Maths Textbook PDF

ESSENTIAL10&
10A
MATHEMATICS FOR THE VICTORIAN CURRICULUM
DAVID GREENWOOD | SARA WOOLLEY

JENNY GOODMAN | JENNIFER VAUGHAN
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Guide to the working programs in the exercises
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Each exercise is structured in subsections that match the four Australian Curriculum proficiency
strands (Understanding, Fluency, Problem-solving and Reasoning) as well as Enrichment (Challenge).
The questions suggested for each pathway are listed in three columns at the top of each subsection:
• The left column (lightest shaded colour) is Foundation Standard Advanced
the Foundation pathway
1–2
1– 2 —
• The middle column (medium shaded
UNDERSTANDING
colour) is the Standard pathway 3–5(½)
5( 3–6(½)
6( 3–6(½)
6(
FLUENCY
• The right column (darkest shaded colour) 7–8
7– 8–10
–1 8–10
8–1
is the Advanced pathway.
PROBLEM-SOLVING
1111 –1
11–13 13–15
3–1
REASONING
— — 16
Gradients within exercises and
ENRICHMEMENT
proficiency strands
The working programs make use of the
gradients that have been seamlessly integrated
into the exercises. A gradient runs through
the overall structure of each exercise – where
there is an increasing level of mathematical
sophistication required from Understanding through to Reasoning and Enrichment – but also within each
proficiency strand; the first few questions in Fluency, for example, are easier than the last few, and the last
Problem-solving question is more challenging than the first Problem-solving question.
The right mix of questions

Questions in the working programs are selected to give the most appropriate mix of types of questions for
each learning pathway. Students going through the Foundation pathway will likely need more practice at
Understanding and Fluency, but should also attempt the easier Problem-solving and Reasoning questions.
An Advanced student will likely be able to skip the Understanding questions, proceed through the
Fluency questions (often half of each question), focus on the Problem-solving and Reasoning questions,
and attempt the Enrichment question. A Standard student would do a mix of everything.
Choosing a pathway
There are a variety of ways of determining the appropriate pathway for students through the course.
Schools and individual teachers should follow the method that works for them.
If required, the chapter pre-tests (now found online) can also be used as a diagnostic tool. The following
are recommended guidelines:
• A student who gets 40% or lower in the pre-test should complete the Foundation questions
• A student who gets between 40% and 85% in the pre-test should complete the Standard questions
• A student who gets 85% or higher in the pre-test should complete the Advanced questions.
For schools that have classes grouped according to ability, teachers may wish to set one of the
Foundation, Standard or Advanced pathways as their default setting for their entire class and then make
individual alterations depending on student need. For schools that have mixed-ability classes, teachers
may wish to set a number of pathways within the one class, depending on previous performance and other
factors.
* The nomenclature used to list questions is as follows:
• 3, 4: complete all parts of questions 3 and 4 • 2-4(½): complete half of the parts of questions 2, 3 and 4
• 1-4: complete all parts of questions 1, 2, 3 and 4 • 4(½), 5: complete half of the parts of question 4 and all
• 10(½): complete half of the parts from question parts of question 5
10 (a, c, e, ... or b, d, f, ...) • — : do not complete any of the questions in this section.

An overview of the Essential
For more
detail, see
the guide in
Mathematics for the Victorian the online

Interactive
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Chapter
1
What you will learn
Linear
relations
1A Reviewing algebra (Consolidating) 1G Finding an equation of a line

1B Multiplying and dividing 1H Length and midpoint of a line segment
algebraic fractions 1I Perpendicular and parallel lines
1C Adding and subtracting algebraic 1J Simultaneous equations – substitution
fractions 1K Simultaneous equations – elimination
1D Solving linear equations 1L Further applications of simultaneous
1E Inequalities equations
1F Graphing straight lines 1M Half planes (Extending)
(Consolidating)
Victorian curriculum
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Patterns and algebra Solve linear inequalities and graph their solutions
Factorise algebraic expressions by taking out a on a number line (VCMNA336)
common algebraic factor (VCMNA329) Solve simultaneous linear equations, using
Apply the four operations to simple algebraic algebraic and graphical techniques including using
fractions with numerical denominators (VCMNA331) digital technology (VCMNA337)
Substitute values into formulas to determine Solve problems involving gradients of parallel and
an unknown and re-arrange formulas to solve for a perpendicular lines (VCMNA338)
particular term (VCMNA333) Solve linear equations involving simple algebraic
fractions (VCMNA340)
Linear and non-linear relationships
Solve problems involving linear equations, including
those derived from formulas (VCMNA335)
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-316-62367-1 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Victorian Curriculum Year 10 & 10A Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Online
resources
• Chapter pre-test
• Video demonstrations of
all worked examples
• Interactive widgets
• Interactive walkthroughs
• Downloadable HOTsheets
• Access to all HOTmaths
Australian Curriculum
courses
• Access to the HOTmaths
games library
Rally driving and suspension

Rally drivers need to rely on their car’s various suspension springs that are suitable
suspension to keep them safe on difficult and for the make and model of the rally car and
intense tracks around the world. Drivers need decide which is the best for the car and driver.
to understand how their suspension system Linear relationships in cars are not just
works in order to ensure that it performs as it restricted to suspension systems; running
should under extreme conditions. costs and speed efficiency can also be
The springs used in a suspension system modelled using linear relationships. Fixed
obey the principles of a linear relationship. costs are the y-intercept of the equation
The force acting on the springs versus the and then the variable costs are set as the
extension of the springs forms a linear relation. gradient, as this gives the rate of increase in
Mechanics investigate the performance of the overall costs per kilometre.
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0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5
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x
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5IF HSBEJFOU PG B MJOF DBO CF QPTJUJWF OFHBUJWF [FSP Gradient

y
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5IF HSBEJFOUmJOUFSDFQU GPSN PG B TUSBJHIU MJOF JT Z = NY + D
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tiv it
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%FDJEF JG UIF QPJOU -,
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B Z = -Y + C Y + Z =
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= - -
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= 5SVF *G UIF FRVBUJPO JT USVF UIFO UIF QPJOU JT PO UIF

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B Z = Y - C Y + Z =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Z = Y - *O UIF GPSN Z = NY + D UIF HSBEJFOU JT N UIF

(SBEJFOU = DPFGàDJFOU PG Y
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ZJOUFSDFQU = -
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PO
UIF HSBQI

(SBEJFOU = = UIVT SJTF = BOE SVO =
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O BOE VOJUT VQ SJTF

UP UIF QPJOU
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C Y + Z = 3FXSJUF JO UIF GPSN Z = NY + D CZ TVCUSBDUJOH

Z = -Y + Y GSPN CPUI TJEFT BOE UIFO EJWJEJOH CPUI
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Z=- Y+

5IF HSBEJFOU JT UIF DPFGàDJFOU PG Y BOE UIF
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ZJOUFSDFQU =
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BU

(SBEJFOU = - SVO = BOE GBMM =
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x
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4LFUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH CZ àOEJOH UIF Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT
B Z = Y - C -Y - Z =
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B Z = Y -
ZJOUFSDFQU Y =
5IF ZJOUFSDFQU JT BU Y = 'PS Z = NY + D D JT
Z =
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Z = -
5IF ZJOUFSDFQU JT -
YJOUFSDFQU Z =
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= Y - UIF FRVBUJPO GPS Y
= Y
Y=
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y
1MPU BOE MBCFM UIF JOUFSDFQUT BOE KPJO XJUI B
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x
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−8
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-
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Z = -
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Y = -
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x
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4LFUDI UIFTF TQFDJBM MJOFT

B Z= C Y = - D Z=- Y

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IFODF Z = JT B IPSJ[POUBM MJOF QBTTJOH
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x
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5IF HSBEJFOU = - IFODF VTF SVO = BOE

x GBMM =
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B Z = Y + C Z = -Y - D Z=
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4 4 4
2 2 2
x x x
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F Z=Y- G Z=- Y+ H Z= Y- I Z=- Y+

J Z = .Y - . K Z=-Y L Z=+ Y M Z = . - .Y


'
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F Y - Z = G -Y - Z = H -Z - Y = I Z + Y =

&YBNQMF 4LFUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH CZ àOEJOH UIF Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT
B Z = Y - C Z = Y + D Z = Y + E Z = Y -
Y
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J Z - Y = K Y + Z = L Y + Z = M Z - Y =
&YBNQMF 4LFUDI UIFTF TQFDJBM MJOFT

B Z = - C Z= D Y= E Y=-

F Z= G Y= H Z = Y I Z = -Y
Y
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o o
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D *G +FTTF BMTP QBZT B UPUBM PG GPS SFHJTUSBUJPO BOE JOTVSBODF XSJUF UIF OFX GPSNVMB GPS
UIF DPTU UP +FTTF PG PXOJOH BOE ESJWJOH IJT DBS GPS L LJMPNFUSFT
% = U + JT BO FRVBUJPO GPS DBMDVMBUJOH UIF EJTUBODF % LN

GSPN IPNF UIBU B DZDMJTU IBT USBWFMMFE BGUFS U IPVST
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C 8IBU DPVME UIF SFQSFTFOU
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3&"40/*/(
" TUVEFOU XJUI B QPPS VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG TUSBJHIUMJOF HSBQIT XSJUFT EPXO TPNF JODPSSFDU
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C Z = . Y +
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B BZ = Y + C BY - Z = C D CZ = - BY
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B UIF YJOUFSDFQU C UIF ZJOUFSDFQU D UIF HSBEJFOU
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B Y = , Y = -, Z = , Z =
C Y = , Z = Y, Z =

D Y = -, Z = - Y + , Z = -

E Y - Z = -, Z = -, Y =
F Z = Y - , Z = -, Z = - Y

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4LFUDI B HSBQI PG Z = .Y - BOE MPDBUF UIF Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT
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In a Graphs page, enter the rule f 1(x ) = 0.5x – 2. Use In the Graph&table application enter the rule
b>Trace>Graph Trace and use the arrow keys to y 1 = 0.5x – 2 followed by EXE. Tap to see the graph.
move left or right to observe intercepts. Tap Zoom, Quick Standard. Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Root to
locate the x -intercept. Tap Analysis, G-Solve, y-intercept
to locate the y -intercept.
Hint: pressing · will paste the intercept coordinates

on the graph.
Press b>Table>Split-screen Table to show the Table Tap and set the table preferences to start at –10
of Values.
and end at 10 with steps 1. Tap to see the table.
Hint: use /+T as a shortcut to show the Table of

Values.

( 'JOEJOH BO FRVBUJPO PG B MJOF

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MFWFM JO B EBN BGUFS B QFSJPE PG UJNF
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B MJOFBS FRVBUJPO
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(x2, y2)
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(x1, y1)
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= Y , Z
.
x
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Y - Y
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,FZ
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(JWFO UIF HSBEJFOU N
BOE UIF ZJOUFSDFQU D
VTF Z = NY + D UP TUBUF UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF MJOF
JEFBT
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UIFO
• TVCTUJUVUF B QPJOU UP àOE D JO Z = NY + D PS
Z -Z
• VTF Z - Z = N Y - Y
XIFSF N = BOE Y , Z
, Y , Z
BSF QPJOUT PO UIF MJOF
Y - Y

&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH UIF HSBEJFOU PG B MJOF KPJOJOH UXP QPJOUT

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40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
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N= 6TF Y , Z
= -,
Y - Y
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= +
=
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y
=-
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(−3, 8) N=
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=- -
= GSPN EJBHSBN
rise = −10
x
O
(5, −2)
run = 8
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(4, 13)
1 x
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4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJS PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT VTJOH UIF FMJNJOBUJPO NFUIPE
Y + Z = BOE Y - Z =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
Y+Z=
-BCFM ZPVS FRVBUJPOT UP IFMQ ZPV SFGFS UP UIFN
Y - Z =

+
Y = "EE UIF UXP FRVBUJPOT UP FMJNJOBUF Z 5IFO
Y= TPMWF GPS UIF SFNBJOJOH QSPOVNFSBM Y

4VCTUJUVUF Y = JOUP POF PG UIF FRVBUJPOT UP

+ Z = àOE Z
ÂZ = 4UBUF UIF TPMVUJPO BOE DIFDL CZ TVCTUJUVUJOH UIF
4PMVUJPO JT Y = , Z = . TPMVUJPO JOUP UIF PSJHJOBM FRVBUJPOT

&YBNQMF 6TJOH UIF FMJNJOBUJPO NFUIPE UP TPMWF TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT

4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT VTJOH UIF FMJNJOBUJPO NFUIPE
B Z - Y = BOE Z + Y = C Y + Z = BOE Y + Z =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Z - Y =
-BCFM ZPVS FRVBUJPOT
Z + Y =

× Z - Y =
.VMUJQMZ FRVBUJPO
CZ TP UIBU UIFSF

-
Y = JT B NBUDIJOH QBJS Z

Z - Z = BOE Y - -Y
= Y
Y=
4PMWF GPS Y
4VCTUJUVUF JOUP POF PG UIF FRVBUJPOT UP àOE Z
Z -
=
ÂZ =
4PMVUJPO JT Y = , Z =
C Y + Z =
.VMUJQMZ FRVBUJPO
CZ BOE FRVBUJPO
Y + Z =
CZ UP HFOFSBUF Z JO FBDI FRVBUJPO
"MUFSOBUJWFMZ NVMUJQMZ
CZ BOE
CZ

× Y + Z =
UP PCUBJO NBUDIJOH Y DPFGàDJFOUT

× Y + Z =
4VCUSBDU UP FMJNJOBUF Z

-
Y =
4VCTUJUVUF Y = JOUP POF PG UIF FRVBUJPOT

+ Z = UP àOE Z
Z = -
Z = -
4PMVUJPO JT Y = , Z = - 4UBUF BOE DIFDL UIF TPMVUJPO
&YFSDJTF , o

6/%&345"/%*/(
'JOE UIF BOTXFS

B Y TVCUSBDU Y C Z BEE -Z
D -Y BEE Y E -Z TVCUSBDU -Z
%FDJEF JG ZPV XPVME BEE PS TVCUSBDU UIF UXP HJWFO UFSNT UP HJWF B SFTVMU PG [FSP
B Y, Y C Z, Z D -Y, Y E -Z Z
F Z -Z G Y -Y H -Y -Y I -Z -Z
8SJUF UIF SFTVMUJOH FRVBUJPO XIFO Y - Z = JT NVMUJQMJFE PO CPUI TJEFT CZ

B C D E

o
o
o
,
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT VTJOH UIF FMJNJOBUJPO NFUIPE
B Y + Z = BOE Y - Z = C Y + Z = BOE Y - Z =
D Y - Z = BOE Y + Z = E Y - Z = BOE Y + Z =
F Y + Z = BOE Y + Z = G Y + Z = BOE Y + Z =
H Y + Z = BOE Y + Z = - I Y + Z = BOE Y + Z =
J Y + Z = BOE Y - Z = - K Y + Z = BOE Y - Z =
L -Y + Z = - BOE Y - Z = M -Y + Z = BOE -Y - Z = -
&YBNQMF B 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT VTJOH UIF FMJNJOBUJPO NFUIPE
B Y + Z = BOE Y - Z = - C Y + Z = BOE Y - Z =
D Y + Z = BOE Y - Z = E Y - Z = BOE Y - Z =

F Z - Y = - BOE Y + Z = G Y - Z = - BOE Y + Z = -

130#-&.40-7*/(
&YBNQMF C 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT VTJOH UIF FMJNJOBUJPO NFUIPE
B Y + Z = BOE Y + Z = C Y + Z = BOE Y + Z =
D Y - Z = BOE Y + Z = E Y + Z = BOE Y - Z = -
F -Z - Y = BOE Z + Y = - G -Y + Z = BOE Y - Z = -
5IF TVN PG UXP OVNCFST JT BOE UIFJS EJGGFSFODF JT 'JOE UIF UXP OVNCFST
5IF DPTU PG POF BQQMF BOE POF CBOBOB BU UIF TDIPPM DBOUFFO JT BOE UIF DPTU PG BQQMFT
BOE CBOBOBT JT 'JOE UIF DPTU PG B TJOHMF CBOBOB
" HSPVQ PG BEVMUT BOE DIJMESFO QBJE B UPUBM PG GPS UIFJS DPODFSU UJDLFUT "OPUIFS HSPVQ
PG BEVMUT BOE DIJMESFO QBJE 'JOE UIF DPTU PG BO BEVMU UJDLFU BOE UIF DPTU PG B DIJMET
UJDLFU

3&"40/*/(
%FTDSJCF UIF FSSPS NBEF JO UIJT XPSLJOH BOE UIFO DPSSFDU UIF FSSPS UP àOE UIF DPSSFDU TPMVUJPO
Y - Z =
- Y - Z = -

+
-Y=
Â Y = -
-
- Z =
- - Z =
-Z =
Z = -
4PMVUJPO JT Y = - BOE Z = -

,
3&"40/*/(
4PMWF UIFTF MJUFSBM TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT GPS Y BOE Z
B BY + Z = BOE BY - Z =
C Y - CZ = BOE Y + CZ =
D BY + CZ = BOE BY - CZ = -
E BY + CZ = B BOE BY - CZ = C
F BY + CZ = D BOE CY + BZ = D
&YQMBJO XIZ UIFSF JT OP TPMVUJPO UP UIF TFU PG FRVBUJPOT Y - Z = BOE Y - Z = -
1BSUJBM GSBDUJPOT
&/3*$).&/5
B C
8SJUJOH BT B TVN PG UXP ATNBMMFS GSBDUJPOT + LOPXO BT QBSUJBM
Y -
Y +
Y- Y+
GSBDUJPOT JOWPMWFT B QSPDFTT PG àOEJOH UIF WBMVFT PG B BOE C GPS XIJDI UIF UXP FYQSFTTJPOT BSF
FRVBM )FSF JT UIF QSPDFTT
B C
= +
Y -
Y +
Y - Y +
B Y +
+ C Y -
=
Y -
Y +
Â B Y +
+ C Y -
=
BY + B + CY - C =
BY + CY + B - C =
Y B + C
+ B - C
= Y +
#Z FRVBUJOH DPFGàDJFOUT B + C =
B - C =

+
HJWFT B =
Â B = .
BOE TP C = -

Â = -
Y -
Y +
Y - Y +
6TF UIJT UFDIOJRVF UP XSJUF UIF GPMMPXJOH BT UIF TVN PG UXP GSBDUJPOT
-
B C D
Y -
Y +
Y +
Y -
Y -
Y +
Y + Y - -Y
E F G
Y -
Y +
Y +
Y -
Y -
- Y

- 'VSUIFS BQQMJDBUJPOT PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT

8IFO B QSPCMFN JOWPMWFT UXP VOLOPXO WBSJBCMFT TJNVMUBOFPVT
FRVBUJPOT DBO CF VTFE UP àOE UIF TPMVUJPO UP UIF QSPCMFN QSPWJEFE UIBU
UIF UXP QSPOVNFSBMT DBO CF JEFOUJàFE BOE UXP FRVBUJPOT DBO CF XSJUUFO
GSPN UIF QSPCMFN EFTDSJQUJPO
-FUT TUBSU TDPSFT CVU IPX NBOZ HPBMT

/BUIBO IFBSE PO UIF OFXT UIBU IJT "'- UFBN TDPSFE UJNFT EVSJOH B
HBNF BOE UIF UPUBM TDPSF XBT QPJOUT )F XPOEFSFE IPX NBOZ HPBMT
XPSUI QPJOUT FBDI
BOE IPX NBOZ CFIJOET XPSUI QPJOU FBDI
XFSF
TDPSFE JO UIF HBNF /BUIBO MPPLFE VQ TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT JO IJT
NBUIT CPPL BOE JU TBJE UP GPMMPX UIFTF TUFQT 4JNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT FOBCMF
%FàOF UXP WBSJBCMFT ZPV UP DBMDVMBUF GSPN UIF TDPSF
8SJUF UXP FRVBUJPOT JO BO "'- HBNF UIF FYBDU
DPNCJOBUJPOT PG HPBMT BOE
4PMWF UIF FRVBUJPOT
CFIJOET UIBU DPVME IBWF GPSNFE
"OTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO JO XPSET UIBU TDPSF JG UIF OVNCFS PG
$BO ZPV IFMQ /BUIBO XJUI UIF GPVS TUFQT UP àOE PVU XIBU IF XBOUT TDPSJOH TIPUT JT LOPXO
UP LOPX
8IFO TPMWJOH QSPCMFNT XJUI UXP VOLOPXOT

,FZ
• %FàOF B WBSJBCMF GPS FBDI VOLOPXO
• 8SJUF EPXO UXP FRVBUJPOT GSPN UIF JOGPSNBUJPO HJWFO
JEFBT
• 4PMWF UIF FRVBUJPOT TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ UP àOE UIF TPMVUJPO
• *OUFSQSFU UIF TPMVUJPO BOE BOTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO JO XPSET
&YBNQMF 4FUUJOH VQ BOE TPMWJOH TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT

5IF TVN PG UIF BHFT PG UXP DIJMESFO JT BOE UIF EJGGFSFODF JO UIFJS BHFT JT *G ,BSB JT UIF PMEFS TJTUFS
PG #FO EFUFSNJOF UIFJS BHFT
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
-FU L CF ,BSBT BHF BOE C CF #FOT BHF %FàOF UIF VOLOPXOT BOE VTF UIFTF UP XSJUF UXP
L + C =
FRVBUJPOT GSPN UIF JOGPSNBUJPO JO UIF RVFTUJPO
L-C=
• 5IF TVN PG UIFJS BHFT JT
• 5IF EJGGFSFODF JO UIFJS BHFT JT

+
L =
"EE UIF FRVBUJPOT UP FMJNJOBUF C BOE UIFO TPMWF
Â L =
UP àOE L
4VCTUJUVUF L = JOUP FRVBUJPO
. 4VCTUJUVUF L = JOUP POF PG UIF FRVBUJPOT UP
+ C = àOE UIF WBMVF PG C
C=
Â ,BSB JT ZFBST PME BOE #FO JT ZFBST PME "OTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO JO XPSET
&YBNQMF 4PMWJOH GVSUIFS BQQMJDBUJPOT XJUI UXP WBSJBCMFT

+PIO CVZT EBGGPEJMT BOE QFUVOJBT GSPN UIF OVSTFSZ BOE QBZT +VMJB CVZT EBGGPEJMT BOE QFUVOJBT
GPS %FUFSNJOF UIF DPTU PG FBDI UZQF PG áPXFS
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
-FU E CF UIF DPTU PG B EBGGPEJM BOE Q CF UIF %FàOF UIF VOLOPXOT BOE TFU VQ UXP FRVBUJPOT
DPTU PG B QFUVOJB GSPN UIF RVFTUJPO
E + Q =
*G EBGGPEJM DPTUT E EPMMBST UIFO XJMM DPTU
E + Q =
× E = E
• EBGGPEJMT BOE QFUVOJBT DPTU
• EBGGPEJMT BOE QFUVOJBT DPTU

