METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS

[COMMON TO III SEM MECHANICAL / I&P]

MME 3104 METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS [3 0 0 3]

No. of Lecture hours: 36

Measurements and measurement systems: Methods of

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS

Measurement, Generalized Measurement System & its elements,

Static Characteristics of Instruments & measurement systems:
Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Reproducibility, Repeatability,
Linearity, Hysteresis. Threshold, Dead zone, Resolution. Errors in
Measurement. [03]

Measurement of pressure: Definition of Pressure. List of instruments

used to measure pressure. Methods of pressure measurement -
Elastic pressure elements (Bourdon Tube, Bellows, Diaphragm),
McLeod Gauge and Bridgman gauge, Related problems. [04]

Measurement of temperature: Methods of temperature

measurement Pressure thermometer, Electrical Resistance
thermometer, Thermocouples, Pyrometer (Disappearing filament type
optical pyrometer) & Problems, Bimetallic thermometer. [03]

Measurement of strain: Types of electrical resistance strain gauges,

Theory of operation of wire wound strain gauge, Gauge Factor, Strain
gauge bridge circuit, Calibration Circuit, Temperature compensation,
Strain measurement on static and rotary shaft, Orientation of strain
gauges. Simple problems related to measurement of strain using
strain gauge. [05]

Measurement of force, torque and shaft power: Measurement of

Force - Hydraulic & Pneumatic load cells, Proving ring, Strain gauge
load cell & related problems. Methods of Torque & Shaft power -
Cradled dynamometer, Torque Meter, Band Brake dynamometer,
Water Brake dynamometer. [03]

Limits, Fits and Tolerances: Terminology (as per Indian Standards

IS 919), Grades of Tolerances, Letter symbols for tolerances, Fits –
definition, Types of fits – Clearance, Interference and Transition.
Numerical on limits and fit. [03]

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METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS

Gauges: Taylor’s principle for design of gauges – Statements and
explanation, Gauge Maker’s tolerance – as per 3rd system (present
British standards), Numerical on design of gauges (complete shaft and
hole pair) ,Types of gauges – Plug gauge, Ring gauge, Taper plug
gauge, Taper Ring gauge and slip gauges. [03]

Measurement of form errors: Straightness measurement– using

straight edge, using Autocollimator. Squareness measurement –
Engineer’s Square tester, Optical Square. Simple numerical on
Straightness, Flatness and Squareness measurement. [04]

Surface texture measurement: Definitions - I, II, III, IV order

(including their causes), Roughness and Waviness, Lays, Indian
standards symbols for Roughness, Analysis of traces – Ra, Rz, Rt, Rq,
Sampling length, hrms and Centerline Average (CLA), Simple numerical
on surface roughness. [04]

Screw threads: Definitions of elements of external screw threads,

Pitch error in threads: Progressive and Periodic, Measurement of the
elements of the threads – Effective diameter using screw thread
micrometer, two wire and three wire methods, Best size wire, Simple
numerical on screw threads. [04]

MME 3104 METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS [3 0 0 3]

References:
1. Beckwith Thomas G., Mechanical Measurements, Pearson Education, Delhi,
2003.
2. Jain R.K., Engineering Metrology, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
3. Sawhney A.K., Mechanical Measurement & Instrumentation, Dhanpat Rai &
Co, New Delhi, 2002.
4. Nakra B.C. and Chaudry K.K., Instrumentation, Measurement & Analysis,
Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2002.
5. Gupta I. C., Engineering Metrology, Dhanpat Rai Publications, New Delhi,
1997
6. ASTME, Handbook of Engineering Metrology, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi, 1972
7. Raghavendra N.V. and Krishnamurthy L., Engineering Metrology and
Measurements, Oxford University Press, 2013.

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LIMITS, FITS & TOLERANCES

Introduction:
It is well known fact that no two things in the nature can be identical, they may be
found to be closely similar. This is also true in the case of production of different
components for engineering applications. No two parts can be produced with
identical measurements by any manufacturing process. We know that every process
is a combination of three elements, viz., man, machine and material. A change in
anyone of these will constitute a change in the process. All these three elements are
subjected to natural and characteristic variations. These variables result in the
variation of size of components. If the process be under control, i.e. all the
assignable causes of variation and controllable causes of variation have been
removed or controlled, the size variation will be within reasonable limits. Thus when
process is in control, most of the items will be on or about the mean value and other
values will be distributed in a more or less symmetrical way about the mean value
and remaining within expressible limits. It is, therefore, obvious that it is impossible to
produce a part to an exact size and some allowance known as tolerance has to be
allowed. The tolerance allowed also depends on the functional requirements which
can't be sacrificed. No difficulty arises when the tolerance allowed is sufficiently
greater than the process variation (i.e. capability of machine). The designer should
ensure that the tolerance on any component is neither restrictive nor permissive, i.e.,
it should be as wide as the process demands and no wider.

