Research Draft

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA
Senior High School Department
YELLOW HIGHLIGHT- COPY PASTE OR WILL REMAIN
LIGHT BLUE- CREATE YOUR OWN DEPENDS ON THE TOPIC
FOLLOW THIS FORMAT FOR GUIDE, MAKE SURE THE FORMAT OF YOUR
RESEARCH IS AS SAME AS THIS FORMAT
Serene under Sirens: The Missions of Emergency Medical Technicians
1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
First responders, such as emergency medical personnel and technicians, experience
challenging, stressful and potentially traumatic events such as deadly accidents, disasters
and the like, on a daily basis (Aleksandra Baran, et. Al., 2016). Though it may look like that
it’s as simple as a driver aboard the ambulance, there's more to it such as the skills that they
are entitled to and how knowledgeable are they of their jobs (Anderson Moorer, 2014). They
are expected to assist nurses inside the vehicle as they are also trained to be paramedics to
provide emergency medical care when the patient they are caring is on a crucial situation.
The level of training of EMT’s must undergo depends on their assigned work and to their
capabilities (Tony Guerra, n.d.) Their job is not only for transporting patients and ensure the
maintenance of their equipment (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019), but they also must
adapt to their own behavior and competence for the demands of the driving task. Because it
will help him to do their work accurately to have relevance in one’s driving performance (S.
De Craen, 2011).
EMR (Emergency Medical Responders) is most excessive level among the EE, DP
and PTSD contrast with comparative group. EMR is more persistent to both severe and
chronic work related nuisance than comparative group. Also they are required for stress
management program to avoid the hazard on health and work performance (Abdel et al.,
2014). Emergency service workers experience to traumatic stressors is theoretically an
2
important part of the job. Traumatic serious events are the ones that expose staff to death or
life-threatening injury. In addition to the morality risk, such traumatic exposure is associated
with serious mental health and behavioral problem. These include depression, burnout and
stress that are common problems in health care workers. Maslach and Jackson depart firm
burnout as a condition of physical, mental, and intellectual fatigue characterized by adverse
attitude towards professional life and other people with developing individuals who
experiencing lack of hope (Khashaba, et al.,2014).
The researchers dealt with the lived experiences of EMT’s in the challenges they
encounter in the midst of traffic during medical emergencies and how they cope with stress
within their work environment. This study may serve as a guide for other researchers who
will conduct further studies about the experiences and perspectives of EMT’s of a certain
location or with different participants.
Theoretical Framework
This study will be anchored on Social Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura in 1986
and cited by LaMorte (2019). The Social Cognitive Theory has a unique feature that
emphasizes on social influence and on external and internal social reinforcement. It
considers the unique way in which individuals need to maintain behavior while also in light
of social environment in which individuals perform the behavior. This theory takes account
a person’s past experiences, which will cause into whether behavioral action will occur. Past
experiences influences reinforcements and expectations, all of which shape whether a
3
person will change in a specific behavior and the reasons why a person engages in that
behavior.
Albert Bandura introduced Social Learning Theory in 1977 by which refined his
ideas on observational learning and modeling, but then in 1986 he renamed his theory to
Social Cognitive Theory to put more attention in the cognitive components of observational
learning and the way behavior, cognition and the environment interact to shape people
(Vinney, 2019).
LaMorte (2019) affirmed that there are first five constructs that were developed as
part of the Social Learning Theory while the construct of self-efficacy was added when the
theory evolved into Social Cognitive Theory. Starting from reciprocal determinism, it is the
central concept of the theory; it refers to the dynamic and returned interaction of person,
environment and behavior. Behavior capabilities refer to a person's actual ability to perform
a behavior through essential knowledge and skills. Observational learning asserts that
people can witness and observe a behavior did by others, and then reproduce those actions.
There are reinforcements that can be self-initiated or in the environment, and it can be
positive or negative. The expectations are the anticipated consequences of a person's
behavior that has outcome expectations that can be health-related or not health-related.
Lastly, self-efficacy it is the level of a person's confidence in his or her ability to
successfully perform a behavior. Self-efficacy is influenced by a person's specific
capabilities and other individual factors, as well as by environmental factors.
4
According to Cherry (2019), learning is really a difficult process and influenced by a
wide variety of factors. It is difficult when it comes to learning and there are many different
psychological theories to explain how and why people learn.
According to Vinney (2019), this theory gives a framework for understanding how
people are actively shape by their environment. Especially, this theory details the processes
of observational learning and modeling, and there is the influence of self-efficacy on the
production of behavior.
Operational Framework
Social Cognitive Theory views people as active instruments who both
influence and are influenced by others or by their environment. It also talks about observing
someone’s behavior to learn and to cope in the environment where they belong. It allows
people to acquire information quickly through basic assumptions such as hearing, reading,
and observing.
Bandura (1986) states that there are first five construct that were developed in Social
Learning Theory which are: reciprocal determinism, behavior capabilities, observational
learning, reinforcements, and expectation; while the construct of self- efficacy was added
when the theory becomes Social Cognitive Theory. EMT’s engage in these first six
construct for reasons of reciprocal determinism, where EMT’s immediate reaction to a
certain situation they face and vice versa to the other drivers on the road; behavior
5
capabilities should be noticed by the EMT’s ability in acquiring the essential knowledge and
skills. In addition to that, essential knowledge, that being said, this basic information will
not only be their first form of response to the emergency but also their answer to their own
thoughts and questions in their mind. This knowledge can be derived from knowledge given
to them through education or can also be from simply acquiring knowledge in their
everyday lives.
Observational learning is basically acquiring knowledge but for this, it is how you
acquire knowledge. Through this, EMT’s use their everyday experience with other private
drivers to navigate their vehicle with the idea that they should still ensure the safety of the
passengers. Reinforcement is also in this study. It is how the driver physically and mentally
reacts and responds to the situation. For instance, if the patient is badly in need of first aid
but they’re far from the hospital, should they apply first aid or should they increase the
speed to arrive at their destination as soon as possible. This construct doesn’t apply in the
self-initiate only but it will also depend on the environment whether it will respond
accordingly to the action that will be done or not.
The expectations are the anticipated consequences of a person's behavior. Therefore,
this could also apply to the last example: if they applied the first aid, what could have
happened? Or if they rushed to the hospital, what are the possibilities? The answers to these
are the expectation of the medics aboard and they measure which expectation they need the
second they get into the situation. Self-efficacy is the level of confidence to successfully
perform a behavior. In this case, EMT’s should achieve it because it is necessary to be
optimistic while driving. Almost all other theories would be beneficial to their self-efficacy,
6
continuously adding up to their efficiency if the theories are correct and applied to their
response and reactions to particular situations they encounter as EMT’s.
In the light of the fact that this study mainly refers to how the human mind reacts and
processes information with simply observing, it is clear that the study is intertwined with our
subject; the EMT’s . How the drivers react to fear-provoking and horrifying cases or should
it be emergencies, and how would they respond to their co-workers when an emergency
could happen, how they will react, respond, and answer.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed at providing in-depth description and understanding of the lived
experiences of EMT’s living in United, San Pedro, Laguna and studying at University of
Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA.
Specifically, this qualitative inquiry answered two central questions:
1. What have the participants experienced during emergency medical situations?
2. How have the participants experienced stress due to their work environment
Assumptions of the Study
The researchers studied on the following assumption:
1. EMT’s were able to overcome stress and pressure through developing their self-
efficacy.
2. The schooling of medical knowledge have providedthem essential information for
their own use as EMT’s.
7
3. The participants were open and honest in sharing their lived experiences within their
workplace.
EMT’s faces what,, can be what,,
Scope and Delimitation
The main focus of this research is to give in-depth description and understanding of
the lived experiences of students who are most likely to arrive late in classes. The
participants of this study were 5 late comer students living in United, San Pedro, Laguna and
studying in University of Perpetual Help System – JONELTA which the age ranged to 16-
18 years old. The study is only limited to students who does not meet the exact time in going
to school from day to day basis. These students are enrolled during A.Y. 2018-2019.
This probe will mainly dwell on understanding the lived experiences of Emergency
Medical Technicians. The researchers will also establish the relationship between one’s
perception on a phenomenon and the environment he or she is exposed to.
The participants of this study will only consist of five (5) EMT’s living in the cities
of Binan and San Pedro, Laguna, working within the establishments of the University of
Perpetual Help – Dr. Jose G. Tamayo Medical University & Medical Center, Binan Doctors
Hospital, and San Pedro Doctors Hospital with ages ranging from 18 – 50 years old. This
study is only limited to liscensed EMT’s
Significance of the Study
8
The finding of this study will reflect on the late comer students that they will learn
the consequences of being tardy. This study will them to have discipline and realize what
the effects of tardiness are so that they can prevent it.
This study will benefit the students who are always having a poor attendance by
giving them some tips and deeper knowledge about how important punctuality is. They can
use this study as a standard that will help for them to be responsible in their future.
This will give ideas to teachers on how they will improve the attendance of their
students and their plan on how they will make their students more productive especially in
morning classes.
The study will help the parents for them to know the reasons why their children is
having a poor attendance. This study will give them some guide on how they will discipline
their own children to be more responsible.
This study will benefit the school administration to lessen their issues when it
comes to the attendance of the students
This study will benefit the local government that they can examine the problem and
issues about some of the reasons why the students were late. They can provide some
solutions and lessen the factors that affect the student’s punctuality
9
The findings of this study will help future researchers to provide additional
information that will serve as their guide and reference for their future analysis on the
experiences of a student’s when battling with the time.
The findings of this study will also benefit aspiring EMT’s in this study in a way that
they will be aware on situations and problems that they will encocunter when they are
driving, and also, they will know the missions and safety gestures that ambulance drivers
have.
Definition of Terms
The following terms used in this study were defined conceptually and operationally:
Filipino Time means being minutes to hours late compared to the standard time. In this
study, it is when a student intentionally comes late in school.
Late Comer is a person who arrives late in a particular place. We used this in our study as
the respondents.
Perspective means a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something. In this study,
it is the point of view of the late comer student.
Tardiness is the quality of being late. The researchers use this as the phenomenon of the
study
Inheritance means the acquisition of a possession, condition, or trait from past generations.
10
In this study, it is the act of acquiring the trait of being late.
Punctuality means the fact or quality of being on time. The researchers used this as the term
of students that are always on time.
Lived Experience is a term used in phenomenological studies to emphasize the importance
of. In this study, it is what the late comer students experience on a daily basis.
Motivated means to stimulate interest in or enthusiasm for doing something. In this study, it
is what makes students go early in school.
Time Management is the ability to use one’s time effectively or productively, especially at
work. In this study, it is the how the students balance and manage their time
Eradicate means to destroy completely or put an end to. In this study, it is the act of putting
end to the trait of being late.
Findings is a conclusion reached as a result of an inquiry, investigation, or trial. The
researchers used this word as the outcome of the interview.
Elitist a characteristic of a person being arrogant. In this study, it is the people who keeps on
complaining about the other’s punctuality
Punishments act of punishing, suffering, pain, or loss that serves as retribution. In this
study, it is the consequence of being a late comer.
Attendance act or fact of attending something or someone. In this study, it is when a
11
student is late or not.
Disruption disturbance or problems which interrupt an event, activity, or process. In this
study, it is an act of disrupting students when they encounter a late comer entering their
class.
Moral Values such as integrity, determination, loyalty, truthfulness, honesty, giving respect
to each other etc. should be inherited by every individual. As stated, moral values help us
distinguish between what's right and wrong, good or bad for you as well as society.
Financial Security refers to the peace of mind you feel when you aren't worried about your
income being enough to cover your expenses. It also means having enough money saved to
cover emergencies and future financial goals.
Frustration is a deep chronic sense or state of insecurity and dissatisfaction arising from
unresolved problems. In this study, it is a struggle of being a late comer.
Procrastination means to put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done.
In this study, it is what students experience when coping up with the announcement and
lessons the missed.
Detention act or fact of detaining or holding back. In this study, it is one of the
consequences of late comers where in the teachers will discipline the late comers.
Remedies means medication, application, or treatment that relieves or cure a disease. In this
study, it is the cure for tardiness.
12
Interdisciplinary Curriculum is a method used to teach a unit across different curricular
disciplines. In this study, it is a teaching technique used to lessen the tardiness of the
students.
Disrupted Routines means to break apart
Social Criticism means often refers to a mode of criticism that locates the reasons for