× E + Q =
.VMUJQMZ FRVBUJPO
CZ BOE FRVBUJPO
CZ

× E + Q =
UP HFOFSBUF E JO FBDI FRVBUJPO

-
Q = 4VCUSBDU UIF FRVBUJPOT UP FMJNJOBUF E BOE UIFO
ÂQ= TPMWF GPS Q
4VCTUJUVUF Q = JOUP FRVBUJPO
4VCTUJUVUF Q = JOUP POF PG UIF FRVBUJPOT UP
E +
= àOE UIF WBMVF PG E
E + =
E =
ÂE=
"OTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO JO XPSET
" QFUVOJB DPTUT BOE B EBGGPEJM DPTUT
&YFSDJTF - o 6/%&345"/%*/(
-FU Y BOE Z CF UXP OVNCFST UIBU TBUJTGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH TUBUFNFOUT 4FU VQ UXP MJOFBS FRVBUJPOT
BDDPSEJOH UP UIF JOGPSNBUJPO BOE UIFO TPMWF UIFN TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ UP EFUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFST
JO FBDI DBTF
B 5IFZ TVN UP CVU UIFJS EJGGFSFODF JT
C 5IFZ TVN UP CVU UIFJS EJGGFSFODF JT
D 5IFZ TVN UP BOE UXJDF UIF MBSHFS OVNCFS QMVT UIF TNBMMFS OVNCFS JT
E 5IF TVN PG UXJDF UIF àSTU QMVT UISFF UJNFT UIF TFDPOE JT BOE UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO GPVS
UJNFT UIF àSTU BOE UISFF UJNFT UIF TFDPOE JT
5IF QFSJNFUFS PG B SFDUBOHMF JT DN *G UIF MFOHUI PG UIF SFDUBOHMF JT UISFF UJNFT JUT XJEUI
EFUFSNJOF UIF EJNFOTJPOT CZ TFUUJOH VQ BOE TPMWJOH UXP TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT

-
6/%&345"/%*/(
&YBNQMF 5IF TVN PG UIF BHFT PG UXP DIJMESFO JT BOE UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIFJS BHFT JT *G /JLLJ JT
UIF PMEFS TJTUFS PG 5SBWJT EFUFSNJOF UIFJS BHFT CZ TFUUJOH VQ BOE TPMWJOH B QBJS PG TJNVMUBOFPVT
FRVBUJPOT
$BN JT ZFBST PMEFS UIBO -BSB *G UIFJS DPNCJOFE BHF JT EFUFSNJOF UIFJS BHFT CZ TPMWJOH
BO BQQSPQSJBUF QBJS PG FRVBUJPOT
o o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF -VLF CVZT CPMUT BOE XBTIFST GPS BOE )PMMZ TQFOET PO CPMUT BOE XBTIFST BU
UIF TBNF MPDBM IBSEXBSF TUPSF %FUFSNJOF UIF DPTUT PG B CPMU BOE B XBTIFS
*U DPTUT GPS DIJMESFO BOE GPS BEVMUT UP

BUUFOE B TDIPPM CBTLFUCBMM HBNF *G
QFPQMF BUUFOEFE UIF HBNF BOE UIF UPUBM
UBLJOHT BU UIF EPPS XBT EFUFSNJOF
UIF OVNCFS PG DIJMESFO BOE UIF OVNCFS PG
BEVMUT UIBU BUUFOEFE UIF HBNF
" WBOJMMB UIJDLTIBLF JT NPSF UIBO B GSVJU KVJDF *G WBOJMMB UIJDLTIBLFT BOE GSVJU KVJDFT
DPTU EFUFSNJOF UIFJS JOEJWJEVBM QSJDFT
" QBEEPDL DPOUBJOT EVDLT BOE TIFFQ 5IFSF BSF B UPUBM PG IFBET BOE GFFU JO UIF QBEEPDL
)PX NBOZ EVDLT BOE IPX NBOZ TIFFQ BSF JO UIF QBEEPDL

130#-&.40-7*/(
+BNFT IBT JO DFOU BOE DFOU DPJOT JO IJT DIBOHF KBS BOE DPVOUT DPJOT JO UPUBM
)PX NBOZ DFOU DPJOT EPFT IF IBWF
$POOJF UIF GSVJUFSFS TFMMT UXP GSVJU QBDLT

1BDL BQQMFT BOE NBOHPFT
1BDL BQQMFT BOE NBOHPFT
%FUFSNJOF UIF DPTU PG BQQMF BOE NBOHPFT
'JWF ZFBST BHP * XBT UJNFT PMEFS UIBO NZ TPO *O ZFBST UJNF * XJMM CF UJNFT PMEFS UIBO
NZ TPO )PX PME BN * UPEBZ


-
3&"40/*/(
&SJO HPFT PGG PO B MPOH CJLF SJEF BWFSBHJOH LNI 0OF IPVS MBUFS IFS CSPUIFS "MJTUBJS TUBSUT
DIBTJOH BGUFS IFS BU LNI )PX MPOH XJMM JU UBLF "MJTUBJS UP DBUDI VQ UP &SJO )JOU 6TF
UIF SVMF E = T × U
5XP BODJFOU BSNJFT BSF LN BQBSU BOE CFHJO XBMLJOH UPXBSET FBDI PUIFS 5IF 7JLPOT XBML BU
B QBDF PG LNI BOE UIF .PIJDBT XBML BU B QBDF PG LNI )PX MPOH XJMM UIFZ XBML GPS
CFGPSF UIF CBUUMF CFHJOT
" SJWFS JT áPXJOH EPXOTUSFBN BU B SBUF PG NFUSFT QFS TFDPOE #SFOEBO XIP IBT BO BWFSBHF
TXJNNJOH TQFFE PG NFUSFT QFS TFDPOE EFDJEFT UP HP GPS B TXJN JO UIF SJWFS )F EJWFT JOUP UIF
SJWFS BOE TXJNT EPXOTUSFBN UP B DFSUBJO QPJOU UIFO TXJNT CBDL VQTUSFBN UP UIF TUBSUJOH QPJOU
5IF UPUBM UJNF UBLFO JT NJOVUFT )PX GBS EJE #SFOEBO TXJN EPXOTUSFBN
$PODFOUSBUJPO UJNF
&/3*$).&/5
.PMMZ IBT B CPUUMF PG TUSFOHUI DPSEJBM BOE XBOUT UP NBLF JU TUSPOHFS 4IF BEET BO BNPVOU
PG TUSFOHUI DPSEJBM UP IFS CPUUMF UP NBLF B UPUBM WPMVNF PG MJUSFT PG DPSEJBM ESJOL *G UIF àOBM
TUSFOHUI PG UIF ESJOL JT DPSEJBM àOE UIF BNPVOU PG TUSFOHUI DPSEJBM UIBU .PMMZ BEEFE
)JOU 6TF $PODFOUSBUJPO = 7PMVNF DPSEJBM
5PUBM WPMVNF
" GSVJU HSPXFS BDDJEFOUBMMZ NBEF B TUSFOHUI DIFNJDBM NJYUVSF UP TQSBZ IJT HSBQF WJOFT
5IF TUSFOHUI PG TQSBZ TIPVME CF )F UIFO BEET QVSF DIFNJDBM VOUJM UIF TUSFOHUI SFBDIFT CZ
XIJDI UJNF UIF WPMVNF JT MJUSFT )PX NVDI QVSF DIFNJDBM EJE IF IBWF UP BEE

. )BMG QMBOFT &95&/%*/(
:PV XJMM SFNFNCFS UIBU BO JOFRVBMJUZ JT B NBUIFNBUJDBM TUBUFNFOU UIBU DPOUBJOT POF PG UIFTF TZNCPMT
<, Ä, > PS Å 5IF MJOFBS JOFRVBMJUZ XJUI POF QSPOVNFSBM GPS FYBNQMF Y - > - IBT UIF TPMVUJPO
Y > -.
x
−3 −2 −1 0
-JOFBS JOFRVBMJUJFT DBO BMTP IBWF UXP WBSJBCMFT Y - Z Å BOE Z < - Y BSF UXP FYBNQMFT 5IF TPMVUJPOT
UP TVDI JOFRVBMJUJFT XJMM CF BO JOàOJUF TFU PG QPJOUT PO B QMBOF TJUUJOH PO POF TJEF PG B MJOF 5IJT SFHJPO JT
DBMMFE B IBMG QMBOF
1
y≤ x+1
2
1
x
−2 O
All these
points satisfy
the inequality.
-FUT TUBSU 8IJDI TJEF EP * TIBEF

:PV BSF BTLFE UP TIBEF BMM UIF QPJOUT PO B HSBQI UIBU TBUJTGZ UIF JOFRVBMJUZ Y - Z Å
• 'JSTU HSBQI UIF FRVBUJPO Y - Z =
• 4VCTUJUVUF UIF QPJOU , -
JOUP UIF JOFRVBMJUZ Y - Z Å %PFT UIF QPJOU TBUJTGZ UIF JOFRVBMJUZ
1MPU UIF QPJOU PO ZPVS HSBQI
• /PX UFTU UIFTF QPJOUT
B , -
C , -
D
E
• $BO ZPV OPX EFDJEF XIJDI TJEF PG UIF MJOF JT UP CF TIBEFE UP SFQSFTFOU BMM UIF TPMVUJPOT UP UIF JOFRVBMJUZ
4IPVME UIF MJOF JUTFMG CF JODMVEFE JO UIF TPMVUJPO

5IF TPMVUJPO UP B MJOFBS JOFRVBMJUZ XJUI UXP WBSJBCMFT JT JMMVTUSBUFE VTJOH B TIBEFE SFHJPO DBMMFE
,FZ
B IBMG QMBOF
JEFBT 8IFO Z JT UIF TVCKFDU PG UIF JOFRVBMJUZ GPMMPX UIFTF TJNQMF SVMFT
• Z Å NY + D %SBX B TPMJE MJOF BT JU JT JODMVEFE JO UIF SFHJPO
BOE TIBEF BCPWF
• Z > NY + D %SBX B CSPLFO MJOF BT JU JT OPU JODMVEFE JO UIF SFHJPO
BOE TIBEF BCPWF
• Z Ä NY + D %SBX B TPMJE MJOF BT JU JT JODMVEFE JO UIF SFHJPO
BOE TIBEF CFMPX
• Z < NY + D %SBX B CSPLFO MJOF BT JU JT OPU JODMVEFE JO UIF SFHJPO
BOE TIBEF CFMPX
)FSF BSF FYBNQMFT PG FBDI
y y y y
6 6 6 6
4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2
x x x x
−2−2O 2 −2−2O 2 −2−2O 2 −2−2O 2
Z Å -Y + Z > -Y + Z Ä -Y + Z < -Y +

*G UIF FRVBUJPO JT PG UIF GPSN BY + CZ = E JU JT VTVBMMZ TJNQMFS UP UFTU B QPJOU GPS FYBNQMF
UP
TFF XIJDI TJEF PG UIF MJOF JT UP CF JODMVEFE JO UIF SFHJPO
y
Test (0, 0)
x
O 2
8IFO UXP PS NPSF IBMG QMBOFT BSF TLFUDIFE PO UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT UIF IBMG QMBOFT PWFSMBQ BOE
GPSN BO JOUFSTFDUJOH SFHJPO 5IF TFU PG QPJOUT JOTJEF UIF JOUFSTFDUJOH SFHJPO XJMM CF UIF TPMVUJPO
UP UIF TJNVMUBOFPVT JOFRVBMJUJFT
'PS FYBNQMF Z Å Y + y
Z < -Y + Intersecting
region
8
6
) )
− 4 , 24 4
5 5
2
x
−6 −4 −2−2O 2 4 6
−4
• 5P IFMQ EFàOF UIF JOUFSTFDUJOH SFHJPO DPSSFDUMZ ZPV TIPVME EFUFSNJOF BOE MBCFM UIF QPJOU PG
JOUFSTFDUJPO

&YBNQMF 4LFUDIJOH IBMG QMBOFT

4LFUDI UIF IBMG QMBOFT GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH MJOFBS JOFRVBMJUJFT
B Z > .Y - C Z + Y Ä
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Z = .Y - 'JSTU TLFUDI Z = .Y - CZ àOEJOH UIF Y BOE

ZJOUFSDFQU Y =
ZJOUFSDFQUT
Z = -
YJOUFSDFQU Z =

= .Y -
.Y =
ÂY=
y 4LFUDI B EPUUFE MJOF TJODF UIF TJHO JT > OPU Å
4 KPJOJOH UIF JOUFSDFQUT BOE TIBEF BCPWF UIF MJOF

3 TJODF Z JT HSFBUFS UIBO .Y -
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1O 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3 Region
required
C Z + Y = 'JSTU TLFUDI Z + Y = CZ àOEJOH UIF Y BOE
ZJOUFSDFQU Y =
ZJOUFSDFQUT
Z=
YJOUFSDFQU Z =

Y =
Y=
4IBEJOH 5FTU
%FDJEF XIJDI TJEF UP TIBEF CZ UFTUJOH UIF QPJOU
+
Ä
JF TVCTUJUVUF Y = BOE Z = 4JODF
Ä 5SVF
Ä UIF QPJOU
TIPVME TJU JOTJEF UIF
Â ,
JT JODMVEFE TIBEFE SFHJPO
y 4LFUDI B TPMJE MJOF TJODF UIF JOFRVBMJUZ TJHO JT
4 Region Ä BOE TIBEF UIF SFHJPO UIBU JODMVEFT

3 required
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3

&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH UIF JOUFSTFDUJOH SFHJPO

4LFUDI CPUI UIF JOFRVBMJUJFT Y + Z Ä BOE Y - Z < - PO UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT TIPX UIF SFHJPO PG
JOUFSTFDUJPO BOE àOE UIF QPJOU PG JOUFSTFDUJPO PG UIF UXP MJOFT
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
Y + Z = 'JSTU TLFUDI Y + Z = CZ àOEJOH UIF Y BOE

ZJOUFSDFQU Y =
ZJOUFSDFQUT
Z =
YJOUFSDFQU Z =

Y =
Y=
4IBEJOH 5FTU
5FTU
UP TFF JG JU JT JO UIF JODMVEFE SFHJPO

+ Ä
Ä 5SVF
4P
JT JODMVEFE
Y - Z = - 4LFUDI Y - Z = - CZ àOEJOH Y BOE

ZJOUFSDFQU Y =
ZJOUFSDFQUT
-Z = -
Z=
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In a Graphs page enter the rules In the Graph&Table application enter the rules
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· to paste the coordinates to the graph.
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double click in an open area.
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f 2(x ). With the cursor in y 2 tap , select , enter the rule 2
– x and press EXE. Tap .
Find the intersection point as shown above.

Hint: if multiple graphs are being entered use the down
arrow to enter subsequent graphs.

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Up for a challenge?
1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT If you get stuck on a question,

check out the 'Working with
unfamiliar problems' poster
at the end of the book
to help you.

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Midpoint and length Parallel and perpendicular Finding a rule for a graph
of a line segment lines For points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Line segment joining (x1, y1) y2 − y1
× 10-3 lines have the same
Parallel m= x2 − x1
and (x2, y2) has: gradient; e.g. y = 2x + 7 and To find line equation y = mx + c:
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 y = 2x − 4
Midpoint M = , - find gradient, m
2 2 For perpendicular lines with - substitute a point if c is unknown
Length/distance gradients m1 and m2: using y = mx + c
d = (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 m1m2 = −1 or m2 = − m1 or y − y1 = m (x − x1)
1
e.g. y = 3x + 4 and y = − 13 x + 2
Graphs of linear relations
Algebra review In the form y = mx + c, m is the gradient,
Add/subtract like terms only. c is the y-intercept.
e.g. 2x + 4x + y = 6x + y m = rise
run
Multiply: 3x × 2y = 6xy y To graph:
2
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12b (x = 0) rise
y-intercept or
= 2a relations run
x b locate x-intercept
O
Expand: a(b + c) = ab + ac x-intercept (y = 0) and
a(b − c) = ab − ac (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
Algebraic fractions
Linear inequalities
Add/subtract: find LCD. Equation contains ‘=’ sign.
e.g. 2 + 3 = 10 + 3a = 10 + 3a Inequalities have >, ≥, < or ≤.
a 5 5a 5a 5a
Multiply: cancel common factors first. On a number line:
Solving linear equations
2 1 3x + 6
1 x >3 x
e.g. × = 1 × 3(x + 2) = 3 Some steps include: 0 1 2 3 4
x+2 84 x+2 4 4
1 - using inverse operations
Divide: multiply by the reciprocal of the - collecting like terms on x ≤1 x
−2 −1 0 1 2
fraction following the ÷. one side Solve as per linear equations except
- multiplying by the LCD. when multiplying or dividing by a
negative, reverse the inequality sign.
Simultaneous equations
Solve two equations in two pronumerals
Half planes (Ext) y
using:
- substitution when one pronumeral Inequalities with two variables represent
is the subject; e.g. y = x + 4. the region above or below the line. x
O 3
- elimination when adding or subtracting For y ≥ x − 3, shade above the line.
multiples of equations eliminates one For y > x − 3, use a dashed line. −3
variable.
For 2x + 3y < 6, test (0, 0) to decide

which region to shade. y
Applications of simultaneous
2(0) + 3(0) < 6 (true)
equations
Include (0, 0); i.e. shade below
- Define unknowns using dashed line. 2
pronumerals. x
O 3
- Form two equations from the Two or more half planes form an
information in the problem. intersecting region.
- Solve simultaneously.
- Answer the question in words.

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Chapter
2 Geometry
What you will learn

2A Geometry review (Consolidating) 2G Angle properties of circles –
2B Congruent triangles theorems 1 and 2 (10A)
2C Investigating parallelograms using 2H Angle properties of circles –
congruence theorems 3 and 4 (10A)
2D Similar figures (Consolidating) 2I Tangents (Extending)
2E Proving similar triangles 2J Intersecting chords, secants and
2F Circles and chord properties (10A) tangents (Extending)
m e a s u r e m e n t AN D G E o m e t r y
Geometric reasoning numerical exercises involving plane shapes
Formulate proofs involving congruent (VCMMG345)
triangles and angle properties (VCMMG344) (10A) Prove and apply angle and chord
Apply logical reasoning, including the use properties of circles (VCMMG366)
of congruence and similarity, to proofs and
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
Opera House geometry

The geometry of the Sydney Opera House for the virtual sphere from which to design
is based on triangles drawn on a sphere. To the curved triangular sails. The calculations
understand how this was achieved, imagine an required high level mathematical modelling,
orange sliced into wedges and then each wedge including the applications of circle and
cut into two pieces in a slanting line across the spherical geometry. Designed in the 1950s
wedge. The orange skin of each wedge portion and 1960s, it was one of the first ever
is a 3D triangle and illustrates the shape of one projects to use CAD (computer assisted
side of an Opera House sail. One full sail has drawing).
two congruent curved triangular sides joined, Overall the Opera House is 120 m wide,
each a reflection of the other. The edges of the 85 m long and 67 m high (20 storeys above
sails form arcs of circles. All the curved sides the water level). The sails are covered with
of the 14 Opera House sails could be joined to about 1 million tiles and it is visited by over
form one very large, whole sphere. 8 million people each year. This photo shows
The Danish architect Jørn Utzon and the Opera House lit up during a ‘Vivid Sydney’
engineer Ove Arup chose a radius of 75 m festival.
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All corresponding angles are equal,
corresponding sides are in the same Angle sum of polygon Angle at centre is
S = 180(n − 2), where n is θ twice angle at the
ratio; i.e. same shape but different in O
size. the number of sides. circumference
Tests for similar triangles: 2θ subtended by the
SSS, SAS, AAA, RHS. same arc.
Written as ABC III DEF or
ABC ∼ DEF.
The angle in a
O semicircle is 90°.
Congruent triangles
These triangles are identical, written
ABC ≡ DEF.
Tests for congruence are θ Angles at circumference
SSS, SAS, AAS and RHS. θ subtended by the same
arc are equal.
Circles and chords (10A) Geometry Opposite angles in

B AB is a chord. b°
a°
cyclic quadrilaterals are
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A
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d°
Circle theorem 1 b + d = 180
Chords of equal length
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A
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B
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C F D A B
Circle theorem 3
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chord and angle at 0.
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of every chord of a circle O O once and is perpendicular
intersect at the centre. point of
to the radius at point of
contact
contact.
tangent
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secant
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C B
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B
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a A P °
d chord is equal to the angle in
c °
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X P Y
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Chapter
3
What you will learn
Indices
and surds
3A Irrational numbers and surds (10A) 3G Negative indices

3B Adding and subtracting surds (10A) 3H Scientific notation (Consolidating)
3C Multiplying and dividing 3I Rational indices (10A)
surds (10A) 3J Exponential growth and decay
3D Binomial products (10A) 3K Compound interest
3E Rationalising the denominator (10A) 3L Comparing interest using technology
3F Review of index laws 3M Exponential equations (10A)
(Consolidating)
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Patterns and algebra Real numbers
Simplify algebraic products and quotients (10A) Define rational and irrational numbers
using index laws (VCMNA330) and perform operations with surds and
Money and financial mathematics fractional indices (VCMNA355)
Connect the compound interest formula to Linear and non-linear relationships
repeated applications of simple interest using (10A) Solve simple exponential equations
appropriate digital technologies (VCMNA328) (VCMNA360)
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
Environmental science
Environmental scientists investigate and generations. In a laboratory using favourable
measure the growth rates of bacteria and their conditions, E. coli doubles approximately
effects on the waterways of countries around every 20 minutes. In summer where the
the world. The Yarra River in Melbourne, one temperature along the Yarra River can be over
of Victoria’s most important rivers, has been 30°C, the growth of this bacteria and others
in the spotlight for the past decade or so with needs to be monitored. The Environmental
high levels of pollutants and bacteria, such as Protection Agency (EPA) and Melbourne Water
E. coli, making it unsafe in certain locations take samples along the waterway and analyse
for swimming, fishing and even rowing. it for levels of bacteria and pollutants.
Scientists look at the rate at which The decay rate of other pollutants is also
bacteria doubles. This process follows an examined by investigating their half-life, as
exponential growth pattern of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, this also follows an exponential pattern: 20,
25, . . . 2n where n represents the number of 2–1, 2–2, 2–3, 2–4, . . . .
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BMHFCSB
The term ‘surd’ can be traced back to the great Persian

mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, who was born here in the
ancient city of Khiva in the 9th century.
√ √
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5P BOTXFS UIJT RVFTUJPO àSTU EJTDVTT UIFTF QPJOUT
√ √
• "SF BOE MJLF TVSET
√
• )PX DBO CF TJNQMJàFE
√ √ √ √
• /PX EFDJEF XIFUIFS + DBO CF TJNQMJàFE %JTDVTT XIZ - DBOOPU CF TJNQMJàFE
-JLF TVSET BSF NVMUJQMFT PG UIF TBNF TVSE

,FZ √ √ √ √ √ √
'PS FYBNQMF - = =
JEFBT -JLF TVSET DBO CF BEEFE BOE TVCUSBDUFE
4JNQMJGZ BMM TVSET CFGPSF BUUFNQUJOH UP BEE PS TVCUSBDU UIFN
&YBNQMF "EEJOH BOE TVCUSBDUJOH TVSET

√ √ √ √ √ √
B + C + - +
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√ √ √
B + = $PMMFDU UIF MJLF TVSET CZ BEEJOH UIF
DPFGàDJFOUT + =
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
C + - + = + $PMMFDU MJLF TVSET JOWPMWJOH
√ √ √ √
- = =
√
5IFO DPMMFDU UIPTF UFSNT XJUI

