ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
Manila

FORMAL LABORATORY REPORT

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Experiment No. 1
BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Group 8

Maranan, Jopatrick C. (201813528)

Marasigan, Yszabelle Mae S. (201812065)

Marciano, Katrina Faye C. (201813669)

Friday | 10:30 am – 1:30 pm | 05024

Date Performed:
February 8, 2019

Engr. Eduardo O. Hernandez

Professor
ABSTRACT

This experiment was intended to refresh and familiarize students to their workplace when it

comes to laboratory tools and equipment, techniques and skills that are necessary for working at

the laboratory. The use of an analytical balance, the uses of the different glassware, preparation

of the different materials needed for the experiment, diluting and dissolving, and obtaining the

correct data and results by following the formulas given will be discussed in this experiment.

Through this, the students will further gain knowledge when it comes to conducting experiments

in the laboratory. The laboratory techniques and skills were very essential most especially for

chemistry students, for them to be fully equipped and have a great extent of mastery, yielding a

further success in doing their laboratory experiments.

INTRODUCTION

In Chemistry a lot of experiment is needed. Every experiment requires careful observations

and utilization of proper laboratory techniques. Proper execution of the experiment and

proficiency of the techniques and concepts will give better results. Through the experiment,

student will be familiarized on the basic and appropriate methods to be used.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this experiment are to familiarize the students in several tools, techniques,

and skills that are necessary for working at the laboratory (1) to compute for the mean, standard
deviation, percent relative standard deviation, and the concentration of the solution (2) to weigh

the required substances accurately (3) and to transfer liquids on its proper container.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

The materials and equipment that are needed for this experiment are:

 NaCl powder  Distilled water

 5-peso coins (5)  Analytical balance

 Aluminum foil  100 mL Reagent bottle (2)

 150 mL Beaker  Stirring rod

 100 mL Volumetric flasks with stopper  Small glass funnel

  Wash bottle  Pasteur pipette

 10mL Serological pipette with rubber

stopper

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 This section shows the step-by-step process and procedures of the experiments that were

done in order to gather the necessary information that achieve the purpose of the experiment.

A. USING THE ANALYTICAL BALANCE AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Note: Before using the balance, make sure that the analytical balance is calibrated and cleaned.

Use a brush to sweep off any dust or particles on the balance pan.

Collect five Weigh each coin in Record your results

pieces of 5-peso the analytical in four decimal
coins balance places

Check for any Compute for

suspiciuos outlier
using the Grubbs's the mean, SD,
test %RSD
Figure 1

B. WEIGH OF STANDARD REAGENTS

 Make an improvised
Put the foil inside
weighing dish for
solid samples (i.e.
the analytical Press TARE.
balance.
aluminum foil).

The reading of the weight must Weigh accurately

not exceed t 0.0030 g. Note that
Close the balance 0.4000 grams of
unused or excess chemicals
glass door. should never be returned to the NaCl powder in
stock bottle. the foil

Note the actual weight Transfer carefully

of the NaCl powder
that is reflecting on the the contents in a
analytical balance. 150-mL beaker

Figure 2

C. PREPERATION AND STORAGE OF STANDARD SOLUTION

 Use the weighed and
transferred NaCl powder in
procedure B. Dissolve it in
about 10 mL distilled
water.
Use a stirring rod to gently stir
the solution until it has been
dissolved to an extent. Make
sure you will not incur any
noise while stirring.
When the NaCI powder is
partially dissolved, transfer
the resulting solution into a
100 mL volumetric flask. Use a
stirring rod and funnel.

Rinse the funnel and remove

Rinse the last portion of the
it. Dilute the solution in the Repeat steps 1 and 2 until no
solution from the stirring rod
flask using a Pasteur pipette NaCl remains in the beaker
into the volumetric flask with
until the bottom of the and until you are almost at the
a stream of water from the
meniscus is even with the mark of the volumetric flask. .
wash bottle.
graduation mark.

Put a stopper on the

volumetric flask. Invert the
glassware up and down
around five times, making
sure there are no leaks.
Calculate and note the
Put the diluted solution in a
concentration of the solution.
reagent bottle, then properly
Show your reagent bottle to
label the solution
your instructor for checking.

Figure 3

D. DELIVERING AN ALIQUOT AND DILUTION

 Using a serological pipette,
transfer accurately a 10-mL Dilute to mark Put a stopper on
aliquot of the previously using distilled the volumetric
prepared NaCI solution into a
100-mL volumetric flask water. flask.

