CONFIDENTIAL, ONLY FOR ​ANGELLA DENUNA
Disaster Readiness, and Risk Reduction How and When are event becomes a disaster? - ​an
*There is no natural disaster but natural hazard”
HAZARD VS. DISASTER
Hazard​: threat, effects
Disaster​: life, money, infrastructure; all losses; social
and economy affected
1. Volcanic Eruption-- hazard
2. Earthquake Effects-- disaster
3. Fire-- disaster
4. Flood-- hazard
5. Tornado-- hazard
6. Typhoon--hazard
7. Fire-- disaster
Natural vs. Man-made (Hazards)
Natural​: existing, environmental
Man-made​: caused by social action
Combination of both Natural and Man-made
● third type of hazard
● example: flood (Man-made: pollution and
deforestation, Natural: typhoon and rainfall)
Disaster
● a sudden, calamitous event bringing great
damage, loss, destruction, and devastation to life
and property.
● a serious description of the functioning of society,
causing widespread human, material, or
environmental losses, which exceed the ability of
the affected people to cope using their human
resources.
● It is a combination of:
○ Exposure to hazard
○ Conditions of vulnerability that are present
○ Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or
cope with the potential negative consequences
Disaster according to UNISDR (United Nations
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction)
● Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning
of a community or society causing losses that
exceed the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources
Disaster Impacts
● Loss of lives
● Injuries
● Diseases
● Negative effects on human physical, mental, and
social well-being
● Damage of properties
● Destruction of assets
● Loss of services
● Social and economic disruption
event, either human-made or natural, becomes a
disaster when it is sudden or progressive, causing
widespread human, material or environmental losses
1. Typhoon Yolanda
● Strength 290km/hr
● The storm surge it brought was sudden and
unexpected
● Its devastating effect to human, material, and
environment
● More than 7000 people perished the entire city of
Tacloban was flattened
2. Wow Wowee Stampede
● The show became so popular that thousands of
fans flock to ULTRA to watch the noon time show.
That turned out to disastrous tragedy when there
was a human – induced disturbance among the
watching crowd that cause a stampede. Many
spectators were hurt and some even died, which
led to the dissolution of said TV program.
3. Typhoon Ondoy
● turned into a disaster because of the amount of
precipitation brought by its torrential rains that
lasted for several days causing floods and flash
floods in Metro Manila
● Thousands of houses were submerged in flood
water. Hundreds of shelters along river banks and
steros were washed out. Power and water
supplies were cut off for several weeks. Hundreds
of lives perished
Disaster Risk
● the probability that a community’s structure or
geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by
the impact of a particular hazard, on account of its
nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous
area
● it signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the
future. It is derived from the interaction of social
and environmental process, from the combination
of physical hazards and the vulnerability of
exposed elements..
Nature of Disasters:
1. Natural Disasters​-- these originate from the
different ‘forces’ of nature. Natural disasters such
as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and
cyclones affect many countries in Asia, particularly
the Philippines.
2. Human-Made​-- these disasters occur due to
people’s actions against human, material, and
environment. These include transport and industrial
accidents, such as air and train crashes, chemical
spills, and building collapses. Terrorism is also
categorized as a human-made disaster.
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On food of denude Mudslides, landslides

Natural Disasters
mountains
● Agricultural disease and pests
● Storm surge
Near volcanoes Volcanic eruptions
● Drought and water shortage
● Earthquakes Riverbanks and esteros Flooding, flash floods
● Hurricanes and tropical storm
● Landslide and debris flow Open field Thunderstorm, hailstorm,
● Thunderstorms and lightning blizzard, tornadoes
● Tornadoes
● Tsunamis
● Wildfire (combination) Exposed to Man-made Hazards
● Sinkhole (combination) Areas/Locations Exposed to
● Emergency disease (ex:bird flu, measles)
● Extreme heat Near oil depots Oil spill, pollution
● Floods and flash floods (combination)
● La Nina (excessive rainfall) Near mining projects Toxic waste

Hazard - ​Situation or occurrence with capacity to bring Near chemical plants Chemical fumes,
damage chemical waste