Thus it can be said that due to inevitable inaccuracy of manufacturing methods it is

not possible to make any part precisely to given dimension and it can only be made
to lie between two limits, maximum and minimum. The difference between these two
limits is called the permissive tolerance. When tolerance distribution is on only one
side of basic size, it is referred to as unilateral tolerance. If permissible variation is
both plus and minus, it is referred to as bilateral tolerance.

In brief it can be said that it is impossible to manufacture a part to a specified definite

size particularly if it is mass produced. Even if it is produced exactly to a specified
definite size, it may not be possible to measure it accurately enough to prove it.
Moreover considering the functional requirement, no purpose is served by producing
any component to a specified definite size since some variation depending on
function can be tolerated. The cost of attempting to produce parts to a specified
definite size without variation would be too high which is uncalled for, thus justifying
the need for tolerance.

Generally in engineering, any component manufactured is required to fit or match

with some other component. The correct and prolonged functioning of the two
components in match depends upon the correct size relationships between the two,
i.e., the parts must fit with each other in a desired way: e.g. if a shaft is to rotate in a
hole, there must be enough clearance between the shaft and hole to allow the oil film
to be maintained for lubrication. If the clearance is too small, excessive force would
be required in rotation of shaft. If clearance is too wide, there would be vibrations
and rapid wear and ultimate failure. Thus desired clearance to meet requirement has
to be provided. Similarly, if shaft is to be held tightly in the hole then there must be
enough of interference between the shaft and hole so that forces of elastic

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compression grip them tightly and do not allow any relative movement between
them.

The desired condition of match between shaft and hole could be obtained by
specifying a definite size to one and varying the other. But actually, this is not
possible in practice as it is impossible to make a perfect size and if at all, it is made,
no means are there to measure it accurately and economically during machining.
The variations in dimensions, however small, do exist because of the variations in
tooling, machining, raw material and operators. If a machine is under control, i.e. no
assignable causes of variation exist, then the resultant frequency distribution of
dimension produced will be roughly in the form of normal curve, i.e. 99.7% parts will
be within 3 limits of mean setting. The value of  depends upon the machine used
to produce a component. If value of  has to be reduced, then precision machines
have to be used to produce the component having less variation in dimensions. It is
thus important to note that the cost of production keeps on increasing tremendously
for very precise tolerance. As the tolerance approaches zero, the task of achieving it
becomes enormous and finally impossible. On the other end, fabrication cost
decreases with the relaxing of tolerance, but a value is soon reached beyond which
little manufacturing relief is gained. In general, tolerance vs. fabrication cost is
hyperbolic curve. It is difficult to assign any typical numerical value to tolerance and
fabrication cost because of the interdependence of tolerance upon the dimension.
From above, it would be clear that magnitude of tolerance must be set so as to
permit as low manufacturing cost as possible and still achieve the necessary
functional performance.

In the early days the majority of components were actually mated together, their
dimensions being adjusted until the required type of fit was obtained. But the
interchangeable production and continuous assembly require some standard
procedure to be followed. In order to obtain various fits, it is possible to vary the hole
sizes and shaft size. Thus by variation of hole and shaft sizes, innumerable types of
fits can be possible. All this has, therefore been standardized and the primary aim of
any general system of standard limits and fits should be to provide guidance to the
users in selecting basic functional clearance and interference for a given application
or type of fit; and in providing tolerances which provide a reasonable and economical
balance between fits, consistency and cost.

Principle of Interchangeability and selective assembly:

Interchangeability - It occurs when one part in an assembly can be substituted for a

similar part which has been made to the same drawing. Interchangeability is possible
only when certain standards are strictly followed. In universal interchangeability the
mating parts are drawn from two different manufacturing sources. This is desirable.
When all parts to be assembled are made in the same manufacturing unit, then local
standards may be followed which is known as local interchangeability.

