MUSIC

HUM 533

JANUARY 1, 2015
ALA, ABARQUEZ, DAGUMAN, IBANEZ, PELLAZAR
BSAR 5A
History of Music
Overview:
1. Prehistoric Music – Paleolithic Age, Beginning of life until 600 BCE

2. Ancient Music – Neolithic period (c. 5000 BCE), 600 BCE until 476 AD

3. Early Music – 476 AD until 1760

3. Common Practice – 1760 until 1900

4. Modern & Contemporary Music – 1900 until present times

Prehistoric music

• DATE: beginning of life until 600 BCE, Paleolithic Age

• LOCATION: South America, Altai-Sayan region, refers to an area of central Asia proximate
to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains, near to where Russia, China, Mongolia and
Kazakhstan come together.

• Prehistoric music, once more commonly called primitive music, is the name given to all music
produced in preliterate cultures (prehistory), beginning somewhere in very late geological
history. Among some peoples of the Altai-Sayan region, including Tofa, the ability to mimic
sounds of the environment includes hunting calls, and is present also in a traditional singing
preserved only by some old people. It is probable that the first musical instrument was the
human voice itself, which can make a vast array of sounds, from singing, humming and whistling
through to clicking, coughing and yawning.

Some suggest that the origin of music likely stems from naturally occurring sounds and rhythms.
Human music may echo these phenomena using patterns, repetition and tonality. Even today,
some cultures have certain instances of their music intending to imitate natural sounds. In some
instances, this feature is related to shamanistic beliefs or practice. It may also serve
entertainment (game) or practical (luring animals in hunt) functions.

Even aside from the bird song, monkeys have been witnessed to beat on hollow logs. Although
this might serve some purpose of territorialism, it suggests a degree of creativity and seems to
incorporate a call and response dialogue.

Explanations of the origin of music depend on how music is defined. If we assume that music is
a form of intentional emotional manipulation, music as we know it was not possible until the
onset of intentionality - the ability to reflect about the past and the future. Between 60,000 and
30,000 years ago humans started creating art in the form of paintings on cave walls, jewelry and
so on (the "cultural explosion"). They also started to bury their dead ceremonially. If we assume
that these new forms of behavior reflect the emergence of intentionality, then music as we know
it must also have emerged during that period.

• Instruments / songs in prehistoric times

1. Percussion instruments - A percussion
instrument is any object which produces a sound
by being hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed,
scraped, or by any other action which sets the
object into vibration. Most early instruments were
made in the Upper Paleolithic age. Found in South
America and believe to be owned by American
Indians and African natives.
2. Divje Babe flute - In July 1995, Slovenian archaeologist
Ivan Turk discovered a bone carving in the northwest
region of Slovenia. The date and origin of the first device of
disputed status as a musical instrument dates back as far
as 67,000 years old. The carving, named the Divje Babe
flute, features four holes that Canadian musicologist Bob
Fink determined could have been used to play four notes
of a diatonic scale. Researchers estimate the flute’s age to
be 67,000 years old, making it the oldest known musical
instrument and the only musical instrument associated with
the Neanderthal culture. The Divje Babe Flute is a cave
bear femur pierced by spaced holes.

3. The Hurrian songs - The Hurrian songs are a

collection of music inscribed in cuneiform on clay tablets
excavated from the ancient Amorite city of Ugarit which
date to approximately 1400 BC. One of these tablets,
which is nearly complete, contains the Hurrian hymn to
Nikkal (also known as the Hurrian cult hymn or A Zaluzi to
the Gods, or simply h.6), making it the oldest surviving
substantially complete work of notated music in the
world. While the composers' names of some of the
fragmentary pieces are known, it is an anonymous work.

Ancient music

• DATE: 600 BCE to 476 AD, Neolithic period (c. 5000 BCE)
• LOCATION: Ancient Rome and Greece, India.
• The prehistoric is considered to have ended with the development of writing. "Ancient music"
is the name given to the music that followed Prehistoric music. Greece was the root of all
Classical art, so it's no coincidence that Classical music is rooted in Grecian innovations.

Music was an important part of social and cultural life in Ancient Greece. Musicians and singers
played a prominent role in Greek theater. Mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment,
celebration, and spiritual ceremonies. Instruments included the double-reed aulos and a
plucked string instrument the lyre principally the special kind called a kithara. Music was an
important part of education, and boys were taught music starting at age six. Greek musical
literacy created a flowering of music development. Greek music theory included the Greek
musical modes that eventually became the basis for Western religious and classical music. Later,
influences from the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe, and the Byzantine Empire changed Greek
music. The first work written on the subject of music theory is Harmonika Stoicheia.

The music of ancient Rome was a part of Roman culture from earliest times. Music was customary
at funerals, and the tibia (Greek aulos), a woodwind instrument, was played at sacrifices to ward
off ill influences. Song (carmen) was an integral part of almost every social occasion. The Secular
Ode of Horace, for instance, was commissioned by Augustus and performed by a mixed
children's choir at the Secular Games in 17 BC. Under the influence of ancient Greek theory,
music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos, and was associated particularly with
mathematics and knowledge.

In 600 BCE, famed mathematician Pythagoras dissected music as a science and developed the
keystone of modern music: the octave scale. The importance of this event is obvious. Music was
a passion of the Greeks. With their surplus of leisure time (thanks to slave labor) they were able
to cultivate great artistic skills. Trumpet competitions were common spectator events in Greece
by 400 BCE. It was in Greece that the first bricks in music theory's foundation were layed. Aristotle
wrote on music theory scientifically, and brought about a method of notation in 350 BCE. The
work of that genius is still studied today.

In music, an octave (Latin: octavus: eighth) or perfect octave is the interval between one
musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency. It is defined by ANSI as the unit of
frequency level when the base of the logarithm is two. The octave relationship is a natural
phenomenon that has been referred to as the "basic miracle of music", the use of which is
"common in most musical systems".

The "oldest known song" was written in cuneiform, dating to 3400 years ago from Ugarit. It was
deciphered by Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, and was demonstrated to be composed in harmonies of
thirds, like ancient gymel, and also was written using a Pythagorean tuning of the diatonic scale.
The oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation,
from anywhere in the world, is the Seikilos epitaph.

The next significant step in music's evolution was by Boethius. In 521 CE he brought the Greek
system of notation to Western Europe, allowing the musicians there to scribe accurately the folk
songs of their lands. Incidentally, it was Boethius who first wrote on the idea of the opera.

Indian classical music (marga) can be found from the scriptures of the Hindu tradition, the
Vedas. Samaveda, one of the four vedas, describes music at length. Indian classical music is
the art music of the Indian subcontinent. The origins of Indian classical music can be found in
the Vedas, which are the oldest scriptures in the Hindu tradition dating back to 1500 BC. The
Samaveda was derived from the Rigveda so that its hymns could be sung as Samagana. These
hymns were sung by Udgatar priests at sacrifices in which the Soma ritual drink, clarified and
mixed with milk and other ingredients, was offered in libation to various deities. This chanting
style evolved into jatis and eventually into ragas. Indian classical music has also been
significantly influenced by, or syncretised with, Indian folk music. Bharat's Natyashastra was the
first treatise laying down fundamental principles of dance, music, and drama.