Vulnerability Near nuclear plants Nuclear waste

● Arise from various social, economic, physical, and
environmental factors Near factories Factory waste, pollution
● Set of prevailing or consequential conditions which (air and water)
affect the community’s ability to prevent or mitigate
hazardous effects Unsafe building Fire
● High vulnerability = low strength structures
Examples:
● Poor design and construction of building (Physical) Public places in mega Terrorism
● Inadequate protection of assets (Economic) cities
● Lack of public awareness (Social)
● Limited official recognition of risks (Social) Human – Made and technological Types of
● Disregard for wise environmental management Disasters
(Environmental) ● Hazardous material
● Power service and disruption and blackout
Capacity - ​Strengths, abilities, and resources which give ● Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
latitude to the citizenry and society to cope up and ● Radiological emergencies
overcome the adverse effects of disasters ● Chemical threat and biological weapons
● Cyber attacks
D = High V x Low C x High H ● Explosion
D= Disaster ● Civil unrest
V = Vulnerability
C = Capacity RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS
H = Hazard ● Severity of Exposure – The amount of exposure
to the disaster is highly related to risk of future
Exposed to Natural Hazards mental problems. At highest risk are those that go
Areas/Locations Exposed to through the disaster themselves. Next are those in
close contact with victims. At lower risk of lasting
Coastal areas Storm surge, tsunamis, impact are those who only had indirect exposure,
tidal waves such as news of the severe damage.
● Gender and Family - ​Disaster recovery is more
Reclaimed areas Flooding, sinkhole stressful when children are present in the home.
Women with spouses also experience more
Near fault lines Earthquakes distress during recovery. Having a family member
in the home who is extremely distressed is related
to more stress for everyone. Marital stress has
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been found to increase after disasters. Also,
conflicts between family members or lack of
support in the home make it harder to recover
from disasters.
● Age - A ​ dults who are in the range of 40 – 60 are
likely to be more distressed after disasters. The
thinking is that if one is in that age range, he / she
has more demands from job and family. Research
on how children react to natural disasters is still
limited at this point in tie. In general, children show
more severe distress after disasters than adults
do. Higher stress in the parents is related to worse
recovery in children.
● Other factors specific to the survivor
Several factors related to a survivor’s background
and resources are important for recovery from
disasters. Recovery is worse if survivors.
○ Were not functioning well before the disaster
○ Have had no experience dealing with disasters
○ Must deal with other stressor after the disaster
○ Have poor self – esteem
○ Think they are uncared by others
○ Think they have little control over what happens
to them
○ Lack the capacity to manage stress
● Other factors have also been found to predict
worse outcomes:
○ Bereavement (death of someone close)
○ Injury to self or another family member
○ Life threat
○ Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the
disaster
○ Being separated from family (especially among
youth)
○ Great loss of property
○ Displacement ( being force to leave home)
● Developing Countries - T ​ here is a strong body of
evidence that these risk factors can be made
worse if the disaster occurs in a developing
country. Disasters in developing countries, like
Philippines, have more severe mental health
impact than disasters in developed countries. This
is true even with less serious disasters.
● Low or Negative social support - T ​ he support of
others can be both a risk and a resilience factor.
Social support can weaken after disasters. This
may be due to stress and the need for members of
the support network to get on with their own lives.
EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON HUMAN
LIFE
● Displaced Populations - ​When Mt. Pinatubo
erupted in 1991, thousands of families in
Zambales and Pampanga were displaced. Their
communities were ravaged by lahar flow that
turned these communities into “wilderness”
● Health Risk - Severe flooding can result in
stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne
bacteria and malaria carrying mosquitoes. Dengue
fever is another serious health problem caused by
mosquitoes.
● Food Scarcity - ​After natural disasters, food often
becomes scarce. Thousands of people around the
world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and
loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens
suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought.
● Emotional Aftershocks - ​Natural disasters can
be particularly traumatic for young children.
Confronted with scenes of destruction and the
deaths of friends and loved ones, many children
develop post – traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a
serious psychological condition resulting from
extreme trauma.
CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
● How do hazard, vulnerability and capacity relate to
disaster?
● What are the characteristics and circumstances of
a community, system or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard?
● How do poverty make people and the community
vulnerable to disasters?
LESSON 1: DISASTER
​Disaster
A combination of:
A. exposure to a hazard
B. the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and
C. insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or
cope with the potential negative consequences
Disaster
● According to ​United Nation's International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction​ (UNISDR):​
● According to ​World Health Organization ​(WHO)​:
Any occurrence that causes damage on a scale
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response
from outside the affected community or area.
Disaster Impacts:
● Loss of lives
● Injuries
● Diseases
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● Other negative effects on human physical, mental,
and social well-being
● Damage to properties
● Destruction of assets
● Loss of services
● Social and economic disruption
● Environmental degradation Types of Hazard
● Natural
Hazard ● Human-made
● A situation or occurrence with capacity to bring ● Combination of both
damages to lives, properties environment.
● It may be in a form of natural, man-made or the Natural hazards
combination of the two. ● Natural phenomena that pose a threat or cause
negative impact to man and property.
Vulnerability Examples of Natural hazards:
● Weaknesses ● Typhoon
● Arise from various social, economic, physical and ● Storm surge
environmental factors. ● Flood/Flash Flood
● Set of prevailing or consequential conditions which ● Earthquake
affects the community's ability to prevent and ● Tsunami
mitigate hazardous events. ● Volcanic eruption
● Lahar flows
Examples of Vulnerabilities ● Drought
● Poor design and construction of buildings ● Red tide
● Inadequate protection of assets ● Pestilence and Fire
● Lack of public awareness
● Limited official recognition of risks Human-made hazards
● Disregard for wise environmental management ● Developmental projects
● Environmental degradation
Capacity - ​are strengths, abilities, and resources which ● Industrial technological hazards
give latitude to the citizenry and society to cope up and Civil
overcome the adverse effects of disasters. ● Famine Conflict
D (Disaster) = High V (Vulnerability) x Low C ● Drought
(Capacity) x High H (Hazards) ● Fires and flood
​Socio-natural hazards
● Can we prevent disaster? ● Combination of natural and man-made hazards
● Can you suggest what measures do we need to ● Deforestation = Flooding + Drought
mitigate the adverse impacts of
● disasters? Vulnerability
● A set of prevailing or consequential conditions,
Poverty and Disaster which adversely affect the community's ability to
● A hazard can't be a disaster prevent , mitigate, prepare for and respond to
● Limited resource base < Stable material resources hazardous events.
● Precede disasters (comes before the disaster)
Check some examples of disaster events in the country ● Contribute to severity
and identify hazards, vulnerability and capacity. Analyze ● Impede disaster response (slow down)
the situation and how these factors aggravate the ● May continue to exist long after a disaster has
situation of the country or community. stuck (destruction, inability of affected community
to cope up)
LESSON 2: CONCEPTS AND TYPES OF HAZARDS
​ azard - ​conditions that have the potential to harm a
H
community or environment Most Less Not Vulnerable
Vulnerable Vulnerable Sectors
Sectors Sectors

Poor cities Middle class Elite

citizens
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Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability - ​people who
Mountainous Stable First-world
have low confidence in their ability to affect change or
areas infrastructures countries
who have “lost heart” and feel defeated by events they
cannot control are harder hit by disasters.
PWDs, farmers, entrepreneurs High Quality
women, Resources
Examples
children, old
● Attitude towards change
people
● Sense of ability to affect their environment
Common people Advanced ● Initiative
Technology ● Faith, determination, fighting spirit
● Religious beliefs
● Fatalism, discouragement
● Dependence
● Consciousness, awareness
● Orientation towards past, present, and future

Capacity - t​he assets, resources, and skills available

within a community, society or organization that can be
used to reduce the risk or effects of a disaster