malicious conditions in a society considered to be in a flawed social structure.
Colleagues is a person with whom one works in a profession or business. In this study, it is
the classmates and teachers of the late comer.
Gossiping is the fact of talking rumor about personal or private things either negative or
positive. In this study, it is one of what students experience when they are late in class.
Anxious means experiencing worry, unease, or nervousness, typically about an imminent
event or something with an uncertain outcome. In this study, it is one of the reason of
students’ tardiness.
Habitual Tardiness is the act of being late often or every day. In this study, it is the habit of
the late comers.
Individual means experiences of people as conscious human beings. In this study, it refers
to the students.
Phenomenon is a fact or situation which is observed to exist or happen. It is the concept
being experienced by subjects or participants in a study which may include psychological
13
concepts such as grief, anger, or love.
Structural description or imaginative variation is a step in which the researchers write a
“structural” description of an experience, addressing how the phenomenon was experienced
by participants in the study. It involves seeking all possible meanings, seeking divergent
perspectives, and varying the frames of reference about the phenomenon or using the
imaginative variation
Textural description is a description of “what” participants have experienced in terms of
the phenomenon
Overall Essence is the goal of the phenomenologist, this is the reduction of the textural
(what) and structural (how) meanings of experiences to a brief description that typifies the
experiences of all of the participants in a study. In other words, this is the combination of
textural and structural descriptions.
Theme Clustering or Clusters of Meanings is the third step in phenomenological data
analysis, in which the researchers cluster the statements into themes or meaning units,
removing overlapping and repetitive statements
Understanding denotatively means to perceive the intended meaning, to interpret, or to
infer something from the information received.
14
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviews the related literature which supports and give credence to the
details of this research. The researchers anchored this comprehensive study to different
viewpoints and perspectives to present a thorough treatment of the problem. Concepts,
findings, theories, and notions, from scholarly researches and articles related to the
participants’ lived experiences in being a working student, are presented to provide an
extensive background of the study and to justify the researchers' objective in undertaking it.
This also provides a synthesis of related literature which later on may be confirmed,
negated, or improved by the new knowledge that this study provided.
Filipino Time
According to Darien (2014), in this generation, the person will be entitled as elitist if
he/she keeps bragging out the tardiness of other people. Filipinos who are always late should
not be tolerated because this may be affect others.
Some professionals believe that the beliefs of Filipinos are somehow the result of
colonization thru past decades. The Philippines has been colonized by many countries and
last by more than a hundred of years. Filipinos from the past are adopting the other culture
while they have a less knowledge about their own and the sample of it is Filipino Time.
15
After everything, even if Filipino Time gives bad credits to the Filipino, they need to
change the way how others think especially the foreigners on the Filipino Time. It's a choice
for the Filipinos if they want to prolong this kind of culture. John Grant indicated that
Filipino Time is used to known as being tardy or late comer to a particular event without
knowing the consequences. However, he just complemented the Filipinos about being
hospitable and aspiring even if it is low class society (Darien, 2014).
Tan (2016) stated that most Filipinos named their tardiness as Filipino Time that
preserve the bad habit of Filipinos. It is biased for some Filipinos who's following the
standard time and being punctual in any event. Therefore, the person who is late should not
blame the Filipino Time. This time Filipinos need to reflect on their bad habit. Filipino Time
is odd for the Filipinos. It's accepted in Filipino culture but if the Filipinos are willing to
eliminate their tardiness it will lessen the negative brand on the culture
Tardiness of Students
According to Cruz et al. (2017), tardiness is the habit of not being on time specially in
being late. It is one of the most common habit of a lot of people. It is the delaying of time.
Being late is a form of disrespecting and may lead into different situations and punishments.
Tardiness is widely observed in education. Students are the one who are most likely to be
tardy when it comes to classes and attendance. Not just students but also teachers had been
observed being tardy.
16
In the Philippines, especially grade schools and high schools are observed in being late
to class with different excuses and reasons. However, these late comer students still pass the
curriculum standards because of lack of punishment. Students are being confident that being
late do not have an effect in their studies (Cruz et al., 2017).
One of the factors that states the performance of a student is if he/she is getting the
opportunity to go to class on time or being late. Lateness can be defined as the situation
where a person does not meet the proper time (Nakpodia & Dafiaghor, 2011). People uses it
to describe people who do not show up on time (Lauby, 2009). Tardiness is the act of being
slow in response and does not meet the proper or usual time (Breeze et al., 2010). Lastly,
tardiness is being late for any scheduled time (Weade, 2004). In most schools, when a
student is not present at the beginning of the class, they are considered tardy.
Having tardiness occasionally is not big deal but being tardy always is and it gives
problems. Being on time or going to school on time are big factors of being successful
(Zeiger, 2010). Thus, it is important that every student practice being on time and being
punctual.
The most effective and necessary time to learn is during morning specifically between
8:00 to 9:30 AM (Continuing and Adult Education Standing Committee, 2007) & (Zeiger,
2010). It is the time where in students are mindful and active. It is also the reason why some
of the important announcement and lessons are being discussed during morning. So, when
the students are tardy, they are the ones who miss out most of important discussions.
17
Effects of Tardiness of Students
One of the most extreme problem that the schools are having is the tardiness of the
students (Sprick & Daniels, 2007). It is the main problem of the teachers and faculties
(Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007). Tardiness have become a negative
impact among students. It is proven that tardiness or lateness is not just the problem of the
late comer students hence it also affects the surrounding people (Nakpodia & Dafiagor,
2011). Distraction of the students and disruption of the class are some of the main effects
caused by a late comer student. Late comer students often ask what they missed and it even
becomes a burden to other students. Solutions for the possible effects of tardiness or lateness
must be performed.
Studies have revealed that students with perfect or near-perfect attendance are more
likely to have high grades compared to those who are late comer students (Cowan Avenue
Elementary School Community, 2007). Teachers conducted a survey report which shows
that students with high rate of tardiness have higher rates of being suspended and disciplined
(National Center of Education Statistics Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2007).
Tardiness can also cause students to have a mental and behavioral problems which leads
them to being dropped out. Students who are tardy are most likely to be fired in their jobs in
the future (Zeiger, 2010)
Barbara Lee Weade conducted a study on 2004 which tries to determine if tardiness in
18
school is connected with tardiness in work. Many literatures proved that there are
relationships that affects student's tardiness. Weade (2014) cited that extreme tardiness and
absences without a valid excuse are the 3rd most common reasons why students fail (Ligon
& Jackson, 1988). Defiance of school rules and regulations (Britt, 1988) and inappropriate
situations in school such as overpopulated school, not having a freedom to express each
other's self, confusion of course content, and teachers who are lack of concern (Damico et
al., 1990) are also the factors that affect the punctuality and attendance of a student. As
mentioned by Weade in 2014, moral values, financial security and lack of parent's guidance
(Payne, 2011) and also background (Featherstone et al., 1992) are the ones who influence
the tardiness and absences of students.
Weade (2014) gathered data from the schools of the participating students. She
respectively asked consent from the parents and students in order to have a permission in
collecting their school records. She studied the attendance of the students and based on the
number of absences and tardiness. Her study showed that tardiness and absences affect the
academic performance of the students. It means that students who are always present are
those who get higher grades while students who are always late and absent are the ones who
fails. She observed that there were more absences when the school year is ending. She also
showed that gender is not a factor of punctuality and attendance of students.
The study tackles not just the school but also in work. It shows that students who are
on time are the ones who are also on time at work while students who are tardy are the ones
who comes late at work (Weade, 2004).
19
Prevention of Student’s Lateness
Kelly (2018) created dealing strategies with lateness behavior. Starting with, people
should pay attention on late comers. Full information should be given inside the class, rules
of do’s and don’ts and especially in class attendance. People should show concerns to the
student's behavior. For example, if students are always late inside the class (Office of
Student Development at Appalachian State University 2006), give advice and guide the
student (Downs 1992). People should always be open minded about the issue/s. Authorized
person should give disciplinary action to the students (Action of the faculty consultant
2005). People should be informative and record students’ behavior (Counseling at the
University of Missouri St. Louise). People should advice students to stop the attitude of
being late (Counseling and Student Development Center at James Madison University.
2009).
Everyone should be a role model when it comes to attending classes early (Eileen
1994). Students should take attendance and remind late comers if they are late (Office of
Citizenship and Community Standards at Truman State University, 2003). Students should
resolve the problem within their selves (Eileen 1994). Teachers should excuse late comer’s
actions so that the class will not be disturbed. Teachers should instruct the students.
Teachers must consider students’ late as one absent. People especially teachers should also
20
discipline students in the right way. People should always be on time, the time of the action
plan may look like a children's game, but it is more than just a functional clock. If chronic
delay is an emotional problem, such as anxiety or frustration, students should consult a
therapist. However, if students have a bad habit of postponing, some tips may be effective
(Kelly, 2018)
Shana Lebowitz (2012) made some tips on preventing being late. People should find
out the reason of being late. People should always go home early. If the any meeting is
always late, the person must try to stay on the agenda. People should identify and resolve
any problems that may cause delays. People should create own personal clock. If
procrastination occurs, people should take time to make a schedule.
People should find out how much is actually happening. Some psychologists
underestimate how much time people spend on tasks that take more than ten minutes. People
should write down all the plans of the day. This application is a useful tool for tracking daily
tasks.
Students should get out of the door. Students should save watching TV at night,
television takes 20 minutes to fly up like 5 minutes because it can get people’s attention.
This applies equally to radio programs, social media and other devices prevents people from
heading out the door. Students should not check email or voicemail. One message lead to
another message, and another message gets on its knees in the inbox. Students should not
check email and voicemail for at least 10 minutes before leaving. Students should wait until
reaching the desired location or appointment. Students should be organized. It takes time to
21
find things that people forgot where they put it. Organize the space near the door to avoid
last-minute confusion (Lebowitz, 2012).
According to Kelly (2018), every school should have an effective tardy policy and
having the students to understand the importance of being on time. There are some
approaches that a teacher can do, conference and ask why, making the beginning of class
important, using consistent consequences, using detention, using a reward system and lastly
helping form school wide policies to maintain or avoid tardy students. Taking attendance is
a hard task especially for the teachers who face it every day every time they enter the
classroom. It is one of the most probably important housekeeping and classroom
management tasks since it tells whether the students arrive late or on time. Checking of
attendance is done once the class begins.
There were many reasons why students didn't make it to enter the classroom once the
class begins, and if their tardiness repeatedly happens then it really becomes a problem.
School should implement a policy wherein the number of excused or unexcused tardiness of
a student might have over a school year should be listed. For the excused tardy, it could be
used for medical appointments that run longer or an accident that could not have been
avoided. For the unexcused tardy, it may be used to record the number of times a student
who may have overslept or gone on an errand. Teachers need to instill on their students that
coming late to class will result in consequences, most especially on their grade. Warm-Ups
and On Time Quizzes or anything similar can have a huge impact, the teacher can control
when class starts and how it begins with these events. Teachers must tend to their
22
responsibilities, this means being prepared to begin class on time and manage their schedule
while students are busy working. Teachers decide which method to use to get a student
started right away, as students quickly get used to routines.
Using detention is one of the most effective way to avoid or maintain tardy students.
Most of the students nowadays are most likely to be late, if a student get detention they will
be discipline and at the same time they will learn to be responsible. Student needs to know
that coming up late inside the class can have consequences too. Teachers also need to
prepare his/her students before they begin the class so that they will be informed what they
will do. Student should respect their teacher's policies and rules that are regulated inside
their class. And not only the students but also the teacher who leads them to do the right
things (Kelly, 2018).
Due to the negative effects of tardiness, late students should have a sanction. School
administrators should influence students to be punctual. Teachers should also teach
punctuality and apply it in every lesson. Remedies for tardiness must begin with the parents
to influence the students. The government should also take part as well. One of the reasons
why students are late is because of getting stuck in the traffic. Transportation must be
improved in order to avoid these kind of situations (Nakpodia & Dafiaghor, 2011).
Solutions that would effectively minimize or eliminate the tardiness of students have
already made by some schools. One of the solutions made is implementing tardiness policies
which solves the student's problem by approaching their parents. Other schools implemented