Indian classical music is both elaborate and expressive. Like Western classical music, it divides
the octave into 12 semitones of which the 8 basic notes are, in ascending tonal order, Sa Re Ga
Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa for Hindustani music and Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa for Carnatic music, similar
to Western music's Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do. However, Indian music uses just-intonation tuning,
unlike most modern Western classical music, which uses the equal-temperament tuning system.
Also, unlike modern Western classical music, Indian classical music places great emphasis on
improvisation.

Indian classical music is monophonic in nature and based on a single melody line, which is
played over a fixed drone. The performance is based melodically on particular ragas and
rhythmically on talas. Because of the focus on exploring the raga, performances have
traditionally been solo endeavors, but duets are gaining in popularity.

• Instruments or songs in ancient times

1. Seikilos epitaph (song) -
Is a Hellenistic Ionic song in Phrygian
octave species and the oldest
surviving example of a complete
musical composition, including
musical notation, from anywhere in
the world. The song, the melody of
which is recorded, alongside its lyrics,
in the ancient Greek musical
notation, was found engraved on a
tombstone, a stele, near Aydın, Turkey (not far from Ephesus). While older music with
notation exists (for example the Hurrian songs), all of it is in fragments; the Seikilos
epitaph is unique in that it is a complete, though short, composition.
 2. Ancient Greek Songs Circa 125 CE The Yale
Musical Papyrus - A fragment of (probably) two Greek
songs. Above each line of Greek is notation that looks mostly
like Greek letters, but is in fact vocal musical notation. Among
the many extraordinary treasures that have been dug from
the sands of Egypt are the musical papyri: scraps of papyrus
(the ancient equivalent of paper) containing musical
notation. While it is certainly true that we do not know
specifically what the melodies of Sappho sounded like, or the
choruses of Sophocles, the frequent complaint that ancient
Greek music is "lost" is overstated.

3. Ravanahatha - is a bowed fiddle popular in Western India. It is

believed to have originated among the Hela civilisation of Sri Lanka in the time
of King Ravana. This string instrument has been recognized as one of the oldest
string instruments in world history.

4. The cornu (Latin "horn") - was a

long tubular metal wind instrument that
curved around the musician's body, shaped
rather like an uppercase G. It had a conical
bore (again like a French horn) and a conical
mouthpiece. It may be hard to distinguish
from the buccina. The cornu was used for
military signals and on parade. The cornicen
was a military signal officer who translated orders into calls. Like the tuba,
the cornu also appears as accompaniment for public events and spectacle entertainments in Rome.

5. The Roman Tuba - The tuba of ancient Rome is a military signal

trumpet, quite different from the modern tuba. The tuba (from Latin tubus,
"tube") was produced around 500 BC. Its shape was straight, in contrast to the
military buccina or cornu, which was more like the modern sousaphone in
curving around the body. Its origin is thought to be Etruscan, and it is similar to
the Greek salpinx. About four feet in length, it was made usually of bronze, and
was played with a detachable mouthpiece.

The Roman tuba was a long, straight bronze trumpet with a

detachable, conical mouthpiece like that of the modern French horn. Extant
examples are about 1.3 metres long, and have a cylindrical bore from the
mouthpiece to the point where the bell flares abruptly, similar to the modern
straight trumpet seen in presentations of 'period music'. Since there
were no valves, the tuba was capable only of a single overtone
series that would probably sound familiar to the modern ear, given
the limitations of musical acoustics for instruments of this
construction. In the military, it was used for "bugle calls". The tuba
is also depicted in art such as mosaics accompanying games
(ludi) and spectacle events.
6. The Sitar - The sitar English pronunciation: /ˈsɪtɑr/ or /sɪˈtɑr/
is a plucked stringed instrument used mainly in Hindustani
music and Indian classical music. The instrument is believed
to have been derived from the veena, an ancient Indian
instrument, which was modified by a Mughal court musician
to conform with the tastes of his Mughal patrons and named
after a Persian instrument called the setar (meaning three
strings). The sitar flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries and
arrived at its present form in 18th century India.

Early music

• DATE: 476 AD until 1760

• LOCATION: Europe, areas near Europe
• Early music is music of the European classical tradition from after the fall of the Roman Empire,
in 476 AD, until the end of the Baroque era in the middle of the 18th century. Music within this
enormous span of time was extremely diverse, encompassing multiple cultural traditions within
a wide geographic area; many of the cultural groups out of which medieval Europe developed
already had musical traditions, about which little is known. What unified these cultures in the
Middle Ages was the Roman Catholic Church, and its music served as the focal point for musical
development for the first thousand years of this period.

The medieval era (476 to 1400) started with the introduction of chanting into Roman Catholic
Church services. Western Music then started becoming more of an art form with the advances
in music notation. The only European Medieval repertory that survives from before about 800 is
the monophonic liturgical plain song of the Roman Catholic Church, the central tradition of
which was called Gregorian chant. Alongside these traditions of sacred and church music there
existed a vibrant tradition of secular song. Examples of composers from this period are Léonin,
Pérotin and Guillaume de Machaut.

Renaissance music (c. 1400 to 1600) was more focused on secular themes. Around 1450, the
printing press was invented, and that helped to disseminate musical styles more quickly and
across a larger area. Thus, music could play an increasingly important role in daily life. Musicians
worked for the church, courts and towns. Church choirs grew in size, and the church remained
an important patron of music. By the middle of the 15th century, composers wrote richly
polyphonic sacred music. Prominent composers from this era are Guillaume Dufay, Giovanni
Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, and Orlande de Lassus. However, musical activity shifted
to the courts. Kings and princes competed for the finest composers.

Many leading important composers came from the Netherlands, Belgium, and northern France
and are called the Franco-Flemish composers. They held important positions throughout Europe,
especially in Italy. Other countries with vibrant musical lives include Germany, England, and
Spain.

The Baroque era of music took place from 1600 to 1750, as the Baroque artistic style flourished
across Europe; and during this time, music expanded in its range and complexity. Baroque music
began when the first operas were written and when contrapuntal music became prevalent.
German Baroque composers wrote for small ensembles including strings, brass, and woodwinds,
as well as choirs, pipe organ, harpsichord, and clavichord. During this period several major music
forms were defined that lasted into later periods when they were expanded and evolved
further, including the fugue, the invention, the sonata, and the concerto.The late Baroque style
was polyphonically complex and ornamental and rich in its melodies. Composers from the
Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Georg Philipp
Telemann.
• Instruments in Early Music times
1. The Byzantine lyra or lira (Greek: λύρα) - was a medieval bowed
string musical instrument in the Byzantine Empire. In its popular form the lyra
was a pear-shaped instrument with three to five strings, held upright and
played by stopping the strings from the side with fingernails. Remains of two
actual examples of Byzantine lyras from the Middle ages have been found
in excavations at Novgorod; one dated to 1190 AD. The first known
depiction of the instrument is on a Byzantine ivory casket (900–1100 AD),
preserved in the Palazzo del Podesta in Florence (Museo Nazionale,
Florence, Coll. Carrand). Versions of the Byzantine lyra are still played
throughout the former lands of the Byzantine Empire: Greece (Politiki lyra,
lit. "lyra of the City" i.e. Constantinople), Crete (Cretan lyra), Albania,
Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Croatia (Dalmatian Lijerica), Italy (Calabrian lira) and Turkey.