&YBNQMF 4JNQMJGZJOH TVSET UP BEE PS TVCUSBDU

4JNQMJGZ UIFTF TVSET
√ √ √ √ √
B - C - +
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√ √ √ √ √
B - = - × 'JSTU MPPL UP TJNQMJGZ TVSET IBT B IJHIFTU
√ √ √
= - TRVBSF GBDUPS PG BOE DBO CF TJNQMJàFE UP
√ 5IFO TVCUSBDU MJLF TVSET
=
√ √ √ √ √ √
C - + = - × + × 4JNQMJGZ UIF TVSET BOE UIFO DPMMFDU MJLF TVSET
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
= - + /PUF UIBU × = × × =
√
=
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6/%&345"/%*/(
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√ √ √ √ √ √
B C D E
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
F G H - I - -
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B Y - Y C Z - Z D Y - Y E C - C
F - B + B G -Y + Y H U - U + U I Z + Z - Z
√
B 4JNQMJGZ UIF TVSE
C )FODF TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
√ √ √ √ √ √
J + JJ - JJJ -
√
B 4JNQMJGZ UIF TVSE
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√ √ √ √ √ √
J - JJ - + JJJ -
o
o
o
'-6&/$:

√ √ √ √
B + C -
√ √ √ √
D - E -
√ √ √ √
F + G -
√ √ √ √ √ √
H + - I - +
√ √ √ √ √ √
J - + K - -
√ √ √ √ √ √
L - + - M - -

#
'-6&/$:
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
B + - + C + - +
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
D - + - E + - -
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
F + + - G + - -
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
H - - + I - - + +

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
B - C + D + E -
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
F - G + H + I -
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
J + K - L + M -

o
130#-&.40-7*/(
√ √ √ √ √ √
B + + C - +
√ √ √ √ √ √
D + - E - +
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
F - - + G + - +
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
H - + + I - + -
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
J + - - K + + -
4JNQMJGZ UIFTF TVSET UIBU JOWPMWF GSBDUJPOT 3FNFNCFS UP VTF UIF -$% MPXFTU DPNNPO
EFOPNJOBUPS

√ √ √ √ √ √

B + C + D -

√ √ √ √ √ √

E - F - G +

√ √ √ √ √ √
-
H - I - J +

'JOE UIF QFSJNFUFS PG UIFTF SFDUBOHMFT BOE USJBOHMFT JO TJNQMFTU GPSN
B C
√2 cm
√5 cm
3√8 cm
√12 cm
D √8 cm E
√2 cm √20 cm
F G √27 cm
√3 m
√27 m
√75 cm


#
3&"40/*/(
√ √
B &YQMBJO XIZ BOE DBO CF UIPVHIU PG BT MJLF TVSET
√ √
C &YQMBJO XIZ BOE DBO CF UIPVHIU PG BT MJLF TVSET
1SPWF UIBU FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TJNQMJàFT UP [FSP CZ TIPXJOH BMM TUFQT
√ √ √ √ √ √
B - + C + -
√ √ √ √ √ √
D - + E - +
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
F - + G - - + +
1SPWF UIBU UIF TVSET JO UIFTF FYQSFTTJPOT DBOOPU CF BEEFE PS TVCUSBDUFE

√ √ √ √ √ √
B - C + D -
√ √ √ √ √ √
E + F + G -
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EFOPNJOBUPS
√ √ √ √ √ √

B - C + D -

√ √ √ √ √ √

E - F - G -

√ √ √ √ √ √

H - I + J -

√ √ √ √ √ √

K + L - M -


$ .VMUJQMZJOH BOE EJWJEJOH TVSET "
√ √ √ √ √ √
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√ √ √
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VTFE GPS EJWJTJPO
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8IFO BEEJOH BOE TVCUSBDUJOH TVSET XF DBO DPNCJOF MJLF TVSET POMZ %P ZPV UIJOL UIJT JT USVF GPS
NVMUJQMZJOH BOE EJWJEJOH TVSET
√ √ √
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√ √ √
• 6TF B DBMDVMBUPS UP àOE B EFDJNBM BQQSPYJNBUJPO GPS BOE GPS
• 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU UIF SFTVMUT GSPN BCPWF 5SZ PUIFS QBJST PG TVSET UP TFF JG ZPVS PCTFSWBUJPOT
BSF DPOTJTUFOU
8IFO NVMUJQMZJOH TVSET VTF UIF GPMMPXJOH SFTVMU

,FZ √ √ √ √ √ √
JEFBT • Y × Z = YZ • .PSF HFOFSBMMZ B Y × C Z = BC YZ
8IFO EJWJEJOH TVSET VTF UIF GPMMPXJOH SFTVMU
√
√
Y Y B Y B Y
• √ = • .PSF HFOFSBMMZ √ =
Z Z C Z C Z
6TF UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX UP FYQBOE CSBDLFUT
• a(b + c) = ab + ac
&YBNQMF 4JNQMJGZJOH B QSPEVDU PG UXP TVSET

√ √ √ √
B × C ×
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√ √ √ √ √ √
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√
=
√ √ √ √ √ √
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√ √
= 5IFO TJNQMJGZ UIF TVSE XIJDI IBT B
√ √
= × IJHIFTU TRVBSF GBDUPS PG VTJOH =
√ √ √ √ √
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√ √ √ √ √ √
= × = × × × ×
√
=×××
√
=

&YBNQMF 4JNQMJGZJOH TVSET VTJOH EJWJTJPO

4JNQMJGZ UIFTF TVSET √
√ √
B - C √

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
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B - = - 6TF Y Z =
Z
√
=-
√
√
B Y B Y
C √ = 6TF √ =
C Z C Z
√
=
&YBNQMF 6TJOH UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX

6TF UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX UP FYQBOE UIF GPMMPXJOH BOE UIFO TJNQMJGZ UIF TVSET XIFSF OFDFTTBSZ
√ √ √ √ √ √
B -
C -
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
B -
= - &YQBOE UIF CSBDLFUT × = BOE
√ √ √ √ √
= - × × =
√ √ √
= - 5IFO TJNQMJGZ
√ √ √ √ √
C -
= - &YQBOE UIF CSBDLFUT BOE TJNQMJGZ UIF TVSET
√ √ √
= × - × 3FDBMM UIBU × =
√
= -
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o

6/%&345"/%*/(
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√ √ √ √
B = C =

= =

√ √ √ √
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= =


$
6/%&345"/%*/(
√ √ √ √ √ √
B × C × D ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
E × F × -
G - ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
H - × -
I - × -
J ×

√ √ √ √ √ √
B C D -
√ √
√ √
E - -
F √ G √

√ √ √

H √ I -√ J -√

o
o
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√ √ √ √ √ √
B × C × D ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
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√ √ √ √ √ √
H × I × J ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
K × L × M ×

√ √ √ √ √ √
B × C × D ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
E - × F × -
G ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
H × I - × J × -
√ √ √ √ √ √
K - × -
L × M ×
&YBNQMF C 4JNQMJGZ
√ UIF GPMMPXJOH √ √

B √ C √ D √

√ √ √

E - √ F - √ G √

&YBNQMF 6TF UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX UP FYQBOE UIF GPMMPXJOH BOE UIFO TJNQMJGZ UIF TVSET XIFSF OFDFTTBSZ
√ √ √ √ √ √
B +
C -
√ √ √ √ √ √
D - +
E - +
√ √ √ √ √ √
F -
G -
√ √ √ √ √ √
H +
I - -
√ √ √ √ √ √
J +
K -
√ √ √ √ √ √
L - -
M +


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130#-&.40-7*/(
√ √ √
B
C -
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√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
E -
- F +
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-
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
H - -
I - -
J -
-
%FUFSNJOF UIF VOLOPXO TJEF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMFT

B C D 8
2√2 2√6
3√6
2√7
4
√
B 5IF QFSJNFUFS PG B TRVBSF JT DN 'JOE JUT BSFB
C 'JOE UIF MFOHUI PG B EJBHPOBM PG B TRVBSF UIBU IBT BO BSFB PG DN

3&"40/*/(
√ √ √
6TF Y × Z = YZ UP QSPWF UIF GPMMPXJOH SFTVMUT
√ √ √ √ √ √
B × = C - × = - D - × -
=
√ √
× DPVME CF TJNQMJàFE JO UXP XBZT BT TIPXO
.FUIPE " .FUIPE #
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
× = × × × × = ×
√ √ √
= × =
√ √
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√ √
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B %FTDSJCF UIF àSTU TUFQ JO NFUIPE "

C 8IZ JT JU VTFGVM UP TJNQMJGZ TVSET CFGPSF NVMUJQMZJOH BT JO NFUIPE "
D .VMUJQMZ CZ àSTU TJNQMJGZJOH FBDI TVSE
√ √ √ √ √ √
J × JJ × JJJ ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
JW × W × WJ × -
√ √ √ √ √ √
WJJ - × -
WJJJ × JY ×
The discovery of natural numbers is attributed to Pythagoreans.

$
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√

√ DPVME CF TJNQMJàFE JO UXP XBZT

.FUIPE " .FUIPE #
√
√ √

√ = √ = √

√
= =
=
$IPPTF
√ B NFUIPE UP TJNQMJGZ UIFTF TVSET
√ $PNQBSF ZPVS NFUIPE XJUI UIBU
√ PG BOPUIFS TUVEFOU

B √ C √ D - √

√ √ √

E - √ F √ G √

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&/3*$).&/5
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√ √

=

√ √ √
=××× × ×
√
=××
√
=
√ √
B
C

√ √
D
E
√ √
F -
G

√ √
H -
I -

√
√

J
K

√ √

L M

√ √ √ √

-

N × O ×

√ √ √ √

-

P × Q

√ √ √ √

R S √


% #JOPNJBM QSPEVDUT "
*O UIF QSFWJPVT TFDUJPO XF VTFE UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF

MBX UP FYQBOE TVSET PG UIF GPSN B C + D
/PX
XF XJMM FYUFOE UIJT UP FYQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
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QFSGFDU TRVBSFT BOE UIF EJGGFSFODF PG QFSGFDU
TRVBSFT 8F FYQBOE CJOPNJBM QSPEVDUT JO
UIF TBNF XBZ UIBU XF FYQBOE UIF QSPEVDU
PG CJOPNJBM FYQSFTTJPOT JO BMHFCSB TVDI BT
Y +
Y -

The distributive law is used in most areas of mathematics.
-FUT TUBSU 4IPX UIF NJTTJOH TUFQT

:PV BSF UPME UIBU UIF GPMMPXJOH UISFF FRVBUJPOT BSF BMM USVF 1SPWJEF BMM UIF NJTTJOH TUFQT UP TIPX IPX UP
PCUBJO UIF SJHIUIBOE TJEF GSPN FBDI HJWFO MFGUIBOE TJEF
√ √ √
• -
+
= -
√ √
• +
= +
√ √
• +
-
= -
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,FZ
XIFSF QPTTJCMF
JEFBT
• (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
&YQBOEJOH TRVBSFT
• B + C
= B + C
B + C
= B + BC + CB + C
= B + BC + C
• B - C
= B - C
B - C
= B - BC - CB + C
= B - BC + C
'PSNJOH B EJGGFSFODF PG TRVBSFT

• B + C
B - C
= B - BC + CB - C
= B - C
√ √ √
/PUF Y
= Y FH
= BOE
= × =

&YBNQMF &YQBOEJOH CJOPNJBM QSPEVDUT

&YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
√ √ √ √
B +
-
C -
+
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√ √ √ √
B +
-
= - + - 6TF B + C
D + E
= BD + BE + CD + CE BOE OPUF
√ √ √
= - UIBU × = 4JNQMJGZ CZ DPMMFDUJOH MJLF
TVSET
√ √
C -
+
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√ √ √ √ √ √
=×+ - - 3FDBMM × = × × ×
√
= + - =×
√
= + =
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&YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
√ √ √
B -
C +

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√ √ √
B -
= -
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= B - C
B - C

√ √
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√ √ √
= - 3FDBMM UIBU × =
"MUFSOBUJWFMZ
√ √
-
= - × + 6TF B - C
= B - BC + C
√
= -
√ √
C +
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√ √ √ √
= +
+
TJNQMJGZ
√ √
= × + × + × + ×
√
= + +
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= +
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√ √ √
+
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= B - BC + C
√ √ √ √
= + +
= × = × =
√
= +

&YBNQMF &YQBOEJOH UP GPSN B EJGGFSFODF PG QFSGFDU TRVBSFT

&YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
√ √ √ √ √ √
B +
-
C -
+
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√ √ √ √
B +
-
= - + - &YQBOE VTJOH UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX BOE DBODFM
= - UIF UXP NJEEMF UFSNT
"MUFSOBUJWFMZ
√ √ √
+
-
= -
6TF B + C
B - C
= B - C
=-
= -
√ √ √ √
C -
+
6TF UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX BOE UIFO DBODFM UIF
√ √
= × + - - UXP NJEEMF UFSNT
= -
=
"MUFSOBUJWFMZ
√ √ √ √ √ √
-
+
=
-
6TF B - C
B + C
= B - C
= × -
=
&YFSDJTF % o

4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH 6/%&345"/%*/(

√ √ √ √ √ √
B × C - × D ×
√ √ √
E
F
G
√ √ √
H
I
J


√ √ √ √ √ √
B - C - + D × - ×
√ √ √ √ √ √
E - F - G -
6TF UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX B + C

D + E
= BD + BE + CD + CE UP FYQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ UIFTF
BMHFCSBJD FYQSFTTJPOT
B Y +
Y +
C Y -
Y +
D Y +
Y -
E Y +
Y -
F Y +
Y -
G Y +
Y -
H Y +
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Y +
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o
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√ √ √ √ √ √
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√ √ √ √ √ √
E -
+
F +
-
G -
+
√ √ √ √ √ √
H -
-
I -
-
J -
-
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√ √ √ √ √ √
B -
+
C +
-
D -
+
√ √ √ √ √ √
E +
-
F -
-
G -
-
√ √ √ √ √ √
H -
-
I -
-
J -
-
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√ √ √
B -
C -
D +

√ √ √
E +
F +
G -

√ √ √ √ √ √
H +
I -
J -

√ √ √ √ √ √
K +
L +
M -

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√ √ √ √ √ √
B -
+
C -
+
D +
-
√ √ √ √ √ √
E -
+
F -
+
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+
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
H +
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+

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D +

√ √ √ √ √ √
E -
F -
G -

√ √ √ √ √ √
H +
I +
J -

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√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
B -
+
C -
+
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
D +
-
E -
+
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
F -
+
G -
+
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
H -
+
I -
+
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
J +
-
K +
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'JOE UIF BSFB PG UIFTF SFDUBOHMFT BOE USJBOHMFT JO FYQBOEFE BOE TJNQMJàFE GPSN
B C
√3 + 1 m
2 + √3 cm √3 − 1 m
D E
2√5 m
3√3 − 1 mm
√5 + 6 m
5√2 − 2√3 mm
F 7√2 − 1 cm G
√3 − 1 cm
5√6 − 2√3 mm

3&"40/*/(
4IPX UIBU UIF GPMMPXJOH TJNQMJGZ UP BO JOUFHFS
√ √ √ √
B +
-
√ √ √ √
C -
+
√ √ √ √
D -
+
6TF ZPVS LOPXMFEHF PG UIF TJNQMJàDBUJPO PG TVSET UP GVMMZ TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
√ √ √ √ √ √
B -
-
C +
-
√ √ √ √ √ √
D +
+
E +
-
√ √ √ √ √ √
F +
-
G -
+
*T JU QPTTJCMF GPS B + C
UP TJNQMJGZ UP BO JOUFHFS JG BU MFBTU POF PG B PS C JT B TVSE *G ZPVS
BOTXFS JT ZFT HJWF BO FYBNQMF
&YQBOTJPO DIBMMFOHF
&/3*$).&/5
'VMMZ FYQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ UIFTF TVSET

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
B -
+ +
C -
+ +

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
D -
+
- -
E - - -

√ √ √ √ √
F -
+ +
G -
- -

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
H -
+
- -
I -
+ +


& 3BUJPOBMJTJOH UIF EFOPNJOBUPS "
"T ZPV LOPX JU JT FBTJFS UP BEE PS TVCUSBDU GSBDUJPOT XIFO UIF GSBDUJPOT BSF √
FYQSFTTFE XJUI UIF TBNF
-
EFOPNJOBUPS *O B TJNJMBS XBZ JU JT FBTJFS UP XPSL XJUI TVSET TVDI BT √ BOE √ XIFO UIFZ BSF FYQSFTTFE

VTJOH B XIPMF OVNCFS JO UIF EFOPNJOBUPS 5IF QSPDFTT UIBU SFNPWFT B TVSE GSPN UIF EFOPNJOBUPS JT DBMMFE
ASBUJPOBMJTJOH UIF EFOPNJOBUPS CFDBVTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPS JT CFJOH DPOWFSUFE GSPN BO JSSBUJPOBM OVNCFS UP
B SBUJPOBM OVNCFS
-FUT TUBSU 8IBU EP * NVMUJQMZ CZ

8IFO USZJOH UP SBUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPS JO B TVSE MJLF √ ZPV NVTU NVMUJQMZ UIF TVSE CZ B

DIPTFO OVNCFS TP UIBU UIF EFOPNJOBUPS JT DPOWFSUFE UP B XIPMF OVNCFS
• 'JSTU
√ EFDJEF XIBU FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
√ JT FRVJWBMFOU UP √

J √ JJ √ JJJ √

√ √
• 3FDBMM UIBU Y × Y = Y BOE TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
√ √ √ √ √ √
J × JJ × JJJ ×

• /PX EFDJEF XIBU ZPV DBO NVMUJQMZ √ CZ TP UIBU

o UIF WBMVF PG √ EPFT OPU DIBOHF BOE

o UIF EFOPNJOBUPS CFDPNFT B XIPMF OVNCFS
• 3FQFBU UIJT GPS

J √ JJ √

3BUJPOBMJTJOH B EFOPNJOBUPS JOWPMWFT NVMUJQMZJOH CZ B OVNCFS FRVJWBMFOU UP XIJDI DIBOHFT

,FZ
UIF EFOPNJOBUPS UP B XIPMF OVNCFS
JEFBT Y Y
√
Z Y Z
√
√ =√ ×√ =
Z Z Z Z
&YBNQMF 3BUJPOBMJTJOH UIF EFOPNJOBUPS

3BUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPS JO√UIF GPMMPXJOH √ √
-
B √ C √ D √ E √

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
√

B √ =√ ×√ $IPPTF UIF BQQSPQSJBUF GSBDUJPO FRVJWBMFOU
√ UP

√
UP NVMUJQMZ CZ *O UIJT DBTF DIPPTF √ TJODF
= √ √

× =
√ √ √

C √ = √ ×√ $IPPTF UIF
√ BQQSPQSJBUF GSBDUJPO *O UIJT
√ √ √
DBTF VTF √ TJODF × = 3FDBMM
= √ √ √

√
× = × =
√ √ √ √

D √ = √ ×√ $IPPTF UIF BQQSPQSJBUF GSBDUJPO JF √

√ √ √
× × = × =
=

√ √
× 4JNQMJGZ UIF TVSE BOE DBODFM
=

√

=

√ √ √
- -
E √ = √ ×√ &YQBOE VTJOH UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX
√ √ √ √ √ √
√ -
× = × - × = -
-
=

&YFSDJTF & o

6/%&345"/%*/(
4JNQMJGZ
√ √ √ √

B √ C √ D √ E - √

√ √ √ √

F -√ G - √ H √ I - √

8SJUF UIF NJTTJOH OVNCFS
√ √ √ √
B × = C × = D × =
√ √ √
E × = F × = G × =
√ √ √

H √ × = I √ × = J √ × =

6TF B DBMDVMBUPS UP àOE B EFDJNBM BQQSPYJNBUJPO UP FBDI OVNCFS JO UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG
OVNCFST√8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF √ √ √

B √ , C √ , D √ ,

o
o
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF B 3BUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPST

B √ C √ D √ E √

√ √

F √ G √ H √ I √


&
√
'-6&/$:
B
3FXSJUF FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH JO UIF GPSN √ BOE UIFO SBUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPST

C

B C D E

F G H I

&YBNQMF C 3BUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPST
√ √ √

B √ C √ D √

√ √ √

E √ F √ G √

&YBNQMF D 3BUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPST
√ √ √ √

B √ C √ D √ E √

√ √ √ √

F √ G √ H √ I √

130#-&.40-7*/(
&YBNQMF E 3BUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPST
√ √ √ √ √
+ + - -
B √ C √ D √ E √

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
+ - + +
F √ G √ H √ I √

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
- - + +
J √ K √ L √ M √

%FUFSNJOF UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG UIF BSFB PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TIBQFT &YQSFTT ZPVS BOTXFST VTJOH B
SBUJPOBM EFOPNJOBUPS
B 2 C D √2 mm
cm
√3 2
m 1
3 mm
5 cm √5
2 √3 mm
m
√6
4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH CZ àSTU SBUJPOBMJTJOH EFOPNJOBUPST BOE UIFO VTJOH B DPNNPO EFOPNJOBUPS

B √ +√ C √ +√ D √ -√

E √ - √ F √ + √ G √ + √

√ √ √ √ √ √

H √ - √ I √ + √ J √ - √


&
3&"40/*/(
√
Y
&YQMBJO XIZ NVMUJQMZJOH B OVNCFS CZ √ EPFT OPU DIBOHF JUT WBMVF
Y
3BUJPOBMJTF
√ UIF EFOPNJOBUPST
√ BOE TJNQMJGZ
√ UIF GPMMPXJOH
√ √
+B +B +B - B - B
B √ C √ D √ E √ F √

√ √ √ √ √
- B B + B + B + - B
G √ H √ I √ J √ K √

5P FYQMPSF IPX UP TJNQMJGZ B OVNCFS TVDI BT √ àSTU BOTXFS UIFTF RVFTUJPOT
-
B 4JNQMJGZ
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
J -
+
JJ -
+
JJJ -
+
C 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU FBDI RVFTUJPO BOE BOTXFS JO QBSU B BCPWF

D /PX EFDJEF XIBU UP NVMUJQMZ √ CZ UP SBUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPS
-
E 3BUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPS JO UIFTF FYQSFTTJPOT √ √
-
J √ JJ √ JJJ √ √ JW √ √
- - - -
#JOPNJBM EFOPNJOBUPST
&/3*$).&/5
3BUJPOBMJTF UIF EFOPNJOBUPST JO UIF
√ GPMMPXJOH CZ GPSNJOH B AEJGGFSFODF PG UXP QFSGFDU TRVBSFT
-
'PS FYBNQMF √ =√ ×√
+ + -
√
-
= √ √
+
-
√
-
=
-
√
= -

B √ C √ D √ E √
+ - - -

F √ G √ H √ I √
- - - -
√

J √ √ K √ √ L √ √ M √
- + + +
√ √ √
C
N √ O √ P √ Q √ √
- - + B+ C
√ √ √ √
B B- C B BC
R √ √ S √ √ T √ √ U √ √
B- C B+ C B+ C B- C

' 3FWJFX PG JOEFY MBXT $0/40-*%"5*/(
'SPN ZPVS XPSL JO :FBS ZPV XJMM SFDBMM UIBU QPXFST JF OVNCFST XJUI JOEJDFT
DBO CF VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU
SFQFBUFE NVMUJQMJDBUJPO PG UIF TBNF GBDUPS 'PS FYBNQMF × × = BOE × Y × Y × Y × Y = Y
5IF àWF CBTJD JOEFY MBXT BOE UIF [FSP QPXFS XJMM CF SFWJTFE JO UIJT TFDUJPO
-FUT TUBSU 3FDBMM UIF MBXT

