Networking Fundamentals

EC 301
COMPUTER
NETWORKING
FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING
Prepared By:
Sheila/JKE/PKB
CHAPTER 1
 DURATION
6 HOURS (3 weeks) – Lecture
 CLO 1
 Explainthe hardware and network devices to built
LAN for a specific implementation (C2)
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202.188.0.134
202.188.0.138
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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
 COMPUTER HARDWARE??
 COMPUTER HARDWARE??
Processing
Device
Input Output
HARDWARE Device
Device
Storage
Device
 COMPUTER SYSTEM?
HARDWARE
?
SOFTWARE
The instructions given

to the computer in the
form of a program
which are used for
different purposes.
 COMPUTER SYSTEM ??
under the control set of instructions
processes
raw data
from the user an advanced gives the result
Input electronic Output
device
saves
In the storage space
 COMPUTER NETWORK??
• Network comprise 2
or MORE computers
that have been
connected
• A group of device,
known as a node
connected to media
transmission.
 COMPUTER NETWORK??
 The computers can be
geographically located
anywhere.
 Enable them to
communicate with
each other and share
resources and files.
ATM
TELEKOM MALAYSIA
REPEATERS SERVER
ROUTER
HUB HUB
HUB HUB
BRIDGE
HUB BRIDGE
HUB
HUB
WORKSTATION
Computer networks can be used for
several purposes:
 Facilitating communications.
 Sharing hardware.
 Sharing files, data, and information.
 Sharing software.
people can communicate
each computerefficiently and easily
on a network may
via : access
user mayandaccess
use hardware
data andresources
Email,
Usersinstant messaging,
on
information
connected chat
thetonetwork, rooms,
such
which
a network as printing
stored
may a
on other
Telephone, video
run application telephone
programs
document
computers calls
the and
aon
onon shared network
network.
remote
video computers.
conferencing.
printer.
STAND-ALONE COMPUTER
NETWORK COMPUTER
• Connected to Printer / scanner
individually
• Stored on Workstations / Pendrive
/ CD
• Connected to internet
• Security software installed On
each computer. User keeps
security software updated.
Physical security typically poor
• Connecting teams through phone
NETWORK COMPUTER
A single stand-alone
computer can be very
useful BUT it is when
connected to other
computers that it
becomes possible to
do some of the most
powerful things.
NETWORK COMPUTER
• Share Printer / scanner
• Stored on server . All files can be
shared
• Shared internet connection
• Security software installed on
server. Client for security software
installed on workstations. Server
auto updates workstations.
Physical security for servers good
• Connecting teams through email /
2 TYPES of NETWORK
P2P NETWORK
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
 P2P NETWORK
 aremore commonly
implemented where less
then ten computers are
involved and where strict
security is not necessary.
 P2P NETWORK
 each computer in the
network act as both client or
server for the other
computers in the network
 allowing shared access to
files/email with every other
computer on the network
and peripherals without the
need for a central server
 P2P NETWORK
 allcomputers in the
network to use the same or
a compatible program to
connect to each other and
access files and other
resources found on the
other computer.
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
 Suitable for larger network
 A computer network in which one
centralized
 Powerful computer is a hub to
which many less powerful
personal computers or
workstations are connected
 Clients run programs and access
data that are stored on the server
 P2P vs C/S
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
Easy to setup. More difficult to set up.
Less expensive. More expensive to install.
Can be implemented on a wide range of A variety of operating systems can be

operating systems. supported on the client computers, but
the server needs to run an operating
system that supports networking.
More time consuming to maintain the Less time consuming to maintain the
software being used (as computers must software being used (as most of the
be managed individually). maintenance is managed from the
server).
 P2P vs C/S
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
Very low levels of security supported or High levels of security are supported, all
none at all. These can be very of which are controlled from the server.
cumbersome to set up, depending on the Such measures prevent the deletion of
operating system being used. essential system files or the changing of
settings.
Ideal for networks with less than 10 No limit to the number of computers that
computers. can be supported by the network.
Does not require a server. Requires a server running a server
operating system.
Demands a moderate level of skill to Demands that the network administrator
administer the network. has a high level of IT skills with a good
working knowledge of a server operating
system.
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