2. The archlute (Spanish archilaúd, Italian

arciliuto, German Erzlaute, Russian
Архилютня) - is a European plucked string
instrument developed around 1600 as a
compromise between the very large theorbo, the
size and re-entrant tuning of which made for
difficulties in the performance of solo music, and
the Renaissance tenor lute, which lacked the bass
range of the theorbo. Essentially a tenor lute with the theorbo's neck-extension, the archlute lacks the
power in the tenor and the bass that the theorbo's large body and typically greater string length provide.

3. The Shawm - is a conical bore, double-reed

woodwind instrument made in Europe from the 12th
century (at the latest) to the present day. It
achieved its peak of popularity during the medieval
and Renaissance periods, after which it was
gradually eclipsed by the oboe family of
descendant instruments in classical music. It was
likely of ancient origin and was imported to Europe from the Islamic East at some point between the 9th
and 12th centuries. Its name is linguistically related to the Arabic zamr, the Turkish zūrnā, the Persian surnāy,
the Chinese suona, the Javanese saruni, and the Hindu sahanai or sanayi. The body of the shawm is
usually turned from a single piece of wood, and terminates in a flared bell somewhat like that of a
trumpet. Beginning in the 16th century, shawms were made in several sizes, from sopranino to great bass,
and four and five-part music could be played by a consort consisting entirely of shawms.

4. The virginals or virginal (the plural does not necessarily

denote more than one instrument) - is a keyboard instrument
of the harpsichord family. It was popular in Europe during the
late Renaissance and early baroque periods. A virginal is a
smaller and simpler rectangular form of the harpsichord with
only one string per note running more or less parallel to the
keyboard on the long side of the case. Many, if not most, of the
instruments were constructed without legs, and would be
placed on a table for playing. Later models were built with their
own stands.

5. Viola Pomposa - During the first half of the eighteenth

century a peculiar type of bowed stringed instrument, called
a "viola pomposa," made a brief appearance in the world
of classical music. It was different from many of the
instruments that had preceded it because it had five strings
instead of four. The hope was that the extra string would give
the instrument a wider range and greater versatility. The
problem was that the mechanical complications of adding
an extra string were so great that an awkward posture was
required in order to play it. In addition, the extra string put so
much pressure on the thin belly of the instrument that it no
longer sounded good. And so the pomposa went out of
fashion only a few decades after it was invented.
Common Practice

• DATE: 1760 until 1900

• LOCATION: Somewhere in Europe
• The music of the Classical Period (1750 to 1830) looked to the art and philosophy of Ancient
Greece and Rome, to the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. It has a
lighter, clearer and considerably simpler texture, and tended to be almost voice like and sing
able. New genres were discovered. The main style was the homophony, where prominent
melody and accompaniment are clearly distinct.

Importance was given to instrumental music. It was dominated by further evolution of musical
forms initially defined in the Baroque period: the sonata, the concerto, and the symphony.
Others main kinds were trio, string quartet, serenade and divertimento. The sonata was the most
important and developed form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical
style of sonata is completely distinct. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era were
based on the dramatic structure of the sonata.

One of the most important evolutionary steps made in the Classical period was the
development of public concerts. The aristocracy would still play a significant role in the
sponsorship of musical life, but it was now possible for composers to survive without being its
permanent employees. The increasing popularity led to a growth in both the number and range
of the orchestras. The expansion of orchestral concerts necessitated large public spaces. As a
result of all these processes, symphonic music (including opera, ballet and oratorio) became
more extroverted.

The best known composers of Classicism are Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Christoph Willibald
Gluck, Johann Christian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van
Beethoven and Franz Schubert. Beethoven and Schubert are also considered to be composers
in evolution towards Romanticism.

Romanticism or Romantic music (c. 1810 to 1900) turned the rigid styles and forms of the Classical
era into more passionate and expressive pieces. It attempted to increase emotional expression
and power to describe deeper truths or human feelings. The emotional and expressive qualities
of music came to take precedence over technique and tradition. Romantic composers grew
in idiosyncrasy, and went further in the syncretism of different art-forms (such as literature), history
(historical figures), or nature itself with music. Romantic love was a prevalent theme in many
works composed during this period. In some cases the formal structures from the classical period
were preserved, but in many others existing genres, forms, and functions were improved. Also,
new forms were created that were deemed better suited to the new subject matter. Opera
and ballet continued to evolve.

In 1800, the music developed by Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert introduced a more
dramatic, expressive style. In Beethoven's case, motifs, developed organically, came to
replace melody as the most significant compositional unit. Later Romantic composers such as
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Antonín Dvořák, and Gustav Mahler used more elaborated chords and
more dissonance to create dramatic tension. They generated complex and often much longer
musical works. During Romantic period tonality was at its peak. The late 19th century saw a
dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra, and in the role of concerts as part of urban
society. It also saw a new diversity in theatre music, including operetta, and musical comedy
and other forms of musical theatre.

• Instruments in Common Practice of music times

1. Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13, commonly known as
Sonata Pathétique, was written in 1798 when the composer was 27 years old, and was published in 1799.
It has remained one of his most celebrated compositions. Beethoven dedicated the work to his friend
Prince Karl von Lichnowsky. Although commonly thought to be one of the few works to be named by the
 composer himself, it was actually named Grande sonate
pathétique (to Beethoven's liking) by the publisher, who was
impressed by the sonata's tragic sonorities.

2. The instruments used in most classical music

were largely invented before the mid-19th century
(often much earlier), and codified in the 18th and 19th
centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an
orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano,
harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical
music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of
instruments. The concert band, another ensemble that plays classical music, consists of
members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. The concert band generally has a
larger variety and a larger amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra, but
does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass.

a. Woodwind section - The woodwind sections of orchestras and concert bands consist of
woodwind instruments, and is one of the main sections of both ensembles.

The piccolo is a half-size flute, and a member of the

woodwind family of musical instruments. The modern
piccolo has most of the same fingerings as its larger
sibling, the standard transverse flute, but the sound it
produces is an octave higher than written. This gave rise
to the name ottavino (Italian for "little octave"), the
name by which the instrument is referred to in the scores
of Italian composers

b. Brass section - The brass section of the orchestra, concert band, and jazz ensemble consist of
brass instruments, and is one of the main sections in all three ensembles.

The German horn is a brass instrument made of tubing

wrapped into a coil with a flared bell, and in bands and
orchestras is the most widely used of three types of horn,
the other two being the French horn and the Vienna
horn. Its use among professional players has become so
universal that it is only in France and Vienna that any
other kind of horn is used today. A musician who plays
the German horn is called a horn player (or less
frequently, a hornist). The word "German" is used only to
distinguish this instrument from the now-rare French and
Viennese instruments. Although the expression "French
horn" is still used colloquially in English for any orchestral horn (German, French, or Viennese), since the
1930s professional musicians and scholars have generally avoided this term in favor of just "horn".

c. String section - The string section is the largest body of

the standard orchestra. It normally consists of the first
violins, the second violins, the violas, the cellos, and the
double basses (or basses). In discussions of the
instrumentation of a musical work, the phrase "and
strings" is used to indicate a string section as just defined.

The violin, also known as a fiddle, is a string instrument, usually

with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-
pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which
also includes the viola, and the cello. The modern word is derived from the Italian word violino, literally
meaning 'small viola'. An orchestra consisting solely of a string section is called a string orchestra.
d. Percussion section - The percussion section is one of the main divisions of the orchestra and
the concert band. It includes most percussion instruments and all unpitched instruments. The
percussion section is itself divided into three subsections Tuned percussion, Auxiliary percussion,
and Lastly the Timpani.

