The 3rd Bali International Seminar on Science and Technology (BISSTECH)

October 15-17th, 2015

Grand Inna Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

SLOPE STABILITY EVALUATION USING LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM

METHOD (LEM) AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) FOR
INDONESIA SOFT SOIL
Putu Tantri K.S.,Yudhi Lastiasih
1,2
Civil Engineering department, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember.
(E-mail: tantrigeoteknik@gmail.com ; yudhi.lastiasih@gmail.com )

Landslide of the embankments often occur in the region where has a diverse topography contours, one of
them in Indonesia. The instability of slope can triggered a variety of problems that need to be investigated further.
The stability of slopes recently is a major concern in the field of Geotechnical engineering especially in areas that
have diverse topography. There are two methods commonly used in the analysis of the stability of embankments.
The limit equilibrium method (LEM) is widely used by researchers and engineers conducting slope stability analysis.
Slope stability analysis using the finite element method (FEM) also has been widely accepted in the literature for
many years. Each of these methods also has differences in the results of the Safety Factor. Several previous studies
on the comparison of the difference in value of Safety Factor of the two methods have been done. The results
obtained from the comparison of LEM and FEM methods are still very varied according to the location of a review
of each research that have not shown definitive results and in accordance with the soil conditions in Indonesia.This
study aims to analyze the stability of embankments to perform comparisons on various conditions that have varied
contour of embankments and various types of soil in accordance with the most soil type in Indonesia by using the
LEM and FEM. Limit equilibrium method is done by comparing the previously developed methods: Ordinary /
Fellenius, simplified Bishop method, Janbu simplified method, Spencer Method, Morgenstern-Prince method,
Lowe-Karafiath Method. Both LEM and FEM analysis are performed using computer program. Comparison of the
results of the Safety factor of the methods mentioned above will then be compared again with the real landslide case
on the field. Expected outcomes of this research are: a) Obtain tolerance Safety Factor difference value with the
above methods on various conditions of sliding, b) Obtain the method that are suitable with the conditions of sliding

Keywords: embankment, landslide, slope stability, FEM, LEM

INTRODUCTION analytical methods, investigative tools and

Indonesia is a country that is passed by a
series of active volcanoes and is one of the countries
through which by the Earth's plates that continue to
move every year. Similarly of other countries that
have many mountains, Indonesia has large variation
is its topographic contour. Varied topography
contours of the natural conditions make Indonesia
become more beautiful. But behind the beauty of
nature there is also a one of the dangers caused by the
difference in elevation contours in a region. A hazard
which may common in the natural slope is slope
instability which may cause sliding.
Instability related issues in engineered as
well as natural slopes are common challenges to both
researchers and professionals. In construction areas,
instability may result due to rainfall, increase in
groundwater table and change in stress conditions.
Similarly, natural slopes that have been stable for
many years may suddenly fail due to geometry,
external forces and loss of shear strength (Abramson
et all.2002). The combination of intense rainfalls,
steep topography and soil condition are critical
(Thielen et al.2005).
The engineering solutions to slope
instability problems require good understanding of
stabilization measures (Abrahamson et al.2002).
According to the Nash (1987), a quantitative
assessment of the safety factor is important when
decisions are made. The primary aim of slope
stability analysis is to contribute to safe and
economic design of excavation, embankment and
earth dam (Chowdhury (1978)).
Landslides are common among some of the
region is certainly very dangerous to people who live
in areas prone to landslides. Similarly, the slope
failure may interrupt the established imperative
services like traffic movement, drinking water supply,
power production and similar infrastructures. In
addition, the sliding that occurs at the cliffs that have
built the main roads may result in rupture of the
economy system in a particular area due to the main
road buried by the landslide.
Besides the landslide on natural
embankments, landslide also occurred in the artificial
embankments / road embankment. The sliding course
can cause serious damage to the surrounding
population. With the number of occurrences of
landslides in Indonesia, it is necessary to conduct
further research on the stability of the embankments
with the approach according to the soil conditions