11. Transmission 9. Segment
Media
8 Backbone
10. Topology
5 Network Operating System

6. Node
1. Server
7. Connectivity
Device 2 . Client
3. Workstation 4. Network Interface Card


1. Client
 A computer on the network that requests
resources or services from another
computer on a network
 client could also act as a server. The
term client may also refer to the human
user of a client workstation or to client
software installed on the workstation.
2. Server
 A computer on the network that manages
shared resources
 usually have more processing power, memory,
and hard disk space than clients.
 run network operating software that can
manage not only data, but also users,
groups, security, and applications on the
network

3. Workstations
 All of the user computers connected to a
network are called workstations.
 A typical workstation is a computer that is
configured with a network interface card,
networking software, and the appropriate
cables.

3. Workstations
 Workstations do not necessarily need floppy
disk drives because files can be saved on
the file server.
 Almost any computer can serve as a
network workstation

4. Network Interface Card (NIC)
 NIC provides the physical connection
between the network and the computer
workstation.
 Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting
into an expansion slot inside the computer.

4. Network Interface Card (NIC)
 NICs are a major factor in determining the
speed and performance of a network.
 The three most common network interface
connections are Ethernet cards, LocalTalk
connectors, and Token Ring cards.

5. Network Operating System (NOS)
 is the software that runs on a server and
enables the server to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions.

 The network operating system is designed
to allow shared file and printer access
among multiple computers in a network,
typically a local area network (LAN), a
private network or to other networks.

 The most popular network operating systems
are :
 Microsoft Windows Server 2003,
 Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
 UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, and
 Novell NetWare.

6. Node
 A client, server, or other device that can
communicate over a network and that is
identified by a unique number, known as its
network addressers.

7. Connectivity device
 A specialized device that allows multiple
networks or multiple parts of one network to
connect and exchange data.
 A client/server network can operate without
connectivity devices.
 However, medium- and large-sized LANs
use them to extend the network and to
connect with WANs.

8. Segment
 A network segment is a part of a computer
network.
 The nature and extent of a segment depends
on the nature of the network and the device or
devices used to interconnect end stations.
 Device including routers, switches, hubs,
bridges, or multi-homed gateways

9. Backbone
 The part of a network to which segments and
significant shared devices such as routers,
switches, and servers.
 A backbone is sometimes referred to as "a
network of networks," because of its role in
interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or
WAN.

10. Topology
 The physical layout of a computer network.
Topologies vary according to the needs of the
organization and available hardware and
expertise.
 Networks can be arranged in a ring, bus, or
star formation, and the star formation is the
most common.

11. Transmission media
 The means through which data is transmitted
and received.
 Transmission media may be physical, such as
wire or cable, or atmospheric (wireless), such
as radio waves.
 CATEGORIES OF NETWORK
WIDE AREA
a Alarger
group
the network
largest NETWORK
of computers that share a common
than LAN
network
connection
high speed
connects computer
in a small usersininthe
area or even a particular
same
geographic
building METROPOLITAN
area or region.
very expensive to setup
AREA NETWORK
an office or home network
smaller than a WAN.
connected by Ethernet cables

LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
have high Speed connections.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
Connect devices in a building

 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

 the computers are relatively close together.
 can be constructed only with two computers and
one printer only, or can be extended in one
building to include audio and video peripherals.
 LAN size is limited to a distance of several
kilometers
 LANs would be within the same office, a single
building, or several buildings close together.
 Common LAN topologies are bus, star and ring.
 LAN has a data rate of 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).

