Ecelabmanuals18 PDF

NRIIT/7.5.
1/RC 08
NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi: Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
POTHAVARAPPADU (V), (via) Nunna, Agiripalli (M),
Krishna District, A.P. PIN: 521212 Ph: 08656-324999
Website: www.nrigroupofcolleges.com e-mail: nrigroupofcolleges@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB
LAB OBSERVATION BOOK
IV B.TECH
I SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
R13 REGULATION, ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017-18
Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 1

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi: Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
POTHAVARAPPADU (V), (via) Nunna, Agiripalli (M),
Krishna District, A.P. PIN: 521212 Ph: 08656-324999
Website: nrigroupofcolleges.com e-mail: nrigroupofcolleges@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB

LAB OBSERVATION BOOK
IV B.TECH
I SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
R13 REGULATION, ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017-18

INDEX
STUDENT NAME: REG NO: ________
BRANCH/SEC: IV/IV ECE YEAR: 2017-2018

Minimum Twelve Experiments to be conducted.
PAGE
SIGNATURE
N
S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT DATE OF REMARKS
O
STAFF
.
Part – A (Any 7 Experiments)
Reflex Klystron Characteristics.
1 20
Gunn Diode Characteristics.
2 23
Attenuation Measurement.
3 26
Directional Coupler Characteristics.
4 29
VSWR Measurement.
5 32
Impedance and Frequency
6 Measurement. 35
Waveguide parameters
7 measurement. 37
Scattering parameters of Circulator.

8 40
9 Scattering parameters of Magic Tee 44
Part – B (Any 5 Experiments )
Characterization of LED.
10 48
Characterization of Laser Diode.
11 52
Intensity modulation of Laser
12 output through an optical fiber. 55
Measurement of Data rate for

13 Digital Optical link. 57
.
Measurement of NA.
14 61
15.
Measurement of losses for Analog
15 65
Optical link
No. of Experiments completed:
Average marks awarded for day to day work:
Signature of Staff Member/Date

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR LABORATORIES
01. Regulated Klystron Power Supply

02. VSWR Meter -
03. Micro Ammeter - 0 – 500 μA
04. Multi meter
05. CRO
06. GUNN Power Supply, Pin Modulator
07. Reflex Klystron
08. Crystal Diodes
09. Micro wave components (Attenuation)
10. Frequency Meter
11. Slotted line carriage
12. Probe detector
13. Wave guide shorts
14. Pyramidal Horn Antennas
15. Directional Coupler
16. E, H, Magic Tees
17. Circulators, Isolator
18. Matched Loads
19. Fiber Optic Analog Trainer based LED, LASER
21. Fiber Optic Digital Trainer
22. Fiber cables - (Plastic, Glass)

INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves (E.M. Waves) having wavelength in the micron range.
Though microwave frequencies refer to those from 1GHz to 10 6GHz but generally used for
those wavelengths measured in centimeters, roughly from 10cm to 1cm (3 to 30 GHz) and the
waves having wavelengths less than 1cm corresponds to higher frequencies ( > 30 GHz) are
called millimeter waves (mm waves).
MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES
Relationship between the frequency (f) and the wavelength (λ) of an E.M. wave is
c=fλ
Where, c is velocity of electromagnetic radiation, usually called the speed of light.
TABLE 1.1 IEEE MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BANDS
DESIGNATION FREQUENCY RANGE IN GHZ

L-Band 1.0 to 2.0
S-Band 2.0 to 4.0
C-Band 4.0 to 8.0
X-Band 8.0 to 12.0
Ku-Band 12.0 to 27.0
K- Band 18.0 to 27.0
Ka-Band 27.0 to 40.0
Millimeter 40.0 to 300
Sub-Millimeter 300 and above.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MICROWAVE AND APPLICATIONS
Most of the applications of microwave arise from the characteristic features and their
advantages. First important characteristic is that the microwave is highly directive which
makes it possible for microwave communication used for telephone networks, radio
broadcasting and television systems. Like any other energy, microwave energy has a heating
effect, it is used in microwave oven for home cooking, drying machine, drying inks, and in
food processing industries. Microwaves are capable of energetically interacting with matter
and so used in microwave spectroscopy for structural analysis. Apart from scientific research
the absorption of microwave by molecular resonance is well suited for various industrial
measurements like control of pollution by checking the concentration of different gases from
an exhaust chimney.
MICROWAVE SYSTEMS:
Usually a microwave system consists of a transmitter sub system, consisting of a microwave

oscillator, waveguide, transmission antenna and a receiver sub system; that includes a
receiving antenna, wave guide a microwave detector, power and frequency meter. The
intermediate region between the transmitter and receiver, as well as the inner hollow space of
the waveguide may be filled up with air or dielectric medium. The electromagnetic wave
traverses with the speed of light through air.
Fig. MICROWAVE TEST BENCH
DESCRIPTION OF MICROWAVE BENCH
Introduction:
The Measurement Techniques in Microwave frequencies is vastly different from that of the
more conventional techniques. At Low Frequency, it is convenient to measure voltage and
current and use them to calculate power. However at Microwave frequencies, they are difficult
to measure since they vary with position in a transmission lines and hence they are of little
value in determining power. Therefore at microwave frequencies, it is more desirable and
simpler to measure power directly. At microwave frequencies, quantities measured are relative
and is not necessary to know their absolute values, i.e., it is sufficient to know the ratio of two
power rather than exact input or output powers. The parameter that can be conveniently
measured at microwave frequencies are Frequency, Power, Attenuation, Voltage Standing
Wave Ratio(VSWR), Phase, Impedance, Insertion Loss, Dielectric Constant Noise Factor.
The general set up for measurement of any parameter in microwaves is called microwave test
bench. The microwave test bench incorporates a range of instruments capable of allowing all
types of measurements that are usually required for a microwave engineer. The bench is
capable of being assembled or disassembled in a number of ways to suit individual
experiments. A general block diagram of the test bench comprising of different components is
shown below.

Fig. A TYPICAL MICROWAVE BENCH SETUP
Klystron Power Supply:
Klystron Power Supply generates voltage required for driving the Reflex Klystron Tube 2k25.
It is a stable, regulated and short circuit protected power supply. It has built in facility of
square wave and saw tooth generators for amplitude and frequency modulation. The beam
voltage range from 200V to 450V with maximum beam current, 50 mA. The provision is
given to vary repeller voltage continuously from 270V DC to – 10V.
Gunn Power Supply:
Gunn Power Supply comprises of an electronically regulated power supply and a square wave
generator designed to operate the Gunn oscillator and Pin Modulator. The supply voltage
ranges from 0 to 12 V with a maximum current, 1A.
Reflex Klystron Oscillator:
At high frequencies, the performance of a conventional vacuum tube is impaired due to transit
time effects, lead inductance and inter-electrode capacitance. Klystron is a microwave vacuum
tube employing velocity modulation and transit time in achieving its normal operation. The
reflex type, known as reflex Klystron, has been most used source of microwave power in
Laboratory. It consists of an electron gun producing a collimated electron beam. The electron
beam is accelerated towards the reflector by a dc voltage V0, while passing through the
positive resonator grids. The velocity of the electrons in the beam will be
=
Where e and m being electronic charge and mass respectively.The repeller, which is placed at
a short distance from the resonator grids, is kept at negative potential with respect to cathode,
and consequently it retards and finally reflects the electrons which then turn back through the
resonator grids.
Gunn Oscillator:
Gunn oscillator utilizes Gunn diode which works on the principle that when a d.c. voltage is
applied across a sample of n type Gallium Arsnide (GaAs), the current oscillates at microwave
frequencies. This does not need high voltage as it is necessary for Klystrons and therefore
solid state oscillators are now finding wide applications. Normally, they are capable of

delivering 0.5 watt at 10GHz, but as the frequency of operation is increased the microwave
output power gets considerably reduced.Gunn oscillators can also be used as modulated
microwave sources. The modulation is generally provided by means of a PIN diode. PIN
diode is a device whose resistance varies with the bias applied to it. When wave guide line is
shunted with PIN Diode and the diode is biased positively, it presents very high impedance
thereby not affecting the line appreciably. However, it is negatively biased it offers a very low
impedance; almost short-circuit thereby reflecting the microwave power incident on it. As
impedance varies with bias, the signal is amplitude modulated as the bias varies. Since heavy
power is reflected during negative biasing of PIN diode, so an isolator or an attenuator should
invariably be used to isolate PIN diode avoid overloading of the latter.
Isolator:
Isolator is a two port device. This device permits untenanted transmission in one direction
(forward direction) but provides very high attenuation in the reverse direction (backward
direction). This is generally used in between the source and rest of the set up to avoid
overloading of the source due to reflected power.
Variable Attenuator:
Attenuator is two port devices. The device that attenuates the signal is termed as attenuator.
Attenuators are categorized into two categories, namely, the fixed attenuators and variable
attenuators. The attenuator used in the microwave set up is of variable type. The variable
attenuator consists of a strip of absorbing material which is arranged in such a way that its
profusion into the guide is adjustable. Hence, the signal power to be fed to the microwave set
up can be set at the desired level. This type of attenuator is called flap attenuator.
Frequency Meter:
Frequency meter is basically a absorption cavity resonator. The cavity is connected to a