Timpani are musical instruments in the percussion family. A

type of drum, they consist of a skin called a head stretched
over a large bowl traditionally made of copper. They are
played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick
called a timpani stick or timpani mallet. Timpani evolved from
military drums to become a staple of the classical orchestra
by the last third of the 18th century. Today, they are used in
many types of musical ensembles, including concert bands,
marching bands, orchestras, and even in some rock. Timpani
is an Italian plural, the singular of which is timpano. However,
in informal English speech a single instrument is rarely called a
timpano: several are more typically referred to collectively as
kettledrums, timpani, temple drums, or simply timps. They are also often incorrectly termed timpanist. A
musician who plays the timpani is a timpanist.

e. Keyboard section – The keyboard section of an orchestra or

concert band includes keyboard instruments. No keyboard
instrument is a standard member of an orchestra or concert
band, but they are included occasionally.
The celesta or celeste is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard. It
looks similar to an upright piano (four- or five-octave), or a large
wooden music box (three-octave). The keys connect to hammers that
strike a graduated set of metal (usually steel) plates suspended over
wooden resonators. Four- or five-octave models usually have a pedal
that sustains or damps the sound. The three-octave instruments do not
have a pedal because of their small "table-top" design. One of the best-
known works that uses the celesta is Tchaikovsky's "Dance of the Sugar
Plum Fairy" from The Nutcracker. The sound of the celesta is similar to
that of the glockenspiel, but with a much softer and more subtle timbre.
This quality gave the instrument its name, celeste meaning "heavenly"
in French.

Modern & Contemporary music

• DATE: 1900 to Present Times

• LOCATION: United States of America
• With 20th-century music, there was a vast increase in music listening as the radio gained
popularity and phonographs were used to replay and distribute music. The focus of art music
was characterized by exploration of new rhythms, styles, and sounds. Igor Stravinsky, Arnold
Schoenberg, and John Cage were all influential composers in 20th-century art music. The
invention of sound recording and the ability to edit music gave rise to new subgenre of classical
music, including the acousmatic and Musique concrète schools of electronic composition.

Musique concrète (French pronunciation: [myzik kɔ̃.kʁɛt], meaning "concrete music") is a genre
of electroacoustic music that is made in part from acousmatic sound, or sound without an
apparent originating cause. It can feature sounds derived from recordings of musical
instruments, the human voice, and the natural environment as well as those created using s In
1928 music critic André Cœuroy wrote in his book Panorama of Contemporary Music that
"perhaps the time is not far off when a composer will be able to represent through recording,
music specifically composed for the gramophone" (Cœuroy 1928, 162). In the same period the
American composer Henry Cowell, in referring to the projects of Nikolai Lopatnikoff, believed
that "there was a wide field open for the composition of music for phonographic discs." This
sentiment was echoed further in 1930 by Igor Stravinsky, when he stated in the revue Kultur und
Schallplatte that "there will be a greater interest in creating music in a way that will be peculiar
to the gramophone record." The following year, 1931, Boris de Schloezer also expressed the
opinion that one could write for the gramophone or for the wireless just as one can for the piano
or the violin (Battier 2007, 190). Shortly after, German art theorist Rudolf Arnheim discussed the
effects of microphonic recording in an essay entitled "Radio", published in 1936. In it the idea of
a creative role for the recording medium was introduced and Arnheim stated that: "The
rediscovery of the musicality of sound in noise and in language, and the reunification of music,
noise and language in order to obtain a unity of material: that is one of the chief artistic tasks of
radio" (Battier 2007, 193). Synthesizers and computer-based digital signal processing.

Jazz evolved and became an important genre of music over the course of the 20th century,
and during the second half of that century, rock music did the same. Jazz is an American
musical art form that originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American
communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music
traditions. The style's West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation,
polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note. From its early development until the present,
jazz has also incorporated music from 19th- and 20th-century American popular music. Jazz has,
from its early-20th-century inception, spawned a variety of subgenres, ranging from New
Orleans Dixieland (1910s) to 1970s and 1980s-era jazz-rock fusion.

Rock music is a genre of popular music that developed in the 1960s from 1950s rock and roll,
rockabilly, blues, and country music. The sound of rock often revolves around the electric guitar
or acoustic guitar, and it uses a strong back beat laid down by a rhythm section of electric bass
guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or, since the 1970s, analog
synthesizers and digital ones and computers since the 1990s. Along with the guitar or keyboards,
saxophone and blues-style harmonica are used as soloing instruments. In its "purest form," it "has
three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody." In the late 1960s and early
1970s, it branched out into different subgenres, ranging from blues rock and jazz-rock fusion to
heavy metal and punk rock, as well as the more classical influenced genre of progressive rock
and several types of experimental rock genres.

• Instruments in the Modern & Contemporary music

1. An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound
using electronics. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audio signal that
ultimately drives a loudspeaker. An electronic instrument might include a user interface for
controlling its sound, often by adjusting the pitch, frequency, or duration of each note.
However, it is increasingly common to separate user interface and sound-generating functions
into a music controller (input device) and a music synthesizer, respectively, with the two
devices communicating through a musical performance description language such as MIDI or
Open Sound Control.

a. In 1897 Thaddeus Cahill patented an instrument called

the Telharmonium (or Teleharmonium, also known as the
Dynamaphone). Using tonewheels to generate musical
sounds as electrical signals by additive synthesis, it was
capable of producing any combination of notes and
overtones, at any dynamic level. This technology was later
used to design the Hammond organ. Between 1901 and
1910 Cahill had three progressively larger and more complex
versions made, the first weighing seven tons, the last in excess
of 200 tons. Portability was managed only by rail and with the
use of thirty boxcars. By 1912, public interest had waned, and
Cahill's enterprise was bankrupt
 b. Another development, which aroused the interest of many composers,
occurred in 1919-1920. In Leningrad, Leon Theremin (actually Lev Termen)
built and demonstrated his Etherophone, which was later renamed the
Theremin. This led to the first compositions for electronic instruments, as
opposed to noisemakers and re-purposed machines. The Theremin was
notable for being the first musical instrument played without touching it.
Composers who ultimately utilized the Theremin included Varèse in his
piece Ecuatorial (1934) while conductor Leopold Stokowski experimented
with its use in arrangements from the classical repertory. In 1929, Joseph
Schillinger composed First Airphonic Suite for Theremin and Orchestra,
premièred with the Cleveland Orchestra with Leon Theremin as soloist. The
next year Henry Cowell commissioned Theremin to create the first
electronic rhythm machine, called the Rhythmicon. Cowell wrote some
compositions for it, and he and Schillinger premiered it in 1932.