 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

 is a network that interconnects users with
computer resources in a geographic area or
region LARGER than that covered by even a
large LAN but SMALLER than the area
covered by a WAN
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Can send data, audio and video at long distances around the world.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

 A computer network that spans a relatively
large geographical area.
 Computers connected to a WAN are often
connected through public networks, such as
the telephone system.
 They can also be connected through leased
lines or satellites.
 The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
 INTERNET
 is a global network
that links computer
networks around the
world
 Internet is from
„Internetworking‟
word, that meaning
of communication
between networks.
 a network of
network.
 INTRANET
 A contained collection of computers and
networks within an organizations
 connecting the organization's members
and/or employees to a range of computer
services, resources, and information.
 firewall is used to separate the Intranet from
the Internet and to get permission to access
the source.
 INTERNET VS INTRANET
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Defines
the way in which computers, printers, and other
devices are connected.
the layout of the wire and devices as well as the
paths used by data transmissions.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
Commonly referred to as a
linear bus, all the devices on a
bus topology are connected by
one single cable.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
 Bus is a passive network.
 messages are usually broadcasted to every
computer
 Computers in a network bus lines just listen in
to find out whether there is data that is sent.
 This computer does not respond to send data to
the computer next to it.
 If the computer fails, it does not give effect to
the entire network.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages Disadvantages
Quick, reliable in building a small make a lot of network traffic is extremely
network, easy to use and slow bus. Because any computer can
understand send signals at any time, these interfere
with each other
cable to connect your computer Each barrel connector will weaken the
does not need much, so prices are signal, if too many connections can result
cheap in signal is not received correctly
Easy to expand the bus. Two cables difficult to be recovered
can be connected to become
longer with BNC barrel
 STAR TOPOLOGY
 The star topology is the
most commonly used
architecture in Ethernet
LANs.
 It connecting all the cables
from the computer to a
central location, where
everything will be
connected to a device
known as a hub
 STAR TOPOLOGY
 Each computer in a star
topology communicate with the
central hub that sends the
message to the all computers
(in a star network broadcast) or
only to a certain destination
computer
 STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages disadvantages
Easier to update and add computers in the If the central hub fails, the network
stars without disrupting network fails
Repairs of the network easily done in the Requires device in the center of stars
center of the stars for rebroadcast, or convert (switch)
network traffic
A damaged computer does not necessarily higher price because of all the cables
affect the network must be pulled from the center
Can use several types of cables within the

same network, with a hub that can accept
different types of cables
 RING TOPOLOGY
 circuit arrangement in which
each network device is attached
along the same signal path to
other devices, forming a path in
the shape of a ring.
 Each device in the network
(node) handles every message
that flows through the ring.
 RING TOPOLOGY
 Each node in the ring has a unique
address.
 Since in a ring topology there is only
one pathway between any two nodes,
ring networks are generally disrupted
by the failure of a single link.
 Similarly in the Ring topology
message can travel in only one
direction i.e clockwise or
anticlockwise.
 RING TOPOLOGY
 The redundant topologies are used
to eliminate network downtime
caused by a single point of failure.
 It is used to produce high-
performance network: the network
require special bandwidth for the
features such as video and audio,
or high performance is required
when many users access the
network
 RING TOPOLOGY
 Each computer receives the signal from the
computer next to it and send these signals to
the next computer
 Since each computer send the signal it
receives, then the ring topology is an active
network.
 No terminator is required because there is no
end in this topology
 RING TOPOLOGY
 Since the data is transferred as a sequence
of the same route the possibility of the
occurrence of data collisions do not occur
 Maintenance work for this system is
somewhat similar to the star topology.
 RING TOPOLOGY
 Each node can be connected to the network
and can also be removed at any time without
affecting the whole system directly.
 But one problem is if a node fails, the whole
network system is likely to be affected.
 RING TOPOLOGY
As each computer is given the The failure of a computer will cause
same to achieve the token, a network failure
not a single computer can be
a monopoly network
not easy to repair if damaged