Examples
Categories of Vulnerabilities ● Ownership of land and safe location and
● Physical/Material Vulnerability construction of home
● Social/Organizational Vulnerability ● Adequate income
● Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability ● Savings
● Adequate food resources
Physical/Material Vulnerability - ​poor people who have ● Local knowledge
few physical and material resources ● Family and community support
● Responsive local government
Examples ● Enabling legislation
● Location and type of housing/building materials ● Strong community organizations
● Land, water, animals, capital other means of
production DISASTER RISK
● Infrastructure and services ● No two disasters are alike
● Human capital ○ Differences in terms of their nature
● Environmental factors ○ Magnitude of triggering hazards
○ Exposed elements at risk
Social/Organizational Vulnerability - ​people who have ○ Vulnerabilities
been marginalized in social, economic, or political terms ○ Help us deal with potential disasters
are vulnerable to suffering from disasters ● It refers to the expectation value of deaths,
injuries, and property losses ​that would be
Examples caused by a hazard.
● Family structure ● It is ​expressed as a function of hazard,
● Leadership qualities and structure exposure and vulnerability
● Legislation (making of laws) ● Disaster Risk = function
● Administrative structures and institutional ○ Function includes hazard, exposure, vulnerability
arrangements ● It seeks not only to express the ​chance of the
● Decision-making structures disaster happening but also to quantify the
● Participation levels (fire & earthquake drills) impact.
● Divisions and conflicts (Mindanao - initiating
terrorsim) Estimating Disaster Risk
● Degree of justice, equality, access to political ● Hazard ​= earthquakes, terrestrial rains
processes ● Exposure​ = people, property, etc.
● Community organizations ● Vulnerability​ = resistance against natural hazard
● Isolation (citizens) or connectedness
Risk Assessment
● Vulnerability x Exposure x Hazard = Risk
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● Estimates the impact that a hazard would have on
people, services, facilities and structure.
Risk Map - t​ells you the hazards, effects ( physical,
social, and economic), vulnerabilities of the areas and
costs of damage
Disaster Risk Model
Implies the magnitude of the disaster depends on:
● The severity of the natural event
● The quantity of exposure of the elements at risk
which includes lives and properties
● Vulnerability level of the exposure
IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
● Disasters result from the failure to anticipate timing
and enormity of natural hazards.
● Little lead time is left to take preparedness actions
such as evacuation and strengthening of
structures.
Medical Effects - i​nclude traumatic injuries, emotional
stress, epidemic diseases, indigenous diseases.
Damage to critical facilities - c​ommunication
installations, electrical generating and transmission
facilities, hospitals, water facilities & public and private
buildings.
Disruption of transportation -m​eans of transportation
within the community are disrupted by broken bridges,
roads and streets that are rendered impassable by
landslides or floods.
Economic impact - ​disrupts economies as normal
business operations and other economic activities are
curtailed
Global environmental change - i​ncreasing evidence of
global climatic change brought by human activity and
disasters
Examples:
● Severe cyclonic storms
● Increase in both flooding and drought
● Trend towards desertification
● Wildfires and mudslides
● Reduced productivity in the ocean
● Weakened immune system of people and animals
Social and political impact - t​he poor are the most
prone to disasters like earthquakes, and typhoons
because of the structures they live in which are
reinforced and poorly built.
EARTHQUAKES AND FAULTS
Lesson Objectives:
A. Differentiate active and inactive faults;
B. Explain the importance of knowing the concept
on earthquake; and
C. Construct a graphic organizer showing the three
types of faults.
Did you know?
● Magnitude 8.0 earthquake in Mindanao happened
past midnight of August 17, 1976.
● The Philippines experience up to 20 earthquakes
everyday, but not all of these can be felt.
Earthquakes
● The sudden movement of the Earth's crust.
● It can be a slight or violent shaking of the ground.
● It can be due to a volcanic activity or movement of
the tectonic plates.
○ Too much heat / pressure causes movement
beneath
The Internal Structure of the Earth
● Crust ​(oceanic, continental)
● Mantle (​ upper - magma chamber found)
● Outer core ​(liquid layer)
● Inner core ​(solid)
Lithosphere
● The lithosphere is broken into segments called
Tectonic Plates
● These plates are moved by the hot plastic mantle
beneath the lithosphere.
Fault
● A planar fracture between two rocks facing each
other.
● Caused by forces which may be vertical,
horizontal, or inclined at an angle
Three basic types of faults
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Stress on Rocks 3. Strike - slip fault
● Tension- ​rocks move away ● It occurs when two faults move past each other
from each other horizontally.
● Compression- ​rocks move ● Caused by “shearing”
together
● Shearing- ​rocks slide past
each other

Where do Earthquakes originate?

Focus or
Fault Hypocenter
● Fault Plane-​ a flat surface where slipping occurs ● The point of
● Hanging Wall​- a block located above a fault plane origin of an
● Footwall-​ block located below a fault plane earthquake.
● Fault Line​- the trace of a fault boundaries on the ● It is within
surface of the Earth the Earth's
● Fault Scarp-​ it looks like a step on the Earth's crust
surface ● Used by seismologist to identify where the
earthquake started & how big the damage is.

Seismic Waves
● They are energy
waves that travel
either through the
Earth's interior or
along or near the
1. Normal Fault Earth's surface.
● Moves vertically and is
associated with diverging
plates.
● Tension- ​weakens and
fractures the Earth's crust
causing the other block of
rock to move downward
relative to the other.

2. Reverse Fault
● Thrust fault
● Occurs when a plate
below the ocean is
moving under another
plate, thrusting its edge
upward
Seismograph
● Caused by compression
● An instrument that can record seismic waves.
which forces a fault block
● A less powerful earthquake is shown by short,
upward.
wiggly lines.
● A powerful earthquake is shown by long wiggly
lines.
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“Earthquakes usually occur in active faults” Phivolcs seismologists: Earthquake hunters
Active & Inactive Faults

PHIVOLCS
How does movement of fault generate earthquake?
● Source of earthquake information in the
Philippines
● Mandated to monitor earthquakes
● Details of origin location:
○ Origin time, coordinates, depth, source, (tectonic
or volcanic), generator
○ Intensities of affected areas
● Tsunami bulletins and warning
● Advisory in times of necessary evacuation
● A seismically active area may produce hundreds
to thousands of earthquakes in a brief span of time
(hours to several weeks)

Earth
● Our planet is dynamic
● The outermost layer is broken into pieces These
pieces called “plates” are moving, away or toward
each other
Why is it important to have known concepts on
earthquakes and faults?

Fault
Understanding Earthquakes and Earthquake ● form in rocks when
Hazards the stresses
overcome the
internal strength of
the rock resulting in
a fracture
Earthquakes
● A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced
by the sudden movement of rock materials below
the earth’s surface
● Earthquakes are found along plate boundaries
● Earthquakes are natural phenomena brought
about by slow but powerful motions within the
earth
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● The internal motion within the Earth induces ● Distance of point of observation from earthquake
deformation along the fragile surface of the planet source is determined using the arrival times of
● Sudden ground deformation produces seismic different seismic waves, usually P and S waves
waves or earthquakes Locating the Epicenter
Types of Natural Earthquakes ● Travel Time and earth structure
1. Tectonic ● Velocity Models
● earthquakes ● Refracted and Reflected Phases
produced by Epicenter - ​Point on the surface directly above the focus
sudden Focus - ​Center of energy release during an earthquake
movement
along faults Philippines is an earthquake country
and plate ● at least 20 earthquakes are recorded per day
boundaries ● 4 – 5 earthquakes are felt per week

2 ways of describing an earthquake’s strength

2. Volcanic 1. Intensity
● earthquakes ● perceived strength of an earthquake based on
produced by relative effect to people and structures; generally
movement higher near the epicenter
of magma ● Decreases with distance from source
beneath
volcanoes 2. Magnitude
● based on instrumentally derived information and
correlates strength with the amount of total energy
Particle Motion upon passage of different types of released at the earthquake’s point of origin
seismic waves ● Compares logarithmic of amplitude with distance
● P – primary wave​; displacement of media along from epicenter
direction of propagation (up-down) ● Types depending on instrumentation:
● S – secondary; displacement of media
perpendicular to direction of wave propagation
(sideways)
● Surface waves: 1. Love waves 2. Rayleigh waves