Selective assembly - In selective assembly the parts are graded according to the
size and only the matched grades of mating parts are assembled. The technique is
most suitable where a close fit of two component assemblies is required. It results in
complete protection against non-conforming assemblies and reduces machining
costs since close tolerances are maintained.

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Nominal size and basic dimensions:

Nominal Size: It is the size which is used for purpose of general identification. Thus
the nominal size of a hole and shaft assembly is 60 mm, even though the basic size
of the hole may be 60 mm and the basic size of the shaft 59.5 mm.

Basic dimension: It is the dimension, as worked out by purely design

considerations. General practice to specify a basic dimension and indicate by
tolerances as to how much variation in the basic dimension can be tolerated without
affecting the functioning of the assembly in to which this part will be used.

Definitions:
In India, we are following Indian Standard (IS 919-1963) for system of limits and fits.
Shaft: It refers not only to diameter of a circular shaft but to any external dimension
on a component.

Hole: It refers not only to the diameter of a circular hole but to any internal dimension
on a component.
Actual size of the shaft is the measured dimensions of the part.

Basic size: It is the standard size for the part and is the same for both the hole and
its shaft. A 60 mm diameter hole and shaft.

Zero line: It represents the basic size so that the deviation from the basic size is
zero

Limits of size: These are maximum and minimum permissible sizes of the part.

Minimum Limit of size: The minimum size permitted for the part.

Maximum Limit of size: The maximum size permitted for the part.

Tolerance: The difference between the maximum and minimum limits of size.

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Grade of Tolerance: The tolerance grade is an indication of the degree of accuracy

of manufacturer. It is designated by the letter IT followed by a number. Tolerance
grades are IT01, IT0, and IT1 to IT16. The larger the number the larger the
tolerance.

Upper deviation: This is the amount from the basic zero or zero line, on the
maximum limit of size for either a hole or a shaft. It is designated ES foe a hole and
es for a shaft. Upper deviation is a positive quantity when the maximum limit of size
is greater than the basic size and negative quantity when the maximum limit of size
is less than the basic size.

Lower deviation: This is the amount from the basic zero or zero line, on the
minimum limit of size for either a hole or a shaft. It is designated EI foe a hole and ei
for a shaft. Lower deviation is a positive quantity when the minimum limit of size is
greater than the basic size and negative quantity when the minimum limit of size is
less than the basic size.

Fundamental deviation: This is the deviation, either the upper or lower deviation,
which is the nearest one to the zero line for either a hole or a shaft. It fixes the
position of the tolerance zone in relation to zero line.

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Upper deviation, lower deviation and Fundamental deviation for Hole

Upper deviation, lower deviation and Fundamental deviation for Shaft

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Fit: The relation resulting from the difference between their sizes before assembly
when two parts are to be assembled.

Clearance: The difference between the sizes of a hole and a shaft which are to be
assembled together when the shaft is smaller than the hole.

Interference: The difference between the sizes of a hole and a shaft which are to be
assembled together when the shaft is larger than the hole.

Clearance fit: In this type of fit the largest permitted shaft diameter is smaller than
the diameter of the smallest hole, so that the shaft can rotate or slide through with
different degrees of freedom according to the purpose of the mating members.

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Interference fit: In this type of fit the minimum permitted diameter on the shaft is
larger than the maximum allowable diameter of the hole. In this case the shaft and
hole are intended to be attached permanently and used as a solid component.

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Transition fit: In this type of fit the diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater
than that of the smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft,
so that small positive or negative clearance between the shaft and hole members are
employable.

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Term Type of fit Difference Between

Minimum Clearance Clearance Minimum hole Max Shaft

Maximum Clearance Clearance/Transition Maximum Hole Minimum Shaft

Minimum Interference Interference Maximum Hole Minimum Shaft

Maximum Interference Interference Minimum hole Max Shaft

Allowance: The difference between the maximum shaft and minimum hole is known
as allowance. In a clearance fit, that is, the minimum clearance and is a positive
allowance. In an interference fit, it is the maximum interference and is a negative
allowance.

Hole Basis and Shaft Basis Systems: To obtain the desired class of fits, either the
size of the hole or the size of the shaft must vary. Two types of systems are used to
represent the three basic types of fits, namely clearance, interference, and transition
fits. They are (a) hole basis system and (b) shaft basis system.