Increase or decrease the computer
will disrupt the network
 MESH/HYBRID TOPOLOGY
 there is only one possible path
from one node to another node.
 If any cable in that path is
broken, the nodes cannot
communicate.
 MESH/HYBRID TOPOLOGY
As each computer is given the Durable, eg failure media is not
same to achieve the token, disrupt the network when compared
not a single computer can be with other topologies
a monopoly network
It is easy to be recovered
 NETWORK STANDARD
 There are several organizations in the United

States and Europe that produces standards for
data communications and computer networks.
 The role of these organizations are only
suggested standards.
 The organizations are:
a. American National Standards Institute(ANSI)
b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
d. International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
f. Internet Society (ISOC)
g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
a. American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
 is a private organization that coordinates all
standards organizations in the United States.
 ANSI standards are among the organizations
involved in COMPUTER AND DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
b. Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
 is an organization representing many of
expenditures in the ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY.
 Duties and responsibilities of EIA is more
focused on ELECTRICAL STANDARD
includingEIA-232-D and EIA-499: important
interface in the delivery / receipt of information
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
 is a professional organization will issue a
standard in their respective fields and this
standard will be adopted by consumers.
 In the computer world, better known in the
developing IEEE standard Local Area Network
(LAN) which is designated as IEEE 802.
d. Internatinal Standards Organization (ISO)
 is a voluntary organization with membership
from several countries.
 ISO to work with other organizations such as
CCITT and ANSI standards to create some
standards such as HDLC (High-level data link
control)
e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 an intergovernmental organization through
which public and private organizations develop
telecommunications.
 The ITU was founded in 1865 and became a
United Nations agency in 1947.
e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 It is responsible for adopting international
treaties, regulations and standards governing
telecommunications.
 The standardization functions were formerly
performed by a group within the ITU called
CCITT, but after a 1992 reorganization the
CCITT no longer exists as a separate entity.
 PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
CHANNEL
SOURCE DESTINATIONS
 PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
CHANNEL
SOURCE DESTINATIONS
 PRINCIPLESOF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
the media that provides the
pathway over which the message
can travel from source to
destination.
SOURCE DESTINATIONS
CHANNEL
Message sources are people The receiver of the
or electronic devices, that message
need to send a message to
other individuals or devices.
 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
 Most networks has one feature in common:
 Transmitting information by breaking the original
information into a set of message (packets)
 Transmitting packets sequentially
 Reassembling packet back into original

information
NETWORKING
 In order to make sure the original message
get transmitted correctly , computer networks
used a set of rules:
 Establish a link
 Issue a command and command qualifier
 Acknowledgement of command
 Dissection message
 Error detection and correction
 Termination of transmission
NETWORKING
 Establish a Link
NETWORKING
NETWORKING
 Each packet is a string of bits and have to travel
along way over a bunch of different network
 Typically lots of computer sending and receiving
information over the same network
 The information getting sent can often get altered
during transmission
NETWORKING
 Issues a command and Command Qualifier
 The SET NETWORK command allows to control
information about network services on an Open system.
 Each structure defines a particular network service and
contains the following information:
 Product name
 Manufacturer
 Type of network
 Node name
 Address(es)
 Interface(s) (OpenVMS device driver)
NETWORKING
 Issues a command and Command Qualifier
 Vendor-specific data
 Status
 Connections
 Counters
 Startcommand
 Stop command
 Path to the Point-to-Point Protocol utility (PPPD)