waveguide having been excited by a certain microwave source. The Cavity can be made to
resonate at source frequency by adjusting its size by rotating the dial of frequency meter. At
resonant frequency it sucks up some signal from the guide to maintain its stored energy. Thus
if a power meter had been monitoring the signal power at resonating condition of the cavity it
will indicate a sharp dip. The frequency can be read from the scale of direct reading frequency
meter. If it is indirect reading frequency meter tuning can be achieved by a micrometer screw.
The frequency can be obtained by using calibrating chart.
Slotted Section:
To sample the field with in a wave guide, a narrow longitudinal slot with ends tapered to provide
smoother impedance transformation and thereby providing minimum mismatch, is milled in the
center of the top of broader dimension of the wave guide. Such section is known as slotted wave
guide section. The slot is generally so many wave length long to allow many minimum of standing
wave pattern to be covered. The slot location is such that its presence does not influence the field
configurations to any great degree. A probe is inserted through the slot senses the relative field
strength of the standing wave pattern inside the waveguide. The probe is placed on a carriage plate
which can be moved along the waveguide. The probe is connected to a crystal detector and the

output is connected to indicating meter. For detector tuning a tuning plunger is provided instead of
a Stub.
Crystal Detector:
The simplest and the most sensitive detecting element is a microwave crystal Diode. It is a
nonlinear, nonreciprocal device which rectifies the received signal and produces, a current
proportional to the power input. Since the current flowing through the crystal is proportional to the
square law detection property of a crystal is valid at a low power levels (<10 mw). However, at
high and medium power level (>10mw), the crystal gradually becomes a linear detector. Detector
Mount is used for detection in which Crystal Detector is shunted in waveguide.
VSWR Meter:
Direct-reading VSWR meter is a low-noise voltage tuned amplifier calibrated in dB and VSWR
for use with square law detectors. A typical SWR meter has a standard tuned frequency of 1 KHz
at which the microwave signal is modulated. Clearly the source of power to be used while using
SWR meter must be giving us a 1 KHz square wave modulated output. The band width facilitates
single frequency measurements by reducing noise while the widest setting accommodates a sweep
rate fast enough for oscilloscope presentation. The scale of VSWR meter is calibrated in VSWR
and VSWR in dB. It has two normal and one expanded scale. In first normal scale VSWR from 1-
3 can be measured and in second normal scale VSWR from 3 to 10 can be measured. To measure
low VSWR(less than 1.3) expanded scale is used. The dB scale is present along with expanded dB
scale. Using knob on the front panel chooses the normal scale or expanded scale. Using the knobs
on the front panel can change the gain in VSWR meter. Two knobs are present for changing gain
from 0 to 10 dB. Gain can also be changed by 0 to 10 dB in steps of 10 dB using another knob.
While measuring VSWR, gain should be either 50 or 60 dB. for accurate measurement of VSWR.
Both crystal and bolometer may be used in conjunction with the SWR meter. There is provision
for high (2,500 – 10,000 ohm) and low (50-200 ohm) impedance crystal inputs. Input selector
Switch is used to select the crystal or bolometer. This instrument is the basic piece of equipment in
microwave measuring techniques and is used in measuring voltage peaks, valleys, attenuation,
gain and other parameter determined by the ratio of two signals.
Wave Guides:
A wave guide is a hollow metallic tube of a rectangular or circular cross section used to guide an
electromagnetic wave. Wave guides are used principally at microwave frequencies. In laboratories
x band (8 to 12 GHz) range of frequencies are used. Therefore a standard x band Rectangular
wave guides are used having an inner width, 0.4 in and an inner length, 0.9 in. In wave guides the
electric & magnetic fields are confined to the space within the guides. Thus no power is lost
through radiation, and even the dielectric loss is negligible, since the guides are normally air filled.
However, there is some power loss as heat in the walls of the guides. It is possible to propagate
several modes of Electromagnetic waves within a wave guide. A given wave-guide has a definite
cutoff frequency for each allowed mode and behaves as a high pass filter. The dominant mode in
rectangular wave guides is TE10 mode.
MICROWAVE TEST BENCH COMPONENTS

DIRECT READING MICRO TYPE E PLANE H PLANE
FREQUENCY METER FREQUENCY METER TEE TEE
MAGIC TEE ISOLATOR Y CIRCULATOR

T CIRCULATOR
MATCHED
MOVABLE TUNABLE PROBE TERMINATION
MHD
SHORT
COUPLER
SLOTTED SECTION WITH

GUNN OSCILLATOR PIN MODULATOR PROBE CARRIAGE SS TUNER
PARAMIDAL
H-PLANE BEND FIXED
HORN E-PLANE BEND
ATTENUTOR
KLYSTRON KLYSTRON MOUNT KLYSTRON TEST

POWER SUPPLY WITH KLYSTRON TUBE WAVE GUIDE STAND METER BECNH
ABOUT FIBER OPTICS

Before fiber optics came along, the primary means of real time data communication was
electrical in nature. It was accomplished using copper wire or by transmitting
electromagnetic (radio) waves through free space. Fiber optics changed that by providing
an alternative means of sending information over significant distances – using light
energy. Although initially a very controversial technology, today fiber optics has been
shown to be very reliable & cost effective.
Light as utilized for communication has major advantages because it can be manipulated
(modulated) at significant higher frequencies than electrical signals can. For example, a
fiber optic cable can carry up to 100 million times more information than a telephone
line! The fiber optic cable has lower energy loss & wider bandwidth capabilities than
copper wire.
As you will learn, fiber optic communication is a quite simple technology, closely related to
electronics. In fact, it was research in electronics that set the stage for fiber optics to
develop into the communication giant that it is today. Fiber optics became reality when
several technologies came together at once. It was not an immediate process, nor was it
easy, but it was most impressive when it occurred. An example of one critical product,
which emerged from that technological merger, was the semiconductor LED that we used
in our kit.
HOW OPTICAL FIBER WORKS?
The principle of operation of optical fiber lies in the behavior of light. Light travels in straight
line through most optical materials, but that’s not necessarily the case at the junction
(interface) of two materials of different refractive indices. Air & water are a case in point
as shown in FIG. A. The light ray traveling through air actually is bent as it enters the
water. The amount of bending depends on the refractive indices of the two materials
involved & also on the angle of the incoming (incident) ray of light as it strikes the
interface. The angle of the incident ray is measured from a line drawn perpendicular to the
surface. The same is true for the angle of the outgoing (transmitted) ray of light after it
has been bent.

Snell’s Law explains the mathematical relationship between the incident ray & the refracted
ray is,
η1sin ϕ1 = η2sin ϕ2
In which η1 and η2 are the refractive indices of the initial and secondary materials respectively,
and ϕ1 and ϕ1 are the incident and transmitted angles. Snell’s Law says that refraction
(bending) of light cannot take place when the angle of incidence grows too large (as when
light travels from a material with a high refractive index to one with a low refractive
index). If the angle of incidence exceeds a certain critical value (in which the product on
η1and the sine of the angle equals or exceeds one.) light cannot exit.
If light cannot exit the material, it is reflected. The angle that is reflected is equal to the angle
of incidence. The phenomenon just described is called Total Internal Reflection and it is what
keeps light inside an optical fiber.
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER:

The simplest fiber optic cable consists of two concentric layers of transparent materials. The
inner portion (the core) transports the light. The outer covering (the cladding) must have a
lower refractive index than the core, so the two are made of different materials. The cable used
in this kit also has a jacket to protect the optical properties of the core & cladding.