5SZ UP SFDBMM IPX UP TJNQMJGZ FBDI FYQSFTTJPO BOE VTF XPSET UP EFTDSJCF UIF JOEFY MBX VTFE
• × • Y Y
• B
• B

Y
• • Y

,FZ 3FDBMM UIBU B = B BOE B = × B

JEFBT 5IF JOEFY MBXT
• -BX BN × BO = BN + O 3FUBJO UIF CBTF BOE BEE UIF JOEJDFT
BN
• -BX BN BO = = BN - O 3FUBJO UIF CBTF BOE TVCUSBDU UIF JOEJDFT
BO
• -BX BN
O = BN ¤ O 3FUBJO UIF CBTF BOE NVMUJQMZ UIF JOEJDFT
• -BX B × C
N = BN × CN %JTUSJCVUF UIF JOEFY OVNCFS BDSPTT UIF CBTFT
N
B BN
• -BX = N %JTUSJCVUF UIF JOEFY OVNCFS BDSPTT UIF CBTFT
C C
5IF [FSP QPXFS B = "OZ OVNCFS FYDFQU
UP UIF QPXFS PG [FSP JT FRVBM UP
&YBNQMF 6TJOH JOEFY MBX

4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH UIF àSTU JOEFY MBX
B Y × Y C B C × BC
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Y × Y = Y 5IFSF JT B DPNNPO CBTF PG Y TP BEE UIF

JOEJDFT
C B C × BC = B C .VMUJQMZ DPFGàDJFOUT BOE BEE JOEJDFT GPS FBDI
CBTF B BOE C 3FDBMM UIBU B = B

&YBNQMF 6TJOH JOEFY MBX

4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH UIF TFDPOE JOEFY MBX
B N N C Y Z YZ
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B N N = N 4VCUSBDU UIF JOEJDFT XIFO EJWJEJOH UFSNT XJUI

UIF TBNF CBTF
Y Z
C Y Z YZ
= 'JSTU FYQSFTT BT B GSBDUJPO
YZ
%JWJEF UIF DPFGàDJFOUT BOE TVCUSBDU UIF JOEJDFT
YZ PG Y BOE Z JF Y - Z -

=

= YZ

&YBNQMF $PNCJOJOH JOEFY MBXT

4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH UIF JOEFY MBXT

Y YZ
× Y Z
B B
C Z
D E
Z [ Y Z
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B B
= B 6TF JOEFY MBX BOE NVMUJQMZ UIF JOEJDFT
C Z
= Z 6TF JOEFY MBX BOE NVMUJQMZ UIF JOEJDFT GPS
= Z FBDI CBTF BOE Z /PUF =

Y Y
D = 3BJTF UIF DPFGàDJFOUT UP UIF QPXFS BOE
Z [ Z [
NVMUJQMZ UIF JOEJDFT PG FBDI CBTF CZ
Y
=
Z [
YZ
× Y Z Y Z × Y Z 3FNPWF CSBDLFUT àSTU CZ NVMUJQMZJOH JOEJDFT
E =
Y Z Y Z GPS FBDI CBTF
Y Z 4JNQMJGZ UIF OVNFSBUPS VTJOH JOEFY MBX
=
Y Z
Y Z 4JNQMJGZ UIF GSBDUJPO VTJOH JOEFY MBX

=
TVCUSBDUJOH JOEJDFT PG UIF TBNF CBTF

&YBNQMF 6TJOH UIF [FSP QPXFS

&WBMVBUF VTJOH UIF [FSP QPXFS
B B C Q + Q

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B B = × "OZ OVNCFS UP UIF QPXFS PG [FSP JT FRVBM UP

=
C Q + Q
= × + /PUF Q
JT OPU UIF TBNF BT Q
=
&YFSDJTF '

6/%&345"/%*/(
4JNQMJGZ VTJOH JOEFY GPSN
B ××× C ×××××
D ×× E ×Y×Y××Y
F ×Z×Z××Z×Z G ×C×B××C×B×B
$PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIJT UBCMF
Y 4 3 2 1 0
2Y 23 = 8
$PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF

Y Y × Y × Y ×
B × = × × C =
Y
=
= Y

D B =B×B×× E Y
× Y = ×
= B =
o
o
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 4JNQMJGZ VTJOH UIF àSTU JOEFY MBX

B B × B C Y × Y D C × C

E N × N F T × T G U × U
T
H Q ×Q I D × D J T×

K Y Z × YZ L B C × BC
M W X × W X

N Y × YZ × Z O ST × S T × S T P N O × NO × NO

'
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 4JNQMJGZ VTJOH UIF TFDPOE JOEFY MBX
B Y Y C B B D R R
Z E
E C C F G
Z E
K N
H I J Y Z Y
K N
K S T S T
L Q R R Q
M N Y N Y
B C TU W

N O P
B C U W
B C -Y Z -Y Z
Q R S
BC Y Z Y Z
&YBNQMF BoD 4JNQMJGZ VTJOH UIF UIJSE GPVSUI BOE àGUI JOEFY MBXT
B Y
C U
D B
E Z

F U
G V
H S
I Q

B Y Y Z V X
J
K L M
C Z [ W

G B C BU Q R
N O P Q
H QR H S
&YBNQMF &WBMVBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH UIF [FSP QPXFS
B Y C U D [
E BC

F H I
G Y - H C - I Y - Z

o
130#-&.40-7*/(
&YBNQMF E 6TF BQQSPQSJBUF JOEFY MBXT UP TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
B Y × Y Y C Y Z YZ
× YZ
Y Z × Y Z
D Y O × Y O YO
E
Y Z

N X×N X S T × S T

F G
N X S T
Y Z × Y Z Y Z × Y Z
H
I
YZ Y Z
B C × BC
J K N O
× NO
B C

L - B C
× BC
M G H × G H GH
N O × N O
Z [
× Z[
N O
N O Z[

BC
× B C
N
O

P Q ×
BC × B C
NO
-O
N

'
130#-&.40-7*/(
4JNQMJGZ
B -
C -
D -
E -
4JNQMJGZ
⎛ ⎞

⎝ B ⎠
B Y C B D
C

3&"40/*/(
&WBMVBUF XJUIPVU UIF VTF PG B DBMDVMBUPS

B C D E

F G H I

8IFO #JMMZ VTFT B DBMDVMBUPS UP SBJTF
- UP UIF QPXFS IF HFUT - XIFO
UIF BOTXFS JT BDUVBMMZ 8IBU IBT
IF EPOF XSPOH
'JOE UIF WBMVF PG B JO UIFTF FRVBUJPOT JO XIJDI UIF JOEFY JT VOLOPXO

B B = C B = D B + =
B
E -
= - B
F -
= G -
B - =
*OEJDFT JO FRVBUJPOT o

&/3*$).&/5
*G Y = àOE UIF WBMVF PG

B Y C Y - D Y E Y - Y
'JOE UIF WBMVF T

PG Y
B Y = C Y - = D Y = E Y - =
'JOE UIF QPTTJCMF QBJST PG QPTJUJWF JOUFHFST GPS Y BOE Z XIFO

B YZ = C YZ = D YZ = E YZ =

( /FHBUJWF JOEJDFT
5IF TUVEZ PG JOEJDFT DBO CF FYUFOEFE UP JODMVEF OFHBUJWF QPXFST 6TJOH UIF TFDPOE JOEFY MBX BOE UIF GBDU
UIBU B = XF DBO FTUBCMJTI SVMFT GPS OFHBUJWF QPXFST
B BO = B - O JOEFY MBX
BMTP B BO = BO BT B =

= B-O = O
B

5IFSFGPSF B-O =
BO

"MTP = B-O
B-O

= O
B
BO
=×

= BO

5IFSFGPSF = BO
B-O
Negative indices can be used to describe very small numbers,
such as the mass of a grain of sand.
-FUT TUBSU 5IF EJTBQQFBSJOH CBOL CBMBODF

%VF UP GFFT BO JOJUJBM CBOL CBMBODF PG JT IBMWFE FWFSZ NPOUI
1 1 1
Balance ($) 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 4 8
1
Positive indices only 26 25
22
Positive and negative indices 26 24 2-1
• $PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIF UBCMF BOE DPOUJOVF FBDI QBUUFSO

• %JTDVTT UIF EJGGFSFODFT JO UIF XBZ JOEJDFT BSF VTFE BU UIF FOE PG UIF SPXT

• 8IBU XPVME CF B XBZ PG XSJUJOH VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT

• 8IBU XPVME CF B XBZ PG XSJUJOH VTJOH OFHBUJWF JOEJDFT

B-N =

'PS FYBNQMF - =

= ,FZ
BN JEFBT

= BN 'PS FYBNQMF = =
B-N -

&YBNQMF 8SJUJOH FYQSFTTJPOT VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT

&YQSFTT FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT

B
B C- C Y- Z D E
Y - B
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/

B 6TF B-O =
C- = BO
C
Z
C Y- Z = Y JT UIF POMZ CBTF XJUI B OFHBUJWF QPXFS
Y
Z Z
× × =
Y Y

D = × Y 6TF -O = BO BOE OPUF UIBU - = × -
Y - B Y Y
= Y

E B B 6TF JOEFY MBXT BOE UP BQQMZ UIF QPXFS UP
=
B B FBDI CBTF JO UIF CSBDLFUT
= B - "QQMZ JOEFY MBX UP TVCUSBDU UIF JOEJDFT PG B

= 6TF B-O = UP FYQSFTT XJUI B QPTJUJWF JOEFY
B BO
B
"MUFSOBUJWFMZ àSTU TJNQMJGZ BOE UIFO SBJTF UP
B
UIF QPXFS PG
&YBNQMF 4JNQMJGZJOH NPSF DPNQMFY FYQSFTTJPOT

4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH BOE FYQSFTT ZPVS BOTXFST VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT
-
Q- R
Q- N N- O
B × C
Q- R R S O- S
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
-
Q- R
Q- Q- R Q
B × = × %FBM XJUI CSBDLFUT àSTU CZ NVMUJQMZJOH UIF QPXFS
Q- R R Q- R R-
UP FBDI PG UIF JOEJDFT XJUIJO UIF CSBDLFUT
Q- R
= - - 6TF JOEFY MBXT BOE UP DPNCJOF JOEJDFT PG MJLF
Q R
Q- R CBTFT 4JNQMJGZ FBDI OVNFSBUPS BOE EFOPNJOBUPS
= àSTU Q- + = Q- BOE R + -
= R-

R 5IFO Q- - -
R - -
= Q- R
=
Q

6TF B-O = UP FYQSFTT Q- XJUI B QPTJUJWF JOEFY
BO

C N N- O N N- O .VMUJQMZ UIF CSBDLFU QPXFS UP FBDI PG UIF
=
S O- S S O- S JOEJDFT XJUIJO UIF CSBDLFU
N S .VMUJQMZ CZ UIF SFDJQSPDBM PG UIF EJWJTPS
= ×
S O- N- O
6TF JOEFY MBXT BOE UP DPNCJOF JOEJDFT
N S-
= PG MJLF CBTFT
O-
8SJUF UIF BOTXFS XJUI QPTJUJWF QPXFST
N O
=
S
&YFSDJTF ( o
6/%&345"/%*/(
8SJUF UIF OFYU UISFF UFSNT JO UIFTF QBUUFSOT
B , , , , - , , ,
C Y , Y , Y , , ,
D Y, Y , , ,

3FDBMM UIBU = 4JNJMBSMZ XSJUF UIFTF EFOPNJOBUPST VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT

B C D E -

8SJUF FBDI SVMF GPS OFHBUJWF JOEJDFT CZ DPNQMFUJOH FBDI TUBUFNFOU

B B-C = C -C =
B
o
o
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF B C &YQSFTT UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT
B Y- C B- D N- E Z-
F B C - G N O- H Y- Z [ I Y- Z- [
- - - - -
J Q R S K E F G L V W X M C D E

&YBNQMF D &YQSFTT UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT

B - C - D E
Y Z N- C-
C N C I
F G H I
E - O- B- H-
6TF JOEFY MBXT BOE UP TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH 8SJUF ZPVS BOTXFST VTJOH QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT
B Y × Y- C B × B- D C × C- E Z- × Z
F B- × B G Y- × Y H N- × -N-
I -B- × B-
Y- E - D- C-
J K L M
Y- E - D- C-
T- G - E - U -
N O P Q
T G - E - U -
(
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF E &YQSFTT UIF GPMMPXJOH XJUI QPTJUJWF JOEJDFT

Y N
B C D Y-
E E -

Y N
F U -
G Y
- H Y-
I - Y
-
J Z-
- K I-
- L K -
- M U -
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a −m = 1m Numbers (large and small) in
a e.g. 1 2 ( 2 3 + 5) = 2 6 + 5 2
1 = am scientific notation are of the form
a −m 1 2 ( 6 + 5)( 2 6 − 3)
a × 10m, where 1 ≤ a < 10 or
−10 < a ≤ −1 and m is an integer. = 2 × 6 − 3 6 + 10 6 − 15
e.g. 3.45 × 105 = 345 000 = 7 6−3
2.1 × 10−3 = 0.0021 3 ( 7 − 2 )( 7 + 2 )
e.g. 1475 231 in scientific = 7 + 14 − 14 − 2
notation, using three significant =5
figures is 1.48 × 106.
Rational Indices (10A)

Index laws 1
a = a2
Law × =
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n
Law 2: am ÷ an = am − n a = an
n m m Simplifying surds (10A)
Law 3: (a m )n = amn a = an
Law 4: (ab)m = ambm 1 A surd uses symbol and as a
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m m e.g. 273 = 27 decimal is infinite and non-recurring.
Law 5: a = a m =3 Simplify surds: use the highest
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Zero power: a0 = 1, a ≠ 0 square factor.
e.g. 1 20 = 4 × 5
= 4× 5
Indices =2 5
Exponential equations (10A)
and surds 2 4 27 = 4 × 9 × 3
If a x = a y, then x = y.
= 12 3
e.g. 1 2x = 16
2x = 24
∴ x=4
2 27x − 4 = 9x
(33)x − 4 = (32)x
33x − 12 = 32x
∴ 3x − 12 = 2x
x = 12 Multiply/Divide (10A)
Add/Subtract (10A)
x × y = xy
Like surds only
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r n x
Rule: amount A = A0( 1 ± ) 100 x÷ y = y 4 2+ 5 − 2 = 3 2+ 5
A0 = initial amount a x Simplify first
r = rate of growth/decay, as a % a x ÷ (b y ) = b y
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n = time period
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Use + for growth.
= 6 2 −4 2
Use − for decay.
=2 2
Compound interest
n
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r
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A (amount): total value denominator
P (principal): initial amount 2 = 2 × 5
r (interest rate): per period 5 5 5
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Chapter
4
What you will learn
Trigonometry
4A Trigonometric ratios 4G The cosine rule (10A)

4B Finding angles 4H Area of a triangle (10A)
4C Applications in two dimensions 4I The unit circle (10A)
4D Bearings 4J Exact values and radians (10A)
4E Applications in three 4K Graphs of trigonometric
dimensions (10A) functions (10A)
4F The sine rule (10A)
Pythagoras and trigonometry real variable, and graph them with and
Solve right-angled triangle problems including without the use of digital technologies
those involving direction and angles of (VCMMG368)
elevation and depression (VCMMG346) (10A) Solve simple trigonometric
(10A) Establish the sine, cosine and equations (VCMMG369)
area rules for any triangle and solve related (10A) Apply Pythagoras’ theorem and
problems (VCMMG367) trigonometry to solving three-dimensional
(10A) Use the unit circle to define problems in right-angled triangles
trigonometric functions as functions of a (VCMMG370)
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
Trigonometry on a vast scale

The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India by trigonometry, the side lengths calculated.
the British began in 1802 and took over Each side of this triangle can be used as a
60 years to complete. It was a huge mapping baseline for a new triangle. Also, by measuring
project requiring exacting mathematical the angle of elevation of a hilltop, its height
calculations and physical endurance. above the baseline altitude can be calculated.
Marching through jungles and across rugged The surveying team gradually travelled
country, the party included surveyors riding from South India 2400 km north to the
on elephants, about 30 soldiers on horses, Himalayas in Nepal. After measuring
oxen, over 40 camels carrying supplies and Mt Everest from six different locations,
up to 700 walking labourers. Radhanath Sikdar declared it the highest
Surveyors used the triangulation mountain on Earth at 8840 m (29 002 feet).
method to map a network of large, linked It was an accurate measurement: using GPS
triangles across India. Triangulation starts (Global Positioning System) Mt Everest has
with a triangle formed by joining each end since been found to have a height of 8850 m
of a horizontal baseline, of known length, (29 035 feet). GPS also involves a process of
to the visible top of a hill. Its base angles triangulation using radio waves sent between
are measured and, using high school satellites and Earth.
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B x mm C 5 cm D
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40° 45° 100°
x cm 20 m
12 mm
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65°
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o
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B C D
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100° 125°
10 cm
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33°
75° 42°
80° 8m 112°
62°

)
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B C 28 m D
1.3 km
66 m 38 m
16 m 1.4 km
36 m
51 m 1.2 km
'JOE UIF BSFB PG UIFTF RVBESJMBUFSBMT DPSSFDU UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
B 4m C D
2.5 m
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10 cm 22 km
5 m 65°
6m
7 cm 8 km
12 km
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20 cm 20 cm 120°
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15 cm
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C 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU ZPVS BOTXFST JO QBSU B )PX DBO ZPV FYQMBJO UIJT
D %SBX BOPUIFS USJBOHMF UIBU IBT UIF TBNF UXP HJWFO MFOHUIT BOE BSFB 1.7 m
BT UIF USJBOHMF PO UIF SJHIU 40°
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B 6TF UIF SVMF "SFB = BC TJO $ UP àOE UIF UXP QPTTJCMF WBMVFT PG h POF BDVUF BOE POF PCUVTF

JO UIF USJBOHMF EFUBJMFE CFMPX 3PVOE ZPVS BOTXFS UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
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B 5IJT SFHVMBS QFOUBHPO IBT FBDI TJEF NFBTVSJOH DN
A C
J $BMDVMBUF UIF BOHMF TVN PG B QFOUBHPO
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C 6TF B TJNJMBS BQQSPBDI UP àOE UIF BSFB PG B SFHVMBS IFYBHPO PG TJEF MFOHUI DN DPSSFDU
D $BO UIJT NFUIPE CF VTFE GPS PUIFS SFHVMBS QPMZHPOT &YQMPSF BOE HJWF FYBNQMFT

* 5IF VOJU DJSDMF "
'SPN FBSMZ 5SJHPOPNFUSZ XF DBMDVMBUFE TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h VTJOH BDVUF BOHMFT 8F XJMM OPX
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/PUF UIF GPMMPXJOH y
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1 Quadrant 1

PO B OVNCFS QMBOF P(x = cos θθ, y = sin θθ)
• h JT EFàOFE BOUJDMPDLXJTF GSPN UIF QPTJUJWF YBYJT 1
• 5IFSF BSF GPVS RVBESBOUT BT TIPXO θ x
• 6TJOH B QPJOU 1 Y, Z
PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF XF EFàOF −1 O 1
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o TJO h = = =Z Quadrant 3 −1 Quadrant 4
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o DPT h = = =Y
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o UBO h = = =
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• 5IF DPPSEJOBUFT PG 1 B QPJOU PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF BSF y
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= DPT h, TJO h
1
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130°
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XIFSF DPT ° JT OFHBUJWF 50° x
TJO ° JT QPTJUJWF BOE TP UBO ° XJMM CF OFHBUJWF −1 1
*O UIF EJBHSBN BU SJHIU TIPXJOH ° B ° BOHMF ° - °

ESBXO y
JO UIF àSTU RVBESBOU DBO IFMQ SFMBUF USJHPOPNFUSJD WBMVFT GSPN UIF 1
TFDPOE RVBESBOU UP UIF àSTU RVBESBOU #Z TZNNFUSZ XF DBO TFF UIBU
TJO ° = TJO ° BOE DPT ° = - DPT ° 5IJT ° BOHMF JT DBMMFE UIF 130°
SFGFSFODF BOHMF PS SFMBUFE BOHMF
50°
x
*O UIJT TFDUJPO XF FYQMPSF UIFTF TZNNFUSJFT BOE SFGFSFODF BOHMFT JO UIF −1 1
TFDPOE UIJSE BOE GPVSUI RVBESBOUT
-FUT TUBSU 1PTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF

'PS UIF BOHMF ° UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF JT ° BOE 1 = DPT °, TJO °
y
4JODF 1 JT JO UIF UIJSE RVBESBOU XF DBO TFF UIBU 1
• DPT ° = - DPT ° XIJDI JT OFHBUJWF

• TJO ° = - TJO ° XIJDI JT OFHBUJWF
230° 50°
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−1 50° 1
:PV TIPVME ESBX B VOJU DJSDMF GPS FBDI
• 8IBU JT UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF • *T DPT h QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF P
• *T TJO h QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF • *T UBO h QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF −1
B h = ° C h = ° D h = ° E h = ° F h = °

&WFSZ QPJOU 1 Y, Z
PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF DBO CF EFTDSJCFE JO UFSNT PG UIF BOHMF h TVDI UIBU
,FZ
Y = DPT h BOE Z = TJO h XIFSF - Ä TJO h Ä BOE - Ä DPT h Ä
JEFBT
y
1
Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1
(−) (+) (+) (+)
P(x, y) = (cos θ, sin θ ) P(x, y) = (cos θ , sin θ )
+ +
− +
− x
−1 + 1
− −
P(x, y) = (cos θ, sin θ ) P(x, y) = (cos θ , sin θ )

(−) (−) (+) (−)
−1
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
• 'PS EJGGFSFOU RVBESBOUT DPT h BOE TJO h DBO CF QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF
TJO h
• UBO h =
DPT h
• "45$ NFBOT
o 2VBESBOU "MM TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h BSF QPTJUJWF
o 2VBESBOU 0OMZ 4JOh JT QPTJUJWF
o 2VBESBOU 0OMZ 5BOh JT QPTJUJWF
o 2VBESBOU 0OMZ $PTh JT QPTJUJWF
" SFGFSFODF BOHMF TPNFUJNFT DBMMFE B SFMBUFE BOHMF
JT BO BDVUF BOHMF UIBU IFMQT UP SFMBUF DPT h
BOE TJO h UP UIF àSTU RVBESBOU
Angle h 90° to 180° 180° to 270° 270° to 360°

Reference angle 180° - h h - 180° 360° - h
y y y
x x x
.VMUJQMFT PG °
h ° ° ° ° °
TJO h 0 1 0 –1 0
cos h 1 0 –1 0 1
tan h 0 undefined 0 undefined 0

&YBNQMF $IPPTJOH TVQQMFNFOUBSZ BOHMFT

$IPPTF BO PCUVTF BOHMF UP DPNQMFUF FBDI TUBUFNFOU
B TJO ° = TJO C DPT ° = - DPT D UBO ° = - UBO
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
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° - ° = °
C DPT ° = - DPT ° y
1 180° − 57° = 123°
−1 1
x
57° 57°
D UBO ° = - UBO ° 5IF TVQQMFNFOU PG ° JT °
&YBNQMF 1PTJUJPOJOH B QPJOU PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF

%FDJEF JO XIJDI RVBESBOU h MJFT BOE TUBUF XIFUIFS TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h BSF QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF
B h = ° C h = °
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B h = ° JT JO RVBESBOU y TJO h

/PUF UBO h =
TJO h JT OFHBUJWF 1 DPT h
DPT h JT QPTJUJWF
UBO h JT OFHBUJWF
300° 60°
x
−1 1
−1 P(cos 300°, sin 300°)
C h = ° JT JO RVBESBOU y
TJO h JT OFHBUJWF 1
DPT h JT OFHBUJWF
UBO h JT QPTJUJWF
237°
x
−1 57° 1
P(cos 237°, sin 237°) −1

&YBNQMF 6TJOH B SFGFSFODF BOHMF

8SJUF UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH UIFJS SFGFSFODF BOHMF
B TJO ° C DPT ° D UBO °
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B TJO ° = - TJO ° TJO ° JT OFHBUJWF y

BOE UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF 1
JT ° - ° = °
30° x
−1 30° 1
330°
−1
C DPT ° = - DPT ° DPT ° JT OFHBUJWF y

BOE UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF 1
JT ° - ° = °
162°
18° x
−1 1
−1
D UBO ° = UBO ° UBO ° JT QPTJUJWF y

OFHBUJWF OFHBUJWF
1
BOE UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF
JT ° - ° = ° 230°
50° x
−1 50° 1
P
−1
&YFSDJTF * o

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B ° < h < ° C ° < h < ° D ° < h < ° E ° < h < °
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B TJO h JT QPTJUJWF C UBO h JT OFHBUJWF D DPT h JT OFHBUJWF
E DPT h JT QPTJUJWF F UBO h JT QPTJUJWF G TJO h JT OFHBUJWF
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h ° ° ° ° °
TJO h 0
DPT h –1
UBO h undefined

B TJO ° C TJO ° D TJO ° E TJO °
F DPT ° G DPT ° H DPT ° I DPT °
J UBO ° K UBO ° L UBO ° M UBO °
o
o
o
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B TJO ° = TJO C TJO ° = TJO D DPT ° = - DPT
E DPT ° = - DPT F UBO ° = -UBO G UBO ° = - UBO
$IPPTF BO BDVUF BOHMF UP DPNQMFUF FBDI TUBUFNFOU

B TJO ° = TJO C TJO ° = TJO D - DPT ° = DPT
E - DPT ° = DPT F - UBO ° = UBO G - UBO ° = UBO
&YBNQMF %FDJEF JO XIJDI RVBESBOU h MJFT BOE TUBUF XIFUIFS TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h BSF QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF
B h = ° C h = ° D h = ° E h = °
F h = ° G h = ° H h = ° I h = °
J h = ° K h = ° L h = ° M h = °
&YBNQMF 8SJUF FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH JUT SFGFSFODF BOHMF

B TJO ° C DPT ° D UBO ° E TJO °
F DPT ° G UBO ° H TJO ° I DPT °
J UBO ° K TJO ° L DPT ° M UBO °
*G h JT BDVUF àOE UIF WBMVF PG h

B TJO ° = TJO h C TJO ° = - TJO h D TJO ° = - TJO h
E DPT ° = - DPT h F DPT ° = - DPT h G DPT ° = DPT h
H UBO ° = - UBO h I UBO ° = - UBO h J UBO ° = - UBO h

130#-&.40-7*/(
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JO UIF àSTU RVBESBOU GPS UIFTF BOHMFT
B ° C ° D ° E °
F ° G ° H ° I °
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B "MM PG TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h BSF QPTJUJWF C 0OMZ TJO h JT QPTJUJWF
D 0OMZ DPT h JT QPTJUJWF E 0OMZ UBO h JT QPTJUJWF

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Trigonometric function sin h cos h sin h tan h cos h tan h cos h sin h tan h
h 30° 45° 190° 15° 125° 320° 260° 145° 235°
h

3&"40/*/(
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B TJO h < BOE DPT h > C UBO h > BOE DPT h > D UBO h < BOE DPT h <
E TJO h > BOE UBO h < F TJO h > BOE UBO h > G TJO h < BOE DPT h <
&YQMBJO XIZ UBO h > XIFO ° < h < °
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#Z DPOTJEFSJOH B VOJU DJSDMF TUBUF XIFUIFS UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF USVF PS GBMTF
B TJO ° < DPT ° C TJO ° < UBO ° D DPT ° > TJO °
E DPT ° = TJO ° F UBO ° = TJO ° G DPT ° > TJO °
H TJO ° > UBO ° I TJO ° = DPT ° J UBO ° < DPT °
K DPT ° < TJO ° L TJO ° < DPT ° M UBO ° = DPT °
5SJHPOPNFUSJD JEFOUJUJFT
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B &WBMVBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
J TJO ° JJ DPT ° JJJ TJO ° JW DPT °
W DPT ° WJ TJO ° WJJ DPT ° WJJJ TJO °
C %FTDSJCF XIBU ZPV OPUJDF GSPN QBSU B
D $PNQMFUF UIF GPMMPXJOH
J DPT h = TJO
JJ TJO h = DPT
E 4UBUF UIF WBMVF PG h JG h JT BDVUF

J TJO ° = DPT h JJ TJO ° = DPT h
JJJ DPT ° = TJO h JW DPT ° = TJO h
F 'PS UIJT USJBOHMF Ò# = h A
J 8SJUF Ò" JO UFSNT PG h c
JJ 8SJUF B SBUJP GPS TJO h JO UFSNT PG C BOE D b
θ
JJJ 8SJUF B SBUJP GPS DPT ° - h
JO UFSNT PG C BOE D a
C B

G *G DPT ° - h
= àOE UBO h


*
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5SJHPOPNFUSJD JEFOUJUJFT BSF NBUIFNBUJDBM TUBUFNFOUT UIBU y
NBZ JOWPMWF TJO h BOEPS DPT h BOEPS UBO h BOE IPME USVF GPS 1
BMM WBMVFT PG h *O QSFWJPVT FYFSDJTFT ZPV XJMM IBWF BMSFBEZ A
TJO h
DPOTJEFSFE UIF USJHPOPNFUSJD JEFOUJUZ UBO h =
DPT h θ x
B $POTJEFS UIF USJBOHMF 0"# JO UIF VOJU DJSDMF TIPXO −1 O B 1
J (JWFO UIBU 0" = 0# = DPT h BOE "# = TJO h VTF
1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN UP QSPWF UIF USJHPOPNFUSJD
JEFOUJUZ TJO h + DPT h = /PUF TJO h = TJO h
−1
JJ $IFDL ZPVS JEFOUJUZ VTJOH B DBMDVMBUPS UP TFF JG JU IPMET
USVF GPS h = ° ° ° BOE °
C J &WBMVBUF UIF HJWFO QBJST PG OVNCFST VTJOH B DBMDVMBUPS
TJO °, DPT °
TJO °, DPT °
TJO °, DPT -°
TJO °, DPT -°
JJ 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU UIF WBMVF PG FBDI OVNCFS JO UIF QBJST BCPWF %SBXJOH B VOJU
DJSDMF JMMVTUSBUJOH FBDI QBJS PG WBMVFT NBZ IFMQ
JJJ 8IBU JT UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO h JO TJO h BOE h JO DPT h UIBU JT USVF GPS BMM QBJST JO
QBSU C J

JW *O UFSNT PG h DPNQMFUF UIJT USJHPOPNFUSJD JEFOUJUZ TJO h = DPT
W $IFDL UIJT JEFOUJUZ GPS h = ° ° ° BOE °
D &YQMPSF PUIFS USJHPOPNFUSJD JEFOUJUJFT CZ ESBXJOH EJBHSBNT BOE DIFDLJOH EJGGFSFOU
BOHMFT TVDI BT
J TJO h = TJO ° - h
JJ DPT h = DPT ° - h
JJJ UBO h = UBO ° + h
JW TJO h = TJO h DPT h W DPT h = DPT h - TJO h WJ DPT h = DPT h -

WJJ DPT h = - TJO h
.FEJFWBM "SBC BTUSPOPNFST JOWFOUFE UIJT EFWJDF B TJOF RVBESBOU GPS

NFBTVSJOH UIF BOHMFT PG PWFSIFBE TUBST

+ &YBDU WBMVFT BOE SBEJBOT "
8F LOPX UIBU UIF DPNNPO VOJU GPS BOHMFT JT UIF

EFHSFF BOE UIBU POF GVMM SFWPMVUJPO JT 5IJT VOJU
PG NFBTVSF EBUFT CBDL UIPVTBOET PG ZFBST BOE SFMBUFT
UP BODJFOU OVNCFS TZTUFNT XIJDI VTFE UIF OVNCFS
BOE JUT GBDUPST BT JUT CBTF
" NPSF NBUIFNBUJDBMMZ AQVSF VOJU PG NFBTVSF GPS
BO BOHMF JT DBMMFE UIF SBEJBO 0OF SBEJBO D
JT UIF
BOHMF TVCUFOEFE CZ BO BSD PG MFOHUI PO UIF VOJU
DJSDMF 5IJT BMPOH XJUI FYBDU WBMVFT GPS TFMFDUFE
USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT XJMM CF TUVEJFE JO UIJT TFDUJPO
-FUT TUBSU 8IBU JT B SBEJBO

5IJT TU RVBESBOU EJBHSBN TIPXT SBEJBO D
TVCUFOEFE CZ BO BSD y
PG MFOHUI PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF
1
• 'JSTU FTUJNBUF UIF SBEJBO BOHMF VTJOH EFHSFFT
• 'JOE UIF DJSDVNGFSFODF PG UIF VOJU DJSDMF BT BO FYBDU WBMVF
1 unit
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1
• 4UBUF UIF OVNCFS PG SBEJBOT FRVJWBMFOU UP
J ° JJ ° JJJ ° JW ° W ° 1c (1 radian)
x
• %JTDVTT IPX ZPV NJHIU 1
B DPOWFSU BO BOHMF GSPN EFHSFFT UP SBEJBOT
C DPOWFSU BO BOHMF GSPN SBEJBOT UP EFHSFFT
"O BOHMF PG POF SBEJBO D

JT TVCUFOEFE CZ BO BSD y ,FZ
MFOHUI PG POF VOJU PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF 1 JEFBT
• ° = p D • ° = p D 1 unit
D D
p p
• ° = • ° = 1c
x
D D −1 1
p p
• ° = • ° =

−1
$POWFSTJPO
D × π
p 180°
• ° =

degrees radians
°
• D =
p
×180°
π

&YBDU WBMVFT GPS TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h DBO CF PCUBJOFE VTJOH UXP TQFDJBM USJBOHMFT 1ZUIBHPSBT
,FZ
UIFPSFN DBO CF VTFE UP DPOàSN UIF MFOHUI PG FBDI TJEF
JEFBT
45° √2 60°
1 2
1
45° 30°
1 √3
√ √

TJO ° = √ = TJO ° = TJO ° =

√ √

DPT ° = √ = DPT ° = DPT ° =

√ √
√
UBO ° = = UBO ° = √ = UBO ° = =

&YBDU WBMVFT GPS TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h GPS BOHMFT PG ° ° ° ° BOE ° BSF HJWFO JO
UIJT UBCMF
h° hc TJO h DPT h UBO h
¡ c 0 1 0
√ √
p c
1 3 3
¡
2 2 3
√ √
pc 2 2
¡ 1
2 2
√
pc 3 1 √
¡ 3
2 2
pc
¡ 1 0 undefined

&YBNQMF $POWFSUJOH EFHSFFT BOE SBEJBOT

$POWFSU UIF GPMMPXJOH UP UIF VOJUT HJWFO JO UIF CSBDLFUT
p D
B ° SBEJBOT
C EFHSFFT
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
p pD p
B ° = × ° = TP ° = ×

p D
=

p D p × π
C = ×
p 180°
= °
degrees radians
×180°
π
&YBNQMF 6TJOH FYBDU WBMVFT

'JOE UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
B DPT ° C TJO ° D UBO °
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/

B DPT ° = "EKBDFOU
60° DPT ° = =
2 )ZQPUFOVTF
1
30°
√3
C TJO ° = TJO ° y

= 1

150°
−1 1
x
30° 30°
5IF TJOF PG TVQQMFNFOUBSZ BOHMFT BSF FRVBM

BOE UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG TJO ° JT

D UBO ° = - UBO ° ° BOE ° BSF TVQQMFNFOUBSZ BOHMFT
= - "MTP UBO ° - h
= - UBO h BOE UBO ° =
&YFSDJTF + o o
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Degrees ° ° ° °
D D
p p
Radians pD

8SJUF UIF NJTTJOH GSBDUJPO

B 5P DPOWFSU GSPN EFHSFFT UP SBEJBOT XF NVMUJQMZ CZ
C 5P DPOWFSU GSPN SBEJBOT UP EFHSFFT XF NVMUJQMZ CZ
6TF USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT 40)$")50"

XJUI
UIFTF USJBOHMFT UP XSJUF EPXO BO FYBDU WBMVF GPS √2
1 2 60°
B TJO ° C DPT ° D UBO ° 1
E DPT ° F TJO ° G UBO ° 45° 30°
H UBO ° I DPT ° J TJO ° 1 √3

+
6/%&345"/%*/(
h°
hD
TJO h
DPT h
UBO h

o

o

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF $POWFSU UIF GPMMPXJOH UP UIF VOJUT HJWFO JO UIF CSBDLFUT
B ° SBEJBOT
C ° SBEJBOT
D ° SBEJBOT
E ° SBEJBOT
D D D D
p p p p
F EFHSFFT
G EFHSFFT
H EFHSFFT
I EFHSFFT

&YBNQMF 'JOE BO FYBDU WBMVF GPS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
B DPT ° C TJO ° D UBO ° E DPT °
F DPT ° G UBO ° H TJO ° I DPT °
J TJO ° K UBO ° L DPT ° M TJO °
N UBO ° O TJO ° P DPT ° Q UBO °
3FDBMM UIF FYBDU TJOF DPTJOF BOE UBOHFOU WBMVFT GPS ° ° BOE °
h ° ° °

√ √
1 2 3
TJO h
2 2 2
√ √
3 2 1
DPT h
2 2 2
√
3 √
UBO h 1 3
3
B 4UBUF UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF GPS °

C )FODF HJWF UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
J TJO ° JJ DPT ° JJJ UBO °
D 4UBUF UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF GPS °
E )FODF HJWF UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
F 4UBUF UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF GPS °
G )FODF HJWF UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH

+
'-6&/$:
(JWF UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
B TJO ° C UBO ° D DPT ° E TJO °
F UBO ° G DPT ° H TJO ° I UBO °
J DPT ° K TJO ° L UBO ° M DPT °
N TJO ° O UBO ° P UBO ° Q DPT °
o
o
o

130#-&.40-7*/(
8SJUF EPXO UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF GPS UIFTF SBEJBO NFBTVSFT
D D D D
p p p p
B C D E

D D D D
p p p p
F G H I

6TF SFGFSFODF BOHMFT BOE FYBDU WBMVFT UP FWBMVBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH
D D D D
p p p p
B TJO C TJO D TJO E DPT

D D D D
p p p p
F DPT G DPT H UBO I UBO

6TF USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT UP àOE UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG Y $BMDVMBUPST BSF OPU SFRVJSFE
B C D 20
6 x x 3 30°
45° x
45°
E F G πc
πc 7 6
x 3
15
πc
x
3
x 1.5
'JOE UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG h XJUIPVU UIF VTF PG B DBMDVMBUPS (JWF B SBEJBO BOTXFS
B C θ D θ
1
1 √2 2
√3 2
θ


+
3&"40/*/(
&YQMBJO XIZ FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH JT USVF
D D D D
p p p p
B TJO = TJO C DPT = - DPT

D D D D
p p p p
D DPT = DPT E UBO = - UBO

D D D D
p p p p
F UBO = - UBO G TJO = - TJO

5IJT SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF IBT JUT UXP TIPSUFS TJEFT PG MFOHUI BOE
5
B 6TF 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN UP àOE UIF MFOHUI PG UIF IZQPUFOVTF
θ
C 'JOE 12
J TJO h JJ DPT h JJJ UBO h
TJO h
D 6TF UBO h = UP WFSJGZ ZPVS SFTVMU GSPN QBSU C JJJ
DPT h
4ZNNFUSZ BOE FRVBUJPOT
&/3*$).&/5

8F LOPX UIBU TJO ° = TJO ° = TP UP TPMWF TJO h = GPS ° Ä h Ä ° UIF TPMVUJPOT BSF °

D D
p p
BOE ° "MUFSOBUJWFMZ UP TPMWF TJO h = GPS D Ä h Ä p D UIF TPMVUJPOT BSF BOE

B 8SJUF UIF TPMVUJPOT
√ √ GPS ° Ä h Ä °
GPS UIFTF TJNQMF FRVBUJPOT

J TJO h = JJ TJO h = JJJ DPT h =

√
√
JW DPT h = - W UBO h = WJ UBO h = -

D D
C 8SJUF UIF TPMVUJPOT
√ GPS UIFTF TJNQMF FRVBUJPOT√GPS Ä h Ä p √

J TJO h = JJ TJO h = - JJJ DPT h = -

√

JW DPT h = W UBO h = √ WJ UBO h = -


, (SBQIT PG USJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPOT "
"T UIF BOHMF h JODSFBTFT GSPN ° UP ° UIF WBMVFT PG TJO h

DPT h BOE UBO h JODSFBTF PS EFDSFBTF EFQFOEJOH PO UIF WBMVF PG h
(SBQIJOH UIF WBMVFT PG TJO h DPT h BOE UBO h BHBJOTU h HJWFT B DMFBS
QJDUVSF PG UIJT
5IFTF XBWFMJLF HSBQIT CBTFE PO USJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPOT BSF VTFE UP
NPEFM NBOZ WBSJBCMFT GSPN UIF IFJHIU PG UIF UJEF PO B CFBDI UP UIF
XJEUI PG B TPVOEXBWF HJWJOH B IJHI PS MPX QJUDI TPVOE
-FUT TUBSU 'FSSJT XIFFM SJEF

)BWF ZPV FWFS IBE B SJEF PO B 'FSSJT XIFFM *NBHJOF ZPVSTFMG SJEJOH B
'FSSJT XIFFM BHBJO 5IF XIFFM SPUBUFT BU B DPOTUBOU SBUF CVU PO XIJDI
QBSU PG UIF SJEF XJMM ZPVS WFSUJDBM VQXBSET NPWFNFOU CF GBTUFTU
0O XIJDI QBSU PG UIF SJEF XJMM ZPV NPWF RVJUF TMPXMZ VQXBSET PS
EPXOXBSET
8PSL JO HSPVQT UP EJTDVTT UIFTF RVFTUJPOT BOE IFMQ FBDI PUIFS UP DPNQMFUF UIF UBCMF BOE HSBQI PO UIF
OFYU QBHF
'PS UIJT FYBNQMF BTTVNF UIBU UIF CPUUPN PG UIF 'FSSJT XIFFM JT N BCPWF UIF HSPVOE BOE UIF EJBNFUFS
PG UIF XIFFM JT N $PVOU UIF TUBSU PG B SPUBUJPO GSPN IBMGXBZ VQ PO UIF SJHIU BT TIPXO CFMPX 5IF
XIFFM SPUBUFT JO BO BOUJDMPDLXJTF EJSFDUJPO
start of
rotation
2m
ground level

Position Angle of rotation, h, from halfway up Vertical height, I, above ground level (m)
Halfway up 0°
Top 90°
Halfway down
Bottom 2
Halfway up
Top
Halfway down
/PX ESBX B HSBQI PG UIF WFSUJDBM IFJHIU I

BCPWF UIF HSPVOE WFSUJDBM BYJT
WFSTVT UIF BOHMF h
PG BOUJDMPDLXJTF SPUBUJPO GPS UXP DPNQMFUF UVSOT PG UIF 'FSSJT XIFFM
θ
h (vertical
height)
θ (angle of rotation)
"T B HSPVQ EJTDVTT TPNF PG UIF LFZ GFBUVSFT PG UIF HSBQI

• 8IBU BSF UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT GPS UIF IFJHIU
• %JTDVTT BOZ TZNNFUSZ ZPV TFF JO ZPVS HSBQI )PX NBOZ WBMVFT PG h SPUBUJPO BOHMF
IBWF UIF
TBNF WBMVF GPS IFJHIU (JWF TPNF FYBNQMFT
%JTDVTT IPX UIF TIBQF XPVME DIBOHF GPS B HSBQI PG UIF IPSJ[POUBM EJTUBODF E
GSPN UIF
DJSDVNGFSFODF XIFSF ZPV TJU
UP UIF DFOUSBM WFSUJDBM BYJT PG UIF 'FSSJT XIFFM WFSTVT UIF BOHMF h
PG
SPUBUJPO 4LFUDI UIJT HSBQI
d
d (horizontal
θ
distance)
θ (angle of rotation)
5IF TIBQFT PG UIF 'FSSJT XIFFM HSBQIT ZPV IBWF ESBXO BSF FYBNQMFT PG QFSJPEJD GVODUJPOT CFDBVTF
UIF HSBQI TIBQF DPOUJOVPVTMZ SFQFBUT POF DZDMF GPS FBDI QFSJPE PG °
BT UIF XIFFM SPUBUFT 5IF
HSBQI PG IFJHIU BCPWF UIF HSPVOE JMMVTUSBUFT B TJOF GVODUJPO TJO h
5IF HSBQI PG UIF EJTUBODF GSPN
B QPJOU PO UIF DJSDVNGFSFODF UP UIF DFOUSBM WFSUJDBM BYJT PG UIF 'FSSJT XIFFM JMMVTUSBUFT B DPTJOF
GVODUJPO DPT h


#Z QMPUUJOH h PO UIF YBYJT BOE TJO h PO UIF ZBYJT XF GPSN UIF HSBQI PG TJO h
,FZ
TJO h = ZDPPSEJOBUF PG QPJOU 1 PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF
• Z = TJO h
JEFBT
y sinθ = y-coordinate of point P
1
1
x θ
−1 O 1 O 90° 180° 270° 360°
−1 −1
#Z QMPUUJOH h PO UIF YBYJT BOE DPT h PO UIF ZBYJT XF GPSN UIF HSBQI PG DPT h
DPT h = YDPPSEJOBUF PG QPJOU 1 PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF
• 8IFO XF XSJUF Z = DPT h UIF Z WBSJBCMF JT OPU UP CF DPOGVTFE XJUI UIF ZDPPSEJOBUF PG UIF
QPJOU 1 PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF
• Z = DPT h
y θ = x-coordinate of point P
cosθ
1 1
x θ
−1 O 1 O 90° 180° 270° 360°
−1
−1
−1 1
90°
180°
270°
360°