c. The 1920s have been called the apex of the Mechanical

Age and the dawning of the Electrical Age. In 1922, in Paris,
Darius Milhaud began experiments with "vocal transformation
by phonograph speed change." These continued until 1927.
This decade brought a wealth of early electronic instrument
along with the Theremin, there is the presentation of the
Ondes Martenot, which was designed to reproduce the
microtonal sounds found in Hindu music, and the Trautonium.
Maurice Martenot invented the Ondes Martenot in 1928, and
soon demonstrated it in Paris. Composers using the instrument
ultimately include Boulez, Honegger, Jolivet, Koechlin,
Messiaen, Milhaud, Tremblay, and Varèse. Radiohead guitarist and multi-instrumentalist Jonny
Greenwood also uses it in his compositions and a plethora of Radiohead songs. In 1937, Messiaen wrote
Fête des belles eaux for 6 ondes Martenot, and wrote solo parts for it in Trois petites Liturgies de la Présence
Divine (1943–44) and the Turangalîla-Symphonie (1946–48/90).

d.Electric piano - is an electric musical instrument. Electric pianos produce

sounds mechanically and the sounds are turned into electrical signals by
pickups. Unlike a synthesizer, the electric piano is not an electronic
instrument, but electro-mechanical. Instead of having lengths of wire to
produce the tones, short slivers of steel only a few inches long are vibrated
by electricity. The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s; the
1929 Neo-Bechstein electric grand piano was among
the first. Probably the earliest stringless model was Lloyd
Loar's Vivi-Tone Clavier. A few other noteworthy
producers of electric pianos include Baldwin Piano and
Organ Company and The Wurlitzer Company.

e. An electric guitar is a guitar that uses a pickup to convert the vibration of its
strings into electrical impulses. The most common guitar pickup uses the principle of
direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too
weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is amplified before sending it to a loudspeaker.
Since the output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, the signal may easily be
altered using electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound. Often the signal is
modified using effects such as reverb and distortion.

Invented in 1931, the electric guitar became a necessity as jazz guitarists sought to
amplify their sound in the big band format. Early proponents of the electric guitar on
record included: Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker, and
Charlie Christian. During the 1950s and 1960s, the electric guitar became the most
important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into a stringed musical instrument
that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles. It served as a major component
in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, and many other
genres of music.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MUSIC
RYHTM
 from the Greek word “rhythmos” meaning any regular recurring motion

 Movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of

opposite or different conditions.

PART OF RHYTHM BEAT

 is a unit of time that is felt and sensed

 is a pulse of a time

EXAMPLE OF BEAT

THREE PRINCIPLES OF BEAT ACTIVITIES

 Keep the beat even and steady
 keeping the beat takes considerable coordination
 keeping the beat that physical movement be a part of the activity

PARTS OF RHYTHM ACCENT

 is an emphasis placed on a particular note

 they can be strong and weak

METER
> taken from
the Greek word
“metron”
which means measure

 meter is natural grouping of beats

 It is indicated by bar lines which divide the measure into successive units of two(duple),
three(triple), four(quadruple), and so forth.

COMPOUND METER
Is a subdivision in which the fundamental pulses subdivide into groups of three, six, twelve, etc.
POLYMETER

- Is a double meter to indicate the two meters are combined or there is constant change from
one meter to the other back and both.

TIME SIGNATURE
- Two numbers at the beginning of every composition
RHYTHMIC PATTERN
- It is the division of beats into
patterns of sound.

ACTIVITY
A. CREATE A RAP/ SHORT POEM AND PERFORM WITH A SIMPLE BEAT.

B. SING A FOLK SONG AND MAKE SIMPLE DANCE STEPS.

C. PERFORM AN ETHNIC DANCE USING MATERIALS FROM THE NATURE AS INSTRUMENT.

MELODY
> Is a succession of related single tones expressing an idea.

 PITCH - Is the highness or lowness of tone which is determined by the number of

vibration per second

 DURATION - The length of time the tone last

PARTS OF MELODY
A. DIRECTION OR MOVEMENT
B. SCALES
A succession of consecutive tones in a certain arrangement of whole and half steps generally
embracing eight degrees

 Chromatic scale - Has twelve steps and is formed entirely of half steps.

 Diatonic scale - Has eight steps and is composed of whole steps and half steps

THE C MAJOR SCALES

KEY SIGNATURES
 is a series of sharp or flat symbols placed at the beginning of the staff

THE

MAJOR KEY (SHARPS)

MAJOR KEY (SHARPS)

THE MAJOR KEY (FLATS)

THE MAJOR KEY (FLATS)

THE MINOR KEYS
TEMPO
- Is the speed of the composition
- Commonly used terms to indicate tempo

1. Largo – very slow

2. Adagio – slow

3. Andante – walking pace

4. Allegro – fast

5. Allegretto – not so fast and lively

6. Presto – very fast

7. Accelerando – gradually becoming faster

8. Ritardando – gradually becoming slower

9. Meno Mosso – lessen the speed

10. Moderato – slower than allegretto but faster than andante.

11. Vivace – lively and vivid

DYNAMICS

FORM
 Structure or framework of a composition

 1. TONE – smallest unit of a composition

 2. FIGURE – the smallest characteristic group of tones

 3. PHRASE – is a succession of tones

 4. SECTION – combination of periods

 KINDS OF FORM

1. UNITARY/STROPHIC

> a short composition containing only one principal idea

2. BINARY

> has two different melodic ideas.

A and B

3. TERNARY

> has two basic ideas and ends with the repetition of the first idea

SITSIRITSIT
Sitsiritsit alibangbang,salaguinto’t salagubang

Ang babae sa lansangan kung gumiri’y parang tandang

Mama mama namamangka, pasakayin yaring bata

Pagdating sa maynila, ipagpalit ng manika

Ale ale namamayong, pasukubin yaring sanggol

Pagdating sa Malabong, ipagpalit ng bagoong

LERON-LERON SINTA
Leron,Leron,sinta buko ng papaya
Dala dala’y buslo sisidlan ng bunga

Pagdating sa dulo’y nabali ang sanga,

Kapos kapalaran humanap ng iba.

Halika na Neneng,tayo’y manampalok

Dalhin mo ang buslo,sisidlan ng hinog
Pagdating sa dulo’y uunda-undayog
Kumapit ka Neneng, baka ka mahulog.

Halika na Neneng at tayo’y magsimba

At iyong isuot ang baro mo’t saya
Ang baro mo’t sayang pagkaganda-ganda
Kay ganda ng kulay — berde, puti, pula.
 Ako’y ibigin mo, lalaking matapang
Ang baril ko’y pito, ang sundang ko’y siyam
Ang lalakarin ko’y parte ng dinulang
Isang pinggang pansit ang aking kalaban.

TIMBRE
 character of the tone produced

 INSTRUMENTS

1. Symphony Orchestra

 is a large instrumental ensemble that contains sections of string, brass, woodwind, and
percussion instruments.

THE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA

RONDALLA
> is an ensemble of stringed instruments played with the plectrum or pick

B. VOICE

CLASSIFICATION OF VOICES

Female voice

1. SOPRANO –highest female voice

 2. ALTO – the lowest female voice

Male voices

1. TENOR – highest adult male voice

2. BASS – the lowest male voice

TEXTURE
 Is the relationship of melodies (horizontal) and harmonic (vertical elements of music

MONOPHONIC – a single melody without accompaniment or any added part

Example: Chant

HOMOPHONIC – is a melody which has a supporting set of chords for accompaniment.

3. POLYPHONIC - has two or more melodies without supporting chords.

Example:

 Round example:

DONA NOBIS PACEM

Partner Song

LERON – LERON SINTA

Leron, Leron, sinta

Buko ng papaya
Dala dala’y buslo
Sisidlan ng bunga

Pagdating sa dulo’y
Nabali ang sanga,
Kapos kapalaran
Humanap ng iba.