Optical fiber is generally made from either plastic or glass. This kit uses plastic fiber that is
very easy to terminate & does not require special tools. Plastic fiber is generally limited to
uses involving distance of less than 100 meters because of high attenuation (higher loss).
Glass fiber on other hand has very low attenuation (low loss) & hard to cut, requires special
end connections & is more expensive. The core of fiber is typically made of silica doped with
impurities, which increases the refractive index relative to pure silica. The cladding, which
surrounds the fiber core & creates an optical interface, is typically made from pure silica. The
outer buffer coating is a plastic cover.
The first type of fiber optic cable put to use was called Step Index. In this design the cladding
has a different index of refraction from the core. The light bounces off the sides & is reflected
back into the fiber core. The problem with this design is that the reflected light must travel a
slightly longer distances than that which travels down the center of the fiber, thus limiting the
maximum transmission rate.
This design was improved with the use of Graded Index Fiber. In this design, the index of
refraction decreases in proportion to the distance away from the center of the fiber core. The
light moves more quickly in the outer portion, thus compensating for the additional distance.
The change in index also has the effect of ‘bending’. The light reflects back towards the core.
This change increases the transmission capacity. In the newest Single Mode design, the
diameter of the fiber core is made so small that all the light travels in a straight line. Even the
latest fiber optic facility in use today uses less than 5% of the maximum theoretical capacity of
a Single Mode Fiber.
SINGLE MODE V/S MULTIMODE:
There are essentially two different types of fiber optic transmission schemes in use.
Multimode fiber optic systems are typically used in short haul applications such as LANS &
FDDI. Recent growth in multimode installations has been driven by LAN/FDDI applications.
The term Multimode means that the diameter of the fiber optic core is large enough to
propagate more than one mode (electromagnetic wave). Because of the multiple modes the

pulse that is transmitted down the fiber tends to become stretched over distance. This is
referred to as Modal Dispersion & has the effect of reducing available bandwidth.
Typical wavelengths used in multimode applications are 850 nm & 1300 nm. There are other
wavelengths used (e.g. 660 nm for plastic fiber, 820/870 nm) in specialized applications such
as the military. The vast majority of multimode applications are 850 or 1300 nm wavelengths.
Most multimode cables in use today are graded index in type with a cladding diameter of 125
microns & fiber core diameter of 62.5 or 50 microns (Typically referred to as 62.5/125 or
50/125 fiber)
Single Mode Systems are generally used in long haul applications (10’s or 100’s of
kilometers) & local loop applications in both the carrier & CATV markets. Some large utilities
such as electrical power companies also utilize single mode fiber optic backbones. As the
name implies single mode fiber is designed to propagate only one mode of light. It is therefore
not affected by modal dispersion & has higher bandwidth capacity. It is considered to be
higher quality transmission system. Wavelengths used in single mode applications are 1300 &
1550 nm. The majority of today’s installed systems uses 1300 nm wavelength technology & is
designed for higher speed applications. These systems are more sensitive to back reflections
from connectors & sharp cable bends. They often require additional tests, such as Optical
Return Loss, to be run. Most single mode cable in used today are step index in type with
cladding diameter of 125 micron & fiber core diameter of 9 micron (Typically referred to as
9/125 fiber).
ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS OVER CONVENTIONAL COPPER CABLES:
 Much greater bandwidth (Several orders of magnitude are theoretically possible).

 Immunity to electrical disturbances, ground loops, cross talks etc. In addition, no EMI
radiation is generated.

 Much lighter. A 3-inch bundle of 900 twisted copper pairs can carry about 21,000 channels
of traffic & weighs about 25,000 pounds/mile. A1/2 inch fiber link with 12 fiber strands
can carry about 3, 00,000 channels & weighs about 200 pounds/mile. In addition less duct
space is required to make the cable within building.
 Better in hostile environment, not affected as much by temperature, water etc.
 Lower transmission loss. Typical loss on a fiber link is 0.2 dB/Km. On a copper based
facility; one can usually expect at least 5 db/km. For longer links, fewer repeaters are
required.
 Better security as it is not possible to simply bridge onto the facility & monitor the traffic.
With all these properties of optical fiber, it is becoming very important in sensing field also.
Most of the properties of optical fiber are useful for sensors. Further optical fiber sensors offer
extreme sensitivity & can be used to sense almost any physical parameters like temperature,
velocity, current, voltage etc.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF FALCON FIBER OPTIC LINK-A
LOW COST FIBER OPTIC TRAINER KIT
Transmitter: 2 Nos. Siemens Fiber optics LED
(i) Peak wavelength of emission 950 nm Infrared (SFH450V).
(ii) Peak wavelength of emission 660 nm Red visible (SFH756V).
Receiver: 2 Nos. Siemens Fiber Optic Photo Detector
(i) Pin Diode with responsivity of 0.3 micro Amp/micro Watt (SFH 250V).
(ii) Photo Detector with TTL Logic Output (SFH551V).
Modulation Techniques: (i) Direct Intensity Modulation.
(ii) Frequency Modulation.
(iii) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
(iv) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).
Analog BandWidth: 2 MHz.
Digital BandWidth: 5 MHz.
Driver Circuit: Analog and Digital Configuration for 950 nm and 660 nm LED.
Filter Circuit: 4th Order Butter-worth Filter with 3.4 KHz Cut-off.
On-Board Function Generator:
(i) 1Hz -10KHz, variable Amplitude Sine Wave.
(ii) 1Hz -10KHz TTL-Square wave.
Voice Communication : Fiber Optic Voice Link using dynamic MIC and Speaker.
PC to PC Communication: PC to PC Communication using 950 nm & 660 nm LED through
RS 232 standard.
RS-232 Port Type: 2 Nos. 9 Pin D Type Connector.
Baud Rate: Maximum 115200 Baud.
Fiber Optic Cable Type: Plastic Optical Cable, Step index, Multimode.
Core Refractive index-η1: 1.492.
Clad Refractive index-η2 : 1.406.
Numerical Aperture: 0.5.
Acceptance Angle: 60 degrees.
Fiber Diameter: 1000 microns.
Outer Diameter: 2.2 mm.
Fiber Lengths: 1 and 3 Meters.
Power Supply: + 5V, +/- 12V.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF AKADEMIKA FIBER OPTIC
TRAINER KIT
Source 1
Type : Laser
Central wavelength : 1310nm
Spectral width : 1nm
Output power : 1.5mW
Threshold Current : 15mA Max
Forward Current : 85mA Max
Feedback : Built-in InGaAs monitor detector
Receptacle Housing : ST
Source 2
Type : LED red visible
Central wavelength : 660nm
Spectral Width : 25nm
Output Power : 200μW@If = 10mA
Forward Current : 50mA Max
Receptacle Housing : “Connector-less” Style package
Detector 1
Type : InGaAs PIN photo diode
Spectral Bandwidth : 1250nm ~ 1600nm
Responsivity : 0.9 A/W @ 10μW of 1310nm
Bandwidth : 1.5 GHz
Return loss : 14dB
Reverse voltage, VR : 30V (Maximum)
Reverse current, IR : 500μA Max.
Detector 2
Type : Silicon PIN photo transistor
Spectral bandwidth : 400nm ~ 1100nm
Max. Photo sensitivity λ : 850nm
Responsivity : 0.8 mA / 10μW VCE = 5V
Rise and fall time : 20ms

Fiber cable cable:
Type: Glass fiber single & multimode
Core diameter: 62.5 and 9μm
Clad diameter: 125μm
Primary coating diameter: 250μm
Total outer diameter: 2.2mm
Number of fibers : 02
Length of fiber : 01 meter each
Type: plastic optical cable, step index, multimode
Core refractive index- η1 : 1.492
Clad refractive index- η2 : 1.406
Numerical aperture: 0.50
Acceptance angle: 60º
Fiber diameter: 1000microns
Outer diameter: 2.2mm

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF SICO (Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd.)
FIBER OPTIC TRAINER KIT
Transmitter : 1 Nos. Fiber optics LED Peak wavelength of emission 660 nm Red
Receiver :1 Nos. Fiber Optic Photo Detector
Analog Bandwidth :350 KHz
Digital Bandwidth : 2.5 MHz
Comparator : 1 No. Provided
AC Amplifier : 1 No. Provided
Analog Buffer : 1 No. Provided
Digital Buffer : 1 No. Provided
Filter Circuit : 4th Order Butter-worth Filter with 3.4 KHz Cut-off
On-Board Function Generato :
(1) 1 Hz -10 KHz, variable Amplitude Sine Wave
(2) 1Hz -10 KHz TTL-Square waves
Voice Communication : Fiber Optic Voice Link using dynamic MIC and Speaker
PC to PC Communication : PC Communication using 660nm & 950nm/
RS-232 Port Type : 2 Nos. 9 Pin D-Type Connector
Baud Rate : Maximum 115.2K bps
Fiber Optic Cable Type : Plastic Optical Cable, Step index, Multimode.
Fiber Lengths : 1 and 3 Meters
Test Point : Test Point are provided to analog & digital Signals at various points
Banana Socket: 2mm Banana Sockets provided for Inter connection
Patch Chords : 8 Nos.
Power Supply : + 5V, +/- 12V

1.KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To study the repeller mode characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and plot its mode
characteristics.
APPARATUS:
1. Klystron Power Supply

2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
4. Fixed frequency meter
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Slotted Section
7. Detector Mount
8. Waveguide Stands
9. CRO
10. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron
power
supply
cro
Klystron isolator frequency variable slotted line mount

mount meteR attrnuator detector
Fig. SETUP FOR REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
THEORY:
The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous

electron beam into microwave power. Electron emitted from the cathode are accelerated and
passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally,
reflects the electron; and the electron turns back through the resonator .Suppose a high field
exists between the resonators, the electron traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded, as
the voltage at the resonator changes in amplitude. The electrons leaving the resonator will
need different time to return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group
together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage
at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such time that the electrons are slowed down
by the voltage, energy will be delivered to the resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. A small
frequency can be obtained by adjusting reflector voltage.