"NQMJUVEF JT UIF NBYJNVN EJTQMBDFNFOU PG UIF HSBQI GSPN B SFGFSFODF MFWFM IFSF JU JT UIF
,FZ
YBYJT

JEFBT 5IF QFSJPE PG B HSBQI JT UIF UJNF UBLFO PS OVNCFS PG EFHSFFT
UP NBLF POF DPNQMFUF DZDMF
#PUI Z = TJO h BOE Z = DPT h IBWF "NQMJUVEF = BOE 1FSJPE = °
4ZNNFUSZ XJUIJO UIF VOJU DJSDMF VTJOH SFGFSFODF BOHMFT DBO CF JMMVTUSBUFE VTJOH HSBQIT PG
USJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPOT
• 5IJT TIPXT TJO ° = TJO ° SFGFSFODF BOHMF °
BOE TJO ° = TJO ° SFGFSFODF
BOHMF °

y sinθ
1 1
40° 40° 240° 300°

x θ
−1 60° 60° 1 O 40° 90° 140°180° 270° 360°
−1
−1
• 5IJT TIPXT DPT ° = DPT ° SFGFSFODF BOHMF °
BOE DPT ° = DPT ° SFGFSFODF
BOHMF °

y cosθ
1 1
120° 240°
60° 40° x θ
40° O
−1 60° 1 40° 90° 180° 270° 320° 360°
−1
−1
5IFSF BSF NBOZ BQQMJDBUJPOT PG USJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPOT JO QIZTJDT

BOE FOHJOFFSJOH 5IF TJOF XBWF EJTQMBZFE PO UIJT PTDJMMPTDPQF
GPS FYBNQMF DPVME SFQSFTFOU BO FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD XBWF PS BO
BMUFSOBUJOH QPXFS TPVSDF
&YBNQMF 3FBEJOH PGG B USJHPOPNFUSJD HSBQI

6TF UIJT HSBQI PG DPT h UP FTUJNBUF
B UIF WBMVF PG DPT h GPS h = ° cosθ
C UIF UXP WBMVFT PG h GPS XIJDI 1
DPT h = .
θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
−1
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B DPT ° ¥ -. cosθ

C DPT h = . 1
h ¥ ° PS ° 0.7
200°
θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
−0.9
−1
&YBNQMF $PNQBSJOH UIF TJ[F PG UIF TJOF PG BOHMFT

6TF UIF HSBQI PG Z = TJO h UP TUBUF XIFUIFS PS OPU UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF USVF PS GBMTF
B TJO ° < TJO ° C TJO ° > TJO °
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B GBMTF y sinθ
C USVF 1 70° 1
130°
x θ
−1 1 O 90° 180° 270° 360°
195°
335°
−1 −1

&YFSDJTF , o
6/%&345"/%*/(
B $PNQMFUF UIF UBCMF CFMPX GPS TJO h XSJUJOH UIF ZDPPSEJOBUF PG FBDI QPJOU BU XIJDI UIF
BOHMF JOUFSTFDUT UIF VOJU DJSDMF TIPXO CFMPX

h 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
sinh 0 0.5 0.87 –0.5
90
1
120 60
0.8
0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 x
−1−0.8−0.6−0.4−0.2 O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 and 360
−.2
−.4
210 −.6 330
−.8
240 −1 300
270
C (SBQI UIF QPJOUT BCPWF BOE KPJO sin θ
UIFN UP NBLF B TNPPUI DVSWF GPS
1
TJO h
O θ
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1
B 6TJOH UIF VOJU DJSDMF EJBHSBN JO 2VFTUJPO DPNQMFUF UIF UBCMF CFMPX GPS DPT h XSJUJOH UIF
YDPPSEJOBUF PG FBDI QPJOU BU XIJDI UIF BOHMF JOUFSTFDUT UIF VOJU DJSDMF
h 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
cosh 1 0.87 –0.5 –0.87
C (SBQI UIF QPJOUT BCPWF BOE KPJO cos θ
UIFN UP NBLF B TNPPUI DVSWF
1
GPS DPT h
θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

,
6/%&345"/%*/(
B 'PS UIF HSBQI PG TJO h BOE VTJOH ° Ä h Ä ° TUBUF
J UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT PG TJO h
JJ UIF WBMVFT PG h GPS XIJDI TJO h =
C 'PS UIF HSBQI PG DPT h BOE VTJOH ° Ä h Ä ° TUBUF
J UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT PG DPT h
JJ UIF WBMVFT PG h GPS XIJDI DPT h =
D 4UBUF UIF WBMVFT PG h GPS XIJDI
J DPT h < JJ TJO h <
o
o
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 5IJT HSBQI TIPXT DPT h GPS ° Ä h Ä °
cos θ
1
θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
−1
B 6TF UIJT HSBQI UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG DPT h GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH
J h = ° JJ h = °
JJJ h = ° JW h = °
W h = ° WJ h = °
WJJ h = ° WJJJ h = °
C 6TF UIF TBNF HSBQI UP FTUJNBUF UIF UXP WBMVFT PG h GPS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
J DPT h = . JJ DPT h = .
JJJ DPT h = . JW DPT h = .
W DPT h = -. WJ DPT h = -.
WJJ DPT h = -. WJJJ DPT h = -.

,
'-6&/$:
5IJT HSBQI TIPXT TJO h GPS ° Ä h Ä °
sin θ
1
θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
−1
B 6TF UIJT HSBQI UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG TJO h GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH
J h = ° JJ h = ° JJJ h = ° JW h = °
W h = ° WJ h = ° WJJ h = ° WJJJ h = °
C 6TF UIF TBNF HSBQI UP FTUJNBUF UIF UXP WBMVFT PG h GPS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
J TJO h = . JJ TJO h = . JJJ TJO h = . JW TJO h = .
W TJO h = -. WJ TJO h = -. WJJ TJO h = -. WJJJ TJO h = -.
&YBNQMF #Z DPOTJEFSJOH UIF HSBQIT PG Z = TJO h BOE Z = DPT h TUBUF XIFUIFS UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF USVF
PS GBMTF
B TJO ° > TJO ° C TJO ° < TJO ° D TJO ° < TJO °
E TJO ° = TJO ° F DPT ° < DPT ° G DPT ° > DPT °
H DPT ° = DPT ° I DPT ° > DPT ° J TJO ° = DPT °
K DPT ° = TJO ° L TJO ° > TJO ° M DPT ° > DPT °
o
o
o
130#-&.40-7*/(
'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH BOHMFT TUBUF UIF TFDPOE BOHMF CFUXFFO ° BOE ° UIBU HJWFT UIF
TBNF WBMVF GPS TJO h
B ° C ° D ° E °
F ° G ° H ° I °
'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH BOHMFT TUBUF UIF TFDPOE BOHMF CFUXFFO ° BOE ° UIBU HJWFT UIF
TBNF WBMVF GPS DPT h
B ° C ° D ° E °
F ° G ° H ° I °
(JWF UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMF JO UIF àSTU RVBESBOU UIBU NBUDIFT UIFTF BOHMFT
B ° C ° D ° E °
F ° G ° H ° I °
J ° K ° L ° M °

,
130#-&.40-7*/(
6TF B DBMDVMBUPS UP àOE UIF UXP WBMVFT PG h GPS ° Ä h Ä ° DPSSFDU UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF GPS
UIFTF TJNQMF FRVBUJPOT
B TJO h = . C TJO h = . D DPT h = .
E DPT h = . F TJO h = -. G TJO h = -.
H DPT h = -. I DPT h = . J TJO h = .

3&"40/*/(
B )PX NBOZ WBMVFT PG h TBUJTGZ TJO h = (JWF B SFBTPO
C )PX NBOZ WBMVFT PG h TBUJTGZ DPT h = - (JWF B SFBTPO
3FDBMM UIF FYBDU WBMVFT GPS TJO h BOE DPTh GPS ° ° BOE ° JO UIF àSTU RVBESBOU
B $PNQMFUF UIJT UBCMF
h 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1
sinh
2
cosh 0
C 6TJOH UIF SFGFSFODF BOHMFT JO UIF UBCMF BCPWF TUBUF UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
J TJO ° JJ DPT ° JJJ DPT ° JW TJO °
W DPT ° WJ TJO ° WJJ DPT ° WJJJ TJO °
JY DPT ° Y TJO ° YJ TJO ° YJJ DPT °
YJJJ TJO ° YJW TJO ° YW DPT ° YWJ DPT °
'PS h CFUXFFO √ PG h UIBU TBUJTGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH

√ ° BOE ° àOE UIF UXP WBMVFT

B DPT h = C TJO h = D TJO h =

√

E TJO h = - F DPT h = - G DPT h = -

5SJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPOT XJUI UFDIOPMPHZ

&/3*$).&/5
6TF UFDIOPMPHZ UP TLFUDI UIF HSBQI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH GBNJMJFT PG DVSWFT PO UIF TBNF BYFT BOE
UIFO XSJUF B TFOUFODF EFTDSJCJOH UIF FGGFDU PG UIF DIBOHJOH DPOTUBOU
B J Z = TJO Y JJ Z = - TJO Y
C J Z = DPT Y JJ Z = - DPT Y

D J Z = TJO Y JJ Z = TJO Y JJJ Z = TJO Y

Y
E J Z = DPT Y JJ Z = DPT Y
JJJ Z = DPT

F J Z = TJO Y JJ Z = TJO Y
+ JJJ Z = TJO Y
-
G J Z = DPT Y JJ Z = DPT Y - °
JJJ Z = DPT Y + °

6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP HSBQI USJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPOT

4LFUDI UIF HSBQI PG Z = TJO Y
GPS ° Ä Y Ä ° BOE USBDF UP FYQMPSF UIF CFIBWJPVS PG Z
4LFUDI UIF HSBQI PG Z = DPT Y
BOE Z = DPT Y
GPS ° Ä Y Ä ° PO UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT
In a Graphs page, define f 1(x ) = sin(x ) and press ·. With the calculator in Degree mode, go to the Graph&Table
Use b>Window/Zoom> Window Settings and set x application. Enter the rule y 1 = sin(x ) followed by EXE. Tap
from 0 to 360 and y from –1.5 to 1.5. Use to see the graph. Tap and set x from 0 to 360 with
b>Trace>Graph Trace and scroll along the graph. a scale of 60 and y from about –1.5 to 1.5 with a scale of
0.5. Tap Analysis, Trace and then scroll along the graph.
Note: Ensure you are in Degree mode. This setting can be

accessed using b>Settings whilst in the Graphs page.
Hint: you can double click on the end axes values and edit
if preferred.
In a Graphs page, define f 1(x ) = cos(x ) and f 2(2x ) = In the Graph&Table application, enter the rules y 1 = cos(x )
cos(x ). Use the same settings as before. and y 2 = cos(2x ) followed by EXE. Tap . Use settings
as before.


*OWFTUJHBUJPO
4PMWJOH USJHPOPNFUSJD FRVBUJPOT
5SJHPOPNFUSJD SFMBUJPOT BSF OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ SFTUSJDUFE UP BOHMFT PG MFTT UIBO ° BOE UIJT JT JMMVTUSBUFE CZ
ESBXJOH B HSBQI PG B USJHPOPNFUSJD SFMBUJPO GPS BOHMFT VQ UP ° 4PMWJOH QSPCMFNT VTJOH USJHPOPNFUSJD
SFMBUJPOT XJMM UIFSFGPSF SFTVMU JO BO FRVBUJPO UIBU DBO IBWF NPSF UIBO POF TPMVUJPO
'PS FYBNQMF DPOTJEFS UIF FRVBUJPO TJO h = . GPS ° Ä h Ä ° 4JODF TJO h JT UIF ZDPPSEJOBUF PO
UIF VOJU DJSDMF UIFSF BSF UXP BOHMFT UIBU TBUJTGZ TJO h = .
4PMVUJPO TJO h = . y
-
h = TJO .
1
= ° 0.5
4PMVUJPO h = ° - °
30° 30° x
= ° −1 1
−1
4JOHMF TPMVUJPOT ° Ä h Ä °
'PS UIFTF SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMFT XSJUF BO FRVBUJPO JO UFSNT PG h BOE UIFO TPMWF UIF FRVBUJPO UP àOE h
B C D
2
1 3 6
6 θ
θ θ
7
5XP TPMVUJPOT ° Ä h Ä °
"U QPJOU 1 PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF Y = DPT h BOE Z = TJO h

'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
J 6TF B DBMDVMBUPS UP àOE B WBMVF GPS h CFUXFFO ° BOE °
JJ 'JOE B TFDPOE BOHMF CFUXFFO ° BOE ° UIBU BMTP TBUJTàFT UIF HJWFO USJHPOPNFUSJD FRVBUJPO
B TJO h = . C DPT h = .
D DPT h = -. E TJO h = -.
y
1
P
θ x
−1 O B 1
−1

)BSEFS USJHPOPNFUSJD FRVBUJPOT
B 4PMWF UIFTF USJHPOPNFUSJD FRVBUJPOT GPS ° Ä h Ä °

J TJO h - = JJ DPT h + =

C 4PMWJOH BO FRVBUJPO TVDI BT TJO h
= GPS ° Ä h Ä ° NFBOT UIBU ° Ä h Ä °

XIJDI JODMVEFT UXP SPUBUJPOT PG UIF QPJOU 1 BSPVOE UIF VOJU DJSDMF 4PMWF UIFTF FRVBUJPOT GPS
° Ä h Ä ° CZ àSTU TPMWJOH GPS h BOE UIFO EJWJEJOH CZ UP TPMWF GPS h

J TJO h
= JJ DPT h
= .

#VJMEJOH B EZOBNJD VOJU DJSDMF

6TF EZOBNJD HFPNFUSZ TPGUXBSF UP DPOTUSVDU B VOJU DJSDMF XJUI B QPJOU 1 DPT h TJO h
UIBU DBO NPWF
BSPVOE UIF DJSDMF
B $POTUSVDUJPO TUFQT cos (x) = 0.54

y
• 4IPX B HSJE BOE BYFT sin (x) = 0.84
1 P(x, y) = (0.54, 0.84)
• $POTUSVDU B VOJU DJSDMF XJUI DFOUSF
BOE
SBEJVT BT TIPXO
0.5
• 1MBDF B QPJOU 1 PO UIF VOJU DJSDMF UP DPOTUSVDU 01
4IPX UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG 1 x
−1 O Q 0.54 1
• $POTUSVDU 21 BOE 02 TP UIBU 02 ⊥ 21 BOE 2 JT PO
UIF YBYJT
• .FBTVSF UIF BOHMF h = Ò201
−1
C /PX ESBH QPJOU 1 BSPVOE UIF VOJU DJSDMF BOE PCTFSWF UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG 1 DPT h, TJO h

D %FTDSJCF IPX DPT h BOE TJO h DIBOHF BT h JODSFBTFT GSPN ° UP °
&YUFOTJPO
TJO h
E $BMDVMBUF UBO h BT BOE PCTFSWF IPX UIF WBMVF PG UBO h DIBOHFT BT h JODSFBTFT
DPT h
F $POTUSVDU UIF HSBQI PG Z = TJO h CZ USBOTGFSSJOH UIF WBMVF PG h BOE TJO h UP B TFU PG BYFT BOE
DPOTUSVDUJOH UIF TFU PG DPPSEJOBUFT h, TJO h
5SBDF h, TJO h
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2D applications Finding angles Finding lengths

• Draw right-angled triangle with If sin θ = k 10 sin 40° = 10x
key information. θ = sin−1(k ) x
• Use trigonometry to find unknown. 40° ∴ x = 10 × sin 40°
If cos θ = k cos 50° = x7
Angle of depression θ = cos−1(k ) x
7 50° x × cos 50° = 7
If tan θ = k
θ = tan−1(k ) x = cos750°
Angle of elevation −1≤ k ≤1 for sin θ and

cos θ. Trigonometric ratios
SOHCAHTOA
Bearings Hypotenuse
sin θ = OH
True bearings are measured clockwise
from north. cos θ = A Opposite
000° H θ
O sin θ
C
A tan θ = A
= cos θ Adjacent
60°
40°
270° 090° A : 050°T
20° B : 200°T y Obtuse angles (10A)
C : 300°T
1 180°− θ
B 180° P (cosθ, sinθ )
Opposite directions differ by 180°. θ θ x sin (180° − θ ) = sin θ
Trigonometry −1 O 1
cos (180°− θ ) = −cos θ
3D applications (10A) −1
tan (180°− θ ) = −tan θ
• Identify and redraw
right-angled triangle. x 12
Radians (10A) 4 quadrants of unit circle (10A)
• Use trigonometric x 12
ratios.
5 × π y 90° Q1: All are positive
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• Answer in words. Q2: only sin positive
5
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x Q3: only tan positive
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c b acute angle in quadrant 1.
a = b = c
B
a C sin A sin B sin C Exact values (10A)
Symmetry can then be used to find
When finding angles, determine sin θ or cos θ or tan θ .
Use these triangles
whether you require the acute
60° e.g. sin 210° in quadrant 3 is negative
1 √2 2 1 210° − 180° = 30°
or the obtuse angle. 45° 30°
√3
sin 210° = −sin 30°
1
= − 12
θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
sin θ 0 1 √2 √3 To find reference angle of θ in Q1:
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2
1
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b a
A
c B
Graphs of sin θ and cos θ (10A)
y = sin θ , 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360° y = cos θ , 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
sin θ cos θ
Cosine rule (10A) 1 1
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c2 a2 b2 A
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• third side, given two sides b O 90° 180° 270° 360° O 90° 180° 270° 360°
and included angle C a B
−1 −1
or
• an angle, given all three sides. Symmetry of the unit circle can be observed in graphs.

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Chapter
5
What you will learn
Quadratic
equations
5A E xpanding expressions 5E Factorising by completing the square

(Consolidating) 5F Solving quadratic equations
5B Factorising expressions 5G Applications of quadratics
5C Factorising trinomials of the form 5H Solving quadratic equations by
x 2 + bx + c completing the square
5D Factorising quadratic trinomials of 5I The quadratic formula
the form ax 2 + bx + c (10A)
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Patterns and algebra for a particular term (VCMNA333)
Factorise algebraic expressions by taking out Linear and non-linear relationships
a common algebraic factor (VCMNA329) Solve simple quadratic equations using a
Expand binomial products and factorise range of strategies (VCMNA341)
monic quadratic expressions using a variety (10A) Factorise monic and non-monic
of strategies (VCMNA332) quadratic expressions and solve a wide range
Substitute values into formulas to determine of quadratic equations derived from a variety
an unknown and re-arrange formulas to solve of contexts (VCMNA362)
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
Mathematics of flight
If you blow air across the top of a small at a higher speed over the wing’s upper
piece of paper it will lift rather than be forced surface and hence air pressure is decreased.
down. Daniel Bernoulli, an 18th-century Swiss The air of higher pressure under the wing
mathematician and scientist, discovered the helps to lift the plane or bird. Bernoulli’s
relationship between fluid pressure and fluid quadratic equation shows us that wing lift is
speed, simply represented by this quadratic proportional to the square of the airspeed.
equation: Wing loading in kg/m2 is calculated by
v2 dividing the fully loaded weight of a plane
P + = c , where P is internal pressure,
2 by the wing area. Planes with a large wing
v is speed and c is a constant. loading need large wings or a high airspeed
As air is a fluid, Bernoulli’s law shows or both to achieve lift. The gigantic Antonov
us that with increased air speed there is cargo plane has a wing loading of around
decreased internal air pressure. This explains 660 kg/m2 and can lift enormous weights due
why, when a cyclonic wind blows across a to its huge wing area of 905 m2 and airspeed
house roof, the stronger air pressure from of 800 km/h. A hang glider has large wings
inside the house can push the roof off. The and a low mass giving a wing loading of only
aerofoil shape of a bird or plane wing (i.e. 6 kg/m2. Hence it can still obtain lift at very
concave-down on the top) causes air to flow slow speeds.
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/PUF UIBU BO FYQSFTTJPO XJUI B QFSGFDU TRVBSF DBO CF TJNQMJàFE BT TIPXO
Y +
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=
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=Y+
6TF UIJT JEFB UP TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
Y - Y + Y + Y + Y - Y +
B C D
Y- Y+ Y-
Y - Y +
Y - Y +
E F G
Y - Y + Y + Y + Y -
B + BC + C B - C
B 1SPWF UIBU =
B + BC B - BC
C .BLF VQ ZPVS PXO FYQSFTTJPOT MJLF UIF POF JO QBSU B XIJDI FRVBM "TL B DMBTTNBUF UP
DIFDL UIFN
4JNQMJGZ
B + BC + C B - C B - BC + C B - C
B C
B B + C
B - BC + C B - C B + BC + C

B -C B - C
B + BC + C B B - C
D E
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B - BC + C
"EEJUJPO BOE TVCUSBDUJPO XJUI GBDUPSJTBUJPO
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Y Y
+ = +
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Y -
Y -
Y
= +
Y -
Y -
Y -
Y -
Y - + Y
=
Y -
Y -
Y -
=
Y -
Y -
Y -
=
Y -
Y -
/PX TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH

Y Y
B + C +
Y + Y - Y - Y + Y - Y -
Y
D - E -
Y + Y - Y - Y - Y +
Y+ Y- Y+ Y
F - G
-
Y - Y - Y - Y + Y - Y - Y + Y +
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Y - Y - Y + Y - Y + Y + Y -

% 'BDUPSJTJOH RVBESBUJD USJOPNJBMT PG UIF "

GPSN BY CY D
5IFSF BSF B OVNCFS PG XBZT PG GBDUPSJTJOH OPONPOJD RVBESBUJD USJOPNJBMT PG UIF GPSN BY + CY + D
XIFSF B ¢ 5IF DSPTT NFUIPE GPS FYBNQMF VTFT MJTUT PG GBDUPST PG B BOE D TP UIBU B DPSSFDU DPNCJOBUJPO
DBO CF GPVOE 'PS FYBNQMF UP GBDUPSJTF Y - Y -
2x + 3
2 1 4 −15 1 −1 15 5 −3 −5 3
factors of 4 factors of −15
2 4 1 1 −15 15 −1 −3 5 3 −5
2x − 5
× -
+ × = - TP DIPPTF Y +
BOE Y -

Â Y - Y - = Y +
Y -
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5P GBDUPSJTF UIF OPONPOJD RVBESBUJD Y - Y - VTJOH HSPVQJOH XF NVMUJQMZ B CZ D XIJDI
JT × -
= - 5IFO XF MPPL GPS OVNCFST UIBU NVMUJQMZ UP HJWF - BOE BEE UP HJWF - UIF
DPFGàDJFOU PG Y

• 8IBU BSF UIF UXP OVNCFST UIBU NVMUJQMZ UP HJWF - BOE BEE UP HJWF -
• $PNQMFUF UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH HSPVQJOH
Y - Y - = Y - Y + Y - - × = -, - + = -
= Y
+
= Y -

• *G XF DIBOHFE UIF PSEFS PG UIF -Y BOE +Y EP ZPV UIJOL UIF SFTVMU XPVME DIBOHF $PQZ BOE
DPNQMFUF UP àOE PVU
Y - Y - = Y + Y - Y - × -
= -, + -
= -
= Y
-
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• 'JOE UXP OVNCFST UIBU NVMUJQMZ UP HJWF B × D BOE BEE UP HJWF C JEFBT
'PS Y - Y - , B × D = × -
= -
5IF GBDUPST PG - UIBU BEE UP - C
BSF - BOE
• 6TF UIF UXP OVNCFST TIPXO JO UIF FYBNQMF BCPWF UP TQMJU CY UIFO GBDUPSJTF CZ HSPVQJOH
Y - Y - = Y - Y + Y -
= Y Y -
+ Y -
= Y -
Y +
5IFSF BSF PUIFS WBMJE NFUIPET UIBU DBO CF VTFE UP GBDUPSJTF OPONPOJD USJOPNJBMT 5IF DSPTT
NFUIPE JT JMMVTUSBUFE JO UIF JOUSPEVDUJPO