shareable image
NETWORKING
 Acknowledgement of Command
Without acknowledgment
Router receiving
the router forwards packets to the X.25 network and then
packets from DTE A
forwards acknowledgments from the network back to DTE A.
destined for DTE B
With acknowledgment
the router can acknowledge packets received from DTE A before it has received
acknowledgments from the network for the forwarded packets.
NETWORKING
 Acknowledgement of Command
 Acknowledgment is transmitted between local
hops much faster and more efficiently than
between end-to-end hops.
NETWORKING
 Dissection Message
 Proxies are good firewalls because the entire
packet is dissected and each section can be
examined for invalid data at each layer of the
OSI model.
NETWORKING
 Dissection Message
 a proxy can examine a packet for information
contained in everything from the packet header
to the contents of the message.
 Attachments can also be checked for viruses.
Messages can be searched for keywords that
might indicate the source of a packet.
NETWORKING
 Error Detection and Correction
 Data can be corrupted during transmission.
ERROR = Data Send ≠ Data Received

NETWORKING
 2 types of ERROR
 Single bit Error
 In a single-bit error, only 1 bit in the data unit has changed.
 Burst Error
 A burst error means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have
changed.
NETWORKING
 PARITY CHECK - ODD PARITY

Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total
bit 1 for bits words must be ODD
EVEN
PARITY Bit 1 +1 =2 +1=3

ODD
LSB 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 MSB
8 bits words
 PARITY CHECK - EVEN PARITY

Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total
bit 1 for bits words must be EVEN
EVEN
PARITY Bit 1 +1 =2 +0=2

EVEN
LSB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 MSB
8 bits words
 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK

 Method used to detect and correct error
 Need to send extra bits with data
 Redundancy bits are added by sender and removed
by the receiver
 Allows the receiver to detect or correct corrupted bits
 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK
Sender Receiver
 CHECKSUM
Sender Receiver
Bin Dec Dec Bin
0111 0000
7 7
1011 1011
11 11
1010 1010
12 12
0000 0000
0 0
0110 0110
6 6
0000 1001
0 7,11,12,0,6,9 9
Sum 36 Sum 45
Wrapped Sum 6 Wrapped Sum 15
Checksum 9 Checksum 0
10 0100 36 10 1101 45
10 10
0110 6 1111 15
1001 9 0000 0
NETWORKING
 Error Detection VS Error Correction
 Detecting Error
 Looking only to see if any error occurred.
 Correcting Error
 More difficult because need to know the exact number of
bits are corrupted and more importantly the location of
the message
 Number of error and size of message are also important
factors
 PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
 Termination of Transmission
 each side of the connection terminating
independently.
 When an endpoint wishes to stop its
half of the connection, it transmits a
FIN packet, which the other end
acknowledges with an ACK.
 Therefore, a typical tear-down requires
a pair of FIN and ACK segments from
each TCP endpoint.
 PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
 Termination of Transmission
 After both FIN/ACK exchanges are
concluded, the terminating side waits for a
timeout before finally closing the
connection, during which time the local
port is unavailable for new connections;
 this prevents confusion due to delayed
packets being delivered during
subsequent connections.
 TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
NETWORKING The destination host receives and
decodes the signals in order to
 Message Encoding interpret the message.
Messages sent
across the network Each bit is encoded into a pattern of light waves
are first converted or electrical impulses depending on the network
into bits by the media over which the bits are transmitted.
sending host.
NETWORKING
 Message Encapsulation
 Messages are encapsulated before being sent to the
appropriate location
NETWORKING
 Message Formatting
 On a network messages are formatted into frames
NETWORKING
 Message Formatting
NETWORKING
 Message Size
 Messages have size restrictions depending on the
channel used
 Messages must be of a particular size
 Ethernet message sizes are limited to 46-1500

bytes
NETWORKING
 Message Timing
 theamount of time from the beginning until the
end of a message transmission.
NETWORKING End of Rx ready
Msg to listen
 Message Timing Tx Msg
for ACK Time
wait to
Tx ACK
Start
Tx Msg
Start
Start listening Min time to ACK
Rx Msg
Rx Msg wait Rx Msg
NETWORKING
 Message Timing
 Access method
Determines when a message can be sent to avoid
collisions
 Flow control
Determines how much information can be sent at any
given time
 Response timeout
Determines what action to take if there is no response in a
reasonable time period
NETWORKING
 Message Timing
NETWORKING
 Message Timing
 The packet transmission time in seconds can be
obtained from the packet size in bit and the bit rate
in bit/s as:
Packet transmission time = Packet size
Bit rate
NETWORKING
 Message Timing
 Example:
Assuming 100 Mbit/s Ethernet and the maximum

packet size of 1526 bytes. Calculate the results in
Maximum packet transmission time?
NETWORKING
 Message Timing
 Example:
Max packet transmission = Packet size