● There are different types of magnitude depending

on the type of seismograph used: Ml, mb, Ms, Mw,
Mwp, etc.
● Magnitude scale is open ended (no limit)
(rotational)

Seismogram
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Seismic Hazards​: dangers posed by large earthquakes

● Ground Shaking​ - shake
● Ground Rupture​ - cut
● Liquefaction ​- very soft soil
● Landslides ​- slope failure
● Tsunami -​ waves

Secondary Hazards:
● Fire
● Lateral spreading

Intense shaking (hazard) + weak structure (vulnerability)

= ​building damage or collapse

Ground Rupture
● fissuring or faulting
along the surface
fissuring
● The creation of
new or the
renewal of
movements of old
fractures,
oftentimes with the two blocks on both sides
moving in opposite directions

Liquefaction
● a process that
transforms - the
behavior of a body of
sediment from that
of a solid to a liquid
● The ground loses
strength and
structures built on top of it may sink and tilt

Earthquake induced landslides

● Occurrence of a strong earthquake
Summary:
● Elevated areas: steeper slopes, more prone
● Magnitude = instruments
● Thick soil cover: more loose materials to fall
● Intensity = personal observations
● Proximity to fault: stronger shaking in areas near
● An increase of one unit on the Richter Scale
the earthquake-generating fault
corresponds to approximately a 30 -fold increase
● Water saturation of materials: wet slopes easier to
in the total energy released.
landslide
● Large magnitude earthquakes have occurred in
the Philippines in the past
Landslides and Rockfalls
● Large magnitude earthquakes are inevitable in the
Philippines because of its geodynamic setting and
the presence of faults

Basic Terms
● Seismology ​- science
● Seismic ​- pertaining to earthquake
● Seismograph ​- instrument
● Seismogram ​– record of earthquake
● Aftershock ​- following the mainshock
● Foreshock ​–before a mainshock
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Contact SDG&E to turn valves back “On”. Do not turn on
yourself!

4. Have Emergency Supplies on Hand

● Workplace Disaster Supplies
○ Flashlight & extra batteries
○ Battery-operated radio
○ Emergency food and water
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS
○ Non - electric can opener
Earthquake - ​a sudden slipping or movement of a
○ Medication
portion of the Earth’s crust, followed by a series of
○ First Aid kit and manual
vibrations.
○ Tools & Supplies
Aftershocks ​- an earthquake of less intensity that
5. Develop a Communication Plan
follows the main earthquake
● Persons to identify after earthquake ceases:
○ Emergency Contact (family member/friend)
Associated Hazards
○ Your buddy property
● Collapsing of buildings & bridges
○ Out of town contact
● Disruption of gas, electricity & phone services
● Landslides & avalanches
What to do During a Quake
● Flash floods
Two Vital Tips
● Fires
● If you’re indoors, stay there!
● Tsunamis
● Steer clear of:
○ Bookshelves
Before an Earthquake Hits
○ Storage racks
1. Check for Hazards
○ Windows
● Fasten shelves and décor securely to walls
○ Glass and Mirrors
● Place heavy objects on lower shelves
○ Light Fixtures
● Hang heavy items away from places where people
○ Any other heavy objects
sit
● Store any flammable products securely on bottom
DUCK ​under a strong table or other
shelves in proper containers
protection
2. Identify Safe Places Indoors & Outdoors
COVER ​your head with your hands
● Under sturdy furniture pieces such as a heavy
or other objects.
desk or table
HOLD ​the position until safe
● Against an inside wall
*Simulate earthquake with flickering
● Away from any and all glass
lights
● Away from heavy furniture that might fall over
● In the open, away from buildings, trees, electrical
After the Quake
lines, overpasses etc.
● Move very carefully
3. Learn How to Shut off Gas Valves
● Use caution when exiting or entering buildings
● Know where your meter is located.
● Check for injured or trapped persons
Utilizing the Shut-Off
○ Do not move unless in immediate danger
Valve
● Check water supplies
● Salvage canned goods
● Turn-on battery-operated radio for latest safety
reports

Immediately check for fires

Turning Gas Valves “On”
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● Fires start from broken gas line and appliance Why do we have Volcanism?
connections Heat within Earth’s Interior due to:
● Use a flashlight when looking for gas leaks or fire 1. Long - lived Radioactivity -​ ²³⁵U, ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K
hazards, do not use a lighted match or lantern! 2. Accretionary Heating -​ Billions of years of
● Don’t use electrical switches or appliances if gas impacting bodies (meteors, comets) that imported
leaks are suspected because sparks can ignite kinetic energy, converted into frictional heating w/in
gas from broken lines the earth
● Never touch downed power lines or objects in 3. Core Formation -​ release of potential energy as
contact with downed power lines the core sinks
4. Tidal Heating ​- Moon raises 11 cms/year off “tides”
Utilize your Communication Plan in the mantle equivalent to ~ 3.0x1019 J/yr; similar
● Contact:​ heating in IO
○ Emergency Contact (family member/friend)
○ Your buddy property Classification of Volcanoes (PHIVOLCS)
○ Out of town contact (if quake is severe) Active​:
● erupted w/in historical times (lastt 600 yrs); has
Identify the quake hazards historical traditional accounts, written or oral
● erupted w/in geological times (£10,000 yrs)
Potentially Active: ​Landform is young-looking but w/ no
records of eruption
1. Clutter beneath Inactive:
desk ● no recorded eruptions
2. Glass door & ● long-period inactivity is evident from too much
windows weathering & erosion of deep & long gullies
3. Portrait & vases on (valleys)
top of bookshelf
4. Free-standing light Active, Inactive & Potentially Active Volcanoes of the
fixture, not secured Philippines
● Setting: Island Arc
● 300 volcanoes
● 22 considered active

1. Hanging light
fixtures
2. Clutter on ground
3. Heavy items on
shelf
4. Unsecure items

UNDERSTANDING VOLCANOES & VOLCANIC

HAZARDS
Volcano
● a vent, hill or mountain from w/c molten or hot
rocks w/ gaseous material are ejected Forms of Volcanoes / Styles of Volcanic Eruption
● also craters,, hills or mountains formed by removal ● Controlled mainly by magma composition (silica
of preexisting content) & volatile (gas) content
● material or by accumulation of ejected materials
1965 Taal Volcano eruption explosion crater (1.5 X 0.3
km wide) & cinder cone / tuff ring (68.5 m high, 170
m-wide rim)

Where do Volcanoes Form?