ACO KINI SI ANGGI

Ako kini si Angi,

Ang opisyo ko'y panahi;
Adlaw ug gabii
Kanunay ako nagtahi.

Bisan nako'g unsaon,

Wala'y kuwartang matigum,
Kayang akong pagpanahi
Igora's panginabuhi.

ENGLISH

Angi is my name
Dressmaking is my trade
All day long till evening
My poor hands are always sewing

No matter how hard I work

Not a penny can I save
Alas, I can earn only
Just enough for food and rent .
 HARMONY
 Is the simultaneous sounding of a group of tones with the tones of a melody

 Based upon the fact that certain degrees of scale sounds good to hear when played
together.

CHORDS –tonal combinations

TWO KINDS OF CHORDS

1. CONCHORDS – combinations which sounds good

2. DISCHORDS OR DISSONANCE

- Combinations which do not sound pleasing to the ears.

TRIADS
 Consist of three tones: the root, third and a fifth
MUSIC GENRES
CLASSICAL MUSIC

• Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music
(both liturgical and secular).

• It encompasses a broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day.

• The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as
the common practice period.

• The major time divisions of classical music are as follows:

• The most outstanding characteristic of classical music is that the repertoire tends to be written
down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score.

FAMOUS CLASSICAL MUSIC COMPOSERS

 Ludwig Van Beethoven

o Fur Elise
o Symphony No. 05
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
o Requiem in D minor, K. 626
o The Magic Flute
 Johann Sebastian Bach
o Canon in D Major

BLUES

• Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the "Deep
South" of the United States around the end of the 19th century.

• The genre is a fusion of traditional African music and European folk music, spirituals, work
songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads.

• The blue notes are also an important part of the sound.

• The term may have come from the term "blue devils” meaning melancholy and sadness; an
early use of the term in this sense is found in George Colman's one-act farce Blue Devils (1798).

FAMOUS BLUES MUSIC ARTISTS

• BB King
• Lucille
• Eric Clapton
• Wonderful Tonight
• John Mayer
• Gravity
• Waiting on the World to Change

JAZZ

• Jazz is a genre of music that originated in African American communities in the United States in
the late 19th and early 20th century.

• Jazz makes heavy use of improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation and the swung note, as well as
aspects of European harmony, American popular music, the brass band tradition, and African
musical elements such as blue notes and ragtime.

FAMOUS JAZZ MUSIC ARTISTS

• Louis Armstrong
• Charlie Parker
• Lee Ritenour
• Frank Sinatra

REGGAE
 • Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s.

• Stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento
(a celebratory, rural folk form that served its largely rural audience as dance music and an
alternative to the hymns and adapted chanteys of local church singing), calypso, African music,
as well as other genres.

• The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae. The bass sound in reggae is thick and
heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies
emphasized.

• The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm.

Etymology

• The 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as "a recently estab. sp.
for rege", as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either "rags, ragged clothing" or "a quarrel, a
row".

• There's a word we used to use in Jamaica called 'streggae'. If a girl is walking and the guys look
at her and say 'Man, she's streggae' it means she don't dress well, she look raggedy. The girls
would say that about the men too

• Bob Marley is said to have claimed that the word reggae came from a Spanish term for "the
king's music". The liner notes of To the King, a compilation of Christian gospel reggae, suggest
that the word reggae was derived from the Latin regi meaning "to the king".

COUNTRY MUSIC

• Country music is a genre of American popular music that originated in Southern United
States, in Bristol, Tennessee in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre
of American folk music and Western music. Blues modes have been used extensively
throughout its recorded history.
• Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and
harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic
guitars, dobroes and fiddles as well as harmonicas.

FAMOUS COUNTRY MUSIC ARTISTS

• Carpenters Band
• Taylor Swift
• Johnny Cash

ROCK

• Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United
States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later,
particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States.

• Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk,
and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.

• Musically, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock
group with electric bass guitar and drums. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with
a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse.

ROCK ARTISTS/BANDS EXAMPLE:

• Linkin Park
• Love and Death
• Guns n’ Roses

SWING

• Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that developed in the early 1930s and
became a distinctive style by 1940.
• Swing uses a strong rhythm section of double bass and drums as the anchor for a lead section
of brass instruments such as trumpets and
 trombones, woodwinds including saxophones and clarinets, and sometimes stringed instruments
such as violin and guitar, medium to fast tempos, and a "lilting" swing time rhythm.
• The name swing came from the phrase ‘swing feel’ where the emphasis is on the off–beat or
weaker pulse in the music.

HIPHOP MUSIC

• Hip hop music, also called hip-hop or rap music, is a music genre consisting of a stylized
rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is
chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic
elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other
elements includesampling (or synthesis), and beatboxing.

Example:

• Smoke Weed by Snoop Dogg

EDM (ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC)

• Electronic dance music (also known as EDM, electronic dance, dance music, club music, or
simply dance) is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres produced largely
for nightclubs, raves, and festivals.

• Produced for playback by disc jockeys (DJs), EDM is generally used in the context of a live DJ
mix where the DJ creates a seamless selection of tracks by segueingfrom one recording to the
next.

Example:

• First of the year by Skrillex

• Clarity by Zedd

POP MUSIC

• is a genre of popular music

• The terms "popular music" and "pop music" are often used interchangeably, although the former
is a description of music which is popular (and can include any style)

BOSSA NOVA

 is a genre of Brazilian music, which developed and was popularized in the 1950s and '60s and is
today one of the best-known Brazilian music genres abroad. The phrase bossa nova means
literally "new trend" (Portuguese pronunciation).
 A lyrical fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following in the 1960s, initially
among young musicians and college students.

RHYTHM N’ BLUES

• Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American
music that originated in the 1940s
• The term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was
frequently applied to blues records. Starting in the mid-1950s, after this style of music contributed
to the development of rock and roll, the term "R&B" became used to refer to music styles that
developed from and incorporated electric blues, as well as gospel and soul music. By the 1970s,
rhythm and blues was used as a blanket term for soul and funk.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:

STRING INSTRUMENTS

GUITAR:

• String instrument with anywhere from 4 to 18 strings, usually having 6.

• The sound is projected either acoustically or through electrical amplification (for an acoustic guitar
or an electric guitar, respectively).

• It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the right hand while fretting (or
pressing against the fret) the strings with the left hand.

• The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either
gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning.

BANJO:

• six-stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity as a resonator,
called the head.

• The membrane, or head, is typically made of plastic, although animal skin is still occasionally but
rarely used, and the frame is typically circular. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by Africans in
America, adapted from African instruments of similar design.

• The banjo is frequently associated with country, folk, Irish traditional and bluegrass music.

VIOLA:

• The viola is a bowed string instrument.

• It is slightly larger than a violin in size and has a lower and deeper sound than a violin.

• Since the 18th century it has been the middle voice of the violin family, between the violin (which
is tuned a perfect fifth above it) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below it).

VIOLIN:

• The violin, also known as a fiddle, is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect
fifths.

• It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also
includes the viola, and the cello.

• The modern word is derived from the Italian word violino, literally meaning 'small viola'.

LUTE:

• Lute can refer generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to
the sound table (in the Hornbostel–Sachs system), more specifically to any plucked string instrument with
a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back, or more specifically to an instrument from
the family of European lutes.