PROCEDURE:
(1)Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig.

(2)Keep the position of variable attenuator at minimum position.
(3)Keep the beam voltage knob fully anti-clock wise and repeller voltage to fully clockwise.
(4)Switch on the Klystron Power Supply and Oscilloscope.
(5)Switch on beam voltage switch (HT) and set beam voltage to 300v by beam voltage control
knob.
(6)Keep amplifier knob of AM modulator to maximum position and rotate the reflector
voltage anticlockwise to get modes.
(7)By changing the repeller voltage and amplitude of AM modulation, any mode of klystron
tube can be seen on CRO.
TABULAR FORM:
MODE REPELLER AMPLITUDE (V) FREQUENCY

VOLTAGE(V) (GHZ)
Mode:1
Mode:2
EXPECTED GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
(1)Beam voltage in klystron power supply is first kept minimum and repeller voltage at
maximum.
(2) Power supply is kept in High-Tension mode with am mode.
(3) Now beam voltage is kept at high value.
(4) Care should be taken to avoid microwave radiations.
(5) Measurement bench is kept horizontal without any loose coupling.
RESULT:
The performance characteristics of reflex klystron tube are observed.
INFERENCE:
As the repeller voltage increases, frequency and current of the reflex klystron tube increases.
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Why pentode tubes are not suitable at high frequencies?
Conventional vacuum tubes such as triodes and pentodes are less useful signal sources at
frequencies above 1 GHz, because of lead inductance and inter-electrode capacitance effect,
Gain–B.W limitations and Radiation losses.
2. What do you mean by velocity and density modulations? How do these differ from
frequency and phase modulations?
A simple type of modulation, commonly used in microwave measurements, is a square wave

amplitude modulation produced by modulating the reflector voltage (i.e. velocity modulation).
Another simple modulation used in microwave communications is small amplitude
modulating of reflector voltage about the centre of mode there by giving nearly linear
frequency modulation characteristics with accompanying amplitude modulation to a degree
dependent upon the excitation of modulated voltage (i.e. density modulation).

2. GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To study the I-V characteristics of Gunn diode.
APPARATUS:
1. Gunn Power Supply

2. Gunn Oscillator
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
7. Slotted Section
8. Detector mount
9. VSWR meter
10. CRO
11. Waveguide Stands
12. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
GUNN GUNN power

OSCILLATOE supply cro
PIN
MODULATOR isolator frequency variable slotted line mount
meteR attrnuator detector
Fig. SETUP FOR GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
THEORY:
The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk

semiconductor, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap. A
disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field, which travels towards the anode. When this
high field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the
cathode and starts moving towards anode and so on. The required for domain to travel from
cathode to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency. In a Gunn oscillator, the Gunn
diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the oscillation frequency is determined by
cavity dimension than by diode itself.
Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude-modulated with the bias voltage, we have
used separate PIN modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipment as per the block diagram.

2. Keep the control knobs of Gunn Power Supply as given below
 Gunn bias knob-Fully anticlockwise
 Pin bias knob - Fully anticlockwise
 PIN modulation frequency-any position
3. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required frequency of operation.
4. Switch on the Gunn Power Supply.
5. Turn the meter switch of Gunn power supply to voltage position.
6. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltages controlled by
Gunn Bias Knob through the panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias
voltage above 8 volts.
7. Plot the Current Vs Voltage readings on the graph.
8. Measure the threshold voltage, which corresponds to maximum current.
TABULAR FORM:
SERIAL GUNN BIAS VOLTAGE GUNN DIODE

NUMBER (V) CURRENT(mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Care should be taken to avoid microwave radiation.

2. Microwave bench is kept horizontal without any lose couplings.
3. Gunn voltage shouldn’t be kept at peak for a long time.
RESULT:
The I-V characteristics of Gunn diode are obtained.
INFERENCE:
For the given Gunn diode the threshold voltage is 4V and the threshold current is 0.183mA
The negative resistance of the Gunn diode is observed between I= 0.183mA to 0.141mA.
1. What are various modes of Gunn diode oscillations and what factors determine the
frequency of oscillations?
A Gunn diode oscillator can be made to oscillate in any of the four modes
a) Transit time mode
b) Delayed (or) inhibited mode
c) Quenched mode
d) IV) Limited space charge accumulation (LSA) mode The frequency of oscillations
mainly depends on external circuit (i.e. resonant tunable cavity of suitable dimensions.
2) What are the different materials used to manufacture Gunn diode?
A: GaAs, InP and CdTe

3. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
AIM: To measure the Attenuation factor of a fixed attenuator.
APPARATUS:
1. Gunn power supply

2. Gunn oscillator
3. Isolator
4. PIN modulator
5. Source Attenuator
6. Frequency meter
7. Detector
8. CRO
9. Fixed Attenuator
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
GUNN GUNN power

OSCILLATOE supply
cro mount detector
PIN attenuator to be
MODULATOR isolator frequency source attrnuator slotted line calibrated
meteR
Fig. SETUP FOR ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
THEORY:
The attenuators are two port bi-directional device which attenuates some power when
insertion into transmission line.
ATTENUATION (A) = 20 log 10 (V1/V2) dB.
When P1 = load power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line
P2 = load power absorbed or detected by the load with the attenuator in the line. The
attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb
microwave power according ton their position with respect to side wall of the wave guide. An
electric field is maximum at the center in TE10 mode, the attenuation is the maximum at the
vane is placed at the center of the wave guide. Moving from center towards the side wall,
attenuation decreases in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed where as in variable
attenuator, its position can be changed by the help of micrometer or other methods.
PROCEDURE:

2. Excite the gunn oscillator and pin modulator using gunn power supply.
3. With fixed attenuator ,measure the amplitude(V 2) of detector output voltage using
CRO.
4. Without fixed attenuator, measure the amplitude(V1) of detector output voltage using
CRO.
5. The attenuator of fixed attenuator 20log (V1/V2) db.
CALCULATIONS:
Observations:
Using 10dB attenuator:
V1= 40mV, V2= 10mV,
ATTENUATION (A) = 20 log 10 (V1 /V 2) = 12.05dB
TABULAR FORM:
WITHOUT
ATTENUATION FIXED WITH FIXED ATTENUATION
ATTENUATOR V1 ATTENUATOR V 2 IN dB
10 dB 40mV 10mV 12.05dB
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Output signal voltage is kept as high as possible.

2. Care should be taken to avoid microwave radiations.
3. Microwave bench is kept horizontal without any loose coupling.
RESULT:
The attenuation provided by the 10 dB fixed attenuator is observed and noted.
INFERENCE:
For a given 10 dB fixed attenuator, 12.05 dB attenuation is observed.

1. What do you mean by attenuation?
Attenuation is the ratio of output power to the input power of a transmission network,
provided the network is terminated with a matched load.
2. What are various uses of attenuators?
Attenuators are used for reducing the power input to a particular stage to prevent
overloading, for measuring power gain or loss in dB’s, for providing isolation between
instruments and also for providing signal generators by means of calibrating their output
accurately.

4. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To determine the directivity and coupling factor of directional coupler
APPARATUS:
1. Gunn power supply

2. Gunn oscillator
3. Isolator
4. PIN modulator
5. Directional coupler
6. Mount Detector
7. CRO
8. Matched Load
9. Waveguide Stands
10. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
cro
GUNN power
PIN gunn supply
MODULATOR oscillator
3
DIRECTIONAL
isolator variable FREQUENCY slotted line COUPLER mATCHEDL
attrnuator METER 1 2 OAD
Fig. SETUP FOR DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS
Fig.DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

THEORY:
Directional couplers are flanged, built in wave guide assemblies which can sample a amount
of microwave power for measurement purpose. They are designed to measure incident and or
reflected power, SWR values. They can be unidirectional or bi-directional.
The directional coupler is a four port wave guide function consisting of a primary main wave
guide and a secondary auxiliary wave guide.
1. A portion of power traveling from port1 to port2 is coupled to port4 but not to port3.
2. A portion of power incident on port2 to port1 is coupled to port3 but not to port4.
3. A portion of power incident on port3 is coupled to port2 but not to port1 and a portion of
the power incident on port4 is coupled to port1 but not to port2 also port1 and port3 are
developed as are port2 and port4.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipment as per block diagram.

2. Switch on the Gunn power supply.
3. Measure the forward signal (V1) on CRO.
4. Connect the coaxial cable to the auxiliary arm of the coupler and measure the signal (V2).
5. Interchange the coupler such that the receiving end becomes Transmitting end and vice-
versa.
6. Measure the signal in the auxiliary arm (V3).
7. Coupling factor is given by 20log (V1/V2).
8. Directivity is given by 20log (V1/V3).
CALUCLATIONS:
V1= V2=26mV
V3=4mV
V13=2mV
Coupling factor (C) = 20 log 10(V1/V3); with port 2 is terminated=16.26dB
Isolator (I) = 20 log 10 (V2/ V13); with port 1 is terminated=22.27dB
Directivity (D) = I- C=22.27-16.26=6.01dB
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Care should be taken to avoid microwave attenuation.
2. Microwave bench is kept horizontal without loose coupling.