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Geochemical-Rheological Guide Caldera
● Large; may have several volcanic centers in &
around a crater >2 km diam
● Formed by long periods of explosive activity
(intermediate low-key volcanic activity)
● High SiO2 (Silicic) magma
● E.g. Pinatubo; Parker; Krakatau, Indonesia;
Aniakchak Caldera, Alaska; Crater Lake, Oregon
● Can cause major climate changes, crash of
civilizations!
● Santorini, Greece: 1500 B.C. eruption is believed
to have caused the death of the Minoan
Volcano Types: Civilization in the island of Crete
● Monogenetic Cones (​ Tuff/cinder cones, tuff rings,
maars) Types of Volcanic Eruption
● Volcanic Domes ● Phreatic
● Stratovolcanoes ● Phreatomagmatic
● Shield Volcanoes ● Hawaiian - Strombolian
● Caldera ● Vulcanian
● Pinian
Monogenetic Cones
● Low, symmetrical accumulations of scoria Phreatic
(cinder)/ash ● Steam-driven eruptions caused by contact of
● Typically low SiO2 (Basaltic) magma groundwater w/ hot country rocks (no magma
● One-shot volcanoes! Usually related to bigger involved)
ones ● Usually precursory to magmatic eruptions
● Example: Ligñon Hill, 1943 Paricutin Eruption ● Short ash columns, ashfall
Mexico, Alligator Lake ● E.g. 1984 Phreatic event at Mayon, 1976 Phreatic
eruption at Taal, 2000 Phreatic Eruption at Mt.
Volcanic Domes Usu
● Mound-shaped or convex volcanoes
● Formed by repeated, slow lava extrusion; dome
complexes
● All types of magma (low-high SiO2)
● E.g. Hibok-Hibok & Vulcan, Camiguin; Mt. Unzen
(High silica domes are capable of explosive
eruption), Japan, Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Stratovolcanoes
● Cone-shaped, with summit crater; may have
multiple craters
Phreatomagmatic
● Formed by repeated, alternating deposits of
● Very violent eruption generated by the explosive
pyroclastics & lava flow
contact of erupting magma with water
● Intermediate SiO2 (Andesitic)
● Voluminous, slightly tall ash columns,
● E.g. Mayon, Albay; Matutum, So. Cotabato; Mt.
laterally-projected pyroclastic currents (base
Fuji, Japan; Bulusan Volcano
surges) & blasts
Shield Volcanoes
Hawaiian - Strombolian
● Gentle-sloped but large diameter volcanoes
● Weak to violent eruption of gas charged fluid
● Typically island volcanoes, partially submerged
magma characterized by lava fountaining &
● Formed by frequent, long-period (can last for
flowing
years!) lava eruptions in rift zones, mantle
● Lava flows
hotspots
● E.g. Ongoing Eruption at Stromboli, Italy; 2000
● Low-high SiO2 (basaltic) magma
Mayon eruption Strombolian phase; 1969 Mt.
● E.g. Kilauea, Mauna Loa (world’s largest volcano),
Tabaro (Taal Volcano) Eruption
Pu’u O’o, Hawaii; Mt. Etna, Italy
Vulcanian
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● Canon-like explosions produced by the detonation
of a solidified magma plug in the vent by gas
accumulated beneath it
● Ca. 20 km tall eruption columns; pyroclastic flows,
ashfall
● E.g. 1997 Soufriere Hills Eruption, Montserrat;
vulcanian Phase Mayon 2000 eruption
Plinian
● Very explosive, energetic release of voluminous
magmatic gas, fragmented magma w/c propel w/
great force high in the air, forming huge mushroom
clouds
● Tall eruption column >40 km high, penetrating
stratosphere
● Well-defined umbrella cloud
● Extensive ashfall
● Pyroclastic flows
● Large volcanic calderas
Volcanic Hazards
● Volcano-related phenomena/processes that pose
potential threat or cause negative impact to man,
property & the environment in a given period of
time
● Lava Flows
● Pyroclastic Flows & Surges
● Ashfall or Tephra Fall
● Lahars
● Volcanic Gases
● Ground Fissuring
● Tsunamis
● Debris Avalanche / Sector Collapse
Lava Flows
● Incandescent rivers of hot molten rock (lava)
● Erupted from volcanic craters, fissures, during
Hawaiian- Strombolian activity, lava dome
eruptions
● Usually slow-moving for moderate-high SiO2
magma; fast moving for low SiO2 magma (e.g.
Hawaii lavas)
● Low SiO2 -> ​Pahoehoe ​(Ropy) Lava
● Low SiO2 -> ​Aa ​(Spiky) Lava
● Intermediate SiO2 -> ​Blocky ​Lava
● Impacts of Lava Flow
○ Main hazard of burial, generation of deadlier
pyroclastic flows
○ Results in long term disuse of buried land!
Pyroclastic Flows & Surges
● Turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic
materials (ash & rocks) + hot gases that flow
downslope at very high speeds (> 60 kph)
● Deadliest of all volcanic hazards
● Origins of pyroclastic flows & surges:
○ Collapse and fallback from tall eruption eruption
columns (ST. VINCENT-TYPE)
○ Gravitational collapse/ non-explosive avalanching
of material from domes, lava flows
(MERAPI-TYPE)
○ Explosions during or after the ascent of lava
domes (PLEEAN-TYPE)
○ Voluminous silicic magma eruption leading to
caldera collapse (KRAKATOAN-TYPE)
○ Voluminous silicic magma eruption from fissure
or fault systems (VTTS-or VALLES-TYPE)
● Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges:
○ Burning & incineration of everything in the flow
path
○ Filling of river valleys w/ pyroclastic flow deposits
○ E.g: Hibok-hibok Volcano, Camiguin Island,
December 1951: 500 deaths from pyroclastic
flows
○ PHIVOLCS DOST
○ 1911 Taal Volcano eruption: 300 deaths from
base surges, a type of pyroclastic surge that
travels laterally outward from the base of an
eruption column at 90-500 m/s, first recognized in
1947 in explosion
○ mushrooms of underwater nuclear tests
Ashfall or Tephra Fall
● Gravitational settling of volcanic ash & fragments
from the umbrella clouds of tall eruption columns &
ash clouds of pyroclastic flows
● Dispersal depends on prevalent wind directions,
column heights
● Impacts of Ashfall
○ Results to widespread infrastructural damages
when thick
○ Monitored worldwide by aviation agencies
because ashfall can cause potential jet engine
failure to all types of aircraft
○ Buildings destroyed by ballistic mud balls from
the 2000 Mt. Usu Eruption
Lahars
● Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments
and water
● Triggered by rainfall, melting of craterial icecaps,
lake breakout or hydrothermal “squeezing” 1995
Typhoon Mameng Lahars, Bacolor, Pampanga
● 2 Classes of Lahars
○ Debris flow: solid fraction is 60-80% by weight or
>60% by volume
○ Hyperconcentrated streamflow​: solid fraction
20-60% by weight, 40-60% by volume
● Impacts of Lahars
○ Burial
○ Cutoff and Isolation
○ Long-term siltation & related flooding
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Volcanic Gases ● Communicate volcano information to
● Basic components of magma or lava (H2O, CO2, government/disaster officials for appropriate
CO, H2S, F2, SO2, H2SO4, etc.) mitigation strategies & land use
● Mostly toxic species ● Disseminate volcano information to the public to
● Bubbling of water during 1969 eruption, Taal Lake, educate them on appropriate crisis response
due to escaping gas from magma beneath the
lake floor Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards in the Community
● Determine which areas (schools, communities)
Ground Fissuring should be evacuated & avoided during eruptions
● due to movement of magma beneath the surface ● Determine safe routes & sites for evacuation
● may be movement / adjustments along faults ● Plan locations of settlements,, schoolls
● accompanied by earthquakes ● Conduct evacuation drills
● E,g. 2000 Mt. Usu eruption fissuring
Observance of Permanent Danger Zones (PDZ)
Tsunamis