Note the Put the diluted Invert the glassware

concentration of the solution in a up and down around
solution. Show your
reagent bottle to
reagent bottle, then five times, making
properly label the sure there are no
your instructor for
solution. leaks.
checking

Figure 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section shows the results that were computed based on the data that the students

gathered during the experiment. The results were also discussed and further explained in this

section.

A. USING THE ANALYTICAL BALANCE AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Table 1
Weight of coin 1 (g) 7.7290
Weight of coin 2 (g) 7.7855
Weight of coin 3 (g) 7.7151
Weight of coin 4 (g) 7.7291
Weight of coin 5 (g) 7.7564
 Mean (g) 7.74302
SD 0.02807
%RSD 0.3626

Table 1 shows the different masses of the five 5-peso coins. It also depicts the mean of the

weight of the five 5-peso coins which is 7.7403 grams. The table also gives the standard

deviation of the given is 0.02807 grams. The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of the weighted

five 5-peso coins that is shown in the table above was 0.3626%.

B. WEIGHING OF STANDARD REAGENTS

Table 2
Weight of NaCl (g) 0.4004 g

Table 2 shows the weight of the NaCl that weighted by the students which was 0.4004 g.

C. PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND DILUTION

Table 3
Molarity of NaCl solution 0.028 M

Table 3 reveals that the NaCl solution has a 0.028 concentration and has a unit of M.

D. DELIVERING AN ALIQUOT

Table 4
Molarity of NaCl Solution 0.02788 M
 Table 5 reveals that the NaCl solution has a 0.02788 mol/ L.

ANALYSIS/ CALCULATIONS

This section shows how data were being treated and computed to get the value that was

being asked. It will also show the formulae that were used in each kind of given data and what

formula was suited to get the certain value that was being asked in the manual.

To determine the value of the Standard Deviation, the Individuals uses the SD formula:
Where:
σ = Lower case sigma is the symbol for standard deviation,
Σ = Upper case sigma is the summation symbol,
X = Each individual value in the data set,
xx = The arithmetic mean (known as “x-bar”),
n = The number of data points in the set (the number of X values).

The manual asks for the percentage Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD) of the given data.

The Individuals computed it by using the % RSD formula which is:

Where:
S = Standard Deviation,
Xx = Mean.

Mean
 ∑( x )
x́=
n

7.7290+7.7855+7. 7151+7.7291+7.7564
=7.74302
5

Standard Deviation (SD)

√
2
∑ ( x− x́ )
SD=
n

( 7.7290−7.74302 )
(¿ ¿ 2+ ( 7.7855−7.74302 ) + ( 7.7151−7.74302 )2 + ( 7.7291−7.74302 )2 + ( 7.7564−7.74302 )2)
2
∑
5
√¿

= 0.02807

% Relative Standard Deviation

SD
%RSD= ×100
x́

0.02807
×100=0.3626
7.74302

Preparation of standard solutions and dilution

1 mol 1 mol
Molarity of NaCl solution=0.4004 g × × =0.028
22 g+35.453 g .25 L L

Delivering an aliquot
 (0.02788 M )(0.25 L)
Molarity of NaCl solution= =0.02788 M
0.25 L

CONCLUSION

The experiment was a great help to be familiarize on the usage of the different laboratory

apparatus in measuring mass and volume. With the obtained measurements, other required values

were calculated. The next students who will perform this same experiment should be more

careful about the measurements and the preparation of the materials and substances. In order to

achieve the desired concentration precisely, the measuring range of the devices used must be in

the range of the quantity to be measured. Error is a concept that is naturally associated with

measuring because measurement is always a comparison to a standard. Careful and keen

observations with right laboratory techniques were necessary to obtain credible results.

A. USING ANALYTICAL BALANCE AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

There are five (5) five-peso coin that were weighted in the analytical balance. The weight

recorded of the first five-peso coins is 7.7290 g, the second coin was recorded to have a weigh of

7.7855 g, the third five-peso coin one with the weigh of 7.7151, the fourth five-peso coin weighs

7.7291 g and the last five-peso coin weighed 7.7564 g. The computed mean of the five (5) pieces

five-peso coins in a closed-door access is 7.74302 g.

It could be interfered that the more the analytical balance is extremely sensitive and has a lot

of consideration to take. Analytical balance would also depend on its external factors such as
temperature, humidity and air resistance. Thus, the factors of different weighs of the coins is

caused by how long the coin was exposed to the temperature of the environment.

