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Chapter 1 GMATH PDF
Chapter 1 GMATH PDF
MATHEMATICS IN OUR
WORLD
CHAPTER1
Mathematics in our World
(3 hours)
1.1 Mathematics defined
1.2 Mathematics as a study of Patterns
1.3 Mathematics in nature
1.4 The Fibonacci Sequence & the Golden
Ratio
1.1 MATHEMATICS
DEFINED
MATHEMATICS
science of numbers and their
operations, interrelations,
combinations and abstractions
and of space configurations of
their structure, measurement,
transformations and
generalizations.
MATHEMATICS
derivedfrom the ancient word
manthanein meaning "to learn".
The Greek root mathesis means
"knowledge"
máthema meaning science,
knowledge, or learning,
mathematikós or mathemata
means "fond of learning".
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Precision
Definition
Reasoning
Coherence
Purposefulness
They are not independent of
each other
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Precision
It is precise in the sense that
mathematical statements are
clear and unambiguous. It is
clear what is known and what is
not known.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Definition
Definitionsabound in
mathematics. It is the bedrock of
mathematical structure and the
platform that supports
reasoning.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Reasoning
Reasoning is the lifeblood of
mathematics. It is the engine
that drives proving and problem
solving. Its absence is the root
cause of the learning by rote
approach.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Coherence
Concepts and skills are
interwoven in mathematics.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Purposefulness
And lastly, mathematics is goal-
oriented, and for every concept
or skill there is a purpose for it.
ABSTRACTIONS
The abstractions can be anything
from strings of numbers or letters
to geometric figures to
measurements to sets of equations.
ABSTRACTIONS
Inquiries such as "Does the interval
between prime numbers form a
pattern?"
Is there an expression for the change
in the surface area of any regular solid
as its volume approaches zero?;
needs investigatory approaches of
patterns.
1.3 MATHEMATICS IN
NATURE
Euclid said that "The laws of
nature are but the mathematical
thoughts of God."
Galileo affirmed by stating that
―Mathematics is the language in
which God has written the
Universe.
Here are a very few properties of
mathematics that are depicted
in nature.
A. SHAPES
Geometry is the branch of mathematics
that basically describes shapes and
establishes the relationships between
them.
Figures with regular shapes are
categorized as polygons.
Polygons are fascinating, especially when
they are approximated in nature. When
looking carefully, one can see them all
around us.
SOME COMMON SHAPES VISIBLE IN
NATURE:
SOME COMMON SHAPES VISIBLE IN
NATURE:
B. SYMMETRY
There are Two Kinds of Symmetry.
One is bilateral symmetry in which an object
has two sides that are mirror images of each
other. The human body would be an excellent
example of a living being that has bilateral
symmetry.
The other kind of symmetry is radial
symmetry. This is where there is a center
point and numerous lines of symmetry could
be drawn. The most obvious geometric
example would be a circle.
C. PATTERNS
Though every living and non-living thing
of the world may seem to follow a
pattern of its own, looking deeply into
the geometry and mechanism of the
pattern formation can lead you to
broadly classify them into merely two
categories:
Self-organized patterns/ Inherent
organization
Invoked organization
SELF-ORGANIZED PATTERNS/ INHERENT
ORGANIZATION
𝑛(𝑛 − 3)
2
B. GEOMETRIC PATTERNS
pattern formed of sequences of
lines and curves to form
geometric shapes and figures
A motif, pattern, or design
depicting abstract,
nonrepresentational shapes such
as lines, circles, ellipses,
triangles, rectangles, and
polygons.
B. GEOMETRIC PATTERNS
We generally associate
geometric patterns with wall
paper designs and tiling.
They could also be associated to
number patterns and predict the
next geometric shape that would
follow the sequence.
EXERCISE 1.2B
EXERCISE 1.2B
EXERCISE 1.2B
C. NUMBER PATTERNS
It is a list or set of numbers that
follow a certain sequence or
pattern.
As an arrangement of numbers,
it illustrates a way that follows a
particular property or pattern
C. NUMBER PATTERNS
arithmetic sequence
geometric sequence
Fibonacci sequence
Pascal's Triangle (named after
Blaise Pascal, a famous French
Mathematician and Philosopher)
EXERCISE 1.2A SERIES OF NUMBERS.
1.
Find the missing term in the following
sequence:
8, ___, 16, ___, 24, 28, 32.
2.
What is the value of n in the following
number sequence?
16, 21, n, 31, 36.
6.
Find the 35th term in the arithmetic
sequence:
3, 9, 15, 21, …
EXERCISE 1.2A SERIES OF NUMBERS.
7.
Find the next two terms in the
sequence:
5, 2, 8, 3, 11, 4, 14, 5, 17, 6, ___, ___
10.
What should come in place of the
blank space in the following series?
16, 22, 28, 34, ___, 46.
1.4 THE FIBONACCI
SEQUENCE & THE
GOLDEN RATIO
A B
D
C
𝑋 𝑋+𝑌 𝑋
= 𝑙𝑒𝑡 =𝑎
𝑌 𝑋 𝑌
𝑋 𝑌 𝑎2 = 𝑎 + 1
=1+
𝑌 𝑋
𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 1 = 0
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋
∙ =1∙ + ∙ 1± 5
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑋 𝑌 𝑎 =
2
2
𝑋 𝑋 The positive
= +1 root gives the
𝑌 𝑌
golden number!
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
END OF CHAPTER 1