Debris Avalanche / Sector Collapse

● Downslope movement of large-volume proportions
of the volcanic flanks due to:
○ movement of magma beneath the edifice
(Bezymmiany-type)
○ adjustments along faults transecting volcanoes
○ earthquakes (Bandai-type)
● Produces horseshoe-shaped crater, hummocky
topography

Volcanic Hazards Mitigation

We cannot control volcanic phenomenon, but we can
lessen their risks.

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
● Process or phenomenon of ​atmospheric,
Volcano - Geological Mapping hydrological ​or ​oceanographic nature ​that may
● Determine eruption history, eruption recurrence cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
● Determine types and extents of potential eruptions property damage, loss of livelihoods and services,
● Determine eruption behavior social and economic disruption or environmental
damage.
Volcanic Hazards Modeling ● Tropical Cyclone
● Numerically simulate the extents of volcanic flows ● Thunderstorm
based on geologic data ● Tornado
● E.g;; Lahar Hazards Map, Bulusan Volcano, based ● Storm Surge
on USGS modeling program LAHARZ ● Flood
● Drought
Information Dissemination & Warning ● El Nino and La Nina Phenomenon
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EL NINO ● The tropical cyclone has an ​eye ​which is 10 to 100
● Associated with having no rain, hence the fear of kilometers in diameter.
drought and consequently dried-up fields and low ● The area where the ​wind is light and calm ​and
water level in dams and reservoirs for domestic, there is ​no rain.
agricultural and industrial uses. ● There is an ​eye wall ​where the ​precipitation is
● Translates from Spanish as ‘the boy child’; heaviest ​and the ​wind is strongest.
● Commonly accepted term to describe the warming
of the central and astern tropical Pacific Ocean

LA NINA
● Associated with heavy rainfall and hazards such
as floods.
● Translates as ‘girl-child’;
● The opposite ​ENSO ​(El Nino Southern Oscillation;
a cycle of changes that occur in Pacific Ocean and
the atmosphere above it change from normal state
for several seasons.) Tropical Cyclone Secondary Hazards:
1. Floods
2. Storm Surges
3. Strong Winds
4. Landslides
5. Mudflows