interdisciplinary curriculum which includes conduct and discipline in academics. It is
23
showed that Interdisciplinary curriculum have become one of the effective ways to
minimize tardiness. Interdisciplinary students' attendance improved and showed less
absences. Other schools are also implementing similar policies to lessen or eliminate the
tardiness of students (Bilocura, 2012).
According to Fleming (2017), there are several tips on being a punctual student, one of
it is to have a proper and enough sleep at night, cause it shows that student are having a hard
time to wake their self-up because of the lack of sleep, that is why having a good amount of
sleep will help a student to have an adequate amount of sleep that can boost the energy for a
student to wake up early and to be productive and punctual to wake up in the morning and
do their assigned tasks and can also help a student to be more attentive in class.
Struggles of Being a Late Comer
There are lots of problem students are facing nowadays, and sometimes end up to be
the school's problem too. Tardiness has become a major problem of the students, especially
if the students are far away from their school. (Malie & Olowoyo, 2017)
Being late in the class can make a wide range of problems and struggles to a student.
Students miss information that is shared at the beginning of the class. They may unable to
complete assignments in a timely manner and struggle to keep up through the rest of the
class. To complete his/her requirements, students need time at night to make it and may
result for him to wake up late. They struggle to have late schoolwork and the tendency is
24
that they will be tired at school. Some students will misunderstand these things and will lead
to lack of interest in schooling. And these students suffer from misconduct and orientation
about the value of going to school early (Tenney School, 2015).
Being late has a negative impact on learning outcomes of a student. Students who are
late to school miss out on important announcements and activities. Arriving on time gives
students a well instruction on the studies they need to meet. Later comers struggle from bad
punctuality of being tardiness. And also, they interrupt the class and get the attention of the
students by coming late in the classroom. Those students suffer from having late updates
about the class and the school. Being late may also frustrate teachers instead of having a
continuous discussion, teachers have to reteach the topic for late comers. And late comers
will struggle from time and understanding the lesson easily. Tardiness of a student can also
affect the class environment negatively. Those students may also struggle for a punishment
given by their advisory like community service. So, with that tardy students entering the
classroom will miss a large number of cumulative instructional hours and teachers must
divert their attention away from regular teaching time (Vukovic, 2017).
Pancare (2017) stated that there are some main struggles of being tardy. Disrupted
Routines. The school is known for being well-organized, systematized and foreseeable.
Students understand the meaning and importance of being in school and the objectives of it
and it is a daily routine for them to go every day in school. Being in school helps them to
grow and build up their own self and learn to be a good student. But once their routine is
disrupted, like being late or cutting classes, can cause a trouble on their daily routine in
25
school. It may show tardiness that may leads to going to school late and sometimes
travelling in school is so stressful that’s why the mind setting of the students is they will go
to school not on time or maybe they ditch class.
Social criticism. Late comers interrupt the discussion for attending the class late
making their classmates gossip about them. This instance is taking seriously by the late
comers.
Low achievement. Even though a school can give quality education. There are times
that being late really affects the performance of a student that result to a failing grade for
late comers.
Responsibility. Going to school and learning the basis of it is one of the
responsibilities of a student. The school present and teach how to meet your desires. The
school knows how to figure out how to pursue your dreams, plans, obey the rules and
regulations, do homework and be good example as a student. If a student is always present
in class, then can help to pursue a dream. Sometimes, the participation of the student
depends on the people around him/her and it may help the students to be on time or being
tardy. Guardians or parents of the child may help the teachers by enabling their child to
leave the house before time (Pancare, 2016).
Factors Affecting Punctuality of the Students
There are reasons and factors that can affect the student on being punctual. The
26
psychological theorists such as personality traits, low self-esteem and anxiety are the causes
of tardiness (Santillano, 2010). In Santillano's book "Never be late again: 7 cures for the
punctually challenged" together with her author Dianna DeLonzor, they discussed that
personalities traits such as nervousness, uncomfortable with social situations or getting
distracted easily can lead a person being late. In DeLonzor survey in San Francisco state
University in 1997, she discussed about the result of 225 respondents are often anxious and
tardy.
Laziness, going to bed late at night, lack of family communication and procrastinating
can also lead in tardiness. The authors also stated that film-watching late night makes
students forgot that they have classes the next day. The distance between the school and the
student's home is also a possible cause for tardiness (Nakpodia & Dafiaghor, 2011).
Habitual tardiness can also be learned from home especially from the older ones. Lack of
punctuality also encourages students to come late at school since they confidently know that
there are no consequences on being late. This extreme tardiness can lead to serious effects.
Oghuvbu in Nigeria conducted a study that will also seek for solution to the growing
problem. Female students are more likely to be late than male students because of their
involvement in domestic activities (Oghuvbu, 2008). Family background and school
discipline can also cause tardiness for the students. Oghuvbu gathered data from 17,417
Nigerian respondents from 2005-2006 including teachers, parents and students. The result of
the cause in being lazy of the students are going late to bed at night and being friends who
are not students or those who are older ones (Oghuvbu, 2008). This result proves that
27
tardiness is not caused just by the students but also the lack of parental guidance and
discipline of the parents.
Another research focused on the frequency of use by the U.P. Cebu freshmen students
from Facebook and the effect of social media in their academic performance. They collected
60 respondents and provided a question. The question is about their use of Facebook and its
effects. There is also a question that asked respondents if late-night usage of Facebook
affects their punctuality. The results showed that the respondents are seldom late in class
because of the late-night usage of social media. Lack of sleep causes malfunctions in the
brain and extremely affects student's punctuality (Pimintel & Quijada, 2011).
Sometimes, lateness is not students' fault where in some have valid reasons. Another
factor that affects the punctuality of a student is the way of the teacher in responding to their
late student. Mostly of the teachers' response was ignoring them and just sending them to the
office (Sprick & Daniels 2007). Another reason is lack of motivation. Students who often
come early at school are not given rewards. Students who are late are given chances and
they have a mindset that they won’t be missing anything if they come late in school. Lastly,
crowded hallways and traffic is one of the reasons why other students are having a hard time
to go their classrooms (Bilocura, 2012).
Benefits of Being a Punctual Student
Punctuality is a students’ key to success because this will help students to be more
28
productive and responsible in their daily life. Students who discipline themselves on being
on time tends to be accepted in our society and gets more attention and compliment from
other people especially their parents and teachers. Being a punctual student helps them to be
more focus on their daily life and will gain them more achievement of doing their work.
This may also help students to manage their time properly. Being a punctual student affects
your integrity especially when you promise to someone, if a student is fulfilling his/her
promises he/she can be reliable in any situation because people will gain their trust but if
people see you as an irresponsible person a student relation to other people will be affected
and your reflection to other people will be negative that’s why being on time is important
(Locus Assignments, 2012.).
According to Deshmukh (2016), Being punctual also help students to build their self-
esteem because being on time not only shows other people that they are trustworthy and had
that leadership attitude, this can also tell the students that they can count on their selves, the
more the students keep on track on the promises, the more self-confidence will improve.
Being punctual will also guarantee that the students are at the limits and doing their best to
be on time.
Reddy (2015) stated that punctuality shows that a person can face any kind of situation
without cramming or procrastinating if a person knows how to handle the time well, and this
also shows that someone is respecting other people’s time. By this kind of attitude, people
will look at a person with a great attitude and can encourage or motivate other people to
manage their time.
29
Being on time helps the students to reach a certain deadline without stressing their in
the last minute because they have time to prepare on the work that you’re doing. This shows
professionalism and will have a positive reflection on a student specially a when he/she is
consistent and capable of doing his/her work (Kajidori, 2015).
Motivational Factors of Student’s Punctuality
According to Horton (2012) there are ways on how a student can motivate oneself by
just convincing their self that going to school early can have a huge impact and can help
them for their future lives and to give value and not wasting the opportunities that are given,
also having an interest and appreciating the things that a student can do for them to be more
motivated towards their classes.
In the study of Ezra (2013) it is stated that there are some ways in boosting the
punctuality of a person. Self-evaluative motivations based on own values is a stronger
motivator than social and professional, consequence-based motivations or destination-
related motivations in strengthening the punctuality of a person. Thus, having positive
emotions associated with being on time is more than effective because it can build up one’s
self-esteem.
People are motivated to be on time by the negative feelings they have when they
anticipate being late and/or by the positive feelings they have when they anticipate being
punctual.
30
Thinking about the social and professional consequences of being late may also be a
great motivation for someone to be punctual. Fear can be triggered by imagining others’
angry reactions to lateness can be a powerful motivator. People may be motivated by the
distress that they feel when they put themselves in the waiting person’s shoes. The guilt for
making someone feel bad may result to a positive outcome which the person will build up
their punctuality. The more they dislike waiting themselves, the greater the distress they feel
when they put themselves in the other person’s shoes, and the greater the guilt-based
motivation. It’s the idea that punctuality is motivated by anticipatory happiness and pride.
Destination-related motivations, people may be motivated by feelings related to the
destination. Frustrating for someone who missed their flight and have to pay great amount of
money because of it. There’s a punctuality if a person wants to be at the destination on time,
also with the frustration when a person is missing out some or all of the activity due to
lateness.
People may be motivated by self-evaluative motivations. It is based on their own
perception of what lateness or punctuality says about them. This leads to motivating
themselves to be punctual. Preventing tardiness and being punctual may create a pride-
inducing, self-esteem enhancing, sense of being a caring and responsible “good” person.
Anticipating arriving on time particularly in a new situation can create feelings of mastery
and can also build up self-confidence.
Lastly is the word- triggered motivation pairing of word "late" with negative thought,
and the word "on time" with positive ones. Hence, thinking that the person is "late" makes
31
them feel bad while when a person is "on time" it makes them feel good. In effect, everyone
will think that being punctual makes you a good person. It is the most rapid motivation of
punctuality (Ezra, 2013).
Improving Time Management Skills of Late Comers
Great Performers Academy (2017) stated that one of the most valuable things in this
world is time. Time should they should use time wisely and people should have the
capability in using their time in a very responsible way.
Organizing the things to do makes people more productive and more punctual. By
doing this, people will be able to finish a certain task in a fast way. Also sorting one’s task
can relieve stress that can lead to lack of effectiveness in working.
Prioritizing the most important task first helps a person to have a better time
management. People should always keep in mind that time management is very important
and learning to say no some time is better than saying yes specially when doing a certain
task Great Performers Academy (2017).
According to Myers (2014), being in touch with the teacher indicates a student of
being a proactive even if a student is unable to attend a subject because of their will to
approach teachers to cope up with the miss activities that are given in class.
Jan (2013) stated that asking a friend is also another way of coping up with the miss
32
information and activities, a friend can support an individual who is seeking help with their
activities that they need to cope.
According to Shúilleabháin (2013), having a great knowledge in managing time well
can helps a person to become more practical. Students can identify how long a certain task
can be done and what are the most important task to do first.
Time Management can help students to procrastinate less and helps them to do other
things that are given to them. Planning the things, students should do give them extra time
for their freedom in doing the things they like (Shúilleabhái, 2013).
Synthesis of the Reviewed Related Literature
Weade (2014) and Payne (2011) mentioned that the people in their surroundings can
also influence the students to be tardy and absent. However, it can be prevented if the
teachers and parents discipline their students or children. Sprick and Daniels (2007) stated
that one of the reasons why their students are late because their teachers does not give any
recognition to those who are punctual.Tardiness is the act of being slow in response and
does not meet the proper or usual time (Breeze et al. 2010). In most school, when a student
is not present at the beginning of the class, they are considered tardy but Kelly (2018)
created dealing strategies with lateness behavior. Every school should have an effective
tardy policy and having the students to understand the importance of being on time.
The most effective and necessary time to learn is during morning specifically between
33
8:00 to 9:30 AM (Continuing and Adult Education Standing Committee, 2007) and (Zeiger,
2010) but some students does not meet the exact time because of the heavy traffic
(Nakpodia&Dafiaghor, 2011 Oghuvbu (2008) stated that sometimes the causes of a student's
lateness are because of the lack of parental guidance for themselves because some students
sleep late at night because of watching movies or the use of social media but, Kelly (2018)
mentioned that School administrators should influence students to be punctual. Remedies
for tardiness must begin with the parents to influence the students.
Being late has a negative impact on learning outcomes of a student. Students who are