Bit rate
= 1526*8 bit
(1 Mbit/s)
≈ 122 μs
NETWORKING
 Message Patterns
a network-oriented architectural pattern
 describes how two different parts of a message
passing system connect and communicate with
each other.
NETWORKING
 Message Patterns
NETWORKING
 My friend at Putrajaya want to send me a files
using my PKB e-mail. After sending the email
she identify that the files that she has attached
cannot get through the PKB server. In a given
scenario, identify which terminologies can be
relate to this communication problem in
networking .
 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 Networking equipment typically
refers to devices facilitating the
use of a computer network.
 includes gateways, routers,
bridges, switches, hubs, and
repeaters.

 A network interface controller
/network interface card is a
computer hardware
component that connects a
computer to a computer
network.

 NIC
 NIC provides the hardware interface between a
computer and a network.
 A NIC technically is network adapter hardware in
the form factor of an add-in card

 Various types of NIC
 PCI NIC
 PCI Express NIC
 PCMCIA
 On Board NIC
 Wireless NIC

 PCI NIC
 Peripheral Component Interconnect is an industry
specification for connecting hardware devices to a
computer's central processor.
 Both Ethernet and Wi-Fi network adapters for
desktop and notebook computers commonly utilize
PCI.

 PCI NIC
 PCI defines the electrical characteristics and signal
protocol used for two devices to communicate over
a computer's central bus.
 PCI network adapters and other devices exist in
several different shapes and sizes

 PCI Express NIC
 Itis used to connect Fast Ethernet Networks
together and it is connected to a PCI Slot located on
your computer's Motherboard

 PCMCIA/PC card
 Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association is an industry organization best know
for developing a standard network adapter using
the PC Card form factor.
 PC Card form factor was designed for thinness, and
PCMCIA is therefore especially used mostly in
removable peripherals that connect to a laptop.

 On Board NIC
A LAN connection or network connection
 In a desktop, NIC's, video cards, sound cards and such
can be inserted into physical slots on the motherboard
but in a laptop there is no room for such a configuration.
All of these things are built right in to the motherboard.
Some desktops integrate these things as well but still
maintain the slots as described above. So, an "onboard"
or integrated NIC card would not be plugged into one of
these slots.

 Wireless NIC
 WNIC is a network interface controller which
connects to a radio-based computer network rather
than a wire-based network
 A WNIC is an essential component for wireless
desktop computer.
 this card uses an antenna to communicate through
microwaves.

 HUB/SWITCH
 A HUB is a device
that provides a
central connection
point for cables from
workstations, servers
and peripherals.

 HUB/SWITCH
 multi slot
concentrators which
can plugged a number
of multi-port cards to
provide additional
access as the network
grows in size.

 HUB/SWITCH
2 Types of HUB
1. PASSIVE concentrators/hub
 No voltage supply
 allow the signal to pass from one computer to
another without amplify the signal.
2. ACTIVE concentrators/hub
 Need voltage supply to electrically amplify the signal
as it moves from one device to another
 Act like repeaters that can extend the length of a
network.

 REPEATERS
 an electronic device that
receives a signal, cleans it of
unnecessary noise,
regenerates and retransmits it
 can be separate devices or
they can be incorporated into a
concentrator/hub.