RESULT:
Coupling factor, Insertion Loss and Directivity are measured for the given directional coupler.
INFERENCE:
For a given 6dB multi hole directional coupler, the directivity is found to be 6.01dB.
1. What factors determine the parameters of directional coupler?
The parameters of directional coupler are mainly determined by the power division or
combining.
2. Write down S-matrix of a directional coupler? For a four port network,
Where p=S12 =S 34; jq=S14 = S23 p and q are positive and real.

5. VSWR MEASUREMENT
AIM: To measure the voltage standing wave ratio of various loads.
APPARATUS:

2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
6. Slotted Section
7. Mount detector
8. Loads ( Fixed short, Movable short, Matched termination)
9. Waveguide Stands
10. CRO
11. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron
power
supply cro
Klystron isolator frequency variable slotted line load

mount meteR attrnuator
Fig. SETUP FOR MEASURING VSWR

THEORY:
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the
sum of the two traveling waves. The incident wave propagates from generator and the
reflected wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of
incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedence. The magnitude and
phase of the reflected wave depends upon the amplitude and phase of the reflecting
impedence. The presence of two traveling waves gives rise to standing wave along with the
line. The maximum field strength is found where the two waves add in opposite phase. The
distance between two successive minimum and maximum is half the guide wavelength on the
line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection
coefficient.
The voltage standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum and minimum field
strength along the line.
VSWR (S) = Emax / Emin

PROCEDURE:

2. Switch on the klystron supply.
3. Set the probe along the slotted line and adjust.
4. Move the probe along the slotted line and adjust for minimum reading on CRO. Note
down the corresponding voltage reading (Emin).
5. Then move the probe along the slotted line and adjust for maximum reading on CRO.
Note down the corresponding voltage reading (Emax).
6. Calculate VSWR.
7. Repeat the experiment for fixed short, Movable short, matched termination.
CALCULATIONS:

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT = S – 1 / S +1
TABULAR FORM:
SL.NO. LOAD Emax Emin VSWR

(mV) (mV) (S)
1 MOUNT DETECTOR
2 FIXED SHORT
3 MOVABLE SHORT
4 MATCHED TERMINATION
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Beam voltage in klystron power supply is first kept minimum and repeller voltage at
maximum.
2. Power supply is kept in High-Tension mode with am mode.
3. Now beam voltage is kept at high value.
5. Measurement bench is kept horizontal without any loose coupling.
RESULT:
Thus standing wave ratio is determined for different loads.
INFERENCE:

The VSWR of matched termination is 1.44.
1. What is the significance of VSWR?
VSWR gives the degree of mismatch between the load and transmission lines.
2. What are the different methods to measure VSWR?
For VSWR <10, VSWR can be directly measured using VSWR meter. For VSWR >10,
Double minima method is used to measure VSWR.

6. IMPEDANCE AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT
AIM: To measure the impedance of a load using the microwave test bench.
APPARATUS:
1. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
4. Frequency meter
5. Variable attenuator
6. Slotted Section
7. Mount Detector
8. Movable short
9. Waveguide Stands
10. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron
power
cro/
supply vswr
movable
Klystron isolator frequency variable slotted line short load
Fig. SETUP FOR IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
THEORY:
. The movable short is connected to the slotted line. The successive minima positions
are noted. The twice of the difference between minima position will be guide wave length.
One of the minima is used as reference for impedance measurement. Find the difference of
reference minima and minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it be d.
take a smith chart, taking 1 as center, draw a circle of radius equal to S 0.make a point on
circumference of smith chart towards load side at a distance equal to d / λ g. Join the center with
this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The co-ordinates of this point will
show the normalized impedance of load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the block diagram.

2. For a given load, measure the frequency (frequency meter) and VSWR (VSWR meter).
3. Move the probe carriage and measure distance (d) between the two minima of the slotted
section.
d = λg / 2
Where, λg is guided wavelength.
4. At standing wave minima record the probe position (X1) on the slotted section.
5. Replace the load by short circuited termination and move the probe carriage to new
standing minima and record the probe position (X2).
CALCULATIONS:
 Calculate, (X1 - X2) / λg.

 (X1 - X2) is positive if minimum is shifted towards generator.
 (X1 - X2) is negative if minimum is shifted towards load.
 By using VSWR and distance (d), the normalized impedance (Zl) can be calculated
from smith chart load impedance,
ZL = Z0 Zl
Where, Z0 = 377 / √ [1 – (fc / f )2]
fc = C / 2d
C = 3 x 1010 cm / sec
 Zl is the intersection of (X1 - X2) / λg and VSWR (resistance components).
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Loose coupling must be avoided.
3. Output signal is kept as high as possible.
4. Keep repeller voltage in maximum and beam voltage in minimum positions.
RESULT:
.
Wavelength is measured. Frequency is measured directly and calculated from wavelength. The
unknown impedance of horn antenna is measured.
INFERENCE:
The frequency measured using the frequency meter directly and the frequency calculated by
using guide wavelength is found to be equal.
1. What is the frequency range of X-band & C-band?

Ans:
X-Band: 8 –12 GHz and C-Band: 4 – 8GHz
2. What parameters can be calculated using smith chart?
A) Using smith chart, reflection coefficient, reflected power, transmitted power and load
impedance can be calculated.
7. WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT

AIM: To determine the frequency & Wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working in TE 10
mode.
APPARATUS:
11. Klystron Mount

13. Isolator
14. Frequency meter
15. Variable attenuator
16. Slotted Section
17. Mount Detector
18. CRO
20. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron
power
supply
cro
Klystron isolator frequency variable slotted line mount

mount meteR attenuator detector
Fig. SETUP FOR WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT
THEORY:
Guided wavelength lg is defined as the distance traveled by the wave in order to undergo a
phase by the shift of 2Π radians. The wave length in the waveguide is different from the
wavelength in free space. For TE10 mode in rectangular wave guide l0, lg and lc are related as,
(1/l 0)2= (1/l g) 2+ (1/l c) 2
Where l0 = free space wavelength
lg = guide wavelength.
lc = cutoff wavelength.
For TE10 mode lc = 2a. Where a is broad dimension of waveguide.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the block diagram.

2. Turn ON the Klystron power supply & observe the square wave on CRO

3. Tune the frequency meter knob to get the dip on the CRO & note down the (dip)
frequency directly from the frequency meter.
4. Move the probe along the slotted line to get the Minimum direction position. Record
the position.
5. Move the probe to next min position and record the corresponding position.
6. Calculate the guided wavelength lg (= 2d) as twice the distance between two
successive minimum positions obtained as above.
7. Calculate the wavelength and the frequency.
8. Then verify this frequency with frequency obtained by frequency meter (dip
frequency).
9. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
CALCULATIONS:
 Calculate the wavelength by following equation:

1 / λ0 = [(1/lg) 2+ (1/lc) 2]1 / 2
Where lg = 2d is the cutoff wavelength.
lc = 2a; waveguide inner board dimension and is around 2.286 cm.
 Calculate the frequency by following equation:
f=c/λ
Where C = 3 x 108 meter/sec. (i.e., velocity of light.).
 Then verify this frequency with frequency obtained by frequency meter (dip frequency).
 Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
d=d2-d1
lg = 2d=2(d2-d1)
lc = 2a=2(2.286)
lo=
f = C / λo=
TABULAR FORM:
REPELLER FREQUENCY FREQUENCY (GHz)

VOLTAGE(V) METER READING f = C / λo = C [(1/l g) 2+ (1/l c) 2]1 / 2
(GHz) (GHz)
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Loose coupling must be avoided.
3. Output signal is kept as high as possible.
4. Keep repeller voltage in maximum and beam voltage in minimum positions.
RESULT:
.
The waveguide parameters i.e., frequency and wavelength are measured.
INFERENCE:
The frequency obtained from frequency meter = 9.68GHz

Practical frequency = 9.31GHz
The wavelength = 3.2202cm
1. What is a waveguide?
Ans: A waveguide is a hollow metallic tube in rectangular or circular shape used to guide
electromagnetic waves.
2. What are the power losses in the rectangular waveguide?
Ans: There are two types of losses in rectangular waveguides. They are
a. Losses in dielectric
b. Losses in the guide walls.
8. SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR

AIM: To measure the Scattering parameters of a Circulator.
APPARATUS:
1. Klystron power supply.