late to school miss out on important announcements and activities (Vukovic, 2017).
Resulting of missing out the activities, Scott (2016) stated that students who are always
tardy can affect the performance and the student grades. According to Tenny School
(2015), being late in class can make wide range of problems and struggles to a student, they
are most likely to miss an important information and activities. Using detention is one of the
most effective way to avoid or maintain tardy students. Most of the students nowadays are
most likely to be late, if a student get detention they will be discipline and at the same time
they will learn to be responsible (Kelly, 2018)
It is not always a student’s fault when their late sometimes traffic or their house is far
away from the school (Sprick & Daniels, 2007) and (Nakpodia & Dafiaghor,
2011).Punctuality is a students’ key to success because this will help students to be more
productive and responsible in their daily life (Locus Assignment, 2012) wherein according
to Cruz et al. (2017), tardiness is widely observed in education and students are most likely
34
to be tardy.
According to Fleming (2017) and Horton (2012) sleeping early has a huge impact for
the punctuality of the students, it can improve their punctuality if they are motivated to go
early in school and be more productive than before because they give more interest in class
while according to Mayers (2014) and Jan (2013) if the students are more in touch with their
classmates and teachers they will easily to cope up to their missed lesson because they have
a courage to face their consequences.
Gaps to be Bridged by the Present Study
The researchers decided to conduct a qualitative research about the late comer students
which is basically focused on the reason and struggles of the participants’ tardiness. There
are some studies associated with this but, those are focused on different participants and
location of the participants. The researchers took an in-depth examination about the lived
experiences of late comers living in United, San Pedro, Laguna.
35
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the research design, the selection of the participants as well as
the instrumentation and validation, data gathering procedures and treatment and analysis of
data.
Research Design
For the purpose of describing the meaning of people’s lived experiences of a concept
or phenomenon, the researchers employed a phenomenological research design which
focuses on identifying and analyzing what all the participants had in common as they
36
experience a phenomenon. This was done by reducing individual experiences with a
phenomenon to a description of the universal essence (a “grasp of the very nature of the
thing”, Van Manen, 1990 as cited by Creswell, 2007). Specifically, the researchers utilized
Psychological Phenomenology (also termed Empirical, Transcendental), expounded by
Moustakas (1994) as cited by Creswell (2005), which was focused less on the interpretations
of the researchers and more on a description of the experiences of the participants.
Sources of Data
Majority of the data were gathered through multiple in-depth interviews with 5
individuals living in United, San Pedro, Laguna who have experienced being a late comer in
University of Perpetual Help System - JONELTA. For qualitative researches Polkinghorne
(1989), as cited by Creswell (2007), advised that investigators interview 5 to 25 individuals
who have all experienced the phenomenon. In reviewing related literature and studies
needed to provide an in-depth background and meaningful answers to the research
problems, books, periodicals and online journals were consulted and cited.
Participants of the Study
The participants of the study were consisted of 5 students living in United, San
Pedro, Laguna, who have experienced being a late comer in University of Perpetual Help
System - JONELTA, where the researchers have access. The participants were selected
utilizing snowball sampling strategy through which the researchers will select one primary
data source which will refer the researchers to another primary data source until primary
37
data from sufficient number of samples are collected. The participants were selected with
irregular class schedules, studying in the university and age-ranged to 16-18 years old.
Instrumentation and Validation
This study utilized multiple in-depth interviews using a predesigned protocol
containing the research questions which are general and open-ended following the
guidelines of Moustakas (2004) as reinitiated by Creswell (2007). Since, the interview form
is self-constructed and not standardized, it was presented to faculty members of Senior High
School Department from Basic Education and some experts in the field of qualitative
research who provided comments and recommendations to ensure content validity. Through
the protocol, the researchers were able to take notes during the interview about the responses
of the participants.
Data Gathering Procedure
After the validation of research instrument, the researchers followed the data
gathering procedure advised by Creswell (2007). First, the researchers followed the
participants with the help of Senior High School Class Advisers who referred the
researchers to the late comer students living in United, San Pedro, Laguna and studying at
University of Perpetual Help System Laguna – JONELTA. After gaining access and
establishing rapport with the participants the interview schedules will be set, then the actual
one-on-one interviews were conducted.
38
Treatment and Analysis of Data
The researchers treated and analyzed the data gathered from the interviews using
Moustakas’s (1994), as re-detailed by Creswell (2007), approach. The first step taken was
bracketing in which the researchers set aside all preconceived experiences and focus on the
lived experiences of the participants. Next, the researchers proceeded with horizonalization,
the process by which the interview transcriptions read thoroughly and significant statements
will be highlighted. Out of the significant statements, clusters of meaning were formulated
and used to write a textural description (what the participants experienced) and structural
description (how the participants experienced the phenomenon). From the structural and
textural descriptions, the researchers wrote a composite description that presents the
participants lived experiences in being a late comer student.
After describing the overall “essence” of the phenomenon under study, the
researchers took the final step, the verification from the participants. The researchers met the
participants again and provide a hard copy of the verbatim transcriptions of their responses
and how they are interpreted. This enabled the participants to review their answers and do
clarifications or modifications if necessary.
Ethical Consideration
The researchers conducted the study bearing in mind ethical considerations especially
in terms of informing and seeking permission from school administrators and participants.
Initially, permission were sought from the Research Center of University of Perpetual Help
39
System Laguna – JONELTA where the researchers study so as to examine potential harmful
impact and risk of the study to participants. Written consent were secured from research
adviser of University of Perpetual Help System Laguna – JONELTA to have the
respondents interviewed. Prior to the video-recorded interview, every participant was
assured of absolute confidentiality and asked to sign a consent form informing him or her
right to withdraw from the study at any time.
40
Chapter 4
RESULTS
The researchers in this chapter presents the sections and discussions of bracketing,
horizonalization, textural and structural descriptions and overall essence as well as the
verification of the lived experiences of the participants in work while studying. Moustakas’
approach as discussed in Chapter 3 was followed in structuring the treatment, analysis and
interpretation of data.
To follow is the bracketing element of this paper where the researchers expressed
what impelled them in materializing this study.
A table below is provided as part of horizonalization presenting a list of significant
statements from the interviews which are noteworthy in answering the central questions of
the study. These statements are treated as of equal value in describing the participants’
experiences of the phenomenon.
Table 1
Significant Statements of the Experiences of Late Comer Students
1. Madalas yung problema na e’encounter ko pagpasok is yung sa tulay sa San Pedro kasi ginagawa
pa siya. (“Usually, the problem that I encounter on way to school is the bridge of San Pedro
because it is under construction”)
2. Kahit 6 na ako umalis doon sa bahay ganun padin late parin ako. (“Even though I leave the house
at 6am, I still arrive late in school”)
3. Yung mga driver sa jeep minsan mabagal sila magmaneho tapos magpapagas pa minsan kaya
yung mga remaining time na kailangan mo mahabol sa first class mo is napapunta nalang talaga
sa nal’late ka. (“The jeepney drivers drives slow and sometimes they tend to go to the gasoline
station to refuel that’s why the remaining time that I need for the first class is gone”)
4. Hindi ako pinapaalis samin ng maaga kase nga dalikado nga pag umalis ng maaga. (“I am not
41
allowed to leave the house early because it’s dangerous to leave to house early”)
5. Yung tulay sa San Pedro na hindi natatapos. (“The never-ending construction of San Pedro
bridge”)
6. Meron nung bawas sa grades lalo sa FCL. (“It has a decrease in grade specially in FCL”)
7. There's no punishment na binibigay ang teacher ang usually na ginagawa lang talaga nila is hindi
ako pinapapasok sa klase pag late. (“There is no punishment given by the teacher but what they
usually do is they do not allow me to enter the class if I’m late”)
8. Hindi ako pinapapasok ng teacher hindi ko na napapakinggan yung ibang lesson. (“My teacher
doesn’t allow me to enter the room, I get left behind in the lesson”)
9. Don namimissed ko yung mga lessons na dinidiscuss ng teacher and pag nagseatwork na wala na
kong chance or time na makapag review para masagutan yung mga seatworks na yun. (“There, I
missed the lesson discussed by the teacher and I also missed the chance on some of the
seatworks or the time to review for me to answer it”)
10. Siguro yung nakakapag motivate sakin is yung pag iisip ko na araw-araw na kong late parang
nahihiya na ko sa sarili ko. (“Maybe my motivation is when I’m just think of myself that coming
late can degrade myself”)
11. My Friends. (“My friends”)
12. Siguro yung nakakapag motivate sakin is yung pag iisip ko na araw-araw na kong late parang
nahihiya na ko sa sarili ko. (“I think the one that motivate myself is when I feel ashamed if I
continue to be late”)
13. My parents and my grades kase yun nga dahil sa kada late ko yung attendance ko naaapektuhan
at bumababa yung grades ko and I also want to maintain my grades kase para maging proud
sakin yung parents ko kaya eto yung motivation ko para pumasok ako ng maaga. (“My parents
and my grades because of being late can affect my attendance and performance and I also want
to maintain my grades so that my parents will be proud of me that’s my motivation in coming to
school early”)
14. Matutulog ako ng maaga para pag gising ko mag.... pag gising ko ng maaga mag aasikaso na
kaagad ako para sa school and pwede rin ako mag alarm para hindi malate yung gising ko. (“I
have to sleep early so that I can prepare myself early in going to school and I can set my alarm
so that I will not wake up late”)
15. Kailangan ko lang talaga matulog ng maaga para magising ako ng maaga. (“I need to sleep
early so that I can wake up early too”)
16. Wala ganon na talaga ko. (“Nothing, that’s what I am”)
17. Hindi naman sila masyado nagrereact hindi nila sinasabi pero parang na didisappoint sila.
(“They do not react, they don’t say anything but it seems that they are disappointed”)
18. Nagrereact sila for me to discipline nag rereact in the way na o late ka na naman ah, uy agahan
mo like for instances my friend they say, uy late ka na naman, bukas agahan mo ganon. (“They
reacting for me to discipline, they react in the way of saying you are always late ah, hey come
early, like for instances my friend they say, hey you’re late again, you should come early
tomorrow”)
19. Minsan yung mga kaibigan ko or yung ka room ko kinakausap ako lagi kung bakit ako late.
(“Sometimes my friends or my roommates are always asking why am I late”)
42
20. Kapag late ako hindi naman siya masyado nakakaapekto kasi bumabawe naman ako agad kapag
nalalate ako. (“when I’m coming late it does not matter because I’m able to cope up when I’m
late.”)
21. Hindi naman siya nakakaaffect kase if I missed some activity, test or quiz na naabutan ko if late
ako uhm ta’try ko siyang habulin para hindi na maaffect yung grade ko. (“It doesn't have an
affection at all if I missed some activity, tests or quiz that I have reached if I'm late, I'll try to
keep it up to prevent affecting my grades.”)
22. Bumaba kase kada late na pasok ko namamarkahan yun ng teacher sa attendance ko na absent
na ko so wala na talaga akong... uhmm hindi na talaga ko ano present sa klase niya. (“It doesn't
have an affection at all if I missed some activity, tests or quiz that I have reached if I'm late, I'll
try to keep it up to stop affecting my grades.”)
23. Gagawin ko kaagad yung mga namissed kong activities and pwede din akong magtanong sa
teacher na yon kung pwede ko pang gawin yung mga activities na yon at ihahabol ko nalang and
for the anouncement magtatanong ako sa mga classmates ko kung ano yung mga anouncement
na sinabi ng teacher naming. (“I immediately do the activities that I've missed and I can also ask
the teacher that if i can still do those activities and I'll follow it up and for the anouncements, I'll
ask my classmates what are the anouncements that our teacher said.”)
24. Tuwing uwian or recess napunta ko sa faculty tas kinakausap ko yung mga teachers isa isa
literal na isa isa kung may ano namissed ba ko or may kailangan akong habulin. (“Ever after
class or recess, I'd head to the faculty then I asks my teachers one by one, literally on by one, if
I have missed anything important that I can still keep up with.”)
25. Self-Study. (“Self-Study”)
26. I accept the concequences of my action and I promised to myself na aagahan ko na talaga
pumasok para hindi na ko malate at maayos ko yung attendance ko dahil dun din kumukuha ng
grades na nirerecord ng mga teacher. (“I accept the concequences of my action and I promised
to myself that I will go to school more earlier that I won't get late anymore and fix my
attendance because the teachers record it and getting our grades from it.”)
27. Ano, parang minomotivate ko nalang na para sa future naman yun kailangan. (“I supposedly
motivate myself that's needed for the future.”)
28. Kinukuhanan ako ng gadgets kaya sinasabi nila na nagpupuyat ako sa gabi kaya nalalate ako sa
mga sa umaga. (“They take my gadgets away from me because they used to say that I'm always
sleeping late, that's why I'm always late in the morning.”)
29. Ah they disciplined me like pag gabi sasabihin nilaaa ahh matulog ka na ng maaga for you not
to be late on school ganon pinagsasabihan lang naman nila ko. (“They disciplined me like at
night they always used to say "go to sleep early, that's why you're always in the morning.”)
30. Pinagsasabihan nila ako na matulog ng maaga at wag na.wag magbabad sa cellphone kase isa
rin yun sa dahilan sa pagpupuyat kaya nalelate ako. (“They used to say that I should sleep early
and stop using cellphone because it's one of the reasons or problems that I'm always late.”)
43
The significant statements highlighted in horizontalization are analyzed, outlined, and
grouped into larger units of information called “meaningful units” or themes, a procedure
called theme clustering. After a detailed examination of the significant statements and the
entirety of the verbatim responses shared by the participants, the researchers were able to
identify 10 theme clusters which are divided into two so as to answer the central questions
of the study: what have the participants experienced before arriving late in school (textural
description) and how have the participants experienced tardiness due to their residency
(structural description). Table 2 presents the groupings of clustered themes based on the
significant statements and their relative ideas.
Table 2
Ten Theme Clusters Divided into Two Groups
Group A: Textural Themes
Theme 1: Students’ problem on way to school