 REPEATERS The repeater electrically
amplifies the signal it
it is necessary to receives and rebroadcasts it
regenerates the signal at a higher power level
a signal loses strength as the signal can cover
it passes along a long longer distances without
distance cable degradation
signal signal
Long Distance Cable

2nd Network
 BRIDGE
 a device to allows segment of a large
network into two smaller to reduce the
amount of traffic on a networks and
make the traffic more efficient.
1st Network
BRIDGE

 BRIDGE
 BRIDGE also can filters data
traffic at a network boundary.
1st Network 2nd Network


 BRIDGE
 can connect the 2 network.
 adding new wiring scheme into an older wiring
scheme or
 To up-date the network
BRIDGE
Network New Network


 BRIDGE
MONITORS the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it
can pass packets of information to the correct location.


 BRIDGE
“LISTEN" to the network and automatically figure out the address of each
computer on both sides of the bridge.
1st Network
2nd Network

 BRIDGE
“INSPECT” each message and broadcast it on the other side of the network.
1st Network
2nd Network

 BRIDGE
MANAGE the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network (like
a traffic cop at a busy intersection during rush hour.


 ROUTER
 A ROUTER translates information from one network
to another
 it is similar to a super
intelligent bridge.
 A ROUTER select the best path to route a message,

based on the destination address and origin.

 ROUTER
 The ROUTER can direct traffic to prevent
head-on collisions or traffic
 It is smart enough to know when to direct
traffic along back roads and shortcuts.

 GATEWAY
 is a network point that acts as an entrance to
another network.
 an internetworking system capable of joining
together two networks that use different base
protocols.

 GATEWAY
 The computers that
control traffic within a
company's network or at
a local Internet service
provider (ISP) are gateway
nodes.

 GATEWAY
 In PKB‟s, a computer server acting as a gateway
node and it also acting as a proxy server and a
firewall server.
 A gateway is often associated with both a router,
which knows where to direct a given packet of
data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch,
which furnishes the actual path in and out of the
gateway for a given packet.
 REFLECTION
 Tell the class, what is the function of
computer network hardware?
 Name 2 out of 5 of the computer network
hardware that u remember.
 Identify which computer network hardware
can select the best path to bring a message,
based on the destination address and origin.
ACTIVITIES
 Sketch a simple peer to peer computer

network at your house to show connection
between 4 individual user playing and
sharing web game.
ACTIVITIES
 Construct a diagram of the local area

network in JKE‟s Multimedia Computer Lab
which include 40 connected PCs and 1
shared printer. The lab have 10 Ethernet
jack. Add any network hardware to apply to
the connection.
ACTIVITIES
 The network in JKE‟s Office includes 44

connected PCs, 2 shared printers and 4
telephones with their own Ethernet jack. If
there are 2 more PCs and 1 wireless router
need to be add in the office but with no more
Ethernet jack available. Design the
connection to show the new JKE‟s office
network. Add any network hardware to apply
to the connection.
NEXT : TOPIC 2
THE OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION (OSI)
MODEL AND NETWORK
PROTOCOL

Networking Fundamentals

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EC 301

The instructions given

Easy to setup. More difficult to set up.

Less expensive. More expensive to install.

Can be implemented on a wide range of A variety of operating systems can be

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

5 Network Operating System

3. Workstation 4. Network Interface Card

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, and

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT

connected by Ethernet cables

 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

Connect devices in a building

 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).

 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

Can use several types of cables within the

not easy to repair if damaged

 There are several organizations in the United

 Reassembling packet back into original

 Path to the Point-to-Point Protocol utility (PPPD)

ERROR = Data Send ≠ Data Received

 PARITY CHECK - ODD PARITY

PARITY Bit 1 +1 =2 +1=3

 PARITY CHECK - EVEN PARITY

PARITY Bit 1 +1 =2 +0=2

 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK

 Ethernet message sizes are limited to 46-1500

Assuming 100 Mbit/s Ethernet and the maximum

Max packet transmission = Packet size

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

 FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE