ORAL COMMUNICATION Reviewer by Ianthé
Gallardo
Communication
A process by which information is exchanged
between individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 2018).
The act of conveying meanings from one
entity or group to another through the use of
mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic
rules.
A two-way process of reaching mutual
understanding, in which participants do not only
exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas,
and feelings but also create and share meaning.
Types of Communication
Interpersonal Communication: Takes place between
two or more people.
Intrapersonal Communication: Takes place inside one
individual.
Mass Communication: Exchanging of information on a
large scale or wide range of people.
Oral Communication
- A process consisting of sound representations
which involve speaking and listening.
- The process of expressing information or
ideas by word of mouth
- The speaker and listener may exchange roles
in giving and receiving ideas, feelings, and
even attitudes.
Oral Communication is a process consisting of sound
representations which involves speaking and listening.
Both are essential in the expression of idea through
the association with words.
Speaking and listening almost happen
simultaneously. The listener observes in the speaker
his voice quality, pitch, intonation, stress and word
junctures. This will be supplemented by gestures and
facial expressions which are signs of feelings,
experiences and interests. Furthermore, this can also
be affected by the environment where the process is
going on.
In the course of oral communication, the
speaker and the listener may exchange roles in giving
and receiving ideas, feelings and even attitudes. The
moment is expected to be orderly and systematic.
Oral Communication process happens mutually
between and among people through an identified
stimulus- anything that triggers a response in the
nervous system or the innate emotions of a person.
Process of Oral Communication
The process of oral communication may be
explained through a series of stages in which each
stage is basically significant.
STAGE 1: The process begins with the presence of a
stimulus brought about by the occurrence of an idea,
a news, a remark or a situation that achieve the
senses of the speaker categorized as the sender.
These ideas may also be part of a person’s memory or
experiences. More so, reflections or insights may
likewise contribute as parts of a person’s interests.
: The speaker reacts to the presence of
stimulus, which he/she assimilates to his/her schema,
past experience, memory, and/or insights.
STAGE 2: The brain receives the idea through the
participation of tiny nerve fibres working as delivery
agents. The brain then recognizes it as affected by the
speaker’s experience, environment and culture giving
merit to the occurring stimulus. Eventually, the brain
identifies and evaluates the idea which may trigger
the person to react.
: The brain receives the idea then identifies and
evaluates the idea which may trigger the person to
react.
STAGE 3: The ideas and thoughts are encoded into
language symbols or words known and understood by
both speaker and listener. The common language is
very important to assure success in the process.
: The ideas and thoughts are encoded into language,
symbols, or words.
STAGE 4: At this point, the speaker is now ready to
externalize his thoughts to the listener, as well as, to
the surrounding environment. This time, the sender
makes use of his voice, touch, physical presence, body
movements, facial expression and other channels
available.
All of these must be focused on the direction
of the listener. The voice, especially, should be
 properly projected and even supported by hand
movements.
STAGE 5: To transmit the message, the speech sounds
should be uttered in logically arranged sequence.
Sound waves are produced in the air and the muscles
of the speech organs are tightened or relaxed
depending on the required condition. This may allow
the spontaneous occurrence of hand movements.
STAGE 6: The message is brought by the sound waves
and movements of the speaker as seen by the
listener. The listener senses what is going on because
he visualizes it and his auditory nerves are activated.
Verbal Communication: Any form of communication
involving words, spoken, written, or signed.
Why is verbal communication important?
 We use it to inform or to impart knowledge.
 It helps clarify misunderstandings.
 It helps to provide missing information and
correct a wrong.
 It can be used as a tool of persuasion.
Non-Verbal Communication: Includes body language,
such movements, facial expressions, physical
appearance, space, gestures, eye contact, posture,
and tone of voice.

Communication Models
3. Channel
Wendel Johnson’s Model
- Refers to the route travelled by the message
Event/Source Simulation between the senders to the receiver.
Sensory Simulation - Also refers to the writing, using the phone,
gadgets, radio, TV, and printed media
Pre-Verbal Neurophysiological

Pre-Verbal to Symbolic 4. Feedback

- Reaction observed in both the sender and
Verbal Formulation the receiver.
Aristotle’s Model - Determines whether the message is
S M L understood or not.
- Gestures and oral responses are examples of
David Berlo’s Model feedback.
S M C R 5. Noise
- The presence of disturbing factor that may
The Five Elements of Communication lead to a misunderstanding of the message
1. Sender or Receiver - The sender or speaker begins Types of Noise
the conversation while the listener is the receiver. a) Physical
2. Message b) Physiological
- Refers to all the ideas, information, c) Psychological
emotions, insights, or experiences shared by d) Semantic
the communicator.
- Most vital element in communication. 6. Setting
- May be verbal or nonverbal. - Refers to the venue of the communication
- Can be formal or informal
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
VERBAL NON-VERBAL
Types of Nonverbal Communication
- Spoken language - Uses gestures
- Uses words - Silent language 1. Body Movements
- Uses language - Includes body movements, a) Emblems - Body movements with direct
postures, facial expressions, translation (Examples: okay, no, stop, bye).
gestures, vocal tones, fashion b) Illustrators - Used to accent, emphasize, or
statement, etc. reinforce words (Examples: giving directions).
 c) Regulators - Include head nods, hand 4. Attractiveness
gestures, shifts in posture, etc. Attractive people are perceived to be:
d) Display of Feelings - Facial expressions and  More sensitive
body movements that convey the intensity of  Kind
emotion.  Strong
e) Adaptors - Actions that have implied  Sociable
meanings.  Interesting