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and topography in the area of Indonesia. In this way,
the main motivation of stability analyses is to save
human lives, reduce property damages and provide
continuous services. Therefore, the most suitable and
reliable stability analysis methods have great scope
and thus, they are increasingly demanding. The
chosen method should be able to identify the existing
safety conditions and suggest for technically feasible
and economically viable solution
Further research on the analysis of the cause
of the landslide is lately developed. The studies
conducted to obtain the appropriate methods and
obtaining analytical and mathematical formulation of
the embankment stability in accordance with the
sliding conditions that often occur. That developed
method is Limit Element Method (LEM) such us
Ordinary method, Bishop's Method, Janbu's method,
Morgenstern-Price method, Spencer's and many
more; and Finite element method (FEM) that take
into account the relationship between stress-strain
and deformation in soil.
Some researchers have performed a
comparison against the possibility of sliding in slope
topography in different soil conditions with a variety
of methods. Comparison of methods performed to
find which method is better suited to the actual
conditions of sliding. Hongjun and Longtan (2011)
states that the LEM method is more appropriate to
use to analyze landslide. Wright, Kulhawy and
Duncan (1973) obtained that LEM method is
considered more appropriate to the conditions of the
actual landslide that occurred in the field.
Wright et al, Spencer (1967 & 1973) and
Duncan (1996) indicates that the average value of the
safety factor (SF) on some of the methods developed
by LEM has a tolerance of difference of ± 6% .Aryal,
Knutsson, Kirkebo (2006) states that the percentage
difference SF value generated by each method
depends on the condition of subgrade embankments
and pore water pressure. Research results show that
the method produces a value of SF using method of
FEM is 5-14% larger than the method of LEM. The
value difference is caused by differences in soil
characteristics and pore water level. Aryal et al
(2006) also comparing many methods based on the
LEM are then compared with the FEM method
before verified with field conditions.
Several studies of slope stability analysis
have been done to show the results of the comparison
are still variations on each of the investigators and
have not shown definitive results. In addition, the
research that has been done previously is in
accordance with the soil data of each region of
researcher’s origin that largely not come from
tropical regions enabling the difference in results
with the soil conditions in the region of Indonesia
The main objective on this study is to obtain
a method of slope stability calculations in accordance
with the conditions of the land sliding in Indonesia.
Analysis will be performed by using a variation of
the characteristics of the land acquired on soil data
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October 15-17th, 2015
record from Soil and Rock Mechanics Laboratory,
Department of Civil Engineering ITS, Surabaya. In
addition, this research will also be obtained
percentage range of different values for the safety
factor with the possibility of sliding slope and soil
data variation slope conditions in the field.
The scope of this study is slope stability evaluation
using Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and Finite
Element Method (FEM) is expected to address such
instability problems. The aim of this study has been
to fulfill the main objective: to compare the most
common LEM. Moreover, the most accurate LEM
have been selected for comparison with the more
advanced Finete Element Method. Within this
framework, the study has focused on the following
topics:
 Comparison and evaluation of slope stability
using two methods: LEM and FEM
 Evaluation to the long term condition of slope
 Investigation the shear strength and other
relevant parameters for stability analysis.
LITERATUR REVIEW
Embankment stability analysis is generally performed
by determining the safety factor of embankments
which will be reviewed. Safety factor is defined as
the ratio of the average shear strength of the soil ( f)
with an average shear stress working along the plane
of the landslide ( d) (Equation 1). Soil shear strength
consists of two components, namely cohesion and
shear as shown in Equation 1.
(1)
. (2)
Limit equilibrium method (LEM)
Limit equilibrium method is one method to
determine the safety factor of a natural slope and
embankment. Unlike the Finite Element method, this
method does not consider the stress-strain
relationship and deformation in soil. The principles
of sliding analysis with this method are:
a. A cinematically feasible sliding surface is
assumed to define the mechanism of failure.
b. Available shearing strength along the assumed
slip surface is obtained by using the application
of static principles. Two applied static principle
are the assumption of plastic behavior for soil
mass and validity of Mohr-coulumb failure
criterion.
c. The comparison of available shear strength and
required shear resistance to bring the equilibrium
into limiting condition is made in term of FOS.
d. The satisfying value of FOS is determined
through an iterative process.
This method is very widely used by experts to
analyze geotechnical landslide. LEM has developed
since the early 20s century. Petterson (1915) present
an analysis of the stability of embankments Stigberg
 The 3rd Bali International Seminar on Science and Technology (BISSTECH)
October 15-17th, 2015
Grand Inna Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

Quay in Gotherberg, Sweden where the field is strain relationship and deformation. The basic
analyzed landslides which circle arc-shaped field of concept of this formulation is to reduce the value of
landslides mass calculation is done by the method of the shear stress (c) and shear angles in the ground to
vertical slices. Then the methods of calculation by obtain a safety factor value. Both of these parameters
using the method of slices continue to be developed will be reduced to the land mass in the body of
by several researchers, namely: Fellenius (1936), natural slope and embankment undergo landslide.
Janbu (1954) and Bishop (1955). The development of
computer calculations by auxiliary program began in ∑ (3)
the 1960s. The help of the computer program makes Where Msf = reduction factor of calculation;
the development of mathematical formulas become tan input and cinput = soil parameters in accordance
better. Some researchers are beginning to develop a
by the original conditions; tan reduced and
mathematical formula with aid a computer program is
creduced= reduction parameters during the
Morgenstern and Prince (1965) and Spencer (1967).
calculation process.
To the present, a lot of slope stability calculation
The total value of ΣMsf used in determining
methods by using LEM are already growing. In
the value of stress parameters of the soil in the
general, the whole concepts have an equal
analysis calculations performed. In the entire process
formulation. The differences that exist in some
of calculation of slope stability analysis, the total
formula which has evolved is the basis of static
value of the safety factor is obtained using the
formulas used in the analysis; the formula for
formula:
determining stress between the slices and

assumptions used in finding the relationship between ∑ (4)

shear stress and normal stress on each slice of field
landslides. The difference between the various
methods that have developed can be seen in Table 1 METHODS AND DATA ANALYSES
and Table 2. This study is divided into three stages, that is:
Tabel 1.The differences of each method based on the a. Soil testing data collection of soil and rock
use of static formula Mechanics Laboratory Department of Civil
Engineering, especially on the soil located on
Method Moment Force the slopes area.
Equilibrium equilibrium b. Embankments stability with variation analysis
Ordinary or Yes No of data obtained from a point using the methods
Fellenius described in the previous.
Bishop’s Yes No c. Comparing the results of the analysis with the
simplified sliding conditions on the field.
Janbu’s Simplified No Yes
Spencer Yes Yes Slope stability analysis performed on one
Morgenstern-Price Yes Yes type of embankment height that is 7 meters with a
slope of 1: 1. Soil data used is soil data taken from
Lowe-Karafiath No Yes
several locations in the city of Surabaya. The data
was taken from the Soil and Rock Mechanics
Tabel 2. The differences of each method based on the Laboratory Department of Civil engineering-FTSP
characteristics and relationships between stress in ITS. Testing ground data and sampling data in the
each field landslides slices field is also carried out as verification.
Method Interslice Interslice Ground data analysis was conducted to
Normal Shear obtain an illustration of soft soil profile, depth of soft
Ordinary or No No soil and soil types. The data is used to simulate the
Fellenius possibility of sliding of Slope both natural slopes and
Bishop’s Yes No Embankment. Soil data analyzed were more than 26
simplified data points N-SPT and bor-log data. Soil data
Janbu’s Simplified Yes No analysis was conducted to determine the type of soil
Spencer Yes Yes and soil consistency. 26 data points are scattered in
Morgenstern-Price Yes Yes Surabaya and surrounding area. The recapitulation of
Lowe-Karafiath Yes Yes soil data in the form of data N-SPT at each depth can
be seen in Figure 1.
Finite Element Method (FEM) Based on the results of soil data at several
locations in East Java showed that the soil has the
Finite element method is one method to obtain the different consistency and types. Correlation of soil
value of SF to analyze slope stability by considering consistency of the data N-SPT is in accordance with
the stress-strain relationship in the soil and ground Ardhana and Mochtar (2012) as can be seen in Table
deformation. The concept of calculation by this 3 for the type of cohesive soil and Table 4 for non-
method is to use numerical analysis to obtain a stress- cohesive soil types.

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October 15-17th, 2015
Grand Inna Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

Figure 1. Soil Consistency in the city of Surabaya and surrounding areas based on the
results of the N-SPT.
Tabel 3. Soil consistency for cohesive soil (Silt and Clay) by Mochtar (2012)
Soil consistency Cohesion Un-Drained N-SPT qc from Conus
Very soft 0-12.5 (Kpa) 0-1.25 (ton/m2) 0-2.5 0-10 kg/cm2 0-1000 kPa
Soft 12.5-25(Kpa) 1.25-2.5 (ton/m2) 2.5-5 10-20 kg/cm2 1000-2000 kPa
Medium stiff 25-50 (Kpa) 2.5-5 (ton/m2) 5-10 20-40 kg/cm2 2000-4000 kPa
Stiff 50-100 (Kpa) 5-10 (ton/m2) 10-20 40-75 kg/cm2 4000-7500 kPa
Very stiff 100-200 (Kpa) 10-20 (ton/m2) 20-40 75-150 kg/cm2 7500-15000 kPa
Hard >200 (Kpa) >20 (ton/m2) >40 >150 kg/cm2 >15000 kPa

Tabel 4. Soil consistency for non-cohesive soil (Gravel and sand) by Teng (1962)
Soil consistency Relative N-SPT  Volume weight
density (sat (ton/m3))
very loose 0 % s/d 15 % 0 s/d 4 0 s/d 28 < 1.60
loose 15 % s/d 35 % 4 s/d 10 28 s/d 30 1.50 – 2.0
medium 35% s/d 65 % 10 s/d 30 30 s/d 36 1.75 – 2.10
dense 65% s/d 85 % 30 s/d 50 36 s/d 41 1.75 – 2.25
very dense 85% s/d 100 % > 50 41*

Tabel 5. Soil data used in the study

Soil Layer Soil type 1 Soil type 2 Soil type 3 Soil type 4 Soil type 5 Soil type 6
(Cu (Kpa);=0) (Cu (Kpa); =0) (Cu (Kpa); =0) (Cu (Kpa); =0) (Cu (Kpa); =10) (Cu (Kpa); =25)
Layer 1 10 12.5 15 25 12.5 Phi=25
Layer 2 12.5 15 17.5 27.5 15 Phi=25
Layer 3 15 17.5 20 30 17.5 Phi=25
Layer 4 17.5 20 22.5 32.5 20 Phi=25
Layer 5 20 22.5 25 35 22.5 Phi=25
Layer 6 22.5 25 27.5 37.5 25 Phi=25
Layer 7 25 27.5 30 40 27.5 Cu=35
Layer 8 27.5 30 32.5 42.5 30 Cu=35
Layer 9 30 32.5 35 45 32.5 Cu=35
Layer 10 32.5 35 37.5 47.5 35 Cu=35
Layer 11 35 37.5 40 50 37.5 Cu=50
Layer 12 37.5 40 42.5 52.5 40 Cu=50
Layer 13 40 42.5 45 55 42.5 Cu=50
Layer 14 42.5 45 47.5 57.5 45 Cu=50
Layer 15 45 47.5 50 60 47.5 Cu=50

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Grand Inna Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

ased on the results of the above summary, it RESULT AND DISCUSSION

can be seen that most of the region have dominance
type of clay and some have the type of soil, mostly
clay but there is a layer of sand at some depth. With a
wide variety of soil data existing, then in this study
will be used data that was considered sufficient to
represent the whole of the ground data. Soil data used
in this study are presented in Table 5 and the
information layer of soil can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Soil layers used in the analysis
By using several variations of that
mentioned above, it is then analyzed the stability of
Embankments and landslide analysis. Analysis is
done by using the auxiliary program that supports the
Limit equilibrium methods and Finite Element
method. From each soil data then conducted dozens
of experiments landslide so that each method will
produce 20 value safety factors, 20 areas of
landslides, 20 of activating moment and 20 of
activating force. So, each variation of soil data will
be obtained approximately 120 sliding value of the
safety factor to be analyzed. So from 6 types of soil
data were used, obtained 720 safety factor values.
The chart analysis in this study can be seen in Figure
3.
Landslide of slope analysis in this study will
be divided into several sub-analysis : a) Analysis of
Safety Factor comparison value for each method with
a variety of data used; b) Analysis comparison of the
volume of sliding area; c) Analysis comparation of
the activating moment; d) Analysis comparison of the
value of the activating force.
Results for Limit equilibrium methods
analysis on each type of soil have a similar pattern. In
the comparative analysis shows that the value of
Safety Factor generated by Janbu method is relatively
smaller compared to other methods. While the result
of using the method of Lowe -Karafiath shows that
the relative value is greater than using other methods.
The analysis results can be seen in Figure 4a. Chart
patterns are relatively similar in other types of clay.
Results comparing other values can be seen in Figure
4b, 4c and 4d. Summary results of the analysis
parameters for different types of land landslide can
be seen in Table 6.
a

b
The slope stability result by using
Limit equilibrium method will
compare with the result using

Figure 4. The results of dcomparative analysis of

landslide on the slope parameter with the type of clay.
a) Comparison of Safety Factor; b) Comparison of
Volume of Sliding; c) Comparison of Activating
moment; d) Comparison values Activating force
Figure 3. Research flowchart

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October 15-17th, 2015
Grand Inna Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

