before
Gandhi's assassination, so it wasn't history at that point, it was current events.5

"Gandhian Philosophy of Sarvodaya" by Dr. Shinde Sunil V. Gandhiji's ideas have often left
little mark on Indian society and politics and where they have been influential they have often
been distorted in practice by social conditions, what left by the Mahatma in modern India, is not
a social and leadership of Jaya Prakash Narayan, some under leadership of Vinoba Bhave preach
the doctrine of Sarvodaya the welfare of all. 6

"Anna Hazare: The Gandhi of 21st Century" Dutta Sanjay. His interests are mainly in
contemporary subjects. Anna Hazare is one of its kinds. Keeping in touch with current issues is
his passion. He calls himself Fakir, a man who no family, no property, no bank balance, and
wears only Khadi . Anna Hazare starts an agitation; every leader from Mumbai to Delhi sits up
and takes notice. His small frail body has taken several blows from the countless agitation, tours
and hunger strikes he has undertaken since he came in public life in 1975. He fought to make
Ralegan Siddhi a model village; Right to Information (RTI) implemented; and now fighting for
the implementation of the 'Jan Lokpal Bill'. Today, Anna Hazare is regarded as 'The Gandhi of
21st Century’, and countrymen fell that he is fighting to regarding to realise Gandhi’s dreams of
Swaraj, and sustainable economic development based on Model Village.7
"Gandhi the Man: how One Man Changed Himself to Change the World" by Easwaran Eknath.
This journalistic snapshot of the life of Mahatma Gandhi introduced me to this compelling man,
whose self-discipline and indomitable will over a lifetime enabled him to love his enemies and to
seek their own welfare as ardently as his own. His principle of social reform, called Satyagrahi,
is based on the Bhagavad Gita, from which he draws direct parallels to Jesus sermon on the
Mount, and purports that the victim and exploiter are one, rather than contenders who must win
at the expense of one another: thus, neither is free while the injustices of British imperialism, and
because his methodology was sincere, respectful, restrained, never defiant nor capricious or
hateful, not self-serving or compulsive, patient, and eager to suffer even for its enemy’s greater
good, he won over his enemy’s heart. Policy change soon followed .8

"Hind Swaraj" by Gandhi M. K. (Edition Rajpal & Sons) Thought written a hundred years ago,
Hind Swaraj continues to be relevant even today and is a primer for those seeking to understand
the concept and true meaning of freedom. It was in this book that Gandhi for the first time
formally expounded and explained his concept of Swaraj and the means that should be employed
for its attainment. Answers to question such as "what is freedom" and "how to achieve it"
provide an insight into the working of the mind of the man who ultimately went on to become
Mahatma.9

This book "Essential Writings" by Gandhi M. K., John Dear is based on research topic.
Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) is widely acknowledged as one of the great souls of the twentieth
century. As the leader of the Indian independence movement he defined the modern practice of
nonviolence, wedding an ethic of love to a practical method of social struggle. In the end,
however his philosophy was rooted in a deep spirituality. For Gandhi the struggle for peace and
social justice was ultimately related to the search for God. These writing reveal the heart and
soul of a man life and message bear special relevance to all spiritual seekers.10

"Mohandas a True Story of the Man, His People and an Empire" by Gandhi Rajmohan. A
candid recreation of one of the most influential lives of recent times, Mohandas finally answers
questions long asked about the timid youth from India's west coast who became a century's
conscience and led his nation to liberty: What was Gandhi like in his daily life and in his closest
relationships? In his face-offs with an Empire, with his one bitterly divided people, with his
adversaries, his family and his greatest confrontation with himself? 11
Godrej Farah has written an assay "Nonviolence and Gandhi's Truth: A Method for Moral and
Political Arbitration". This essay will demonstrate that the political theory of Mahatma Gandhi
provides us with a novel way to understand and arbitrate the conflict among moral projects.
Gandhi offers us a vision of political action that insists on the viability of the search for truth and
the implicit possibility of adjudicating among competing claims truth. His vision also presents a
more complex and realistic understanding, than do some other contemporary pluralists, of
political philosophy and of political life. 12

"Gandhi before Habermas: The Democratic Consequences of Ahimsa" An article written by

Gupta Dipankar. Without Gandhi India may well have become independent, perhaps even
earlier, give us pause before we make little of Gandhi's legacy. Uncertain and imperfect thought
our democracy may be, it is still the world's largest, and it functions for most part. All of us who
value this form of governance ought to remember that we owe it to Gandhi, more than to anyone
else, for giving us a start in right direction. If Gandhi is to be measured in terms of charkhas,
frugality and prayer meetings then certainly he is of little consequence today. But a sociological
appreciation of Gandhi would take us beyond these emblematic acts to the unintended
consequences of what he did and stood for. It is only then we realise the gravitas of Gandhi's
living legacy.13