2. Paralanguage: Ways of saying something. 5. Body Adornment: Involves form of clothing,

a) Rate - Speed of speaking. makeup, accessories, jewelry, and hairstyle.
b) Pitch - Highness or lowness of tone.
c) Volume - Loudness of sound. 6. Space and Distance
d) Quality - Pleasant or unpleasant sound. Studied as proxemics
a) Intimate Distance - People are in direct
3. Body Types contact with each other in no more than
a) Ectomorphs 18 inches apart.
 Thin people b) Personal Distance - People may stay
 Ambitious anywhere from 18 inches to 4 feet from
 Younger each other as in casual and personal
 More suspicious of others  More conversations.
tensed and nervous c) Social Distance - The speaker keeps a
 More inclined to be more difficult distance of 4 to 12 feet.
 More pessimistic d) Public Distance - The distance is more
than 12 feet and there’s a need for the
 Quieter
speaker to speak loudly and use
exaggerated gestures.
b) Endomorphs
 Fat people
7. Touch: This reflects meaning about the
 More fashionable relationship between the sender and receiver.
 Lazier and weaker
 More talkative 8. Time: Refers to one’s punctuality
 Older
 More warm-hearted and sympathetic
Effective Communication Skills
 Good natured and agreeable
While effective communication is a learned
 More dependent and trusting skill, it is more effective when it’s spontaneous rather
than formulaic. A speech that is read, for example,
c) Mesomorphs rarely has the same impact as a speech delivered or
 Athletic people appears to be too delivered spontaneously.
 Stronger
 More adventurous
Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication
 More matured
• Stress and Out-of-Control Emotion
 More reliant
• Lack of Focus
 Younger
• Inconsistent Body Language
 Taller
• Negative Body Language
 Attractiveness Guides to Improve a Person’s Communication Skills
 Body Adornment 1. Be an Attentive Listener
 Space and Distance - Effective communication is less about talking
 Touch Time and more about listening.
 Listening well means not just understanding
the words or information being communicated but
also understanding the emotions the speaker is
trying to communicate.
Reading Non-Verbal Communication
• Be Aware of Individual Differences: People
from different countries and cultures tend to
use different non-verbal communication
gestures, so it’s important to take age,
culture, religion, gender and emotional state
into account when reading body language
signals.
• Look at Non-Verbal Communication: Don’t
read too much into a single gesture or
nonverbal cue. Consider all the non-verbal
signals you receive, from eye to eye to tone of
voice to body language.
• Use non-verbal signals that match up with
your words
• Give contextual non-verbal signals: the tone
of your voice should be different when you
address a child than when you address an
adult
• Use body language to convey positive feelings
2. Be Stress - Free During Communication
- To communicate effectively, you need
to be aware of and in control of your
emotions. And that means learning how
to manage stress. When you’re
stressed, you’re more likely to misread
other people, send confusing or
offputting non-verbal signals, and lapse
into unhealthy knee-jerk patterns of
behavior.
3. Be Assertive
- Being assertive means expressing your
thoughts, feelings and needs in an
open, honest way, while standing up for
yourself and respecting others. Effective
communication is always understanding
the other person not winning an
argument or forcing your opinions on
others.
To Attain Self-Confidence:
• Respect one’s opinion
• Know your goals and ambitions and learn
to express them without hurting others
• Be a positive thinker
• Receive feedback positively
• Accept negative ideas
Intercultural Communication Principles Applied in
Intercultural Communication
1. Cultural Convergence
In relatively closed social system in
which communication among members is
unrestricted, the system as a whole will tend
to converge over time toward a state of
greater cultural uniformity. The system will
tend to diverge toward diversity when
communication is restricted.
2. Communication Accommodation Theory
This theory focuses on linguistic
strategies to decrease or increase
communicative distances.
3. Intercultural Adaptation
This theory is designed to explain how
communicators adapt to each other in
“purpose-related encounters”, at which
cultural factors need to be incorporated. This
equated to assimilation.
4. Co-Cultural Theory It refers to
interactions among underrepresented and
dominant group members. It includes but are
not limited to people of color: women,
people with disabilities, gay men and
lesbians, those in to the lower classes.
Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal Communication: It is a
selfcentered kind of communication with only
the speaker as the sender and receiver. The
message is made up of the speaker’s ideas
and emotions in which the channel is his brain
that processes them
2. Interpersonal Communication: This is not just
about what is actually said – the language
used – but how it is said and the non-verbal
messages sent through tone of voice, facial
expressions, gestures and body language.
Kinds of Interpersonal Communication
 1. Dyad - this is the most basic kind of
interpersonal communication by
which two persons mutually share
information, ideas or even
argument.
2. Small Group - refers to a group small
in size to facilitate every member’s
interacting with every other
member.
3. Public Communication: Involves a single
speaker, who in relatively formal tone and
manner, presents a continuous,
uninterrupted, informative, persuasive or
entertaining discourse of supposedly general
interest to a sizable number of other persons.
(Bulan and De Leon, 2002)
Types of Speech Styles
Refers to the manner a person/ persons act in
the midst of people in the society. Their movements
depend on some issues of the conversation. There
should be a mutual understanding why such
conversation occur. Knowing the conversation styles
can help prevent misunderstanding and argument
from happening. Unaware of the styles may, people
look disrespectful in front of others.
1. Intimate: This is a language used by very close
friends and lovers which is so private and
requires significant amount of shared history,
knowledge and experiences.
2. Casual: This is the language used by friends
during their ordinary conversations. The word
choice is too general and the conversation is
dependent upon non-verbal assists,
significant knowledge and shared
information.
3. Consultative: It is known as the third level of
language. Formal registers are used in this
Purpose of Communication
type of conversation. it is less appropriate in
writing as students use this in their classroom
interactions. (ex. When a student is talking to
his teacher about school matters; when a
client talks to his lawyer)
4. Formal: This is standard for work, school and
business matters. It is expected to be
presented in complete sentences and with
specific use of language. (ex. Job interview;
business tours; academic papers)
5. Frozen: It is known as a fixed language. It is
reserved in traditions which the language
does not change in a number of generations.
This kind of language is used when talking to
strangers. (ex. Introduction of a new
acquaintances.)
2. Social Interaction: Communication may
function in shared attention with others where
there is the social aspect of interaction. It also
functions to maintain interpersonal
communication.
3. Motivation: Communication can be a vehicle of
motivation in some organizations when there
is clarification on what is to be done, how well
a person is doing, what can be done to
improve performance. Communication can
also function to reinforce and stimulate
behaviors of a person.
4. Information: Communication is done by
providing information for individuals to make
decisions, identify, and evaluate choices.
3 Types of Information
a) Downward-moving Info (superior to
subordinates)
b) Upward-moving Info (subordinates
to superior)
c) Horizontal-moving Info (manager to
manager, peer to peer)
5. Emotional Expression: Communication
provides a channel for a person to release,
talk, or express his/her feelings, thereby
fulfilling his or her social needs.
 To inquire
 To inform
 To persuade
 To develop goodwill
Functions of Communication
1. Regulation or Control: Communication may act
to control the behavior of a person in order to
meet his/her needs; and an attempt to
regulate the actions of others to help meet
such needs.