Hole basis system: In this system, the basic size of the hole is kept constant and
the shaft size is varied to give various types of fits. In a hole basis system, the
fundamental deviation or lower deviation of the hole is zero, that is, the lower limit of
the hole is same as the basic size. The two limits of the shaft and the higher
dimension of the hole are then varied to obtain the desired type of fit, as illustrated in
figure.

This type of system is widely adopted in industries, as it is easier to manufacture

shafts of varying sizes to the required tolerances. Standard size drills or reamers can
be used to obtain a variety of fits by varying only the shaft limits, which leads to
greater economy of production. The shaft can be accurately produced to the required
size by standard manufacturing processes, and standard-size plug gauges are used
to check hole sizes accurately and conveniently.

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Shaft basis system: The system in which the dimension of the shaft is kept
constant and the hole size is varied to obtain various types of fits is referred to as
shaft basis system. In a shaft basis system, the fundamental deviation or upper
deviation of the shaft is zero, that is, the higher limit of the hole is same as the basic
size. The two limits of the hole and the lower dimension of the shaft are then varied
to obtain the desired type of fit, as illustrated in figure.

This system is not preferred in industries, as it requires more number of standard-

size tools such as reamers, broaches, and gauges, which increases manufacturing
and inspection costs. It is normally preferred where the hole dimension is dependent
on the shaft dimension and is used in situations where the standard shaft determines
the dimensions of the mating parts such as couplings, bearings, collars, gears, and
bushings.

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Example: A clearance fit has to be provided for a shaft and bearing assembly having
a diameter of 40 mm. Tolerances on hole and shaft are 0.006 and 0.004 mm,
respectively. The tolerances are disposed unilaterally. If an allowance of 0.002 mm is
provided, find the limits of size for hole and shaft when (a) hole basis system and (b)
shaft basis system are used.

(a) When hole basis system is used:

Hole size: Lower Limit of hole = 40.000 mm
Higher limit of hole = (40.000 + 0.006) mm = 40.006 mm
The allowance provided is +0.002 mm
Therefore, Higher Limit of shaft = Lower Limit of hole – Allowance
= (40.000 – 0.002) mm = 39.998 mm
Lower limit of shaft = Higher Limit of shaft – Tolerance
= (39.998 – 0.004) mm = 39.994 mm

(b) When shaft basis system is used:

Shaft size: Higher Limit of shaft = 40.000 mm
Lower limit of shaft = (40.000 - 0.004) mm = 39.996 mm
The allowance provided is +0.002 mm
Therefore, Lower Limit of hole = Higher Limit of shaft + Allowance
= (40.000 + 0.002) mm = 40.002 mm
Higher limit of hole = Lower Limit of hole + Tolerance
= (40.002 + 0.006) mm = 40.008 mm

The ISO system defines 28 classes of basic deviations for holes and shafts, which
are marked by capital letters A, B, C, ……, ZC (with the exception of I, L, O, Q ,
and W) and small letters a, b, c, ……, zc (with exception of i, l, o, q, and w),
respectively, as depicted in figure. Different combinations of fundamental deviations
and fundamental tolerances are used to obtain various types of fits.

The values of these tolerance grades or fundamental deviations depend on the basic
size of the assembly. The different values of standard tolerances and fundamental
deviations can be obtained by referring to the design handbook. The choice of the
tolerance grade is governed by the type of manufacturing process and the cost
associated with it. From figure, a typical case can be observed in which the
fundamental deviation for both hole H and shaft h having a unilateral tolerance of a
specified IT grade is zero. The first eight designations from A (a) to H (h) for holes
(shafts) are intended to be used in clearance fit, whereas the remaining
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designations, JS (js) to ZC (zc) for holes (shafts), are used in interference or

transition fits. For JS, the two deviations are equal and given by ±IT/2.

Depending on the application, numerous fits ranging from extreme clearance to

extreme interference can be selected using a suitable combination of fundamental
deviations and fundamental tolerances. From figure, it can be seen that the lower
deviation for the holes `A` to `G` is above the zero line and that for `K` to `ZC` is
below the zero line. In addition, it can be observed that for shafts `a` to `g`, the upper
deviation falls below the zero line, and for `k` to `zc` it is above the zero line.