BANDURRIA:

• The bandurria is a plucked chordophone from Spain, similar to the mandolin, primarily used in
Spanish folk music, but also found in countries that were once colonies of Spain.

• The modern bandurria has 12 strings (6 pairs). The strings are tuned in unison pairs, going up in
fourths from the low G#. The lowest four strings are a major-third above those of a standard guitar and
the highest two strings are a fourth above a standard guitar, i.e. G♯, c♯, f♯, b, e and a

SITAR:
• The sitar is a plucked stringed instrument used mainly in Hindustani music and Indian classical
music.

• The instrument is believed to have been derived from the veena, an ancient Indian instrument,
which was modified by a Mughal court musician to conform with the tastes of his Mughal patrons and
named after a Persian instrument called the setar(meaning three strings).

• It derives its distinctive timbre and resonance from sympathetic strings, bridge design, a long
hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber.

• In appearance, the sitar is similar to the tanpura, except that it has frets. The body of a sitar is
more or less a spherical gourd at the lower end.

WIND INSTRUMENTS:

FLUTE:

• The flute is a family of musical instrument of the woodwind group. Unlike woodwind instruments
with reeds, a flute is anaerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air
across an opening. According to the instrument classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized
as edge-blown aerophones.

TROMBONE:

• The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is
produced when the player’s vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside the instrument to
vibrate. Nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument
to change the pitch. Special variants like the valve trombone and super bone have three valves like those
on the trumpet.

SAXOPHONE:

• The saxophone (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments.

• Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that
of the clarinet.

• The saxophone is used in classical music (such as concert bands, chamber music, and solo
repertoire), military bands (such as military concert bands, marching bands, etc.), marching bands, and
jazz (such as big bands, jazz combos, etc.). Saxophone players are called saxophonists.

OBOE:

• The oboe is a family of double reed woodwind musical instruments. The most common oboe plays
in the treble or soprano range.

• Oboes are usually made of wood, but there are also oboes made of synthetic materials.

• Sound is produced by blowing into the reed and vibrating a column of air.

• The distinctive oboe tone is versatile, and has been described as "bright". When the term oboe is
used alone, it is generally taken to mean the standard treble instrument rather than other instruments of
the family.

TRUMPET:

• A trumpet is a musical instrument. It has the highest register in the brass family.

• As a signaling device, trumpets have a very long history, dating back to at least 1500 BC; they
have been used as musical instruments since the 15th century.

• They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips, producing a "buzzing" sound that starts
a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument.
• Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, usually bent
twice into a rounded oblong shape.

PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS:

PIANO:

• The piano is a musical instrument played using a keyboard.

• It is widely employed in classical and jazz music for solo and ensemble performances,
accompaniment, and for composing and rehearsal

• An acoustic piano usually has a protective wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal
strings, and a row of 88 black and white keys (52 white, 36 black).

• The strings are sounded when the keys are pressed, and silenced when the keys are released. The
note can be sustained, even when the keys are released, by the use of pedals.

CONGA DRUMS:

• The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba.

• Congas are staved like barrels and classified into three types: quinto (lead drum, highest), tres dos
or tres golpes (middle), and tumba or salidor (lowest). Congas are traditionally used in Afro-Cuban genres
such as conga and rumba, although they are now very common in many other forms of Latin music,
including descarga, Afro-Cuban jazz, salsa, songo, merengue and Latin rock.

CHIMES:

• A carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime.

• American chimes usually have one to one and a half diatonic octaves. Many chimes are
automated.

• The first bell chime was created in 1487. Before 1900, chime bells typically lacked dynamic
variation and the inner tuning (the mathematical balance of a bell's complex sound) required to permit
the use of harmony.

• Since then, chime bells produced in Belgium, the Netherlands, England, and America have inner
tuning and can produce fully harmonized music. Some towers in England hung for full circle change
ringing chime by an Ellacombe apparatus.

ORGAN:

• In music, is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard,
played either with the hands or with the feet.

• The organ is a relatively old musical instrument, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria,
who is credited with inventing the water organ.

• It was played throughout the Greek and Roman world, particularly during races and games.

• During the early medieval period it spread from the Byzantine Empire, where it continued to be
used in secular and imperial court music, to Western Europe, where it gradually assumed a prominent
place in the liturgy of the Catholic Church. Subsequently it re-emerged as a secular and recital instrument.

DRUMS:

• Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over
a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a drum stick, to produce sound.

• There is usually a resonance head on the underside of the drum, typically tuned to a slightly lower
pitch than the top drumhead.
• Other techniques have been used to cause drums to make sound, such as the thumb roll. Drums
are the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments, and the basic design has remained
virtually unchanged for thousands of years.

• Drums may be played individually, with the player using a single drum, and some drums such as
the djembe are almost always played in this way.
Traditional Music

-is often used as a broad classification of music genres that contrasts with classical music and popular
music genres as referring to genres founded neither upon any theoretical canon nor upon any mass
commercial medium.

Traditional Japanese Music

-is the folk or traditional music of Japan.

3 Types of Japanese Music

Instrumental

Theatrical

Court Music

Kabuki - is a type of Japanese theatre. The music of kabuki can be divided into three parts:

• Gidayubushi – largely identical to jōruri.

• Shimoza ongaku – music is played in kuromisu, the lower seats below the stage.

• Debayashi – incidental music, played on the Kabuki stage; also known as degatari.

Noh or nōgaku - is another type of theatrical music. Noh music is played by the hayashi-kata. The
instruments used are the taiko , ōtsuzumi , kotsuzumi , and fue .

Gagaku - is court music, and is the oldest traditional music in Japan. Gagaku music includes songs,
dances, and a mixture of other Asian music. Gagaku has two styles; these are instrumental music kigaku
and vocal music seigaku.

• Instrumental Music

• Kangen - basically, a Chinese form of music.

• Bugaku - influenced by Tang Dynasty China and Balhae.

• Vocal Music

• Kumeuta

• Kagurauta Azumaasobi

• Saibara

• Rōei

Traditional Korean Music

- includes combinations of the folk, vocal, religious and ritual music styles of the Korean people. Korean
music, along with arts, painting and sculpture has been practiced since prehistoric times.

Two distinct musical cultures exist in Korea today:

Traditional Music (gugak)

Western Music (yangak)

Korean folk music

-is varied and complex, but all forms maintain a set of rhythms called Jangdan and a loosely defined set
of melodic modes owing to diverse instruments, while even drums were eligible to demonstrate variety of
rhythmic cycles.

Pansori

-is a long vocal and percussive music played by one singer and one drummer. In this traditional art form,
sometimes rather misleadingly called 'Korean Opera', a narrator may play the parts of all the characters
in a story, accompanied by a drummer.

Pungmul

-is a Korean folk music tradition that is a form of percussion music that includes drumming, dancing, and
singing.

Sanjo

-is played without a pause in faster tempos as one of the most popular genres of traditional Korean music.
It is entirely instrumental music, and includes changes in rhythmic and melodic modes during an individual
work.

Jeongak or Chongak

-means literally "right (or proper) music", and its tradition includes both instrumental and vocal music,
which were cultivated mainly by the upper-class literati of the Joseon society.

Nongak

-refers to "farmers' music" and represents an important musical genre which has been developed mainly
by peasants in the agricultural society of Korea. The farmers' music is performed typically in an open area
of the village.