Table 6. Summary of the analysis result of various types of soil landslide by using limit equilibrium method.
Natural slope (Dominant Clay)
Safety Factor Analysis
1. The minimum SF : Janbu
Method
2. The maximum SF : Lowe-
Karafiath Method
3. Other methods have the same
value of SF
Volume of sliding
1. The maximum sliding area :
Lowe-Karafiath method
2. Other methods have the same
value of volume of sliding.
Activating moment
All moment equilibrium method
(Ordinary, Bishop, Morgenstern-
price, Spencer, GLE) have the same
value of Activating moment
Activating force
1. The maximum activating force :
Janbu method
2. Mostly Lowe-Karafiath method
have minimum value of
activating force
Road embankment
Safety Factor Analysis
1. SF values are relatively different
2. The minimum SF : Janbu Method
3. The maximum SF : Lowe-
Karafiath Method
4. The medium SF : Bishop method
Volume of sliding
1. The maximum sliding area :
Lowe-Karafiath method
2. Other methods have the same
value of volume of sliding.
Activating moment
All moment equilibrium method
(Ordinary, Bishop, Morgenstern-
price, Spencer, GLE) have the same
value of Activating moment
Activating force
1. The maximum activating force :
Janbu method
2. Mostly Lowe-Karafiath method
have minimum value of
activating force
Natural slope (Sandy Clay Type)
Safety Factor Analysis
1. The minimum SF : Janbu
method
2. The maximum SF : Lowe-
Karafiath method
3. The medium SF : Ordinary
method
Volume of sliding
1. The maximum sliding area :
Lowe-Karafiath method
2. Other methods have the same
value of volume of sliding.
Activating moment
All moment equilibrium method
(Ordinary, Bishop, Morgenstern-
price, Spencer, GLE) have the same
value of Activating moment
Activating force
1. The maximum activating force :
Janbu method
2. Mostly Lowe-Karafiath method
have minimum value of
activating force

Table 7. Differences principle of analysis on each Limit Equilibrium method.

Bishop’s simplified Janbu’s simplified Spencer method Morgenstern-price Lowe-Karafiath
method method method method
1. Considers normal 1. Consider normal 1. Consider both 1. Consider both 1. Consider both
interslice force interslice forces, shear and normal shear and normal interslice shear
2. Satisfies over all but ignores interslice forces interslice forces and normal force
moment interslice shear 2. Satisfies both 2. Satisfies both 2. Satisfies overall
equilibrium forces. moment and moment and force horizontal force
method 2. Satisfies over all force equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium, but
horizontal force 3. Assumes a 3. Allows for a not moment
equilibrium, but constant variety of user- equilibrium
not over all interslice force selected interslice 3. Uses interslice
moment function force function force function
equilibrium. related to the
ground surface
slope and slip
surface inclination

Based on the landslide analysis mentioned The observation of the percentage difference in the
above can be seen that each method has a different value of safety factor at the respective limit
parameter value landslides. Differences in results equilibrium method can be seen in Figure 5 and
often occur in landslide parameter using Janbu Table 8.
methods and methods Lowe-karafiath. The difference
is caused by differences in principles of calculation
parameters of landslide on each method. The
differences are summarized in Table 7. The principle
difference is the one that causes the value of safety
factor; the value of landslide volume and value
activating force in each method are different.
In analyzing landslide, safety factor value is
the value that would be the earliest to see by
implementing the construction whether the slope is
secure against the danger of landslide or not. Thus, in
this study analyzed the value of the safety factor is to
see how large a percentage of the difference value of
the safety factor of each method.
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Grand Inna Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

Tabel 8a. The percentage of Safety factor value for various clay types using Limit equilibrium method
The methods used as Clay 1 Clay 2 Clay 3 Clay 4 Clay 5
a parameter
Janbu -7.33 % - -11.11% -7.03%- -10.07% -5.93%- -9.63 -7.76%- -11.12% -9.58%
Lowe-Karafiath 4.42%-10.14% 3.7%-8.56% 2.14%-5.92% 5.45%-11.17% 3.15%-7.56%
Tabel 8b. The percentage of Safety factor value for road embankment slope (low water level) using Limit
equilibrium method
Information Ordinary Bishop Janbu MSP Spencer GLE J-K
To the minimum value 3.91 12.4 0 11.05 10.79 11.09 19.15
To the maximum value -14.51 -6.56 -17.01 -7.57 -7.69 -7.73 0
Tabel 8c. The percentage of Safety factor value for road embankment slope (high water level) using Limit
equilibrium method
Information Ordinary Bishop Janbu MSP Spencer GLE J-K
To the minimum value 1.89 18.5 4.35 11.58 13.27 12.28 12.22
To the maximum value -15.88 -7.63 -15.58 -7.5 -7.7 -7.3 -9.55