Theme 2: Punishments of being late
Theme 3: Reasons and consequences of being a late comer
Theme 4: Motivation in going to school early
Theme 5: Possible solutions to lessen tardiness
Group B: Structural Themes
Theme 6: Teachers and classmates’ reaction to tardiness

Theme 7: Late comers’ effects on grades
Theme 8: Dealing with missed activities and announcements
Theme 9: Handling consequences of being a late comer
Theme 10: Disciplinary actions of parents to late comers
44
1. As to what have the participants experienced before arriving late in school?
Theme 1. Students’ problem on way to school. There are many reasons why students arrive
late in their class. This is cause by their personal reason and also cause by hindrances they
face when going to school. Out of five participants all of them said that the main reason why
they are late is because of heavy traffic caused by the San Pedro bridge and the stoplight in
Olivarez. This student's experienced externalized in the following responses:
(1) “Madalas yung problema na e’encounter ko pagpasok is yung... sa tulay sa san pedro
kasi ginagawa pa siya diba. tapos minsan ano... hindi sila nagaannounce na ione-way nila
yung tulay tapos sobra… sobrang tagal nang. nung ano niya stop niya papunta dito sa
school tapos siguro mga 10 minutes bago mag go tapos dito naman sa ano... sa olivarez
stoplight 300 seconds kaya... sobrang ano tapos sobrang traffic pa pagkalagpas ng stoplight
so kaya… kaya ako nalalate kahit... kahit ang aga kahit 6 na ako umalis doon sa bahay
ganun padin late parin ako.”
(2) “First of all, traffic uhmmm we all know traffic sa olivarez ganon yung stoplight and...
traffic and.... Hmmm another less ahh yun nalang traffic ala na yung pag punta sa school
yan.”
(3) “Usually ang naeencounter ko mga problems pag papasok na ko is pagkakaroon talaga
ng traffic since malayo yung lugar ko and malayo yung binabyahe ko di talaga maiwasan
magkaroon ng traffic lalong-lalo na diyan sa olivarez nagta... natatagalan dahil sa stoplight
doon and minsan yung isa pang problem ay yung maba.... yung mga driver sa jeep minsan
mabagal sila magmaneho tapos magpapagas pa minsan kaya yung mga remaining time na
45
kailangan mo mahabol sa first class mo is napapunta nalang talaga sa nalelate ka.”
(4) “Ano marami kaseng problems yung una... pag nagpapagas yung... driver...
pangalawa… yung... uhmm... anong tawag don yung tulay don sa San Pedro. hmm... yung
bu-wiset na tulay.... haaa... tas yung pangatlo hindi ako pinapaalis samin ng maaga kase
nga dalikado nga pag umalis ng maaga.”
(5) “Yung... tulay sa san pedro na... hindi natatapos tas yung... na... laging nag papagas...
tas yung stoplight na... 160 seconds yung ano... basta ayon 160 seconds bago mag green.”
One of the reasons why students are late is because of getting stuck in the traffic.
Transportation must be improved in order to avoid these kind of situations (Nakpodia &
Dafiaghor, 2011).
Theme 2. Punishments of being late. Students tend to receive a punishment when they are
late. It is for them to be discipline and responsible for their time. Out of five participants,
two of them said that when they are late their teachers does not let them to enter the room
and wait until their class was done. These student's experienced externalized in the
following responses:
(3) “There's no punishment na binibigay ang teacher ang usually na ginagawa lang talaga
nila is hindi kami pina.... hindi ako pinapapasok sa klase pag late.”
(5) “Hindi kame nakakapasok sa room.”
Kelly (2018) stated that every school should have an effective tardy policy and having
46
the students to understand the importance of being on time. There are some approaches that
a teacher can do, conference and ask why, making the beginning of class important, using
consistent consequences, using detention, using a reward system and lastly is helping form
school wide policies to maintain or avoid tardy students. Taking attendance is a hard task
especially for the teachers who face it every day every time they enter the classroom.
Schools should implement a policy wherein the number of excused or unexcused tardiness
of a student might have over a school year should be listed. For the excused tardy, it could
be used for medical appointments that run longer or an accident that could not have been
avoided. For the unexcused tardy, it may be used to record the number of times a student
who may have overslept or gone on an errand.
Theme 3. Reasons and consequences of being a late comer. Late comer students are
struggling from the circumstances of being tardy, Students do face some consequences of
being late because of them not being responsible for their disciplinary actions. Out of five
participants, two of them stated that when they are late, they failed to attend the first subject
and tend to miss the important discussion and activities that where given in the beginning of
the class. These problems are manifested in the following responses:
(1) “Yung minsan ano minsan sa... sa first subject kapag ka reporting minsan hindi ako
nakakaabot tapos minsan kapag hindi ako pinapapasok ng teacher hindi ko na
napapakinggan yung ibang lesson.”
(3) “Ang na eencounter ko lang talaga is yung hindi ako nakakapasok sa klase kasi late ako
47
tapos ang problema don namimissed ko yung mga lessons na diniscuss ng teacher and pag
nag seatwork na wala na kong chance or time na makapag review para masagutan yung
mga seatworks na yun.”
Malie and Olowoyo (2017) stated that tardiness has become a major problem of a
student. Being late has a negative impact on learning outcomes of a student. Students who
are late tends to miss out important announcements and activities and late comers struggle
from bad punctuality of being tardiness (Vukovic, 2017). They may unable to complete
assignments in a timely manner and struggle to keep up through the rest of the class (Tenney
School, 2015).
Theme 4. Motivation in going to school early. A student who is motivated to go to school
early do have a better chance to improve and to perform well because of having a positive
attitude towards the things that they will do. Out of five students, two of them said that
waking up early in the morning can motivate them on going to school early. These benefits
are manifested in the following responses:
(1) “Yung ano gumising nalang nang... maaga... o kaya naman para maiwasan yung
traffic.”
(2) “Ahhh... siguro yung nakakapag motivate sakin is yung pag iisip ko na araw-araw na
kong late parang nahihiya na ko sa sarili ko naaa... a... yun gising tayo ng maaga bukas
ganon ganon.”
48
According to Ezra (2013) People may also be motivated by self-evaluative
motivations. It is based on their own perception of what lateness or punctuality says about
them. This leads to motivating themselves to be punctual. Preventing tardiness and being
punctual may create a pride-inducing, self-esteem enhancing, sense of being a caring and
responsible “good” person. Anticipating arriving on time particularly in a new situation can
create feelings of mastery and can also build up self-confidence.
Theme 5. Possible solutions to lessen tardiness. Students should know that persuading and
convincing oneself is important will help a student to know how to have a proper time
management and to discipline their action and behavior, with the help of time management
student will learn on how to be more organized and to lessen their stress. Out of five
participants three of them stated that the solutions for their problem from being tardy is to
sleep early so that they can wake up early and be more productive. These changes are
manifested in the following responses:
(2) “Siguro anoooooo…. Possible solutions matulog ng maaga tas magising ng maaga tas
yun nalang.”
(3) “Matutulog ako ng maaga para pag gising ko mag…. Pag gising ko ng maaga mag
aasikaso na agad ako para sa school and pwede rin ako mag alarm para hindi malate yung
gising ko.”
(4) “Kailangan ko lang talaga matulog ng maaga para magising ako ng maaga tas
makapasok. Haha…”
49
According to Fleming (2017) there are several tips on being a punctual student, one of
it is to have a proper and enough sleep at night, cause it shows that student are having a hard
time to wake their self-up because of the lack of sleep, that is why having a good amount of
sleep will help a student to have an adequate amount of sleep that can boost the energy for a
student to wake up early and to be productive and punctual to wake up in the morning and
do their assigned tasks and can also help a student to be more attentive in class.
2. As to how have the participants experienced tardiness due to their residency?
Theme 6. Teachers and classmates’ reaction to tardiness. It is important for students to
consider the reactions of other people when you have the trait of being tardy. Out of five
students, four of them said that their teachers do not react much when they are late instead
the teachers and classmates are only asking why they are late. These management of the
working student are manifested in the following responses:
(1) “Hindi naman sila masyado nagrereact hindi nila sinasabi pero parang na didisappoint
sila.”
(2) “Ahhh fooor my teachers saaa... unfortunately hindi naman sila nagrereact ahh in a
negative way siguro nagrereact sila for me to discipline nag rereact in the way na o late ka
na naman... ah uy agahan mo like for instances my friend they say... uy late ka na naman
bukas agahan mo ganon.”
(3) “Hindi naman talaga sila usually na nagrereact yu.... lalo na yung classmates ko pero
50
yung teachers pinagsasabihan lang na pumasok ng gantong oras like 7 o'clock kase pag
nalate talaga maapektuhan yung attendance mo.”
(4) “Hmmm wala naman masyadong.... ano wala silang reaction peroooo minsan yung mga
kaibigan ko or yung ka room ko kinakausap ako lagi kung bakit ako late.”
Tardiness have become a negative impact among students. It is proven that tardiness
or lateness is not just the problem of the late comer students hence it also affects the
surrounding people (Nakpodia & Dafiagor, 2011). Distraction of the students and disruption
of the class are some of the main effects caused by a late comer student. Teachers conducted
a survey report which shows that students with high rate of tardiness have higher rates of
being suspended and disciplined (National Center of Education Statistics Indicators of
School Crime and Safety, 2007).
Theme 7. Late comers’ effects on grades. Grades are more or less a reflection of what you
have learned in a learning facility. You'll need to have passed grades to graduate high
school. You'll need to have decent to excellent grades to continue onto college. Out of five
students, three of the students said that their grades are getting low because of being a late
comer. These overcoming difficulties are manifested in the following responses:
(3) “Bumaba kase kada late na pasok ko namamarkahan yun ng teacher sa attendance ko
na absent na ko so wala na talaga akong... uhmm hindi na talaga ko ano present sa klase
niya.”
51
(4) “Ano pag may namimissed akong... quiz or kung anong school works tas minsan baka
hindi ipaulit kaya bumababa yung grades.”
(5) “Bumababa.”
Weade (2014) gathered data from the schools of the participating students. She studied
the attendance of the students and based on the number of absences and tardiness. Her study
showed that tardiness and absences affect the academic performance of the students. It
means that students who are always present are those who get higher grades while students
who are always late and absent are the ones who fails. Studies have revealed that students
with perfect or near-perfect attendance are more likely to have high grades compared to
those who are late comer students (Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007).
Theme 8. Dealing with missed activities and announcements. One of the consequences of
being a late comer is missing the activities and important announcements shared in the
beginning of class Out of five students, all of them states that asking their teachers and
classmates helped them to cope up with the missed activities and announcements. These
handling of situations are manifested in the following responses:
(1) Ano nagtatanong tanong ako sa mga friends ko kung ano yung na missed ko kapag na
lalate ako,kung ano yung ginawa nila o kaya lalapit ako sa teacher ko.”
(2) “Ahhh like sabi ko nga ahhhh ipipilitin kong ahhh maaaa.... mahabol yung activities or
yung… announcement or magtatanong ako kung uhmm kung ano ginawa nila like that hindi
ko hahayaang ahhh maaffect yon ng pagiging late ko.”
52
(3) “Gagawin ko kaagad yung mga namissed kong activities and pwede din akong
magtanong sa teacher na yon kung pwede ko pang gawin yung mga activities na yon at
ihahabol ko nalang and for the anouncement magtatanong ako sa mga classmates ko kung
ano yung mga anouncement na sinabi ng teacher namin.”
(4) “Tuwing... uwian or recess napunta ko sa faculty tas kinakausap ko yung mga teachers
isa isa literal na isa isa kung may ano namissed ba ko or may kailangan akong habulin.”
(5) “Ginagawa ko pag ano... yung... anong tanong mo? (How do you cope up with the
missed activities and anouncement when your'e late?) magtatanong ako sa mgaaaa kaklase
ko yon”
According to Myers (2014), being in touch with the teacher indicates a student of
being a proactive even if a student is unable to attend a subject because of their will to
approach teachers to cope up with the miss activities that are given in class. Jan (2013)
stated that asking a friend is also another way of coping up with the miss information and
activities, a friend can support an individual who is seeking help with their activities that
they need to cope.
Theme 9. Handling consequences of being a late comer. Students who are always late do
experience different types of consequences that depends on their actions in every situation.
Students should just accept and know how to handle the consequences that were given to
them because of being tardy. Out of five participants two of them stated that they just accept
the consequences considering with their actions and to just motivate their selves to be more
53
productive and punctual to avoid some consequences again. These reasons are manifested in
the following reponses:
(3) “I accept the consequences of my action and I promise to myself na aagahan ko na
talaga pumasok para hindi na ko malate at maayos ko yung attendance ko dahil dun... dun
din kumukuha ng grades na nirerecord ng mga teacher.”
(4) “Ano, parang... minomotivate ko nalang na para... sa future naman yun kailangan
hahaha… pumasok… hahahaha… paren wala kang choice.”
According to Horton (2012) there are ways on how a student can motivate oneself by
just convincing their self that going to school early can have a huge impact and can help
them for their future lives and to give value and not wasting the opportunities that are given,
also having an interest and appreciating the things that a student can do for them to be more
motivated towards their classes.
Theme 10. Disciplinary actions of parents to late comers. Parents should give their
children an attention to know the reason of their tardiness. They should discipline their
children in a nice way because it may affect their emotion when it is too harsh. Out of five
participants, two of them stated that their parents restrict them from using their gadgets at
night because that's the cause of their tardiness. These students experienced externalized in
the following responses:
(1) “Kinukuhanan ako ng gadgets kaya sinasabi nila na... nagpupuyat ako sa gabi kaya
54
nalalate ako sa mga... sa umaga.”
(3) “Pinagsasabihan nila ako na matulog ng maaga at wag na.... wag magbabad sa
cellphone kase isa rin yun sa dahilan sa pagpupuyat kaya nalelate ako.”
Oghuvbu (2008) stated that sometimes the causes of a student's lateness are because of
the lack of parental guidance for themselves because some students sleep late at night
because of watching movies or the use of social media. Remedies for tardiness must begin
with the parents to influence the students (Nakpodia & Dafiaghor, 2011). Guardians or
parents of the child may help the teachers by enabling their child to leave the house before
time (Pancare, 2016). Pimintel & Quijada (2011) conducted a study that showed that the
respondents are seldom late in class because of the late-night usage of social media. Lack of
sleep causes malfunctions in the brain and extremely affects student's punctuality.
Textural Description. As presented, five prevailing themes: (Theme 1: Students’ problem
on way to school; Theme 2: Punishments of being late; Theme 3: Reasons and consequences
of being a late comer; Theme 4: Motivation in going to school early; Theme 5: Possible
solutions to lessen tardiness) which explained that the main problem of the students’ way to
school was the heavy traffic due to the San Pedro bridge and the traffic light in Olivarez.
Sleeping and waking up early are the motivations of the students to lessen their tardiness
and to be more productive.
Structural Description. Explaining how the participants experienced being a late comer
55
student are 5 emerging themes: (Theme 6: Teachers and classmates’ reaction to tardiness;
Theme 7: Late comers’ effects on grades; Theme 8: Dealing with missed activities and
announcements; Theme 9: Handling consequences of being a late comer; Theme 10:
Disciplinary actions of parents to late comers). In which tardiness affects the grades of the
students because of missing activities and announcements shared in the beginning of the
class. The students accepted the consequences of tardiness and their parents disciplined
them by restricting them for using gadgets and advising them to sleep early.
Essence. After an in – depth examination of the textural (what) and structural (how)
descriptions of the experiences shared by the participants it is manifested that the
participants experienced some problems on being a late comer student. But regardless of
having these problems, students can learn how to handle and improve some situations by
managing their time properly. Managing their time properly can help students to ensure that
they’re not missing an important lesson or activities in class and to learn how to commit to
their assigned tasks also arriving on time can help to boost the confident of a student
because this will help them feel good about themselves, these will help a student to be more
discipline and responsible with their actions.
For the verification part of the study, the researchers conducted another meeting with the
participants first, to present the synthesis of the responses to make sure that they were
transcribed, analyzed and interpreted with accuracy and second to extend the researchers’
appreciation towards them. The corrections of the participants were considered in writing of
essence so credibility was established.
56
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and the future directions
of the study to further enhance the concepts and the facts discussed in the preceding chapters
as provided by the results of analysis of data.
Summary
The study focused on understanding Late Comer Students’ experiences in in the
struggles and problems they encounter while on their way to school employing
Psychological Phenomenology as the research design.
To solve the main problem, the two core questions were worked out by the
researcher:
1. What have the participants experienced before arriving late in school?
2. How have the participants experienced tardiness due to their residency?
The significant findings of the study are as follows:
1. As to what have the participants experienced in before arriving late in school
After reading, re-reading, analyzing, and reflecting on the verbatim interview
transcriptions, the first five themes were formulated describing student’s experiences as a
late comer student. Theme 1 described the late comers’ problems on way to school wherein
they experienced heavy traffic in San Pedro bridge and also because of the stoplight in
Olivarez. Theme 2 described the punishments of being a late comer at which point the
57
participants’ teacher is not allowing them to enter the classroom whenever they are late until
the time of the class ends. Theme 3 explained the reasons and consequences of being a late
comer in which the participants fails to attend the first subject as a result of missing the
important announcements and activities in the class. Theme 4 described what can motivate
the late comers from going to school early whereby waking up early can motivate them.
Theme 5 explained the possible solutions to lessen the tardiness of the participants where
the participants will sleep early so that they can also wake up early and be productive.
2. As to how have the participants experienced being a late comer.
The second group of themes explained in details how the participants experienced
being late comer students. Theme 6 explained the reaction of the teachers and classmates to
the participants’ tardiness where in the teachers and classmates do not react much but they
only ask the reason why the participants are late. Theme 7 described the effect of the
participants’ tardiness in their grades where the late comers’ grades are getting low. Theme
8 describes how the participants deal with the missed activities and announcements whereas
the late comers asks their teachers and classmates for them to cope up with the missed
activities and announcements. Theme 9 explained how the participants handle the
consequences of being a late comer in which the participants just accepts the consequences
and motivates their selves to be more productive and punctual to avoid consequences again.
Theme 10 described how their parents discipline their children from being a tardy where in
the participants’ parents are restricting them to use their gadgets because it is a reason of
their tardiness.
58
Essence
Most of the students are having a trouble by arranging their time that will result of
being a late comer. Being a late comer has a negative impact on their studies and to their
socialization. Students who are late comers should learn how to manage their time and be
ready for the consequences of being a late comer for them to be disciplined and responsible.
Giving some consequences and setting up clear rules on a student can be wake up call for a
student to obey the school policies. Arriving to school early is very important because this
will help a student to know how to properly manage their routines. Having a time
management can help a student’s personality to improve their professionalism and can me
reliable because of having a positive impact on other people.
Conclusions
Analyzing the textural (what) and structural (how) descriptions of the participants, the
following conclusions were drawn.
1. The participants’ grades are affected due to their tardiness, people do not react much
on their tardiness but they accept the consequences and the restrictions from their
parents.
2. The participants overcome the heavy traffic they experienced by motivating
themselves to sleep early.
59
Recommendations
The following are offered as recommendations for possible actions:
1. The participants which is the late comers should learn how to be punctual.
Managing their time can lessen their stress and can prevent the overload works
in school. Late comers should learn from one late warning and adjust their wake
up call every day.
2. Students should follow the rules and policy in their school. They should not be
irresponsible for their time because they might carry it in the future. Give
themselves some time and to think what is the best time to do their time.
3. Parents should be the one to discipline their own children to be more punctual and
responsible or their time. They can give their children some advices so that
they will use it and eradicate the trait of being a late comer.
4. Most of the teachers should give some late comers a motivation to go early in
school. They must start their class with energizer for the students to be more
productive every day.
5. School administrators should have a better solution to the problem of late comer
students. They should know what the real cause of it is and make a new
policy that the late comers will strictly follow. They must have an organization that
focuses in the problems of the late comers.
6. Local Government should prioritize and take action to the bridge in San Pedro City
and traffic lights in Olivarez which is the main reason why the students are
60
always late. They should create solutions that can help the students eradicate
their tardiness.
7. Future researches relating to late comers, qualitative or quantitative, are encouraged
to validate the findings or explore more on the implications of this study.
Future qualitative researchers are also encouraged to conduct similar studies
with more participations.
61
REFERENCES
Brian, T. (2016) Why Filipinos follow Filipino Time. Retrieved from:
https://medium.com/@btantheman/why-filipinos-follow-filipino-time-
d38e2c162927
Breth & Mckay K. (2012) A Man is Punctual: The importance of being on time retrieved
from https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/a-man-is-punctual-the-
importance-of-being-on-time/
Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community (2007, November). Tardiness Hinders
Student and School Success. Cowan Crier, 61 (6), 1. Retrieved from:
www.lausd.net.
Darien (2014) On the Concept of Filipino Time. Retrieved from:
https://darienbas.wordpress.com/2014/11/15/on-the-concept-of-filipino-time/
Demographic and Health Survey (2013) Primary School Net and Gross Attendance Rates,
Philippines. Retrieved from:
https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/Philippines_coreusaid.pdf
Ezra R. (2013) Why Am I Always Late? Retrieved from: https://lateness.org/
Fleming G. (2017) How to Be on Time. Retrieved from: https://www.thoughtco.com/be-on-
time-1857587
Great Performance Academy (2017) 7 tips that will improve your punctuality and time
management. Retrieved from: https:
https://greatperformersacademy.com/habits/7-tipsthat-will- improve-your-
punctuality-and-time-management.
Horton S. (2012) What is the best way to motivate yourself as a college student to go to
class? Retrieved from: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-best-way-to-
motivate-yourself-as-a-college-student-to-go-to-class
Jan N. (2013) What to Do When You Miss a Day of School. Retrieved From:
https://www.students.org/2013/09/25/miss-day-school/
Kajidori Y. (2015) Benefits of Punctuality at Work retrieved from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/benefits-punctuality-work-yeukai-kajidori
Lauby, S. (2009). Attendance and Punctuality. Retrieved from:
http://www.hrbartender.com/2009/comp/attendancepunctuality/
Maile S, Olowoyo (2017) The Causes of Late Coming among High School Students in
Soshanguve, Pretoria, South Africa. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.20897/pr/80951
Miriam A. (2008) What is Self-Efficacy Theory in Psychology? Retrieved from:
https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/self-efficacy/
Myers P. (2014) 5 Tips to Help Your Child Get Back On Track After Missing School
Retrieved From: https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/tips-help-child-
get-back-track-missing-school/#.XI0Q0CgzbIX
Nakpodia, E. D. & Dafiaghor, F. K. (April 4, 2011). Lateness: a major problem confronting
school administrators in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of
Science and Technology Education Research, 2 (4), 58-61. Retrieved from:
62
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvb
WFpbnxiaWxvY3VyYWFuZGd1aWF8Z3g6MzAzMjNiZGJkY2E5NmNkN
Q
Oghuvbu, E. (2008). Absenteeism and lateness among secondary school students in Nigeria:
profiling causes and solution. Academic Leadership, 6 (3). Retrieved from:
http://www.academicleadership.org/259/absebteeism-and-lateness-among-
secondary-school-students-in-nigeriaprofiling-causes-and-solution/
Orla S. (2013) Time Management - The key to being a successful student. Retrieved
from:http://www.qualifax.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i
d=180&Itemid=205
Pancare R. (2017) Effects of Tardiness on Your Child's Education. Retrieved from:
https://howtoadult.com/effects-tardiness-childs-education-25692.html
Reddy C. (2015) The Importance of Being Punctual in the Workplace retrieved from
https://content.wisestep.com/being-punctual-in-the-workplace/
Santillano V. (2010). Late again! Why some people are always tardy. Retrieved from:
https://www.more.com/22189/97236-late-again-some-always-tardy
Sprick R. and Daniels K. (2007). Taming the Tardies Every Minute Counts. Retrieved from:
http://www.safeandcivilschools.com/research/articles/tamingtardies.pdf
Synder B. (2011) Students Who Are Chronically Late to Class. Retrieved from:
https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/effective-classroom-
management/students-who-are-chronically-late-to-class/
Vukovic R. (2017) The effect of student tardiness on learning retrieved from
https://www.teachermagazine.com.au/articles/the-effect-of-student-tardiness-
on-learning
Weade B. (2004). School and Work Tardiness in High School Students in Rural Wisconsin.
Retrieved from: www2.uwstout.edu.
Zeiger (2010) The Impact of Tardiness on School Success. Retrieved from:
https://www.blaineschools.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=1
2&ModuleInstanceID=2271&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-
3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=5189&PageID=17
63
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name :
Address :
Contact Number :
4.5 X 4.5 cm
E-mail Address :
Educational Attainment:
Grade School:

Junior High School:

Senior High School:
 University of Perpetual Help System Laguna 2019-2020
(Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
Awards and Achievements:

 Consistent with Honors 2014-2018
 Best in Thesis 2017-2018
Personal Data:
Height :
Weight :
Birth Date :
Age :
Birthplace :
Citizenship :
Religion :
Father’s Name :
Mother’s Name :
64
APPENDIX A`
(Qualitative Research Protocol)
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
Name of the Participant/ Interviewee:

Time of Interview: Place:
Researcher: This interview is primarily aimed at understanding your experience in being a

late comer student. Open-ended questions will be supported by probing and follow-up
questions, if necessary, will be asked. You are encouraged to take your time when you
respond and likewise advised to ask for any clarifications. Moreover, this interview will be
audio-recorded for the accurate transcription of your responses which will be treated with
utmost confidentiality.
Questions:
1. What are the problems you encounter on your way to school?
2. How does your teachers and classmates react to your tardiness?
3. What punishment does your teacher give you when you are late?
4. How does being a late comer affect your grades?
5. Aside from your grades, what are the other reason and consequences that you
encounter from being tardy?
6. How do you cope up with the missed activities and announcement when you're late?
7. What do you think will motivate you to go to school early?
8. How do you handle the consequences of being a late comer?
9. What do you think are the possible solutions to lessen your tardiness?
10. How does your parents discipline you from being tardy?
65
APPENDIX B
(Verbatim Transcriptions)
1. What have the participants experienced before arriving late in school?
Participants 1.1 What are the problems you encounter on your way to school?
“Madalas yung problema na e’encounter ko pagpasok is yung... sa tulay sa
san pedro kasi ginagawa pa siya diba. tapos minsan ano... hindi sila
nagaannounce na ione-one way nila yung tulay tapos sobra… sobrang
tagal nang.. nung ano niya stop niya papunta dito sa school tapos siguro
1
mga 10 minutes bago mag go tapos dito naman sa ano... sa olivarez
stoplight 300 seconds kaya... sobrang ano tapos sobrang traffic pa
pagkalagpas ng stoplight so kaya… kaya ako nalalate kahit... kahit ang aga
kahit 6 na ako umalis doon sa bahay ganun padin late parin ako.”
“First of all, Traffic uhmmm we all know traffic sa olivarez ganon yung
2 stoplight and... traffic and... hmmm another less ahh yun nalang traffic ala.
na yung pag punta sa school yan.”
“Usually ang naeencounter ko mga problems pag papasok na ko is
pagkakaroon talaga ng traffic since malayo yung lugar ko and malayo
3 yung binabyahe ko di talaga maiwasan magkaroon ng traffic lalong-lalo na
diyan sa olivarez nagta... natatagalan dahil sa stoplight doon and minsan
yung isa pang problem ay yung maba.... yung mga driver sa jeep minsan
66
mabagal sila magmaneho tapos magpapagas pa minsan kaya yung mga
remaining time na kailangan mo mahabol sa first class mo is napapunta
nalang talaga sa nalelate ka.”
“Ano marami kaseng problems yung una... pag nagpapagas yung... driver...
pangalawa… yung... uhmm... anong tawag don yung tulay don sa san
4 pedro. hmm... yung bu-wiset na tulay.... haaa... tas yung pangatlo hindi
ako pinapaalis samin ng maaga kase nga dalikado nga pag umalis ng
maaga.”
“Yung... tulay sa san pedro na... hindi natatapos tas yung... na... laging nag
5 papagas... tas yung stoplight na... 160 seconds yung ano... basta ayon 160
seconds bago mag green.”
Participants 1.2 What punishment does your teacher give you when you are late?
“Ah meron mga teacher na nagpapapasok parin pero sure ako ano... meron
1 nung bawas sa grades lalo sa fcl pero yung iba hindi na nagpapapasok ng
room.”
“Ahhh... dati wala but now ahhh ngayon ahhh may rule na yung school na
2 pag nalate kana uulitin mo yung subject so yun yon da’dati naman wala so
yun na yon.”
“There's no punishment na binibigay ang teacher ang usually na ginagawa

3
lang talaga nila is hindi kami pina.... hindi ako pinapapasok sa klase pag
67
late.”
“Wala naman silang punishment kumbaga pinagsasabihan lang pero walang

4
punishment.”
5 “Hindi kame nakakapasok sa room.”
1.3 Aside from your grades, what are the other reason and consequences
Participants that you encounter from being tardy?
“Yung minsan ano minsan sa... sa first subject kapag ka reporting minsan
1 hindi ako nakakaabot tapos minsan kapag hindi ako pinapapasok ng teacher
hindi ko na napapakinggan yung ibang lesson.”
“Ahhh... sigurooo… wala naman... aside from school sa home namen sa

2
bahay naman wala naman siguro.”
“Ang naencounter ko lang talaga is yung hindi ako napapapasok sa klase
kase late ako tapos ang problema don namimissed ko yung mga lessons na
3
dinidiscuss ng teacher and pag nagseatwork na wala na kong chance or time
na makapag review para masagutan yung mga seatworks na yun.”
“Consequences... Siguro, pag late ako pumasok parang nawawalan na kong

4
gumana pumasok talaga yun.”
5 “Wala.”
68
Participants 1.4 What do you think will motivate you to go to school early?
“Yung ano gumising nalang nang... maaga... o kaya naman para maiwasan
1
yung traffic.”
“Ahhh... siguro yung nakakapag motivate sakin is yung pag iisip ko na araw-
2 araw na kong late parang nahihiya na ko sa sarili ko naaa... a... yun gising
tayo ng maaga bukas ganon ganon.”
“My parents and my grades kase yun nga dahil sa kada late ko yung
attendance ko naaapektuhan at bumababa yung grades ko and I also want to

3
maintain my grades kase para maging proud sakin yung parents ko kaya eto
yung motivation ko para pumasok ako ng maaga.”
“Inisip ko nalang na... maaga dumarating yung teacher or kaya… may

4
kailangan akong aralin.”
5 “Ano yung mga ano... nung tawag dun... yung mga activities na kailangan
gawen.”
Participants 1.5 What do you think are the possible solution to lessen your tardiness?
1 “My friends”
“siguro anoooo.... possible solutions matulog ng maaga tas magising ng