Typical representation of different types of fundamental deviations

(a) Holes (internal features (b) Shafts (external features)

Deviations for holes (a) Deviations for `A` to `G` (b) Deviations for `K` to `Z`

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It can be seen from figure that EI is above the zero line for holes `A` to `G`, indicating
positive fundamental deviation.

Deviations for shafts (a) Deviations for `a` to `g` (b) Deviations for `k` to `z`

In contrast, figure shows that ei is below the zero line for the shafts `a` to `g` and
therefore the fundamental deviation is negative.

In addition, from the above figures, it can be observed that holes `K` to `ZC`, the
fundamental deviation is negative (`EI` below the zero line), whereas for shafts `k` to
`z`, it is positive (`ei` above the zero line).
The values of `ES` and `EI` for the holes and `es` and `ei` for the shafts can be
determined by adding and subtracting the fundamental tolerances, respectively.
Magnitude and sign of fundamental deviations for the shafts, either upper deviation
`es` or lower deviation `ei` for each symbol, can be determined from the empirical
relationships listed in Tables given below (as per IS:919), except for shafts `j` and
`js` for which there is no fundamental deviation.

Fundamental deviation formulae for shafts of sizes up to 500 mm

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Fundamental deviation formulae for holes of sizes up to 500 mm

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The ISO system of limits and fits comprises 18 grades of fundamental tolerances to
indicate the level of accuracy of the manufacturer. These fundamental tolerances are
designated by the letters IT followed by a number. The ISO system provides
tolerance grades from IT01, IT0, and IT1 to IT16 to realize the required accuracy.
The greater the number, the higher the tolerance limit. The choice of tolerance is
guided by the functional requirements of the product and economy of manufacturer.
The degree of accuracy attained depends on the type and condition of the machine
tool used. Table gives the fundamental tolerance values required for various
applications.

Tolerances grades for different applications

Tolerance values corresponding to grades IT5-IT16 are determined using the

standard tolerance unit (i, in µm), which is a function of basic size. i =0.45 D +

0.001D microns, where D is the diameter of the part in mm. The linear factor 0.001D
counteracts, the effect measuring inaccuracies that increase by increasing the
measuring diameter. By using this formula, the value of tolerance unit `i` is obtained
for sizes up to 500 mm. D is the geometric mean of the lower and upper diameters of
a particular diameter step within which the given or chosen diameter D lies and is
calculated by using the following equation: . The various steps

specified for diameter steps are as follows: 1-3, 3--6, 6-10,10-18, 18-30, 30- 50, 50-
80, 80-120; 120-180, 180-250, 250-315, 315-400 and 400-500 mm.
Tolerances have parabolic relationship with the size of the products. The tolerance
within which a part can be manufactured also increases as the size increases. The
standard tolerances corresponding to IT01, IT0 and IT1 are calculated using the
following formulae: IT01: 0.3 + 0.008D, IT0: 0.5 + 0.012D, IT1: 0.8 + 0.020D. The
values tolerance grades IT2-IT4, which are placed between the tolerance grades of
IT1 and IT5, follow a geometric progression to allow for the expansion and
deformation affecting both the grades and the work pieces as dimensions increase.
For the tolerance grades IT6-IT16, each grade increases by about 60% from the
previous one, as indicated in table:

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Standard tolerance units

Designation of holes, shafts and fits:

A hole or shaft is completely described if the basic size, followed by the appropriate
letter and by the number of the tolerance grade, is given.
Example: A 25 mm H-hole with the tolerance grade IT8 is given as 25 mm H8 or
simply 25H8.
A 25 mm f-shaft with the tolerance grade IT7 is given as 25 mm f7 or simply 25f7.

A fit is indicated by combining the designation for both the hole and shaft with the
hole designation written first, regardless of the system (ie, hole basis or shaft basis).
25H8/f7

Example: Consider the designation 40 H7/d9. In this example, the basic size of the
hole and shaft is 40 mm. The nature of fit for the hole basis system is designated by
H and the fundamental deviation of the hole is zero. The tolerance grade is indicated
by IT7. The shaft has a d-type fit for which the fundamental deviation (upper
deviation) has a negative value, that is, its dimension falls below the basic size
having IT9 tolerance.

Problem:
Calculate the limits of tolerance and allowance for a 25 mm shaft and hole pair
designated H8/d9 to get a precision fit. The fundamental tolerance is calculated by
the following equation
The following data is given:
(a) Upper deviation of shaft = -16D 0.44
(b) 25 mm lies in the diameter steps 18 and 30 mm
(c) IT8 = 25i
(d) IT9 = 40i

The standard diameter steps for 25 mm shaft lies in the diameter steps 18 and 30
mm. Therefore, value of D = 30  18 = 23.2 mm.
The value of fundamental tolerance unit is given by

i  0.453 D  0.001D
 0.453 23.2  0.023
 1.308
 1.3 microns

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For hole quality H8, the fundamental tolerance is 25i

25i = 25 x 1.3 = 32.5 = 33 microns = 33 µm = 0.033 mm

For the 'H' hole, the fundamental deviation = 0.

Hence the hole limits are 25.000 mm, and 25 + 0.033 mm = 25.033 mm.
Hole tolerance = 25.033-25.000 = 0.033mm.

For shaft quality d9, the fundamental tolerance is 40i.

40i =40 x 1.3 = 52 microns = 52 µm = 0.052 mm

For shaft the fundamental deviation (Upper deviation) is

= -16D 0.44= -16 X (23.2)0.44= - 65 microns = -65 µm = - 0.065 mm

The shaft limits are 25.000 - 0.065 = 24.935 mm and 25.000- (0.065 + 0.052) =
24.883 mm.
Shaft Tolerance =24.935-24.883 mm. = 0.052mm.

The disposition of these tolerances and deviations is shown in Figure.

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Review Questions

Q1) Define the following with respect to limits, fits and tolerances in a labeled sketch
a) Limits b) Fundamental deviation c) Tolerance zone d) Fit

Q2) With the help of appropriate sketches explain the following:

(i) Allowance
(ii) Upper deviation
(iii) Interference
(iv) Transition fit

Q3) Differentiate between bilateral and unilateral tolerance.

Q4) Explain the three different classes of fit with neat sketches.

Q5) Differentiate between tolerance and allowance.

Q6) Explain with a neat diagram the essential conditions of interference and
clearance.

Q7) Differentiate between a hole basis system and shaft basis system.

Q8) What are the equivalent shaft based system sets for the following hole based
fits; Clearance: H8/g7, Transition: H8/r7, Interference: H8/u7

Q9) Calculate the limits of tolerance for a 30 mm shaft and a hole pair designated by
H7/g9. The fundamental tolerance is calculated by the following
equation .
The following data is given:
(a) Upper deviation of shaft = - 2.5 D 0.34
(b) 30 mm lies in the diameter steps 18 and 30 mm
(c) IT7 = 16i
(d) IT9 = 40i

Q10) A shaft is manufactured within the specified limits of 30.02 and 29.98 mm. Find
the high and low limits of the bush to give a maximum clearance of 0.10 mm and
minimum clearance of 0.02 mm.

Q11) It is possible to drill a 25 mm nominal hole to an accuracy of 25 ± 0.02 mm

using standard drill and drilling machine available. A shaft is to be machined to
obtain a clearance fit in above hole such that allowance should be 0.01 mm and
maximum clearance should not be more than 0.08 mm. What should be the
tolerance on the shaft?

Q12) Determine the limit dimensions for a Interference fit on the Shaft Basis System
for a basic size of 20 mm diameter with a minimum clearance of 20m. The
tolerance on the hole is 32m and on the shaft is 27m. Represent the fit
graphically.

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Q13) Calculate to what tolerance, can the dimension of the hole length P be
maintained?

Given fundamental tolerance unit, , where D is diameter

which lies between 30 and 50 mm. Grade of tolerance IT7 = 16i (microns).
Fundamental deviation, f = -5.5D0.41 (microns).

Q 14) A hole and shafting system has the following dimensions 50H8/c8. The
standard tolerance is given by, , the multiplier for grade
8 is 25. The fundamental deviation for shaft c is given by, – (95 + 0.8D)
microns. The diameter lies between 50 to 80 mm. Sketch the fit and show
these upon the actual dimension of hole and shaft.

Q15) For each of the following hole and shaft assembly, find shaft-tolerance, hole
tolerance and state whether the type of fit is (a) clearance, (b) transition, and (c)
interference and also draw the neat sketch of the fit.

Q16) A 50 mm diameter shaft is made to rotate in the bush. The tolerances for both
shaft and bush are 0.050 mm, determine the dimension of the shaft and bush
to give a maximum clearance of 0.075 mm with the hole basis system.

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