Shinawi or Sinawi

-means, in the broadest sense, the shamanistic music of Korea which is performed during a Korean
shaman's ritual dance performance to console and to entertain deities mainly from Korea's southwest
region

Salpuri

-is a shamanistic ritual dance, conducted as exorcism of bad ghosts. The style of this ritual dance is
characterized simple and serene. The long scarf with fluid lines expresses long lines of the arms and fingers
of the dancer from corner to corner of the space, utilizing the vastness of space all the way.

There are three types of court music.

1) Aak is an imported form of Chinese ritual music.

2) Hyang-ak is a Pure Korean form.

3) Dang-ak is a combination of Korean and Chinese influences.

Traditional Korean instruments can be broadly divided into three groups:

String

Wind
 Percussion

Traditional Chinese Music

-refers to the music of the Chinese people, which may be the music of the Han Chinese as well as other
ethnic minorities within mainland China. It also includes music produced by people of Chinese origin in
some territories outside mainland China using traditional Chinese instruments or in the Chinese language.
It covers a highly diverse range of music from the traditional to the modern.

Confucius

- is credited for setting the tone for much traditional Chinese music for thousands of years.

- A prominent music teacher and a talented musician who was able to play several instruments expertly.
He also was China's foremost social philosopher. In Confucian teachings, the purpose and role of music
are laid out and the qualities of "good music" are defined.

Confucius taught that:

“To educate somebody, you should start with poems, emphasize ceremonies, and finish with music.”

The Traits of Good Traditional Music

Generally simple, induce tranquility, and facilitate the appropriate conduct

Correct technique

Three Kinds of Traditional Music

1) Chinese opera music meant for theatrical performances,

2) Ensemble r orchestra for cultured audiences, and

3) Solo instrumental performance

Chinese Opera Music

-is meant not to amuse but to purify one’s thoughts and meant for entertainment.

Instruments:

Erhu and other stringed instruments

Wood clappers

Gongs

Cymbals

Wind instruments

General Traits of Traditional Music:

Grand Entry

In general, traditional musicians follow the Confucian doctrine. In order to perform the grand and
“magnificent" entry of musical pieces advocated by Confucius, musicians in an orchestra or ensemble
often begin their pieces with a grand flourish of all of them playing their instruments simultaneously for a
few seconds or by loudly sounding a gong or drum. This signals that the piece has begun and gets the
audience’s attention.
Technical Finesse

In a group ensemble, after the grand opening of the piece, the musicians will generally tone the volume
down towards the middle. This enables the audience to appreciate the technical finesse of the individual
musicians. At the conclusion of a piece, the volume generally increases again for the finale.

Pentatonic Scale

The scale lends to making simple harmonies, but perhaps to maintain the Confucian norms of simplicity
and clarity, harmony isn’t emphasized. In contrast, Western-style music uses the heptatonic scale that
lends to producing complex harmonies among various instruments in tension.

Smoothly Continuous

Music isn't meant to be danced or moved to. That would tend to orient people toward bodily sensual
and sexual drives. As Confucius taught, beautiful and appropriate music is meant to promote social
tranquility.

Grand Finale

In accord with Confucius' idea of music being "smoothly continuous," traditional music generally doesn't
have sharp breaks in tempo.

Serbia Traditional Music

-Serb and Serbia has a variety of traditional music, which is part of the wider Balkan tradition, with its own
distinctive sound and characteristics.

Classical Music:

Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac

- Composer and musicologist who is considered as one of the most important founders of modern
Serbian music.

Traditional Music:

Traditional Serbian music include various kinds of bagpipes, flutes, horns, trumpets, lutes, psalteries, drums
and cymbals such as:

• Frula (woodwind)

• Diple (dvojanka, woodwind)

• Gajde (bagpipe)

• Zurna (woodwind)

• Duduk (woodwind)
• Tambura (lute)

• Tamburitza (lute)

• Gusle (lute)

• Kaval (šupeljka, lute)

• Davul (tapan, goč, drum)

• Bouzouki (šargija, lute)

• Tarambuke (drum)

Popular Music

Pop

Rock

Jazz

Hip-hop

Turbo-folk and Pop-folk

House and electronic music

British Traditional Music

-refers to all forms of music associated with the United Kingdom since its creation.

Early Music

-from the earliest recorded times until the Baroque and the rise of recognisably modern classical music,
was a diverse and rich culture, including sacred and secular music and ranging from the popular to the
elite.

-church music and religious music was profoundly affected by the Protestant Reformation which affected
Britain from the 16th century, which curtailed events associated with British music and forced the
development of distinctive national music, worship and belief.

Baroque Music

-was characterized by more elaborate musical ornamentation, changes in musical notation, new
instrumental playing techniques and the rise of new genres such as opera. Although the term Baroque is
conventionally used for European music from about 1600, its full effects were not felt in Britain until after
1660, delayed by native trends and developments in music, religious and cultural differences from many
European countries and the disruption to court music caused by the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and
Interregnum. British chamber and orchestral music drew inspiration from continental Europe as it
developed into modern classical music.

Classical Music

-musical composition, performance and training in the United Kingdom inherited the European classical
traditions of the eighteenth century and saw a great expansion during the nineteenth century.

Romantic nationalism

-encouraged clear national identities and sensibilities within the countries of the United Kingdom towards
the end of the nineteenth century, producing many composers and musicians of note and drawing on
the folk tradition. These traditions, including the cultural strands drawn from the United Kingdom's
constituent nations and provinces, have continued to evolve in distinctive ways through the work of such
composers as:

Arthur Sullivan,
Gustav Holst,

Edward Elgar,

Hubert Parry,

Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten

Folk Music

-flourished until the era of industrialization when it began to be replaced by new forms of popular music,
including music hall and brass bands. Realization of this led to two folk revivals, one in the late-19th century
and the other in the mid-20th century, which kept folk music as an important sub-culture within society.

English Folk Music

-England has a long and diverse history of folk music dating back at least to the medieval period and
including many forms of music, song and dance. Through two periods of revival from the late nineteenth
century much of the tradition has been preserved and continues to be practiced. It led to the creation
of a number of fusions with other forms of music that produced subgenres such as electric folk, folk punk
and folk metal and continues to thrive nationally and in regional scenes, particularly in areas such as
Northumbria and Cornwall.

Northern Irish music

-Ireland, including Northern Ireland, has vibrant folk traditions. The popularity of traditional instruments
such as fiddles has remained throughout the centuries even as analogues in Great Britain died out.
Perhaps the most famous modern musician from Northern Ireland influenced by folk tradition is Van
Morrison.

Scottish Folk Music

-includes many kinds of songs, including ballads and laments, sung by a single singer with
accompaniment by bagpipes, fiddles or harps.

Welsh folk music

-Wales is a Celtic country that features folk music played at twmpathau (communal dances) and gwyl
werin (music festivals). Welsh music also includes male voice choirs and songs accompanied by a harp.

Modern British Popular Music

folk music

jazz

rapping/hip hop

pop

rock music

Genres originating in or radically developed by British musicians include:

blues rock,

heavy metal,

progressive rock,

hard rock,
punk rock,

Bhangra,

electric folk,

folk punk,

acid jazz,

trip hop,

shoegaze,

drum and bass,

grime,

Britpop and dubstep.