"Gandhi as am Human Ecologist" by Kamla-Raj. This paper looks at the claim that Gandhi is a
human ecologist. After briefly stating the main elements of human ecology, the paper delineates
the major influences, both Eastern and Western, on Gandhi’s environmental though. The paper
argues that Gandhi’s ideas on the environment emerged from his vision of alternative economy
and polity that he envisaged for the country. It also examines the influence Gandhi had on the
various environment movements in India and thinkers like Arne Naess and discuss the main
elements of Gandhian ecological visions. 14

"The Socioeconomic Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi: As an Origin of Alternative Development"

by Kazuya Ishii. This paper tries to present the overall socioeconomic thoughts of Mahatma
Gandhi as an origin of alternative development. The First section of the paper provides Gandhi's
criticism of modern civilization, that of economics and that of Marxist socialism and
communism. The Second section analyzes his ideas for a "post-modern" construction of India,
where his views on Swadeshi (self-reliance), his theory of trusteeship (theory of class and
distribution) and his images of an ideal village economy are examined. The paper referring to the
works of E. F. Schumacher and the other Economic Summit as well concludes that Gandhian
style of development theories have persistently furnished a critique of "modern" way of thinking
and presented alternative vision of socioeconomic development. 15

In this article, "Gramvikas in Ralegan Shiddhi: Social Innovation and Religion Moral
Undercurrent" by Meeta Rajivlochan, present the overall development by view of Anna Hazare
succeeded in Ralegan without any inputs of industrialisation and technology-oriented
agriculture? To reach an approximate answer, it is necessary to take seriously the villagers own
explanation of the changes: the emphasis on moral development in their lives in the past two
decades. 16

"Gandhi's Swaraj" by Mukherjee Rudrangshu. This essay briefly traces Gandhi's ideas about
Swaraj, their articulation in 1990 in Hind Swaraj, the quest to actualize these ideas, the turns that
history gave to them, and the journey that made Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a lonely man in
August 1947.17

Nigam Aditya wrote an article on "Gandhi –The 'Angel of History': Reding Hind Swaraj Today".
He describe that Gandhi’s "Hind Swaraj" is more than political text. It is an ontological drama
staged by Gandhi, reflected in his treatises against "modern civilization" and his critique of
"modernity."18

"Gandhi and the Emergence of the Modern Indian Poltical Canon" by Parel Anthony J. This
article explores Mahatma Gamndhi's contributions towards the evolution of the modern Indian
political canon. Beginning with the "Arthssastra", classicsl India had a political canon of its own.
It flourished for over a millennium, but it suffered near extinction with the introduction in the
ninetieth century of the Western political canon by the coloninal state. Gandhi in the twentieth
century intervened and challenged the dominance of the Western canon. He updated the old
canon by deleting what was obsolete in it, preserving what was visible, and adding to it what was
new and modern.19

"Gandhian Philosophy and Modern Technology an Analysis of Their Incompatibility", the

present paper by Pthak Vineeta discusses in detail the efforts of the United Nation in promoting
human rights. The concept of Human Right is rooted in the ancient tradition of natural law and
natural rights which also drew support from world's great religions and philosophies. However,
prior to the credit goes to the United Nations to make it the foundation of modern socio-political
life. The entry of the human rights into the arena of international jurisdiction has brought about a
juridical devolution. The individual today has acquired an informational legal personality which
has elevated him from an object of international compassion to a subject of interaction sights. 20

"Rising Tide of Resentment" In this article, writer Prakash Bal shoes that the Shivsena-BJP
alliance is in trobled waters, having to contend with Anna Hazare's allegations of larg-scale
corruption by its ministers, the judicial strictures on its conduct in the Enron renegotiation, and
the sharp resentment of the Maharashtrian middle class promoted by the Sena chief ill-
considered criticism of its literary icon. While these events have shaken the ruling alliance, there
is no political force in the state which can channel the popular discontent. 21

Rajagopal Arvind’s article, "Visibility as a Trap in the Anna Hazare Campaign" traces that the
rapid escalation of the Anna Hazare campaign, aided by embracing the media as allies,
compromised its political character in numerous ways. Political participation as a critique of the
status qua has to exist both inside and outside the media spectacle. Visibility can be experienced
as fulfilling, but when the image becomes the destination of politics it is a trap.22

"Anna Hazare: The Fakir Who Moved A Country" Reem Editorial Board. This book on Anna
Hazare’s latest Agitation. Anna Hazare is widely hailed today as the man who has moved an
entire nation to register strong protest against corruption. This book highlights how his struggle
in the Lokpal agitation has brought several poverful and influential people to task. It also covers
his role in helping build a model of sustainable development in Ralegan villege and his protest
against social evils, empowerment of women, and fight against corruption and why he is revered
today as the Fakir who once moved mountains, now moves a country. 23