2. Klystron oscillator with mount.
3. Isolator (OR) Circulator.
4. Tunable Frequency meter.
5. VSWR meter.
6. Slotted section with tunable probe and Movable Probe carriage.
7. Circulator
8. Precision Movable short plunger.
9. Detector.
11. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron vswr meter matched

power termination
supply
Klystron isolator frequency variable slotted line CIRCULATOR

Fig. SETUP FOR SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR
THEORY:
A circulator is a ferrite device (ferrite is a class of materials with strange magnetic
properties) with usually three ports. The beautiful thing about circulators is that they are non-
reciprocal. That is, energy into port 1 predominantly exits port 2, energy into port 2 exits port
3, and energy into port 3 exits port 1. In a reciprocal device the same fraction of energy that
flows from port 1 to port 2 would occur to energy flowing to the opposite direction, from port
2 to port 1.
The selection of ports is arbitrary, and circulators can be made to "circulate" either
clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW).
A circulator is sometimes called a "duplexer", meaning that is duplexes two signals
into one channel (e.g. transmit and receive into an antenna). This is not to be confused with
the term "diplexer" which is refers to a filter arrangement where two frequency bands are
separated into two channels from a single three-terminal device. A lot of people mix up these
terms.

Fig 8.1. CIRCULATOR
What are circulators good for? The make a great antenna interface for a transmit/receive
system. Energy can be made to flow from the transmitter (port 1) to the antenna (port 2)
during transmit, and from the antenna (port 2) to the receiver (port 3) during receive.
Circulators have low electrical losses and can be made to handle huge powers, well into
kilowatts. They usually operate over no more than an octave bandwidth, and are purely an RF
component (they don't work at DC).
A circulator is a non-reciprocal three- or four-port device, in which power entering any port
is transmitted to the next port in rotation (only). So to within a phase-factor, the scattering
matrix for a three-port ideal circulator is
PROCEDURE:
1. To calculate , input to port 1 and measure output at port 2, by connecting the detector
mount. Remaining all ports is terminated with matched load.
2. Calculate S1 by measuring maximum and minimum voltage of the signal in the oscilloscope
at port 1 by varying the slotted line. Hence,
3. Similar procedure is applied for S22 and S33.

4. After obtaining all parameters we get S-Matrix as

CALCULATIONS:
Input at Port 1:
Vmax=64mV, Vmin=52mV
Input at Port 2:
Input at Port 3:

The scattering parameters of the given circulator is,
RESULT:
The Scattering parameters of three port Y circulator are obtained.
INFERENCE:
The scattering parameters S13, S21, S32 are greater than 0.5 and remaining parameters all are
less than 0.5.
1. What are the basic properties of ferrites which make them useful at microwave
Frequencies?
Ans: The use of ferrites in a number of microwave devices is based on the fact that
propagation constants for different models of polarization (i.e. left and right circular
polarization) of the electromagnetic ray are very different.
2. Why ferrite devices are nonreciprocal?
Ans: The propagation constants for different modes of polarization of an electromagnetic ray
are different and this give rise to non reciprocal Faraday rotation.

9. SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC TEE
AIM: To measure the Scattering parameters of a Magic Tee.
APPARATUS:
1. Klystron power supply.

2. Klystron oscillator with mount.
3. Isolator (OR) Circulator.
4. Tunable Frequency meter.
5. VSWR meter.
6. Slotted section with tunable probe and Movable Probe carriage.
7. Magic Tee
8. Precision Movable short plunger.
9. Detector.
11. BNC Cable
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron matched
power vswr meter termination
supply
Klystron isolator frequency variable slotted line magic tee

Fig. SETUP FOR SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC TEE
THEORY:
The device magic tee is a combination of the E and H plane tee, Arm 3, H-arm forms
an H-plane tee and arm 4, and E-arm forms an E plane tee in the combination of arm1, arm2
as side or collinear arms. If the power is fed into arm3(H-arm),the electric field divides
equally between arm1 and 2 with the same phase and no electrical fields exists in arm
4.Reciprocity demands no coupling in part3 (H-arm),if power fed in arm 4(E-arm) it divides
equally into arm1 and arm 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3.Further,if the power is
fed from arm 1 and 2,it is added in arm 3,and it is subtracted in E-arm. i.e., arm 4.
The name magic tee is derived from the way in which power is divided among the various
ports. A signal injected into the H-plane port will be divided equally between ports 1 and 2,
and will be in phase. A signal injected into the E-plane port will also be divided equally

between ports 1 and 2, but will be 180 degrees out of phase. If signals are fed in through ports
1 and 2, they are added at the H-plane port and subtracted at the E-plane port.[2] Thus, with
the ports numbered as shown, and to within a phase factor, the full scattering matrix for an
ideal magic tee is,
PROCEDURE:
1. Initially arrange the bench setup without magic tee and set an input of certain value by
using CRO.
2. Connect the magic tee as shown in the
3. Energize the microwave sources at a particular frequency of operation.
3. Calculate s21, input to port 1 and measure output at port 2 by connecting detector mount and
remaining all ports are terminated with matched load.
6. Calculate by measuring the maximum and minimum voltage of the signal in the
oscilloscope at port 1 by varying the slotted line,
Hence,
7. Repeat all the steps from 4 and 7 for all remaining three ports.
CALCULATIONS:
Input at Port 1:
Input voltage, V1=0.2
V2=0V, V3=0.08V, V4=0.08V Vmax=1.6v, Vmin=1.2V

Input at Port 2:
V1=0V, V3=0.07V, V4=0.07V Vmax=1.6v, Vmin=1.2v
Input at Port 3:
V1=0.1V, V2=0.1V, V4=0V Vmax=1.6V, Vmin=1.2V
Input at Port 4:
V1=0.12V, V2=0.1V, V3=0.02V Vmax=2.4V, Vmin=0.6V

OBSERVATIONS:
The scattering parameters of the magic Tee is obtained as,
S= =
RESULT:
The Scattering parameters of Magic Tee are obtained.
INFERENCE:
The scattering parameters S11, S12, S21, S22, S33, S34, S43 and S44 are less than 0.5 and remaining
parameters all are greater than 0.5.
1. What are the different applications of magic Tee?

Ans: - The magic Tee is commonly used for mixing, duplexing and impedance measurements.
A particular application requires twice or more input power to an antenna than either
transmitter can deliver. A magic tee may be used to couple the two transmitters and antenna in
such a way that transmitters do not load each other.
2. What is the difference between E-plane Tee and H-plane Tee?

Ans: An E-plane Tee is a waveguide in which the axis of its side arm is parallel to the E field
of the main waveguide. An H-plane Tee is a waveguide in which the axis of its side arm is
shunting the E field or parallel to the H field of the main waveguide.

10. CHARACTERIZATION OF LED
AIM: To study the V-I characteristics of fiber optic LED and plot the graph of forward voltage Vs
forward current. (FALCON trainer kit)
APPARATUS:
1. Fiber link -A Kit

2. 30 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope.
3. 1 Meter Fiber cable.
4. Power Supply.
5. Multi meter -2
6. Jumper connecting wires
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig. CHARACTERISTIC OF SFH 756V

JUMPER DIAGRAM:
Fig. JUMPER CONNECTIONS FOR SFH 756V
THEORY:
In optical fiber communication system, electrical signal is converted into optical signal with the
help of LED. After this optical signal is transmitted through optical fiber, it is ret rived in its electrical
form with the help of photo detector.
Different technologies employed in chip fabrication lead to significant variation in

parameters for the various emitter diodes. All the emitters distinguish themselves in offering
high output power coupled into the plastic fiber. Data sheets for LEDs usually specify electrical
and optical characteristics, out of which are important peak wavelength of emission,
conversion efficiency (usually specified in terms of power launched in optical fiber for
specified forward current), optical rise and fall times which put the limitation on operating
frequency, maximum forward current through LED and typical forward voltage across LED. A
photo detector usually comes in variety of forms like photoconductive, photovoltaic, transistor
type output and diode type output. Here also characteristics to be taken into account are
response time of the detector which puts the limitation on the operating frequency, wavelength
sensitivity and responsively.
PROCEDURE:
1. Confirm that the power switch is in OFF position.

2. Make the jumper and switch settings as shown in the jumper and block diagrams.Keep pot
P4 in fully anticlockwise position.
3. Connect the ammeter with the jumper connecting wires (provided along with the kit) in
jumpers JP3 as shown in the diagram.

4. Connect the voltmeter with the jumper wires to JP5 and JP2 at positions as shown in the
jumper diagram.
5. Switch on the power supply. Keep the potentiometer P3 in its maximum position
(fully clockwise position), P4 is used to control biasing voltage of the LED.
6. To get the VI characteristics of LED, rotate P4 slowly and measure forward current and
corresponding forward voltage of the LED, Take number of such readings for forward
voltage, forward current & optical power and note down in tables as shown in figure.
Figure shows the table with readings taken for VI characteristics & optical power of SFH
756V LED. Fig(a) shows the VI characteristics of SFH 756V LED.
7. For each reading taken above, find out the power, which is product of I and V. This is the
electrical power supplied to the LED.
8. Data sheets for the LED specifies optical power coupled into plastic fiber when forward
current was10mA as 200µW. This means that the electrical power at 10mA current is
converted into 200µW of optical energy. Hence the efficiency of the LED comes out
to be approx. 1.15%.
9. With this efficiency assumed, find out optical power coupled into plastic optical fiber for
each of the reading in step 4. Plot the graph of forward current v/s output optical power
of the LED. Fig (b) shows graph of forward current vs. output optical power of the LED
SFH 756V.
TABULAR FORM:

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
V- I characteristics of fiber optic LED is obtained and the graph of forward voltage Vs forward current
is plotted. It is observed that for a forward current of IF =10mA, the optical power is obtained as
198.95μw.
MODEL VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the basic principle of LED?
2. LED is coherent or non-coherent? Explain.
3. Which type of materials are used for the manufacture of LEDs?
4. What are direct and indirect materials, between them which one is used for LED
5. What is the difference between LED and Laser?
6. What is the difference between recombination process of direct and indirect materials.
7. What is the frequency and wavelength of the LED used in your experiment?
8. Define threshold voltage for LED?
9. Give the applications and advantages of LED?

11. CHARACTERIZATION OF LASER DIODE
AIM: To plot the V-I characteristics for 1310nm Laser diode.
APPARATUS:
1. Fiber optic trainer kit (Akademika Kit)

3. 1 Meter Fiber cable.
4. Power Supply.
5. Multi meter -2
6. Jumper connecting wires and patch cords
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig. BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LASER DIODE

THEORY:

In Optical Fiber communication system, Electrical signal is first converted into optical signal
with the help of E/O conversion device such as LED or LASER DIODE here. After this
optical signal is transmitted through Optical Fiber, it is retrieved in its original electrical form
with the help O/E conversion device such as photo detector. Different technologies employed
in chip fabrication lead to significant variation in parameters for the various laser diodes. All
the laser diodes distinguish themselves in offering high output power coupled into the
important peak wavelength of emission, conversion efficiency (usually speified in terms of
power launched in optical Fiber peak wavelength of emission, conversion efficiency (usually
specified in terms of power launched in optical Fiber for specified forward current) optical rise
and fall times which put the limitation on operating frequency, maximum forward current
through laser diode and typical forward voltage across laser diode. An important feature of
laser diodes is their ability to respond to direct, high-speed modulation. In pulse drive
operation, if the DC bias current, Ib, is less than the threshold current, Ith, a time delay will
result between the drive current pulse and the optical power output pulse. Therefore, the DC
bias current is normally set just above the threshold current to obtain quick response. Photo
detectors usually come in variety of forms photoconductive, photovoltaic, transistor type
output and diode type output. Here also charateristics to be taken into account are response
time of the detector, which puts the limitation on the operating frequency, wavelength
sensitivity and responsivity.
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD CURRENT VS. FORWARD VOLTAGE:
1. Refer to fig 1a and carry out the connections

2. Make sure that the power supply of FOL-M-GP is off.
3. Keep Intensity Control pot POT1 fully anticlockwise.
4. Keep jumper J6 to VI/IP.
5. Connect voltmeter at jumper JP2 with respective polarity, which indicates voltage
across the laser.
6. Connect voltmeter at jumper JP4 with respective polarity, which indicates current
through LASER in terms of voltage.
7. Turn the Intensity Control pot slightly in the clockwise direction
8. Record the current in mA and the corresponding voltage in volts.
9. Repeat the procedure for current readings up to the 45mA.
10. Plot the graph for Current (mA) vs Voltage (V).
11. Find out the Threshold Current (Ith) in mA from the I-V graph.
TABLE:
SI.NO CURRENT THROUGH LED (mA) VOLTAGE ACROSS LED (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
INFERENCES:
From the above table it is seen that the laser optical output does not increase
appreciably for IF 3.0mA.
RESULT:
V- I characteristics of fiber optic LASER is obtained and the graph of forward voltage Vs forward
current is plotted.

1. LASER means.
2. What are the steps involved for the production of laser?
3. Why laser light is coherent?

4. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the production of Laser?
5. What is population inversion, give its condition?
6. What is saturation intensity?
7. Which state is responsible for the production laser?
8. What is optical resonator; give its significance in lasing action?
9. What are the various loses associated with optical resonator ensemble?
10. Differentiate spontaneous emission and stimulated emission?
12. INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER OUTPUT

THROUGH AN OPTICAL FIBER
AIM: Intensity modulation of laser output through an optical fiber (digital signal
transmission using laser diode)
APPARATUS:
1. Laser diode kit

2. Function generator (1MHz).
3. Dual trace oscilloscope (20MHz).
4. Digital multimeter
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER OUTPUT
THROUGH AN OPTICAL FIBER
(DIGITAL SIGNAL TRANSMISSION USING LASER)
THEORY:
The intensity modulation/ demodulation system is realized using the LT-2023 TX unit
and the LT- 2023 RX unit linked through an optical fiber. We use the 2- meter PMMA fiber
cable.
The laser carrier power, Po is set by adjusting the SET Po knob in the middle laser
region. Selection of optimum carrier power is essential to minimize distortion. Limiting depth
of modulation also ensures distortion free transmission. The photo detector limits the
bandwidth of the system in the present case. We may choose to operate in the ACC or APC
mode to obtain output proportional to the modulating signal Vin.An ideal IM transmission
system will have the relationship Vout=G.Vin.Where G is a factor dependent on the LD
conversion efficiency, Loss in the optical transmission path and the laser photo detector
conversion efficiency. Distortion results from the LD being biased in the non-linear region.
The slowest device limits bandwidth in the system; in this case it is the phototransistor. Using
a PIN diode, which is inherently a faster device, can increase speed.
PROCEDURE:
Digital Signal transmission using 1310nm LASER and InGaAs photo detector.
1. Refer to fig 4a and carry out the connections

2. Keep Intensity Control pot POT1 fully anticlockwise.
3. Keep jumper J6 and JP9 to TTL mode.
4. Connect the power supply of FOL-M-GP and switch it ON.
5. Apply TTL signal of frequency 1 KHz from function generator to the IN1 post of Digital
buffer.
6. Connect Optical O/P of Laser D1 to photo diode D3 using 1 meter single mode glass
fiber patch chord provided.
7. Vary the Intensity control Pot POT1 and observe the detected signal at DET1 OUT post.
8. Go on increasing the Function Generator TTL frequency in steps of 1 KHz and observe
the Detected Signal.
9. To get the undistorted detected signal adjust load using POT 3.
10. For the given input signal Vin by varying the intensity pot1 corresponding output
voltages Vout are obtained and then find gain G.
CALCULATIONS:
Table of Readings: Vout Vs Vin

SI.No Vin (mV p-p) Vout (mV p-p) G=Vo/Vin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT: Intensity modulation of laser output through an optical fiber is obtained.
13. ESTABLISH AN OPTICAL DIGITAL LINK BETWEEN

TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
AIM: To establish an optical digital link between transmitter and receiver and obtain the relationship
between the input signal and received signal for digital optical link
APPARATUS:
1) Fiber optic SICO trainer kit.
2) Fiber cable
3) Patch cards
4) CRO
5) Power Supply.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. BLOCK FIBER OPTICAL DIGITAL LINK
THEORY:
Fiber optic link can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver.
The transmitter module takes the input signals in electrical from and then transform it into
optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium,
which takes the energy to the receiver at the receiver light is converted back into electrical
form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.
TRANSMITTER:
Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The
buffer provides both an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter & the
electrical system supplying the data. The driver provides electrical power to the optical
source. Finally, the optical source converts the electrical current to the light energy with the
same pattern. Commonly Used optical sources are light emitting diodes (LED’s) and laser
beam.
THE FIBER OPTIC LINK
FO Transmitter and FO Receiver circuit on board form the fiber optic link. This section
provides the light source for the optic fiber and the light detector at the far the end of the fiber

optical links. The optic fiber plugs into the connectors provided in this part of the board. Two
separate links are provided.
THE RECEIVER:
The comparator circuit, low pass filter, phase locked loop, AC amplifier circuits form
receiver on the board. It is able to the undo the modulation process in order to recover the
original information signal In this experiment the trainer board is used to illustrate one - way
communication between digital transmitter and receiver circuits. Fault switch normal
position is shown in the bellow figure.
Fig. FAULT SWITCH NORMAL POSITION

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the AC Supply to Kit.

2. Ensure that all fault switch is in normal position.
3. Make the connections as shown in Block Diagram-2.
4. Connect 1KHz Square Wave Output source to 660nm FO Transmitter Input.
5. Connect 1Mtr. FO Cable between FO Transmitter output and FO Receiver input.
6. Connect FO Receiver output to AC Amplifier input.
7. Connect AC Amplifier Output to Comparator Input.
8. Set the switch SW2 to Digital Mode.
9. Switch ON the power.
10. Observed the signal at Comparator Output on CRO slowly adjust the Comparator Pot
until wave form matches the input source.
11. Vary the Input Frequency and Observe the Output.
MODAL GRAPH:

Fig. Digital Link Wave Forms
RESULT:
An optical digital link between transmitter and receiver is established and the relationship between the
input signal and received signal for digital optical link is obtained.

1. Which type of oscillator is used in the function generator used in this experiment?
2. Which type of amplifier is used in the function generator used in this experiment?
3. What is the buffer? Explain its significance in this experiment?
4. Which type of modulation is used in the given kit?
5. Give the range of radiation intensity in the given kit?
6. What is your observation in the used in this experiment?
7. List the various applications of fiber optic analog and digital link.
8. What is the effect of fiber joint on the transmission?

14. MEASUREMENT OF NA OF OPTICAL FIBER
AIM: To measure the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the Plastic Fiber.
APPARATUS:
1). Fiber link -A Kit.
2). 1 Meter fiber cable
3). NA JIG.
4). Steel Ruler.
5). Power Supply.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR NA MEASUREMENT
JUMPER DIAGRAM:

Fig. JUMPER CONNECTIONS FOR NA MEASUREMENT
THEORY:
Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber
end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by
the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone acceptance of the fiber. The
light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance; else it is refracted out of the
fiber core.
CONSIDERATIONS IN NA MEASUREMENT:
1. It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable & distance
from the launched point & the cable is properly selected to ensure that the maximum amount of
optical power is transferred to the cable.
2. This experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room.
PROCEDURE:

1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660 nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tight the cap by screwing
it back.
2. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that
the power supply is OFF. Do not apply any TTL signal from Function Generator. Make the
connections as shown in block diagram.
3. Keep Pot P3 fully Clockwise Position and P4 fully anticlockwise position.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Insert the other end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement jig.
Hold the white sheet facing the fiber. Adjust the fiber such that its cut faces is perpendicular to
the axis of the fiber.
6. Keep the distance of about 10 mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently tighten the
screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.
7. Now adjust Pot P4 fully Clockwise Position and observe the illuminated circular patch of light
on the screen.
8. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR and PN
indicated in the figure.
9. Mean radius is calculated using the following formula
r = (MR + PN) / 4
10. Find the numerical aperture of the fiber using the formula
NA = sinθ max = r / √ ( d2 + r 2 )
Where θ max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly transmitted
through the fiber.
TABULAR FORM:
S.NO d (in cm) r = (MR +PN)/4 ( in cm ) NA= r/ √(d2 + r 2 )

1 1 0.5 0.447
2 1.8 1 0.485
3 2.6 1.5 0.490
RESULT:
The Numerical Aperture (NA) of the Plastic Fiber is obtained. It is observed that NA is nearly equal
to 0.5.

1. Define Numerical aperture of a step index fiber?
2. Define Mode-field diameter?
3. What is Snell’s law?
4. What is the necessity of cladding for an optical fiber?
5. What are step index and graded index fibers?

6. Define acceptance angle?
7. Why do we prefer step index single mode fiber for long distance communication?
8. Define relative refractive index difference?
9. What are meridional rays?
10. What are skew rays?

15. MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES FOR ANALOG OPTICAL LINK
AIM: To study the various types of losses in optical fiber and to measure the propagation
loss and bending losses in optical fiber at the wavelength of 660nm.
APPARATUS:
1. Fiber link -A Kit.

3. 1 & 3 Meter Fiber cable.
4. Power Supply.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig. BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR LOSS MEASUREMENT
THEORY:
Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are usually
selected by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different wavelengths of
light. In case of optical fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the form of light which is
completely different in nature as that of electrons, one has to consider the interaction of
matter with the radiation to study the losses in fiber. Losses are introduced in fiber due to
various reasons.
As light propagates from one end of fiber to another end, part of it is absorbed in the
material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of the light is reflected back or in some other

directions from the impurity particles present in the material contributing to the loss of the
signal at the other end of the fiber. In general terms it is known as propagation loss.
Plastic fibers have higher loss of the order of 180 dB/Km. whenever the condition for
angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction of
light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is
the loss. Another losses are due to the coupling of fiber at LED & photo detector ends.
PROCEDURE:
MEASUREMENT OF PROPAGATION LOSS:
1. Connect the AC Supply to Kit.

2. Ensure that all fault switches are in normal position.
3. Make the connections as shown in the block diagram.
4. Connect 1 KHz Sine Wave signal to 660nm FO Transmitter output and FO Receiver
input.
5. Connect 1Mtr. FO Cable between FO Transmitter output and FO Receiver input.
6. Connect FO Receiver output to AC Amplifier input.
7. Set the switch SW2 to Analog Mode.
8. Switch ON the power.
9. Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5V / Div adjust 4 - 6 div amplitude by using X1
probe with of variable pot in function generator block at input of FO Transmitter.
10. Observe the output signal at FO Receiver on CRO.
11. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal as that of transmitted one with the help of
gain adjusts pot in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1.
12. Now replace the previous 1 meter FO cable with 3 meter FO cable without distributing
any previous setting
13. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier. Note this value
end name it V 2. Calculate the propagation ( attenuation ) loss with the help of
following formula
14. If α is the attenuation of the fiber then we have,
PROPAGATION LOSSES: α dB =10 / (L1 – L2)] Log10 (V2 / V1)
Where,
α = dB / km,
L1 = fiber length for V1
L2 = fiber length for V2

MEASUREMENT OF BENDING LOSS:
Fig. FIBER BENDING FOR LOSS MEASUREMENT
1. Repeat all the Steps from 1 to 13 as above.

2. Bend the fiber in a loop as shown in above figure. Measure the amplitude of the received
signal.
3. Keep reducing the diameter to about 2 cm & take corresponding output voltage readings.
(Do not reduce loop diameter less than 2 cm.)
4. Plot a graph of the received signal amplitude versus the loop diameter.
TABULAR FORM:
S.NO LOOP DIAMETET (cm) RECEIVED SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE (V)
1 5 1
2 4 0.8
3 3 0.7
4 2 0.6
V1=1V
V2=0.7V
L1=1m
L2=3m
Loss=0.77dB
RESULT:
The propagation and bending losses in optical fiber are obtained and is observed that if the
loop diameter decreases the received signal is also decreases.

1. What are various losses in optical fibers?
2. In which type of fiber bending losses are more?
3. In which type of fibers, bending losses are very poor?
4. In which situation optical fiber subject to bend?
5. Why bending losses is negligible in multi-mode fiber?
6. How radiation intensity decreases in an optical fiber when it is subjected to bend?
7. Which parameter undergo change when optical fiber is subjected to bend?
8. What are bending losses?
9. How attenuation depends in an optical fiber?
10. What are the limitations of optical fibers in long distance communications?

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NRIIT/7.5.

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB

LAB OBSERVATION BOOK

R13 REGULATION, ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017-18

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 1

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

R13 REGULATION, ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017-18

BRANCH/SEC: IV/IV ECE YEAR: 2017-2018

Scattering parameters of Circulator.

Measurement of Data rate for

Signature of Staff Member/Date

01. Regulated Klystron Power Supply

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 4

TABLE 1.1 IEEE MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BANDS

DESIGNATION FREQUENCY RANGE IN GHZ

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MICROWAVE AND APPLICATIONS

Usually a microwave system consists of a transmitter sub system, consisting of a microwave

DESCRIPTION OF MICROWAVE BENCH

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 6

Klystron Power Supply:

Gunn Power Supply:

Reflex Klystron Oscillator:

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 7

Frequency meter is basically a absorption cavity resonator. The cavity is connected to a

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 8

MICROWAVE TEST BENCH COMPONENTS

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 9

MAGIC TEE ISOLATOR Y CIRCULATOR

SLOTTED SECTION WITH

KLYSTRON KLYSTRON MOUNT KLYSTRON TEST

ABOUT FIBER OPTICS

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 10

HOW OPTICAL FIBER WORKS?

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 11

TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER:

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 12

SINGLE MODE V/S MULTIMODE:

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 13

ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS OVER CONVENTIONAL COPPER CABLES:

 Much greater bandwidth (Several orders of magnitude are theoretically possible).

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 14

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 15

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 16

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 17

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 18

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 19

1. Klystron Power Supply

Klystron isolator frequency variable slotted line mount

Fig. SETUP FOR REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 20

(1)Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig.

MODE REPELLER AMPLITUDE (V) FREQUENCY

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 21

The performance characteristics of reflex klystron tube are observed.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:

1. Why pentode tubes are not suitable at high frequencies?

A simple type of modulation, commonly used in microwave measurements, is a square wave

Department of ECE/NRIIT Page 22

1. Gunn Power Supply

GUNN GUNN power