B. WEIGHING OF STANDARD REAGENTS

In this part of the experiment, accuracy in measuring substances is the key to get an accurate

result. The Individuals recorded the weight of NaCl almost accurate and it is shown that the

result is better. The weight of the NaCl is 0.4004 and it is almost close to the standard

measurement which is 0.4000 grams. To increase the accuracy of a measurement, and therefore

reduce error, an object should always be measured more than once.

C. PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND DILUTION

This is the preparation part for the next part of the experiment. The dilution process here is

diluting the solution in the flask using the Pasteur Pipette until the bottom of the meniscus has

the same level with the graduation mark. The students found out that the Molarity of NaCl

solution is 0.028 mol/L.

D. DELIVERING AN ALIQUOT

Delivering an aliquot is also all about the measuring, diluting, and computing for the

Molarity of the solution. The procedure here is basically the same as the preparation part. The

Molarity of the second solution is 0.02788 M.

REFERENCES

February 15, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?

sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nextdayscience.com/blog/everything-about-
glassware-
lab.htm&ved=2ahUKEwjR79Xg5bvgAhWXMd4KHXK0BwgQFjABegQICxAF&usg=AOvVa
w1IlwII4vM1dNw6ipZ8aV34

February 14, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?

sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aliquot&ved=2ahUK
Ewin6KiE5rvgAhXBFogKHTbwAgUQFjADegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw16IscLooCmfOgnt6tA
zy-2

February 14, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?

sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.homesciencetools.com/chemistry/glassware-
plasticware/&ved=2ahUKEwi9y6Gm5rvgAhVadt4KHX8gAtIQFjABegQIDhAF&usg=AOvVaw
3G6uFCfQf05K65kNn-ETO6

Guide Questions:
1. Why do we need to press “TARE” when weighing in an analytical balance?
 An analytical balance is so sensitive, it can weigh even a single grain of a chemical
substance. We “tared” analytical balance for it to reset in zero, so that it can give us the
exact amount of a chemical substance we in need during experiments.

2. Aside from an analytical balance, what are the other types of balances that can be possibly found
in a laboratory? Provide a picture of each balance and describe its specific uses.
 Microbalances and ultramicrobalances, it displays unsurpassed accuracy even with the
smallest of samples. It has a readability of 0.1 to 2 μg and a capacity of 51 to 520 g
with a minimum weight of 0.01 to 1 mg.

 Precision balances, it is a right choice for reliable, high-precision weighing scale both in
the lab and under harsh industry. It has a readability of 0.1 mg to 1 g and has a capacity of
410 to 64000 g with a minimum weight of 0.012 to 180 g

3. Define the proper uses of the following laboratory glasswares:

a. pipette – also known as chemical droppers, it is small tubes of glass or plastic used to transfer
a measurable amount of liquid from one container to another.
b. volumetric flask – a type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a
particular temperature. Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of
standard solutions.
c. beaker – it is a cylindrical container used to store, mix, and heat liquids in laboratories.
d. filter funnel – used for separating solids from liquids via the laboratory process of filtering.
e. reagent bottle – used in laboratory or otherwise used to store chemicals should not be used for
storing food or drinks.
f. weighing bottle – laboratory equipment that are used for precise weighing of solids.
4. Enumerate the differences between a serological and a volumetric flask.
 Volumetric pipettes are used to transfer a specific volume of a given liquid. It usually has a
capacity of between 1 and 100 mL. They can be shaped somewhat like a rolling pin, with two
thinner ends and a thicker bulge in the middle. These are used when precision in measuring
the transferred liquid is important for recording. Serological pipettes on the other hand, have
an open top, much like a straw, where the user holds his thumb over the top to create the
vacuum and seal the liquid in the pipette. Blow-out pipettes allow you to blow into this open
end to get the last bits of liquid left in the pipette into your receiving container, for greater
accuracy.

5. Enumerate the uses, advantages, and limitations of a glass versus a plastic volumetric pipette.
 Glass out-perform plastic with its high chemical resistance against many substances,
including acids, alkalis, organic solvents, saline solutions, and water. Another advantage
of using glass in the lab include its dimensional stability, even at high temperatures, and
its transparency.

6. Explain the reason why a laboratory analyst should not return excess of unused chemicals back in
their respective reagent bottles.
 It is because laboratory analyst knows that once a chemical was exposed to air it has a
high tendency to acquire particles that may cause chemical reactions that can contaminate
the chemical.

7. What do you mean my “aliquot” and “dilution”?

 Aliquot is a portion of a larger whole, especially sample taken for chemical analysis or
other treatment.
 Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually
simply by mixing more solvent like adding more water to a solution.