2
maaga tas yun mynalang.”
“Matutulog ako ng maaga para pag gising ko mag.... pag gising ko ng maaga
3 mag aasikaso na kaagad ako para sa school and pwede rin ako mag alarm
para hindi malate yung gising ko.”
4 “Kailangan ko lang talaga matulog ng maaga para magising ako ng maaga
69
tas makapasok. haha...”
5 “Wala ganon na talaga ko.”
2. How have the participants experienced tardiness due to their residency?
Participants 2.1 How does your teachers and classmate react to your tardiness?
“Hindi naman sila masyado nagrereact hindinag rereac nila sinasabi pero
1
parang na didisappoint sila.”
“Ahhh fooor my teachers saaa... unfortunately hindi naman sila nagrereact
ahh in a negative way siguro nagrereact sila for me to discipline nag rereact
2
in the way na o late ka na naman... ah uy agahan mo like for instances my
friend they say... uy late ka na naman bukas agahan mo ganon.’'
“Hindi naman talaga sila usually na nagrereact yu.... lalo na yung classmates
3 ko pero yung teachers pinagsasabihan lang na pumasok ng gantong oras like
7 o'clock kase pag nalate talaga maapektuhan yung attendance mo.”
“Hmmm wala naman masyadong.... ano wala silang reaction peroooo minsan
4 yung mga kaibigan ko or yung ka room ko kinakausap ako lagi kung bakit
ako late.”
5 “Nadidisappoint sila kahit di naman talaga dapat sila madisappoint.”
70
Participants 2.2 How does being late comer affect your grades?
“Siguro par... para sakin sa… sa ako kapag late ako hindi naman siya
1
masyado nakakaapekto kasi bumabawe naman ako agad kapag nalalate ako.”
“Ahhh for me... hindi naman siya nakakaaffect kase if I missed... some...
2 activity, test or quiz na naabutan ko if late ako uhmm tatry ko siyang habulin
para hindi na maaffect yung grade ko.”
“Bumaba kase kada late na pasok ko namamarkahan yun ng teacher sa
3 attendance ko na absent na ko so wala na talaga akong... uhmm hindi na
talaga ko ano present sa klase niya.”
“Ano pag may namimissed akong... quiz or kung anong school works tas
4
minsan baka hindi ipaulit kaya bumababa yung grades.”
5 “Bumababa.”
2.3 How do you cope up with the missed activities and announcement
Participants
when you're late?
“Ano nagtatanong tanong ako sa mga friends ko kung ano yung na missed ko
1 kapag na lalate ako,kung ano yung ginawa nila o kaya lalapit ako sa teacher
ko.”
“Ahhh like sabi ko nga ahhhh ipipilitin kong ahhh maaaa.... mahabol yung
activities or yung… announcement or magtatanong ako kung uhmm kung

2
ano ginawa nila like that hindi ko hahayaang ahhh maaffect yon ng pagiging
late ko.”
71
“Gagawin ko kaagad yung mga namissed kong activities and pwede din
akong magtanong sa teacher na yon kung pwede ko pang gawin yung mga
3 activities na Yon at ihahabol ko nalang and for the anouncement
magtatanong ako sa mga classmates ko kung ano yung mga anouncement na
sinabi ng teacher namin.”
“Tuwing... uwian or recess napunta ko sa faculty tas kinakausap ko yung
4 mga teachers isa isa literal na isa isa kung may ano namissed ba ko or may
kailangan akong habulin.”
“Ginagawa ko pag ano... yung... anong tanong mo? (How do you cope up
5 with the missed activities and anouncement when your'e late?) magtatanong
ako sa mgaaaa kaklase ko yon.”
Participants 2.4 How you handle the consequences at being a late comer?
1 “Self-Study.”
“Uhmmmm... for me its hard kase… yung may mga consequence na
2 magsusulat ka sa guard ng ganto ganyan and sa siguro not now bat soon...
maaaararamdaman ko den yung consequence yun ehe.”
“I accept the consequences of my action and I promise to myself na aagahan
3 ko na talaga pumasok para hindi na ko malate at maayos ko yung attendance
ko dahil dun... dun din kumukuha ng grades na nirerecord ng mga teacher.”
4 “Ano, parang... minomotivate ko nalang na para... sa future naman yun
72
kailangan hahaha… pumasok… hahahaha… paren wala kang choice.”
“Ahhm… How... How do you handle the concequences of being a late
comer? Anoooo… Ano pumupunta ko sa faculty tas ano ginagawa ko yung...

5
ano yung tanong asan na yon? Ano… ginagawa ko yung mga hindi ko
nagawa kase... nalate ako ayon pumupunta ko sa faculty para... gawen yon.”
Participants 2.5 How does your parents discipline you from being tardy?
“Kinukuhanan ako ng gadgets kaya sinasabi nila na... nagpupuyat ako sa
1
gabi kaya nalalate ako sa mga... sa umaga.”
“Ahhhh they disciplined me like pag gabi sasabihin nilaaa ahh matulog ka na
2 ng maaga for you not to be late on school ganon pinagsasabihan lang naman
nila ko.”
“Pinagsasabihan nila ako na matulog ng maaga at wag na.... wag magbabad

3
sa cellphone kase isa rin yun sa dahilan sa pagpupuyat kaya nalelate ako.”
“(hahahahaha) isa lang yun sa dahilan kung bakit ako late (hahahaha) kase
ayaw ako paalisin ng bahay pero pag ano naman... wala naman silang... di
4
naman nila ko minomotivate na pumasok ng maaga (hahaha) bahala ka sa
buhay ko daw.”
5 “Kinakausap ako. Haha….”
73
APPENDIX C
(Invitation Letter)
February 15, 2019
Name of Participant
Designation
Institution
Dear Madam/Sir:
Greetings!
This communication is an invitation for you as you may desire to participate in our
phenomenological research work entitled “Filipino Time From Late Comer Students’
Perspective” as a partial fulfillment of our requirements for the subject Practical Research 1.
The main purpose of this research work is to understand the lived experiences of the late
comer students in the struggles they encounter while on their way to school and the reasons
of their tardiness.
If you agree to participate, please accomplish the consent form attached to this letter. Please
also be informed that in case you decide to get involved in our study, we will have a one-on-
one interview with you utilizing a protocol containing central and follow-up questions. The
interview may last about an hour and would be arranged at a time convenient to your
availability. To ensure the accuracy of your responses, we would also ask for your
permission to audio-record our conversation.
Participation in this undertaking is voluntary and there are no known or anticipated risks
related to it. You may decline answering any questions that you do not wish to answer
considering your preferences. Finally, we would like to assure you that your identity as well
as the pieces of information you will provide will be treated with strictest confidentiality. If
you would be interested to receive a copy of the executive summary or the electronic copy
(e.g. PDF) of the entire dissertation, this can be made available to you.
If you have further questions regarding this invitation, please contact us at _________.
Thank you in advance and we are looking forward to your positive response.
Respectfully yours,
RIDGE FREDREICH T. FAUSTO

Researcher/Group Leader
74
APPENDIX D
(Consent Form)
February 15, 2019
Mrs. Veronica C. Samson, MAEd

Senior High School Director
University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
Dear Madam:
Perpetualite greetings!
We, Senior High School students of University of Perpetual Help System Laguna –
JONELTA, are currently conducting a research work entitled “Filipino Time from Late Comer
Students’ Perspective”. The main objective of this study is to understand the lived experiences of the
late comer students in the struggles they encounter while on their way to school and the reasons of
their tardiness.
In line with this, we would like to ask your good office’s permission to conduct an interview
on February 18, 2019 to five Senior High School Students. We would like to conduct one-on-one
interviews with five senior high school students utilizing a protocol containing central and follow-up
questions. The interview may last about an hour and would be arranged at a time convenient for the
participants. To ensure the accuracy of the participants’ responses, we would seek for their
permission to audio-record our conversation. Participation in this undertaking is voluntary and there
are no known or anticipated risks related to it. They may decline answering any question which they
do not wish to answer considering their preferences.
Finally, we would like to assure you that the respondents’ and participants’ identity as well
as the pieces of information they will provide will be treated with strictest confidentiality. Rest
assured that there will be no potential harmful impact and risk of the study to the respondents and the
company they work for. If you would be interested to receive a copy of the executive summary or
the electronic copy (e.g. PDF) of the entire thesis, this can be made available for you.
We are looking forward to your affirmative response. Thank you very much and may our
Lord bless you more.
Sincerely yours, Noted by:
ALISSA SHAYNE M. SAGUINSIN BENJAMIN A. BUDINO JR, LPT

Researcher, Group Leader Research Adviser
Recommending Approval Approved by
75
MICHAEL ANGELO DEL ROSARIO, LPT VERONICA C. SAMSON

SHS Coordinator SHS Director
76

Research Draft

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research Draft

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA

Senior High School Department

YELLOW HIGHLIGHT- COPY PASTE OR WILL REMAIN

LIGHT BLUE- CREATE YOUR OWN DEPENDS ON THE TOPIC

Serene under Sirens: The Missions of Emergency Medical Technicians

First responders, such as emergency medical personnel and technicians, experience

2014). Emergency service workers experience to traumatic stressors is theoretically an

burnout as a condition of physical, mental, and intellectual fatigue characterized by adverse

experiencing lack of hope (Khashaba, et al.,2014).

location or with different participants.

emphasizes on social influence and on external and internal social reinforcement. It

experiences influences reinforcements and expectations, all of which shape whether a

positive or negative. The expectations are the anticipated consequences of a person's

Lastly, self-efficacy it is the level of a person's confidence in his or her ability to

successfully perform a behavior. Self-efficacy is influenced by a person's specific

capabilities and other individual factors, as well as by environmental factors.

According to Cherry (2019), learning is really a difficult process and influenced by a

psychological theories to explain how and why people learn.

Social Cognitive Theory views people as active instruments who both

Learning Theory which are: reciprocal determinism, behavior capabilities, observational

construct for reasons of reciprocal determinism, where EMT’s immediate reaction to a

accordingly to the action that will be done or not.

The expectations are the anticipated consequences of a person's behavior. Therefore,

perform a behavior. In this case, EMT’s should achieve it because it is necessary to be

response and reactions to particular situations they encounter as EMT’s.

could happen, how they will react, respond, and answer.

Statement of the Problem

Perpetual Help System Laguna - JONELTA.

Specifically, this qualitative inquiry answered two central questions:

1. What have the participants experienced during emergency medical situations?

Assumptions of the Study

The researchers studied on the following assumption:

2. The schooling of medical knowledge have providedthem essential information for

their own use as EMT’s.

EMT’s faces what,, can be what,,

Scope and Delimitation

perception on a phenomenon and the environment he or she is exposed to.

study is only limited to liscensed EMT’s

Significance of the Study

the effects of tardiness are so that they can prevent it.

their own children to be more responsible.

comes to the attendance of the students

experiences of a student’s when battling with the time.

study, it is when a student intentionally comes late in school.

it is the point of view of the late comer student.

In this study, it is the act of acquiring the trait of being late.

of students that are always on time.

Lived Experience is a term used in phenomenological studies to emphasize the importance

is what makes students go early in school.

end to the trait of being late.

Findings is a conclusion reached as a result of an inquiry, investigation, or trial. The

researchers used this word as the outcome of the interview.

complaining about the other’s punctuality

study, it is the consequence of being a late comer.

Attendance act or fact of attending something or someone. In this study, it is when a

student is late or not.

Disruption disturbance or problems which interrupt an event, activity, or process. In this

cover emergencies and future financial goals.

unresolved problems. In this study, it is a struggle of being a late comer.

lessons the missed.

study, it is the cure for tardiness.

Interdisciplinary Curriculum is a method used to teach a unit across different curricular