&YBNQMF 'BDUPSJTJOH OPONPOJD RVBESBUJDT

'BDUPSJTF
B Y + Y + C Y + Y -
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Y + Y + = Y + Y + Y + B × D = × = DIPPTF BOE TJODF

= Y Y +
+ Y +
× = BOE + = C

= Y +
Y +
'BDUPSJTF CZ HSPVQJOH
C Y + Y - = Y + Y - Y - B × D = × -

= - DIPPTF BOE -
= Y Y +
- Y +
TJODF × -
= - BOE + -
= C

= Y +
Y -
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Y - Y - Y +

4JNQMJGZ ×
Y + Y - Y - Y +
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
Y - Y - Y +

× 'JSTU VTF UIF SBOHF PG GBDUPSJTJOH UFDIOJRVFT UP
Y + Y - Y - Y +
GBDUPSJTF BMM RVBESBUJDT
Y+ Y-

Y-

Y-

= ×
$BODFM UP TJNQMJGZ
Y-
Y+

Y- Y-

=
&YFSDJTF %

6/%&345"/%*/(
$PNQMFUF UIJT UBCMF
BY 2 + CY + D B × D Two numbers that multiply to give B × D and add to give C

2
6x + 13x + 6 36 9 and
8x 2 + 18x + 4 32
2
12x + x – 6 –8 and
10x 2 – 11x – 6
21x 2 – 20x + 4 –6 and
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%
6/%&345"/%*/(
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H Y - Y + Y - I Y - Y + Y - J Y - Y + Y -
K Y + Y - Y - L Y + Y - Y - M Y - Y - Y +

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B Y + Y + C Y + Y + D Y + Y +
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H Y - Y - I Y - Y - J Y + Y -
K Y - Y + L Y + Y - M Y + Y -
N Y - Y - O Y - Y - P Y - Y +
Q Y - Y + R Y + Y - S Y + Y -
T Y + Y + U Y - Y + V Y - Y +
W Y - Y + X Y - Y + Y Y + Y -
'BDUPSJTF UIF GPMMPXJOH

B Y + Y + C Y + Y + D Y + Y -
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H Y - Y + I Y - Y + J Y - Y +

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H -Y - Y - I Y - Y + J Y - Y +
4JNQMJGZ CZ àSTU GBDUPSJTJOH

Y - Y - Y + Y - Y - Y +
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Y + Y + Y -
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E F G
Y + Y - Y + Y - Y - Y +
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H I J
Y + Y + Y + Y + Y - Y +
Y - Y + Y - Y - Y -
K L M
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POF TJEF PG UIF DIBOOFM
B 'BDUPSJTF UIF SJHIUIBOE TJEF PG UIF
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C %FUFSNJOF UIF IFJHIU PG UIF DBCMF XIFO
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UIF XBUFS TVSGBDF

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&YBNQMF $PNCJOF BMM ZPVS LOPXMFEHF PG GBDUPSJTJOH UP TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
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Y - Y + Y - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y +
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Y +
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Y - Y - Y - Y - Y + Y -
Y Y Y Y
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-
Y - Y - Y - Y - Y + Y -

F
+ G
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H - I +
Y - Y - Y - Y - Y - Y + Y + Y -

& 'BDUPSJTJOH CZ DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF

$POTJEFS UIF RVBESBUJD FYQSFTTJPO Y + Y + 8F DBOOPU
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QSFWJPVT FYFSDJTFT CFDBVTF UIFSF BSF OP GBDUPST PG UIBU
BEE UP 1× 1=1
8F DBO IPXFWFS VTF PVS LOPXMFEHF PG QFSGFDU TRVBSFT BOE

UIF EJGGFSFODF PG QFSGFDU TRVBSFT UP IFMQ àOE GBDUPST VTJOH
TVSET
But 1 + 1 ≠ 6
-FUT TUBSU .BLF B QFSGFDU TRVBSF

5IJT EJBHSBN JT B TRVBSF *UT TJEFT BSF Y + BOE JUT BSFB JT HJWFO CZ x 3
Y + Y + = Y +

6TF B TJNJMBS EJBHSBN UP IFMQ NBLF B QFSGFDU TRVBSF GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH
x x2 3x
BOE EFUFSNJOF UIF NJTTJOH OVNCFS GPS FBDI
• Y + Y +
• Y + Y + 3 3x 9
$BO ZPV EFTDSJCF B NFUIPE GPS àOEJOH UIF NJTTJOH OVNCFS XJUIPVU
ESBXJOH B EJBHSBN

5P DPNQMFUF UIF TRVBSF GPS Y + CY BEE
C

,FZ
JEFBT

C C
• Y + CY + = Y+

5P GBDUPSJTF CZ DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF

C C Y + Y + = Y + Y + - +
• "EE BOE CBMBODF CZ TVCUSBDUJOH

• 'BDUPSJTF UIF QFSGFDU TRVBSF BOE TJNQMJGZ = Y+ -

• 'BDUPSJTF VTJOH %014 B - C = B + C
B - C
√
TVSET DBO CF VTFE = Y +
-

√ √
= Y + +
Y + -
√ √
= Y + +
Y + -
/PU BMM RVBESBUJD FYQSFTTJPOT GBDUPSJTF 5IJT XJMM CF TFFO XIFO ZPV FOE VQ XJUI FYQSFTTJPOT TVDI
BT Y +
+ XIJDI JT OPU B EJGGFSFODF PG UXP QFSGFDU TRVBSFT

&YBNQMF $PNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF

%FDJEF XIBU OVNCFS NVTU CF BEEFE UP UIFTF FYQSFTTJPOT UP DPNQMFUF UIF TRVBSF 5IFO GBDUPSJTF UIF
SFTVMUJOH QFSGFDU TRVBSF
B Y + Y C Y - Y
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/

C
B = = 'PS Y + CY BEE

C
)FSF C = BOE FWBMVBUF

C C
Y + Y + = Y +
Y + CY + = Y+

- C
C = *O Y - Y C = - BOE FWBMVBUF

Y - Y + = Y- 'BDUPSJTF UIF QFSGFDU TRVBSF

&YBNQMF 'BDUPSJTJOH CZ DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF

'BDUPSJTF UIF GPMMPXJOH CZ DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF JG QPTTJCMF
B Y + Y - C Y - Y +
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
⎛ ⎞
⎠ C
B Y + Y - = ⎝Y + Y + - - "EE

UP DPNQMFUF UIF TRVBSF BOE CBMBODF

C
CZ TVCUSBDUJOH BMTP 'BDUPSJTF UIF
= Y+ - -
SFTVMUJOH QFSGFDU TRVBSF BOE TJNQMJGZ
= Y +
- √
√ &YQSFTT BT
UP TFU VQ B %014
= Y +
-

√ √ "QQMZ B - C = B + C
B - C
VTJOH TVSET
= Y + -
Y + +
⎛ ⎞
⎠
C Y - Y + = ⎝Y - Y + - + "EE =
UP DPNQMFUF UIF TRVBSF BOE

CBMBODF CZ TVCUSBDUJOH
BMTP
'BDUPSJTF UIF QFSGFDU TRVBSF BOE TJNQMJGZ
= Y- +
Y -
+ JT OPU B EJGGFSFODF PG QFSGFDU
= Y -
+ TRVBSFT
Â Y - Y + DBOOPU CF GBDUPSJTFE
&YBNQMF 'BDUPSJTJOH XJUI GSBDUJPOT

'BDUPSJTF Y + Y +

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
⎛ ⎞
⎠
Y + Y + = ⎝Y + Y + - + "EE UP DPNQMFUF UIF TRVBSF BOE CBMBODF

CZ TVCUSBDUJOH -FBWF JO GSBDUJPO GPSN
= Y+ - +

'BDUPSJTF UIF QFSGFDU TRVBSF BOE TJNQMJGZ

= Y+ - - + =- + =-

= Y+ -

√ √
√ √
3FDBMM UIBU =√ = BOE VTF %014
= Y+ - Y+ +

√ √
- +
= Y+ Y+

&YFSDJTF & o

6/%&345"/%*/(
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5IFTF FYQSFTTJPOT BSF PG UIF GPSN Y + CY &WBMVBUF GPS FBDI POF

B Y + Y C Y + Y D Y + Y

E Y - Y
F Y - Y G Y - Y
H Y + Y I Y + Y J Y - Y
'BDUPSJTF UIFTF QFSGFDU TRVBSFT

B Y + Y + C Y + Y + D Y + Y +

E Y - Y + F Y - Y + G Y - Y +
'BDUPSJTF VTJOH TVSET 3FDBMM UIBU B - C = B + C

B - C

B Y +
- C Y +
- D Y +
-
E Y -
- F Y -
- G Y -
-
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UIF SFTVMUJOH QFSGFDU TRVBSF
B Y + Y C Y + Y D Y + Y E Y + Y

F Y - Y
G Y - Y
H Y - Y I Y - Y
J Y + Y K Y + Y L Y + Y M Y + Y

N Y - Y
O Y - Y
P Y -Y Q Y - Y
&
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B Y + Y + C Y + Y + D Y + Y - E Y + Y -

F Y - Y + G Y - Y + H Y - Y - I Y - Y -
&YBNQMF C 'BDUPSJTF JG QPTTJCMF

B Y + Y + C Y + Y + D Y + Y + E Y + Y +
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J Y - Y + K Y - Y + L Y - Y - M Y - Y +

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&YBNQMF 'BDUPSJTF UIF GPMMPXJOH
B Y + Y + C Y + Y + D Y + Y - E Y + Y -

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'BDUPSJTF CZ àSTU UBLJOH PVU UIF DPNNPO GBDUPS
B Y + Y + C Y + Y - D Y - Y -

E Y - Y + F -Y - Y + G -Y - Y -
H - Y - Y + I -Y + Y + J -Y + Y -
'BDUPSJTF UIF GPMMPXJOH

B Y + Y + C Y + Y - D Y - Y +
E Y - Y + F -Y - Y + G -Y - Y +
H - Y + Y + I -Y + Y + J -Y + Y +

3&"40/*/(
" TUVEFOU GBDUPSJTFT Y - Y - CZ DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF
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C /PX UIBU ZPV IBWF TFFO UIF BOTXFS GSPN QBSU B XIBU XPVME ZPV TVHHFTU JT B CFUUFS XBZ UP
GBDUPSJTF Y - Y -
B &YQMBJO XIZ Y + DBOOPU CF GBDUPSJTFE VTJOH SFBM OVNCFST

C %FDJEF XIFUIFS UIF GPMMPXJOH DBO PS DBOOPU CF GBDUPSJTFE
J Y - JJ Y - JJJ Y + JW Y +
W Y +
+ WJ Y -
- WJJ Y +
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+
D 'PS XIBU WBMVFT PG N DBO UIF GPMMPXJOH CF GBDUPSJTFE VTJOH SFBM OVNCFST
J Y + Y + N JJ Y - Y + N JJJ Y - Y + N

/PONPOJD RVBESBUJDT BOE DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF

&
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TVDI BT Y - Y + DBO CF GBDUPSJTFE JO UIF GPMMPXJOH XBZ

Y - Y + = Y - Y +

⎛ ⎞

= ⎝Y - Y + - + ⎠ /PUF =

⎛ ⎞

= ⎝ Y - - + ⎠

⎛ ⎞

= ⎝ Y - - ⎠

√ √

= Y- + Y- -

'BDUPSJTF UIFTF VTJOH B TJNJMBS UFDIOJRVF

B Y + Y - C Y + Y - D Y - Y -

E Y - Y + F -Y - Y + G -Y - Y -
H - Y + Y - I -Y + Y + J Y + Y -

K Y + Y - L -Y - Y + M -Y - Y -

' 4PMWJOH RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT

5IF SFTVMU PG NVMUJQMZJOH B OVNCFS CZ [FSP JT [FSP $POTFRVFOUMZ JG BO FYQSFTTJPO FRVBMT [FSP UIFO BU MFBTU
POF PG JUT GBDUPST NVTU CF [FSP 5IJT JT DBMMFE UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX BOE JU QSPWJEFT VT XJUI BO JNQPSUBOU
NFUIPE UIBU DBO CF VUJMJTFE UP TPMWF B SBOHF PG NBUIFNBUJDBM QSPCMFNT JOWPMWJOH RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT
1BSBCPMJD BSDIFT MJLF UIJT POF TVQQPSUJOH UIF XFJHIU PG B

CSJEHF
DBO CF NPEFMMFE CZ RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT
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4FU VQ UXP UFBNT
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5FBN # 'BDUPSJTBUJPO
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• 5FBN " NVTU USZ UP àOE UIF UXP TPMVUJPOT PG Y - Y - = CZ HVFTTJOH BOE DIFDLJOH WBMVFT GPS Y
UIBU NBLF UIF FRVBUJPO USVF
• 5FBN # NVTU TPMWF UIF TBNF FRVBUJPO Y - Y - = CZ àSTU GBDUPSJTJOH UIF MFGUIBOE TJEF
8IJDI UFBN XBT UIF àSTU UP àOE UIF UXP TPMVUJPOT GPS Y %JTDVTT UIF NFUIPET VTFE
5IF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX TUBUFT UIBU JG UIF QSPEVDU PG UXP OVNCFST JT [FSP UIFO FJUIFS PS CPUI PG UIF
,FZ
UXP OVNCFST JT [FSP
JEFBT • *G B × C = UIFO FJUIFS B = PS C =
5P TPMWF B RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPO XSJUF JU JO TUBOEBSE GPSN JF BY + CY + D =

BOE GBDUPSJTF 5IFO
VTF UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX
• *G UIF DPFGàDJFOUT PG BMM UIF UFSNT IBWF B DPNNPO GBDUPS UIFO àSTU EJWJEF CZ UIBU DPNNPO
GBDUPS

&YBNQMF 4PMWJOH RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT VTJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX

4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT
B Y - Y = C Y - = D Y =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Y - Y = 'BDUPSJTF CZ UBLJOH PVU UIF DPNNPO GBDUPS Y "QQMZ

Y Y -
= UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX JG B × C = UIFO B = PS
Â Y = PS Y - = C = 4PMWF GPS Y
Â Y = PS Y = $IFDL ZPVS TPMVUJPOT CZ TVCTUJUVUJOH CBDL
C Y - = 'BDUPSJTF B - C = B - C
B + C
VTJOH TVSET
√ √
Y +
Y -
= "MUFSOBUJWFMZ BEE UP CPUI TJEFT UP HJWF Y =
√ √
Â Y + = PS Y - = UIFO UBLF UIF QPTJUJWF BOE OFHBUJWF TRVBSF SPPU
√ √ √
Â Y = - PS Y = 4P Y = ±
D Y = 'JSTU XSJUF JO TUBOEBSE GPSN JF BY + CY + D =

Y - = 5BLF PVU UIF DPNNPO GBDUPS PG BOE UIFO GBDUPSJTF
VTJOH B - C = B + C
B - C

Y -
=
Y +
Y -
= "MUFSOBUJWFMZ EJWJEF àSTU CZ UP HJWF Y = BOE
Y = ±
Â Y + = PS Y - =
Â Y = - PS Y =
&YBNQMF 4PMWJOH BY CY D
4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT
B Y - Y + = C Y + Y + = 10A D Y - Y - =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Y - Y + = 'BDUPSJTF CZ àOEJOH UXP OVNCFST UIBU NVMUJQMZ UP

Y -
Y -
= BOE BEE UP - - × -
= BOE - + -
= -
"QQMZ UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX BOE TPMWF GPS Y
Â Y - = PS Y - =
Â Y = PS Y =
C Y + Y + = × = BOE + =
Y +
Y +
= Y +
Y +
= Y +
JT B QFSGFDU TRVBSF
5IJT HJWFT POF TPMVUJPO GPS Y
Y +
=
ÂY+=
Â Y = -

D Y - Y - = 'JSTU GBDUPSJTF VTJOH HSPVQJOH PS BOPUIFS NFUIPE

Y - Y + Y - = × -
= -, - × = - BOE - + = -
Y Y -
+ Y -
=
Y -
Y +
=
Â Y - = PS Y + = 4PMWF VTJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX
Â Y = PS Y = -

Â Y = PS Y = - $IFDL ZPVS TPMVUJPOT CZ TVCTUJUVUJPO

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Y+
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C =Y
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'JSTU FYQBOE BOE UIFO XSJUF JO TUBOEBSE GPSN CZ

Y = Y + TVCUSBDUJOH Y BOE GSPN CPUI TJEFT
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= Y -
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= Y +
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In a Calculator page use b>Algebra>Solve and type In the Main application, type and highlight the equation
as shown ending with: ,x. then tap Interactive, Advanced, Solve, OK.
Note: if your answers are decimal then change the

Calculation Mode to Auto in Settings on the Home screen.
Use b>Algebra>Solve and type as shown.

Use the VAR keyboard to type the equation as shown.
Highlight the equation and tap Interactive, Advanced,
Solve, OK. This gives the general quadratic formula studied
in section 5I.
Note: use a multiplication sign between a and x 2 in ax 2

and b and x in bx.
This gives the general quadratic formula studied in
section 5I

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B Y - Y + = C Y + Y - = D Y - Y + =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/

-
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√ √
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B - C

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√ √

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K Y - Y + = L Y - Y + = M Y - Y + =
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B Y + Y + = C Y + Y + = D Y - Y + =

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Up for a challenge?

to help you.
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Factorising non-monic Factorising x 2 + bx + c Factorising and DOPS
quadratics ax 2 + bx + c (10A)
Two numbers × to give c. Always take out common factors
Use grouping, split up bx using Two numbers + to give b. first.
two numbers that multiply to e.g. x 2 − 7x − 18 = (x − 9)(x + 2) Difference of perfect squares
a × c and add to give b : −9 × 2 = −18 a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b)
e.g. 6x 2 − 5x − 4 −9 + 2 = −7 e.g. 4x 2 − 9 = (2x)2 − (3)2
a × c = 6 × (− 4) = −24 = (2x − 3)(2x + 3)
−8 × 3 = −24
x 2 − 7 = (x − 7)(x + 7)
−8 + 3 = −5
∴ 6x 2 + 3x − 8x − 4
= 3x (2x + 1) − 4(2x + 1)
= (2x + 1)(3x − 4)
Factorising by completing
Expanding brackets
the square Quadratic a (b + c) = ab + ac
e.g. x 2 + 4x − 3
equations (a + b)(c + d ) = ac + ad + bc + bd
= (x 2 + 4x + ( 42 ) 2 ) − ( 42 )2 − 3
(a + b)(a − b ) = a 2 − b 2
= (x + 42 )2 − 4 − 3
(a + b)2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
= (x + 2)2 − 7
(a − b)2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
= (x + 2 − 7)(x + 2 + 7)
Note, for example, (x + 2)2 + 5 cannot
be factorised.
Solving quadratic equations

Null Factor Law:
If ab = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0.
Write each quadratic in standard
form ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
factorise then apply the Null
Factor Law to solve.
e.g. 1 x 2 − 4x = 0
x (x − 4) = 0
x = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
2 x 2 = 3x − 10
x 2 − 3x + 10 = 0
(x − 5)(x + 2) = 0
x − 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 5 or x = −2
Quadratic formula
Applications
If ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 1 Define the variable.
x= 2 Set up the equation.
2a
The discriminant Δ = b 2 − 4ac 3 Solve by factorising and using
tells us how many solutions: the Null Factor Law or
quadratic formula.
Δ>0 2 solutions
4 Determine the suitable
Δ=0 1 solution
answer(s).
Δ<0 0 solutions

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Chapter
6 Measurement
What you will learn

6A Review of length (Consolidating) 6F Volume – prisms and cylinders
6B Pythagoras’ theorem 6G Volume – pyramids and
6C Area (Consolidating) cones (10A)
6D Surface area – prisms and cylinders 6H Spheres (10A)
6E Surface area – pyramids and 6I Limits of accuracy (Extending)
cones (10A)
Using units of measurement pythagoras’ and trigonometry
Solve problems involving surface area and Solve right-angled triangle problems including
volume for a range of prisms, cylinders and those involving direction and angles of
composite solids (VCMMG343) elevation and depression (VCMMG346)
(10A) Solve problems involving surface Apply Pythagoras’ theorem to solve
area and volume of right pyramids, right and trigonometry to solving three-
cones, spheres and related composite solids dimensional problems in right-angled
(VCMMG365) triangles (VCMMG370)
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
Tiny lead spheres and a very large glass cone

Melbourne Central shopping centre houses of falling molten lead formed into small
the historic Coop’s Shot Tower, which made spherical balls due to the forces of surface
spherical lead shot for use as pellets in tension. The shot also cooled as it fell
shotguns. The tower was built around 1890 and was collected in a water trough at
and owned and run by the Coops family. the bottom. Six tonnes of lead shot were
It is 50 m high or 9 storeys, and has 327 produced weekly until 1961.
steps, which were ascended by the shot Above the Shot Tower is the largest glass
maker carrying up his heavy load of lead cone of its type in the world. It is built of steel
bars. To produce the spherical lead shot, and glass with a total weight of 490 tonnes.
the lead bars were heated until molten The cone itself has a base diameter of 44 m
then dropped through a sieve or colander and a height of 48 m. It reaches 20 storeys
from near the top of the tower. The drops high and has 924 glass panes.
388 Chapter 6 .FBTVSFNFOU
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circle square rectangle triangle
r
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2 × 1000 × 100 ×10
kite km m cm mm
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3
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Chapter
7
What you will learn
7A Exploring parabolas
7B Sketching parabolas with
transformations
Parabolas and
other graphs
7G
7H
7I
Intersection of lines and parabolas (10A)
Functions (10A)
Graphs of circles
7C Sketching parabolas using 7J Graphs of exponentials
factorisation 7K Graphs of hyperbolas
7D Sketching by completing the square 7L Direct and inverse proportion and other
7E Sketching using the quadratic rates of change
formula 7M Further transformations of graphs (10A)
7F Applications involving parabolas
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Patterns and algebra Solve simple quadratic equations using a range
Factorise algebraic expressions by taking out a of strategies (VCMNA341)
common factor (VCMNA329) (10A) Describe, interpret and sketch parabolas,
Expand binomial products and factorise monic hyperbolas, circles and exponential functions and
quadratic expressions using a variety of strategies their transformations (VCMNA359)
(VCMNA332) (10A) Factorise monic and non-monic quadratic
Substitute values into formulas to determine expressions and solve a wide range of quadratic
an unknown and re-arrange formulas to solve for a equations derived from a variety of contexts (VCMNA362)
particular term (VCMNA333) (10A) Use function notation to describe the
Linear and non-linear relationships relationship between dependent and independent
Explore the connection between algebraic and variables in modelling contexts (VCMNA363)
graphical representations of relations such as Real numbers
simple quadratic, reciprocal, circle and exponential, Solve simple problems involving inverse proportion
using digital technology as appropriate (VCMNA339) (VCMNA327)
Online
resources
t Chapter pre-test
t Video demonstrations of
all worked examples
t Interactive widgets
t Interactive walkthroughs
t Downloadable HOTsheets
t Access to all HOTmaths
courses
t Access to the HOTmaths
games library
Parabolic antennae
The graph of a quadratic equation forms a signals are received on Earth using quite large
shape called a parabola. Imagine a parabola parabolic antennae.
rotated horizontally about its central axis of NASA’s Deep Space Tracking Station
symmetry (e.g. the y-axis) forming a parabolic located at Tidbinbilla, Canberra, has four
‘dish’. When parallel beams of energy enter a parabolic dish antennae. The largest is 70 m
parabolic reflective dish, they focus at a single in diameter, weighs 3000 tonnes and is
point on the central axis called the focal made of 1272 aluminium reflector panels
point. Conversely, light or radio waves can with a total surface area of 4180 m2. The
be transmitted from the focal point outwards Tidbinbilla antennae receive incoming
to the parabolic dish which then reflects a signals from many of NASA’s space
parallel beam of this energy into space. exploration missions including the Mars
A parabolic antenna uses a parabolic dish Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft which
to focus faint incoming radio waves into a in 2015 for the first time confirmed the
more intense beam which can be transmitted existence of flowing water on Mars, and the
from the focal point of the dish to computers Voyager spacecraft which was launched in
for analysis. Satellites communicate using 1977 and is now in interstellar space beyond
their own parabolic antennae and these faint our solar system.