Based on the above results, from 6 methods

used, there are 4 SF which have the same value. In
this study, 4 SF methods that produce the same value
will be used as a comparison with the value of the
safety factor using finite element method. Still needs
to do further analysis using the method of back
analysis to determine which method is most
appropriate to conditions on the ground.
Based on the analysis by using FEM, the SF
value is greater than the LEM method. The
comparison is done for the SF value in the same field
of landslides. On soil sype 1, the value of SF
generated on FEM is 1.0887 while the value of SF
with the same landslide area using LEM method
amounted to 0.9882. Percentage difference value
between the LEM and FEM SF on soil type 1 is equal
to ± 9%. On soil type 2, a SF value generated in FEM
is 1.2174 while the value of SF with the same
landslide area on LEM method amounted to 1,099.
Percentage difference value between the LEM and
FEM SF on clay 2 is equal to ± 9%. On clay 3, a SF
value generated in FEM is 1347 while the value of
SF with the same landslide area on LEM method
amounted to 1,251. Percentage difference value
between the LEM and FEM SF on clay 3 is equal to
± 7%. Value SF on clay 3 with FEM method
produces SF nearing the SF value at LEM method.
SF value comparison results using the LEM and FEM
can be seen in Figure 6.

Figure 5. Difference Safety factor value percentage

using methods Limit equilibrium.
Based on the analysis in the figure and table
above, it can be seen that the method produces using
Janbu the SF value is equal to 5-11% lower compared
to other methods. While the method of Lowe-
Figure 6. Percentage comparation of SF in variuos
Karafiath produce higher value SF 2-11% when
soil type using FEM and LEM
compared with other methods. This value is
generated in the natural slope. Whereas if the
embankment road, the percentage of the value of SF
is different from the natural slope.

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 The 3rd Bali International Seminar on Science and Technology (BISSTECH)
October 15-17th, 2015
Grand Inna Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

TEMPORARY CONCLUTION REFERENCES

Aryal, K.Sandven and Nordal S (2005). Limit
Today, the two approaches of stability Equilibrium and Finite Element Methods. Proc.of the
analyses, one based on Limit Equilibrium (LE) 16th Int.Conf. on Soil Mech. And Geotech.
formulations and the other based on finite element Engineering, 16 ICSMGE, Osaka, Japan,pp.2471-76
(FE) principles are widely used in practice. The basic
physic of stress-strain relationship, which is lacking Aryal,K.and Sandven,R (2005). Risk Evaluation of a
in LE methods, has been well covered by the FE Slope and Mitigation Measures : A Case from Nepal.
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Landslides and Avalanches, ICFL 2005, Norway,
computations can easily be permormed. pp.31-36
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produce different values depending on the type
Stability Evaluations by Limit Equilibrium and Finite
of soil. The safety factor value differences
Element Methods Applied to a Railway in the
caused by differences in calculation principles of
Maroccan Rif., Open Journal Of Civil Engineering,
sliding. SF range of different values is ± 2-11%
March 2012, pp. 27-32
for natural slope and 3-20% for road
embankment both on condition of high and low
Das, B.M., 1998, Mekanika Tanah, Prinsip-Prinsip
water levels. A percentage of the difference in
Rekayasa Geoteknis Jilid 2, Penerbit Erlangga,
value of SF is highly dependent on the
Jakarta.
parameters of the soil layer.
2. In the analysis of LEM, the smallest value of SF
Hongjun,L and S.Longtan (2011), Three Dimentional
is not necessarily has the highest activating
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largest the activating moment is also not Stability Analysis Based on The Unique Sliding
necessarily have the smallest SF value. So we Direction. Geotechnical Special Publication, 216,
need further analysis to be conducted if pp.48-55.
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landslides because the value of SF is not the only Kalatehjari, R and Ali,N (2013). A review of Three-
determinant of the design of reinforcement Dimentional Slope Stability Analyses based on Limit
embankments. Equilibrium Method. EJGE 2015, pp.119-134
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper is supported by Hibah Penelitian
Pemula program from grant funded by PNBP Institut
Technology of Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya,
Indonesia 2015. (No. 020728.31/IT2.1/PN.08/2015).
The author wishes to express her gratitude for the
support given to this work.

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