Floods
● Affect low-lying and coastal areas, due to the
Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Phenomenon overflowing of water ​from lakes, streams, and
ENSO involves an interaction between the ocean and other bodies of water.
atmosphere ● The accumulation of rainwater in drainages also
● Both of which play a role in reinforcing changes in causes floods, particularly in urban areas.
each other. ● Flood can caused by ​natural ​and ​human
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activities.
● that gives rise to El Niño and La Niña is an ● Natural causes include
atmospheric phenomenon. The climatic ○ Intense or prolonged rainfall
disturbances such as ​tropical cyclones, ○ Storm Surge
thunderstorms, tornadoes, and ​droughts ​are ○ High Tide
hazardous and can bring disaster. Other hazards ● Man-made causes include
resulting from tropical typhoons include ​strong ○ Increases urbanization and coastal development
winds, storm surge, flood​, and ​landslide​. ○ Informal settlers
○ Indiscriminate dumping of garbage
TROPICAL CYCLONE ○ Deforestation
● The Philippines is very ○ Failure of levees and dams
vulnerable to ○ Blasting
climate-related hazards ● Types of Floods:
because of its ​location​. 1. River Flood -​ Caused by the ​overflowing of
● An average of 20 tropical rivers when the run-off exceeds the capacity of
cyclones enters the the channels.
Philippine Area of 2. Flash Flood ​- Caused by a very short period of
Responsibility (PAR) and unusually heavy rainfall.
90% of them affect the 3. Coastal Flood ​- Occurs when strong onshore
country. winds push the water inland. The rise in sea level
● Filipinos usually call these climatic disturbances also causes flooding of the low lying coastal
“typhoons” areas.
● The appropriate name is ​tropical cyclone.
● An intense low pressure system with a minimum How to prepare for flooding
sustained wind velocity of 35 kilometer per hour PAGASA’S Color-Coded Warning Signals for Flooding
(KPH)
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“Preparing for flood is a shared responsibility”
PAGASA came up with ​safety tips on what to do
before, during, and after flooding.
1. Know how often your location is likely to be
flooded and to what extent.
2. Be familiar with the flood warning system in your
community and be sure your family knows it.
3. Keep informed​ of daily weather conditions.
4. Designate an evacuation area for the family and
livestock and ​assign family members specific
instructions and responsibilities according to an
evacuation plan.
When warned of flood
1. Be alert to the possibility of a flood, if it has been
raining for several days. Flood happens as the
ground becomes saturated.
2. Listen ​to the radio for emergency instructions.
3. If advised to ​evacuate​, do so. Don’t panic. ​Move
to a safe area before access is cut off by flood
waters.
4. Store drinking water in containers, as water
service may be interrupted.
5. Move household ​belongings ​to ​upper levels​.
6. Bring ​livestock ​to​ higher ground​.
7. Turn off electricity at the main switch in the
building before evacuating and also ​lock your
house​.
During Flooding
1. Avoid ​flooded areas.
2. Do not attempt to cross rivers or flowing streams
where water is above the knee.
3. Beware ​of water-covered roads and bridges.
4. Avoid ​unnecessary exposure to the elements.
5. Do not go swimming​ or boating in swollen rivers.
6. Eat only well-cooked food. Protect leftovers
against contamination.
7. Drink clean​ or preferably boiled ​water ​only.
After Flooding
1. Re-enter ​the dwellings ​with caution using
flashlights, lanterns, or torches. There may be
f​lammable inside.
2. Beware of fire hazards​ like broken electric wires.
3. Do not eat food and drink water until they have
been checked for food and water contamination.
4. Report broken utility lines (electricity, water, gas,
and telephone) to appropriate agencies or
authorities.
5. Keep stock of food which requires little cooking
and refrigeration as electric power may be
interrupted.
6. Keep ​a transistorized radio and flashlight with
spare batteries, emergency cooking equipment,
candles, matches, and handy first-aid kit ​in case of
emergency​.
7. Securely ​anchor weak dwellings and items.
STORM SURGE
● Filipinos became more aware of storm surge
because of ​Typhoon Yolanda ​that hit Tacloban
City and other municipalities of Leyte and Samar
in ​2013​.
● Before this, people had ​very little understanding
of how ​storm surge can cause disaster. ​It was
never imagined that a storm surge can be ​18 feet
high ​and go as far as ​2 kilometers away from
the shoreline.
● The scenario was compared to the tsunami that hit
northern Japan. When a typhoon hit the
communities, people described the storm surge as
similar to a tsunami.
● PAGASA-DOST describes ​storm surge ​as a
sudden rise of sea level above the normal level
on the coast due to a drop in atmospheric
pressure ​and the ​force of the wind as a tropical
cyclone approaches the coast.
1. The ​stronger ​the ​tropical cyclone ​and the
shallower ​the ​coast, ​the ​higher the surge. ​Storm
surges can sweep the coastline inland to as much
as a few kilometers.
2. Usually, the peak storm surge is experienced ​near
the point of landfall of a typhoon ​or a storm.
3. The ​rise in sea level can cause flooding ​and
damage in low-lying coastal areas and villages,
particularly when the approach of the storm
coincides with the occurrence of high tide.
Storm surge is caused by the following:
1. Wind/Pressure effect ​- the stronger the wind of the
tropical cyclone and the lower the atmospheric
pressure, the higher the storm surge.
2. Rainfall effect -​ heavy rains associated with an
intense tropical cyclone add to the total sea level
near the coast.
3. Tidal effect -​ if surge coincides with the occurrence
of high tide, the water level will be higher than when
it occurs during low tide conditions.
4. Shape of the coastline and slope of the sea bed
- The shallower the slope, the higher the surge to
the coastal communities.
What should individuals and families do?
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1. Make plans for evacuating the members of your
family and yourself to higher ground before a storm
surge takes place.
2. Stay off the beach when a weather disturbance is
approaching existing in your coastal community.
3. Refrain from building houses within 500 meters
from flat or gently sloping coastlines.
4. During weather disturbances, rely on your own
initiative rather than wait for governmental action.
5. Ensure systematic safekeeping of valuables.
6. Evacuate to higher ground away from beaches as
soon as possible when a storm or typhoon
approaches your coastal community.
THUNDERSTORM
● A localized ​storm cloud that produces lightning
and thunder, ​and often brings heavy rain showers
or hail as well as strong gusty winds. The ​typical
thunderstorm is 5 kilometers in diameter ​and
lasts an ​average of 30 minutes, ​although some
may last longer.
● A thunderstorm undergoes three stages.
● During the ​initial or cumulus stage, ​as the sun
heats the earth’s surface, the ground warms the
air above it. The warm air rises and the water
vapor condenses to cumulus clouds.
● During the ​mature stage, ​the cloud causes heavy
precipitation, severe lightning, strong and gusty
winds, hail, and tornadoes at times. It is at this
stage that the thunderstorm is strongest.
● The last stage is the ​dissipating stage. ​The
precipitation decreases its intensity and clouds
begin to dissipate.
● Can produce dangerous weather conditions
such as:
○ Heavy rains
○ Floods
○ Tornadoes
○ Hailstones -​ are icy crystals falling from a
thunderstorm. When these hailstones reach the
ground, their sizes are reduced to the size of a
corn kernel. It is therefore not very dangerous but
they can destroy crops
○ Lightning ​- the most dangerous hazard
associated with thunderstorm, is a ​visible
electrical discharge due to high voltage
differences ​that build up within the clouds,
between the clouds, and the ground. The
temperature of lightning is ​five times hotter than
the surface of the sun. ​the sudden lightning
makes sound waves that we hear as thunder.
Lightning can cause deaths and injuries and can
spark fires.
How do we know that there is an impending
thunderstorm?
Signs for an impending thunderstorm:
1. Towering cumulonimbus clouds
2. Darkening skies
3. Flashes of lightning and gusty wind
4. Sound of thunder
5. Static on your communication equipment
TORNADO
● A localized windstorm characterized by a visible
funnel-shaped, rapidly whirling cloud extending
downward from the base of a dark cumulonimbus
cloud.
● It is also known as ​twister. ​In the Philippines, it is
called ​buhawi ​or ​ipo-ipo. ​It acts like a vacuum
cleaner, sucking and carrying aloft objects along
its path, such as trees, structures, or debris. Wind
speeds are estimated to exceed 450 KPH and
may last for a few minutes.
● When a tornado occurs or moves over a body of
water, ​this is called ​waterspout. ​Since it acts like
a vacuum cleaner, it can siphon the water and
release it afterwards. It becomes more destructive
if the water is released inland, affecting
settlements.
● While a tornado can be predicted through the use
of ​Doppler radar, ​the people must be on the
lookout for precursory signs.
● These signs include the following:
1. The ​appearance of a funnel shaped column
from the base of the cumulonimbus cloud
2. Having weather that feels ​warm, humid,
uncomfortable ​and ​calm
3. Lightning ​and t​ hunder
4. Roaring ​and ​buzzing sound ​of the tornado as it
reaches the ground.
What you should do during a tornado
Some measures to mitigate the impact of a tornado
are the following:
1. If at work, home or in school, ​keep calm​; take
cover ​in any interior hallway, at the lowest place in
a building, or under sturdy furniture. ​Stay away
from windows.
2. Secure outdoor objects ​(like garbage cans,
garden tools, toys, signs, garden sets) if time
permits, to prevent them from causing danger
during the tornado’s passage.
3. Lie down in any depression ​or crawl into culverts
when a tornado is about to strike as it is
considerably better than remaining upright.
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4. When driving a vehicle, stop, abandon it, ​and
seek shelter ​outside at the nearest depression, Fire Triangle
ditch, or ravine (but be aware of flash flooding).
5. Tornadoes are generally ​short-lived. ​They come
and go quickly. There may ​not ​be ​time for ​a
warning.
6. Be alert ​for the sudden appearance of violent
winds, rain, hail, or funnel-shaped cloud in your
locality.