The article, "Interpreting Gandhi's Hind Swaraj" by Rudolf C. Heredia. They show different
views of Gandhi. Gandhi's Hind Swaraj is not rejection of the liberative contribution of
modernity. Rather his effort can be interpreted as an attempt to integrate these positive elements
with a liberating re-interpretation of tradition. With his critique from within the tradition, Gandhi
becomes the great synthesiser of contraries within and across traditions. 24
"The Makihg of Moral Authority: Anna Hazare and Watershed Management Programme in
Ralegan Siddhi" by Sharma Mukul. Anna Hazare has emerged as one of India's leading
environmental warriors. His initiatives in the village of Ralegan Siddhi have inspired the state
government to replicate them in the neighboring villages, to make all of them 'Adarsh Gaon' or
'Ideal Village'. This success also has a lot to do with Anna's personality and the authority that he
exercises in his village, which is both absolute and complex. It is characterized by culture,
tradition and religion, including much persuasion and notably, some coercion. 25

The article named "What Anna Hazare's Movement and India's New Middle Classes Say about
Each Other" by Sitspati Vinay is based on the research topic. Anna Hazare's hunger strike
against corruption in April 2011 attracted disparate intellectual strands from within the Indian
middle class. These strands brought complementary skills to the table. The neo-Gandhians
conferred legitimacy; India Shining provided energy and finances; and Legal Activists helped
navigate the legislative path. The movement also attracted the opprobrium of the Independent
Left. Understanding these intellectual strands helps explain the Anna Hazare movement. Equally,
the movement sheds light on India’s new middle classes and their forms of political engagement.
26

"M. K. Gandhi: Some Experiments with Truth" by Stone J. H. II. scholarly and otherwise, have
consistently manipulated ‘the Mahatma image’ in accounting for M. K. Gandhi's role as a social
and political 'revolutionary' and as the founder of Non-Violent resistance. Uncritically assuming
a consistent, virtually uninterrupted continuity between Mahatma Gandhi at the height of his
career in India and M.K. Gandhi's career as a social and political reformer in Natal and the
Transvaal (1893-1914) Gandhiji have systematically suppressed evidence which problematical
their historiographical practice and the Mahatma image. In this paper he argue that Gandhiji's
practices in South Africa, particularly those resulting from his editorship of Indian Opinion, were
often discontinuous with and even contradictory to the soothing fiction of the Mahatma image,
but were at the same time significant factors in the genealogy of Satyagraha. 27

“Learning Leadership: Lesson from Mahatma Gandhi" by Surendra Munshi. This paper
considers what valuable leadership lesson can be learnt from Gandhi that may prove useful not
only at the national and global levels but at the corporate and other organizational levels as well.
A broad review of management research on leadership shows that we do not have at our disposal
a unified theory of leadership with which we can make full sense of his contribution. It is argued
that precisely the absence of such a theory should encourage us to draw lessons from varied
backgrounds. Gandhi’s role gives credence to some of the most innovative management ideas on
leadership. These ideas can only become richer if the full range of Gandhi’s achievements can be
adequately comprehended. We need to pay attention in this respect to Gandhi’s vision inspired
strategy. 28

"Anna Hazare: The New Revolutionary", by Tiwari Pratksha M. This finly written book gives
the details of the life and struggle of this 73- years old man who has caught the bull by the horn,
literally! He has used peaceful tactics to shake all those who are ruling and planning to rule the
nation. His thoughts are pure, so corruption dose not stand a chance in front of him. The
politicians and bureaucrats are afraid of this frail man who has opened Pandora’s Box through
his hunger strike. Indians have seen many revolutions which were respected the world over. This
latest revolution would transform India; and the world shall bow before its amazing power and
people, yet again. 29

The paper on "Re-Editing Gandhi's Collected Works" by Tridip Suhrud. The exercise to’re-edit'
the Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi is non-transparent and flawed, and displays an
inefficiency and callousness that makes the revised publication incapable of being a standard
reference. The new edition should be scrapped, and the original collected works reinstated as the
only and most authentic version of the writing and utterances of Gandhi. 30

The present paper "Dandi March and Gandhi's Politics" by Tridip Suhrud to explore Gandhi’s
Polititical Philosophy. The re-enactment of the Dandi March seeks to recapture and create anew
the Gandhi myth. As an ico, Gandhi has long formed part of the symbol-dominated global
political economy. While the Gandhian legacy continues to be invoked in the service of various
present-day struggles, the discomfort and ambivalence that Gandhi's political message often
evoke remain more widely evinced them before than before. 31

"Anna Hazare: His Philosophy and Struggle", by Tripathi Vinayak. This book on Anna Hazare
has just tried to look in to a life of a true Gandhian, who has given his whole life to social service
and public cause. The author has tried to touch a small part of this patriotic and enlightened man.
This book will be a guiding force to the coming generation and young ones who can a true lesson
from the life of Anna Hazare. 32