DROUGHT
● The ​lack or rainfall for normal needs. ​Because
of the deficiency of rainfall for a long period, the
soil moisture is reduced below the minimum
necessary to sustain plants, animals, and humans.
● It can be attributed to the ​El Nino phenomenon
and the ​greenhouse effect ​or the ​warning of the
The fire triangle is a model for conveying the
earth’s surface ​(CDRC-1992). With climate
components of a fire. The fire triangle’s three sides
change, extreme atmospheric conditions could
illustrate the three elements of fire, which are heat, fuel
happen such as prolonged and heavy rainfall or
and oxygen.
the lack of rain, resulting in drought.
● Drought can have the following impacts.
The three elements must be combined in the right
1. Agricultural ​crops will not grow ​without water.
proportions for a fire to occur. If any of the three
2. Animals will die ​out of thirst.
elements are removed, the fire is extinguished.
3. As a result of the above, there could be a ​famine
or food insecurity.
The first element in the fire triangle is heat, which is
4. The ​water supply ​for domestic and industrial use
perhaps the most essential of fire elements. A fire
will be reduced.
cannot ignite unless it has a certain amount of heat, and
5. There would be ​less livelihood ​for people whose
it cannot grow without heat either.
jobs are dependent on water supply.
6. There would be an epidemic ​and other ​health
The second element in the fire triangle is fuel. A fire
problems ​due to the rise of microorganisms,
needs a fuel source in order to burn. The fuel source can
poor sanitation, and hunger.
be anything that is flammable, such as wood, paper,
7. High temperature can trigger ​wildfires.
fabric, or chemicals. Once the fuel element of the fire
● Drought is a ​cyclical event ​so it can be predicted.
triangle is removed, the fire will go out.
It is also a ​slow-onset hazard, ​hence there could
be ample time to prepare and reduce the risks
The final element of the fire triangle is oxygen, which is
associated with it. It is important to ​look at the
also an essential component of fire. A fire needs oxygen
local ​and ​indigenous practices ​of communities
to start and continue. That is why one recommendation
in agriculture ​when the ​farmers face drought
for extinguishing a small fire is to smother it with a
(Smucker 2012).
non-flammable blanket, sand or dirt.
How to prepare for drought?
Disaster Management Cycle
To reduce the risk due to drought, the following
measures can be done:
1. Build structures that can conserve water such as
dams, dikes, and irrigation systems.
2. Issue and early warning to prepare the people,
communities, and institutions.
3. Conserve water even prior to the occurrence of the
drought.
4. Adopt indigenous practices in agriculture which
could vary depending on the physical situations and
cultures in communities.
5. Preserve and store food.
6. Desalinate water supply.
7. Change lifestyle to adopt to drought.
 CONFIDENTIAL, ONLY FOR A ​ NGELLA DENUNA
LONG TEST
I. Write if it is a Hazard or Disaster, then identify if
it is Natural or Man-made (10 pts)
1. (Hazard , Man-made) ​Flood in squatter's
area caused by improper waste disposal.
2. (Hazard, Natural) ​Slight ground shaking as a
sign of an impending earthquake.
3. (Disaster, Man-made) ​Forest fire caused by
intentional burning of the government.
4. (Disaster, Man-made) ​Epidemic due to
overpopulation and pollution.
5. (Disaster, Natural) ​Tsunami affecting beaches
and other populated coastal areas.
II. Classify the following vulnerabilities according to
its type. Write the letters only (10 pts)
A. Physical
B. Social
C. Attitudinal
1. (C) ​Religious beliefs
2. (C)​Awareness
3. (B)​Community organizations 8. Infrastructure
4. (A)​Human capital
5. (A)​Environmental factors
6. (C) ​Sense of ability to affect environment
7. (C)​Dependence
8. (A)​Infrastructure
9. (B)​Participation levels
10. (C/B)​Isolation or connectedness
III. Arrange the following steps in disaster
management (5 pts)
● (4)​Response
● (2)​Preparation
● (5)​Recovery
● (3)​Event
● (1)​Mitigation
IV. Identification (10)
1. (Seismic waves) ​These are also known as
“earthquake waves”.
2. (Tectonic Earthquake) ​Earthquakes produced
by sudden movement along faults and plate
boundaries are called ______
3. (Liquefaction) ​It is a process that transforms
the behavior of a body of sediment from that of
a solid to that of a liquid.
4. (Magnitude) ​It is the measure of the total
amount of energy released at the earthquake's
point of origin.
5. (7-8) ​Magnitude ____ are considered as “major
earthquakes”
6. (Igneous rocks) ​What product is made from
cooled lava?
7. (Active Volcanoes) ​These are types of
volcanoes which have erupted for atleast 600
years ago.
8. (Ashall, Tephra Fall) ​It is the gravitational
settling of volcanic ash and fragments from the
umbrella clouds
9. (Lahar Flow) ​It is the flow of the thick mixture of
volcanic sediments and water
10. (Permanent Danger Zone) ​PDZ stands for
______
V. True or False (15 points)
1. (T) ​El Nino stands for “the boy child”
2. (F) ​El Nino is the warming of the western tropical
Pacific Ocean.
3. (T) ​La Nina is associated with heavy rainfall for a
long period of time.
4. (F) ​El Nino and La Nina are hydrological
phenomenon only.
5. (F) ​Droughts cannot cause disasters. They are
natural hazards.
6. (T) ​Rise of microorganisms, poor sanitation, and
hunger can lead to epidemic.
7. (F) ​If there is a drought, there will be more
spaces for employment for the people in the
community.
8. (F) ​High temperature in fields and forests can
cause famine.
9. (T) ​A water spout is a tornado that occurs over a
body of water.
10. (F) ​Tornadoes last for atleast an hour at a speed
of 400 kph.
11. (T) ​The eye of the typhoon is the area where the
wind is light and calm and there is no rain.
12. (F) ​Flood is only caused by human activities.
13. (F) ​Flashfloods are caused by the overflowing of
rivers when the run-off exceeds the capacity of
the channels.
14. (F) ​The sudden rise of the sea level due to a
drop in atmospheric pressure is called a high
tide
15. (F) ​The dissipating stage is the stage where the
thunderstorm is strongest.