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(−2, 4)
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D 5IF ZJOUFSDFQU JT 2
E 5IF YJOUFSDFQUT BSF BOE
F 5IF BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ JT x
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J UVSOJOH QPJOU BOE XIFUIFS JU JT B NBYJNVN PS NJOJNVN
JJ BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ JJJ YJOUFSDFQUT JW ZJOUFSDFQU
B y C y D y
x x 6
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4
−3 x
O 2
(2, −5)

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B y C y y = x2 D y
8 y = x2 8 8
y = x2
6 6 6
4 y = 3x2 4 4
y = 12 x2 y = 2x2
2 2 2
x x x
−4 −2 O 2 4 −4 −2 O 2 4 −4 −2 O 2 4
E y F y G y
4 y = x2 4 y = x2 4 y = x2
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
x O
x x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1 −1 −1
−2 −2 −2 y = −2x2
−3 y= −4x2 −3 −3
−4 −4 1 −4
y = − 3 x2
Maximum or Reflected in the Turning Z value Wider or narrower

Formula minimum Y-axis (yes/no) point when Y = 1 than Z = Y 2
B y = 3x 2
1
C y = x2
2
D y = 2x 2
E y = –4x 2
1
F y = – x2
3
G y = –2x 2

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B y C y
8 y = x2 8
y = x2
6 6
4 4
y = (x + 3)2 y = (x − 1)2
2 2
x x
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 −4 −2 O 2 4
D y E y
8 8 y = x2
y = x2
6 6
4 4
y = (x − 2)2
2 y = (x + 4)2 2
x x
−4 −2 O 2 4 −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4
Formula Turning point Axis of symmetry Z-intercept (Y = 0) Y-intercept

2
B y = (x + 3)
C y = (x – 1)2
D y = (x – 2)2
E y = (x + 4)2
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B y C y D y E y
y = x2 y = x2
4 y = x2 + 3 y = x2 − 1
y = x2
y = x2 + 2
y= x2 2 x
x O O 2
O x x
2 −1 2 O 2 y = x2 − 4
−4
Formula Turning point Z-intercept (Y = 0) Z value when Y = 1

B y = x2 + 3
C y = x2 – 1
D y = x2 + 2
E y = x2 – 4

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B Z = Y C Z = Y + D Z = -Y
E Z = -Y F Z=Y - G Z = Y -

H Z = Y +
I Z = - Y +
J Z = -Y -

K Z = Y + L Z = Y - M Z = - Y +

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'JOE UIF ZJOUFSDFQU JF XIFO Y =

GPS UIF HSBQIT PG UIF FRVBUJPOT JO 2VFTUJPO
.BUDI FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT UP POF PG UIF HSBQIT CFMPX

B Z = Y C Z = Y - D Z = Y +
E Z = -Y

F Z = Y -
G Z = Y H Z = Y + I Z = Y -
+

J y JJ y JJJ y
9
4 (1, 5) x
O
x
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O 3
JW y W y WJ y
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7
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x x
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W Z = Y BOE Z = Y WJ Z = Y BOE Z = Y

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B Z = Y C Z = -Y + D Z = Y -

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BOE JT
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B Z = Y C Z = -Y D Z = Y

E Z = - Y F Z = Y + G Z = Y -

H Z = -Y + I Z = -Y - J Z = Y +

K Z = Y -
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M Z = - Y -

4UBUF UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU GPS UIF HSBQIT PG UIFTF SVMFT
B Z = Y +
+ C Z = Y +
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+

E Z = Y -
-
F Z = Y -
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+
H Z = - Y -
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+

K Z = - Y -
-
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- M Z = - Y -
-
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B Z = Y +
+ C Z = Y +
- D Z = Y +
+

E Z = Y -
+
F Z = Y -
+ G Z = Y -
-
H Z = - Y -
+ I Z = - Y -
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-

K Z = - Y -
+
L Z = - Y -
- M Z = - Y +
+

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B y C y D y
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+
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F Z = Y -
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J Z = - Y K Z = + Y -

L Z = - Y +
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In a Graphs page, type the rule in f 1(x ) using the given In the Graph&Table application enter the rule
symbol (l) which is accessed using /=. y 1 = x 2 + { –3, –1, 0, 1, 3} followed by EXE.
f 1(x ) = x 2 + k ] k = { –3, –1, 0, 1, 3} Tap to see the graph.
Enter the rule y 1 = x 2 – 4x – 12. Tap and set an

Enter the rule f 1(x ) = x 2 – 4x -. Change the scale using
appropriate scale. Tap Analysis, G-Solve, root to locate the
the window settings. Use b>Trace>Graph Trace and
x -intercepts. Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Min to locate the
scroll along the graph to show significant points.
turning point.

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UIFO
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XJUI UIF QBSBCPMB
• #Z QMPUUJOH MJOFT PG UIF GPSN Z = D EFUFSNJOF IPX NBOZ QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO B IPSJ[POUBM MJOF DPVME
IBWF XJUI UIF QBSBCPMB
• #Z QMPUUJOH TUSBJHIU MJOFT PG UIF GPSN Z = Y + L GPS WBSJPVT WBMVFT PG L EFUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFS PG QPTTJCMF
JOUFSTFDUJPOT CFUXFFO B MJOF BOE B QBSBCPMB
• 4UBUF TPNF WBMVFT PG L GPS XIJDI UIF MJOF BCPWF JOUFSTFDUT UIF QBSBCPMB
o UXJDF o OFWFS
• $BO ZPV àOE UIF WBMVF PG L GPS XIJDI UIF MJOF JOUFSTFDUT UIF QBSBCPMB FYBDUMZ PODF
8IFO TPMWJOH B QBJS PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT JOWPMWJOH B QBSBCPMB BOE B MJOF XF NBZ PCUBJO
,FZ
[FSP POF PS UXP TPMVUJPOT (SBQIJDBMMZ UIJT SFQSFTFOUT [FSP POF PS UXP QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO
CFUXFFO UIF QBSBCPMB BOE UIF MJOF
JEFBT
• " MJOF UIBU JOUFSTFDUT B DVSWF UXJDF JT DBMMFE B TFDBOU
• " MJOF UIBU JOUFSTFDUT B DVSWF JO FYBDUMZ POF QMBDF JT DBMMFE B UBOHFOU
y y y
x x x
O O O
zero points of intersection one point of intersection two points of intersection

5IF NFUIPE PG TVCTUJUVUJPO JT VTFE UP TPMWF UIF FRVBUJPOT TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ
• 4VCTUJUVUF POF FRVBUJPO JOUP UIF PUIFS
• 3FBSSBOHF UIF SFTVMUJOH FRVBUJPO JOUP UIF GPSN BY + CY + D =
• 4PMWF GPS Y CZ GBDUPSJTJOH BOE BQQMZJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX PS VTF UIF RVBESBUJD GPSNVMB
√
-C ± C - BD
Y=
B
• 4VCTUJUVUF UIF Y WBMVFT JOUP POF PG UIF PSJHJOBM FRVBUJPOT UP àOE UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH Z WBMVF
"GUFS TVCTUJUVUJOH UIF FRVBUJPOT BOE SFBSSBOHJOH XF BSSJWF BU BO FRVBUJPO PG UIF GPSN
,FZ
BY + CY + D = )FODF UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU C - BD DBO CF VTFE UP EFUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFS PG
JEFBT TPMVUJPOT JF QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO
PG UIF UXP FRVBUJPOT
y y y
O x x x
O O
zero solutions one solution two solutions

b2 − 4ac < 0 b2 − 4ac = 0 b2 − 4ac > 0
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO PG B QBSBCPMB BOE B IPSJ[POUBM MJOF

'JOE BOZ QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO PG UIFTF QBSBCPMBT BOE MJOFT
B Z = Y - Y C Z = Y + Y +
Z= Z = -
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B #Z TVCTUJUVUJPO 4VCTUJUVUF Z = GSPN UIF TFDPOE FRVBUJPO JOUP

Y - Y = UIF àSTU FRVBUJPO
Y - Y - = 8SJUF JO UIF GPSN BY + CY + D = CZ
TVCUSBDUJOH GSPN CPUI TJEFT
Y -
Y +
=
'BDUPSJTF BOE BQQMZ UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX UP
Y - = PS Y + = TPMWF GPS Y
Y = PS Y = -
Â 5IF QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO BSF BU
"T UIF QPJOUT BSF PO UIF MJOF Z = UIF
BOE -,
ZDPPSEJOBUF PG UIF QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO JT
C #Z TVCTUJUVUJPO 4VCTUJUVUF Z = - JOUP UIF àSTU FRVBUJPO
Y + Y + = -
Y + Y + =
√
-C ± C - BD
Y= "QQMZ UIF RVBESBUJD GPSNVMB UP TPMWF
B
Y + Y + = XIFSF B = C = BOE D =
- ±
-

Y=

√ √
- ± - - IBT OP SFBM TPMVUJPOT
=
5IF QBSBCPMB Z = Y + Y + BOE UIF MJOF Z = -
Â 5IFSF BSF OP QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO EP OPU JOUFSTFDU

&YBNQMF 4PMWJOH TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT JOWPMWJOH B MJOF BOE B QBSBCPMB

4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ
B Z = Y C Z = -Y - Y + D Z = Y +
Z = Y Z = Y + Y - Z = -
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B #Z TVCTUJUVUJPO 4VCTUJUVUF Z = Y JOUP Z = Y

Y = Y
Y - Y = 3FBSSBOHF UIF FRVBUJPO TP UIBU JU JT FRVBM UP
Y Y -
= 'BDUPSJTF CZ SFNPWJOH UIF DPNNPO GBDUPS Y
Y = PS Y - = "QQMZ UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX UP TPMWF GPS Y
Y = PS Y =
8IFO Y = Z = ×
= 4VCTUJUVUF UIF Y WBMVFT JOUP Z = Y UP PCUBJO
8IFO Y = Z = ×
= UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH Z WBMVF "MUFSOBUJWFMZ UIF
FRVBUJPO Z = Y DBO CF VTFE UP àOE UIF Z WBMVFT
PS JU DBO CF VTFE UP DIFDL UIF Z WBMVFT
Â 5IF TPMVUJPOT BSF Y = Z = 5IF QPJOUT
BOE
MJF PO CPUI UIF MJOF
BOE Y = Z = Z = Y BOE UIF QBSBCPMB Z = Y
C #Z TVCTUJUVUJPO 4VCTUJUVUF Z = Y + JOUP UIF àSTU FRVBUJPO
-Y - Y + = Y + 8IFO SFBSSBOHJOH UIF FRVBUJPO FRVBM UP
-Y + = Y + Y + HBUIFS UIF UFSNT PO UIF TJEF UIBU NBLFT UIF
DPFGàDJFOU PG Y QPTJUJWF BT UIJT XJMM NBLF
= Y + Y +
UIF GBDUPSJTJOH FBTJFS )FODF BEE Y UP CPUI
= Y + Y + TJEFT UIFO BEE Y UP CPUI TJEFT BOE TVCUSBDU
Â Y +
Y +
= GSPN CPUI TJEFT 'BDUPSJTF BOE TPMWF GPS Y
Y + =

Y=-

4VCTUJUVUF UIF Y WBMVF JOUP Z = Y + PS
8IFO Y = - Z = × - + Z = -Y - Y + CVU Z = Y + JT B TJNQMFS

FRVBUJPO

= PS

Â 5IF POMZ TPMVUJPO JT Y = - Z = 'JOEJOH POMZ POF TPMVUJPO JOEJDBUFT UIBU UIJT

MJOF JT B UBOHFOU UP UIF QBSBCPMB

D #Z TVCTUJUVUJPO 3FQMBDF Z JO Y - Z = - XJUI Y + NBLJOH

Y - Y +
= - TVSF ZPV JODMVEF CSBDLFUT
Y - Y - = - &YQBOE UIF CSBDLFUT BOE UIFO SFBSSBOHF JOUP UIF
Y - = Y - GPSN BY + CY + D =
Y = Y -
Â Y - Y - =
Y +
Y -
= 'BDUPSJTF BOE TPMWF GPS Y
Y + = PS Y - =

Y=-
PS Y =

8IFO Y = - Z = - + 4VCTUJUVUF UIF Y WBMVFT JOUP POF PG UIF UXP
PSJHJOBM FRVBUJPOT UP TPMWF GPS Z

= +

=

8IFO Y = Z =
+
=

Â 5IF TPMVUJPOT BSF Y = - Z = 5IF MJOF BOE QBSBCPMB JOUFSTFDU JO UXP QMBDFT

BOE Y = Z =
&YBNQMF 4PMWJOH TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT XJUI UIF RVBESBUJD GPSNVMB
4PMWF UIF FRVBUJPOT Z = Y + Y - BOE Z = Y TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ 3PVOE ZPVS WBMVFT UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
#Z TVCTUJUVUJPO 3FBSSBOHF JOUP TUBOEBSE GPSN

Y + Y - = Y Y + Y - EPFT OPU GBDUPSJTF XJUI XIPMF
Y + Y - = OVNCFST
6TJOH UIF
RVBESBUJD GPSNVMB 2VBESBUJD√GPSNVMB *G BY + CY + D = UIFO
- ±
-
-
-C ± C - BD
Y= Y=

B
√ )FSF B = C = BOE D = -
- ± +
=

√
- ±
=

= .… PS - .…

√
- -
6TF B DBMDVMBUPS UP FWBMVBUF BOE

√
- +
3FDBMM UIBU JG UIF OVNCFS VOEFS UIF
√
- ± TRVBSF SPPU JT OFHBUJWF UIFO UIFSF XJMM CF OP SFBM
*O FYBDU GPSN Z = Y = ×
TPMVUJPOT
√
= - ± 4VCTUJUVUF FYBDU Y WBMVFT JOUP Z = Y
Â 5IF TPMVUJPOT BSF Y = . Z = . 3PVOE ZPVS WBMVFT UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT BT
BOE Y = -. Z = -. UP EQ
SFRVJSFE
&YBNQMF %FUFSNJOJOH UIF OVNCFS PG TPMVUJPOT PG TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT

%FUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFS PG TPMVUJPOT QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO
PG UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG FRVBUJPOT
B Z = Y + Y - C Z = Y - Y +
Z=Y- Z = - Y
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B #Z TVCTUJUVUJPO
Y + Y - = Y -
Y + Y + = 0ODF UIF FRVBUJPO JT JO UIF GPSN BY + CY + D =
6TJOH UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU
UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU C - BD DBO CF VTFE UP
C - BD =
-

EFUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFS PG TPMVUJPOT )FSF B =

=- C = BOE D =
=
Â 5IFSF JT POF TPMVUJPO UP UIF QBJS PG 3FDBMM C - BD > NFBOT UXP TPMVUJPOT.
FRVBUJPOT C - BD = NFBOT POF TPMVUJPO.
C - BD < NFBOT OP TPMVUJPOT.
C #Z TVCTUJUVUJPO 4VCTUJUVUF BOE SFBSSBOHF JOUP UIF GPSN
Y - Y + = - Y BY + CY + D =
Y - Y + =
6TJOH UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU $BMDVMBUF UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU )FSF B = , C = -
C - BD = -
-

BOE D =
= -
= - < C - BD < NFBOT OP TPMVUJPOT
Â 5IFSF JT OP TPMVUJPO UP UIF QBJS PG
FRVBUJPOT

&YFSDJTF ( o
6/%&345"/%*/(
#Z DPOTJEFSJOH UIF HSBQI TIPXO y
B )PX NBOZ QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO XPVME B WFSUJDBM MJOF IBWF
XJUI UIJT QBSBCPMB
C )PX NBOZ QPTTJCMF QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO XPVME B
IPSJ[POUBM MJOF IBWF XJUI UIJT QBSBCPMB
x
O
B 'JOE UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF QPJOU XIFSF UIF WFSUJDBM MJOF Y = JOUFSTFDUT UIF QBSBCPMB
Z = Y + Y -
C 'JOE UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF QPJOU XIFSF UIF WFSUJDBM MJOF Y = - JOUFSTFDUT UIF QBSBCPMB
Z = Y + Y -
5IF HSBQI PG B QBSBCPMB JT TIPXO y

B "EE UIF MJOF Z = Y + UP UIJT HSBQI 6
C 6TF UIF HSJE UP XSJUF EPXO UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF QPJOUT PG 5
JOUFSTFDUJPO PG UIF QBSBCPMB BOE UIF MJOF 4
D 5IF QBSBCPMB IBT FRVBUJPO Z = Y - Y - $PNQMFUF UIF 3
GPMMPXJOH TUFQT UP WFSJGZ BMHFCSBJDBMMZ UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF
2
QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO
1
Y - Y - = x
Y - -= −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
Y - Y - =
Y -
Y +
=
= PS Y + =
Y= PS Y =
8IFO Y = Z= +=
8IFO Y = Z= +=
3FBSSBOHF UIF GPMMPXJOH JOUP UIF GPSN BY + CY + D = XIFSF B >

B Y + Y = Y - C Y - Y + = Y + D Y + Y - = -Y +
8IBU EP XF LOPX BCPVU UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU C - BD PG UIF SFTVMUJOH FRVBUJPO GSPN TPMWJOH
FRVBUJPOT TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ XIJDI DPSSFTQPOE UP UIFTF HSBQIT
B y C y D y
O x
x x
O O

o
o
o
(
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 'JOE UIF QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO PG UIFTF QBSBCPMBT BOE IPSJ[POUBM MJOFT
B Z = Y + Y C Z = Y - Y D Z = Y + Y +
Z= Z = Z=
E Z = Y + Y + F Z = Y - Y + G Z = Y + Y +
Z = - Z= Z=
&YBNQMF B C 4PMWF UIFTF TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT VTJOH TVCTUJUVUJPO
B Z = Y C Z = Y D Z = Y
Z = Y Z = -Y Z = Y +
E Z = Y - Y + F Z = -Y - Y + G Z = Y + Y -
Z=Y+ Z = -Y + Z = Y +
H Z = Y - Y - I Z = -Y + Y - J Z = Y + Y +
Z = -Y - Z = Y - Z = - Y
K Z = Y - Y - L Z = -Y - Y + M Z = Y + Y +
Z = Y - Z = Y + Z=-Y
&YBNQMF D 4PMWF UIFTF TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT CZ àSTU TVCTUJUVUJOH
B Z = Y C Z = Y D Z = Y
Y + Z = Y - Z = - Y + Z =
E Z = Y + F Z = Y + Y G Z = -Y +
Y + Z = Y - Z = - Y - Z =
&YBNQMF 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT NBLJOH VTF PG UIF RVBESBUJD GPSNVMB
B (JWF ZPVS BOTXFST UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF XIFSF OFDFTTBSZ
J Z = Y + Y + JJ Z = Y +
Z=Y+ Z = Y +
JJJ Z = -Y + Y + JW Z = Y + Y +
Z = Y + Z = - Y
C (JWF ZPVS BOTXFST JO FYBDU TVSE GPSN
J Z = Y + Y - JJ Z = Y - Y +
Z=Y Z = Y
JJJ Z = -Y - Y + JW Z = Y + Y -
Z = -Y Z = Y +

(
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF %FUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFS PG TPMVUJPOT UP UIF GPMMPXJOH TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT
B Z = Y + Y - C Z = Y + Y D Z = Y - Y +
Z=Y+ Z = Y - Z = - Y
E Z = Y + Y + F Z = -Y G Z = -Y + Y
Z = Y - Z = Y + Z = Y -
B
B D

130#-&.40-7*/(
#FO B NFNCFS PG BO JOEPPS DSJDLFU UFBN QMBZJOH B NBUDI JO B HZNOBTJVN IJUT B CBMM UIBU
GPMMPXT B QBUI HJWFO CZ Z = -.Y + Y + XIFSF Z JT UIF IFJHIU BCPWF HSPVOE JO NFUSFT BOE
Y JT UIF IPSJ[POUBM EJTUBODF USBWFMMFE CZ UIF CBMM JO NFUSFT
5IF DFJMJOH PG UIF HZNOBTJVN JT NFUSFT IJHI 8JMM UIJT CBMM IJU UIF SPPG &YQMBJO
4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ

B Z = Y + Y - C Z = Y Y -
Y-
Z= Z= Y-

- Y
D Z = Y -
+ E Z=

Z=-Y
Z = Y -

(
130#-&.40-7*/(
" USBJO USBDL JT UP CF DPOTUSVDUFE PWFS B TFDUJPO PG B MBLF 0O B NBQ UIF FEHF PG UIF MBLF UIBU UIF
USBJO USBDL XJMM QBTT PWFS JT NPEFMMFE CZ UIF FRVBUJPO Z = - Y 5IF TFHNFOU PG USBJO USBDL JT
NPEFMMFE CZ UIF FRVBUJPO Z = Y +
5IF TFDUJPO PG USBDL UP CF DPOTUSVDUFE
XJMM TUBSU BOE FOE BU UIF QPJOUT BU XIJDI
UIJT USBDL NFFUT UIF MBLF
B %FUFSNJOF UIF MPDBUJPO JF
DPPSEJOBUFT
PG UIF QPJOUT PO UIF
NBQ XIFSF UIF GSBNFXPSL GPS UIF
USBDL XJMM TUBSU BOE FOE
C *G VOJU SFQSFTFOUT NFUSFT
EFUFSNJOF UIF MFOHUI PG USBDL UIBU
NVTU CF CVJMU PWFS UIF MBLF DPSSFDU
UP UIF OFBSFTU NFUSF

3&"40/*/(
$POTJEFS UIF QBSBCPMB XJUI FRVBUJPO Z = Y - Y +
B 6TF BOZ TVJUBCMF NFUIPE UP EFUFSNJOF UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU PG UIJT QBSBCPMB
C )FODF TUBUF GPS XIJDI WBMVFT PG D UIF MJOF Z = D XJMM JOUFSTFDU UIF QBSBCPMB
J UXJDF JJ PODF JJJ OPU BU BMM
$POTJEFS UIF QBSBCPMB XJUI FRVBUJPO Z = Y BOE UIF GBNJMZ PG MJOFT Z = Y + L

B %FUFSNJOF UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU JO UFSNT PG L PCUBJOFE XIFO TPMWJOH UIFTF FRVBUJPOT
TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ
C )FODF EFUFSNJOF GPS XIJDI WBMVFT PG L UIF MJOF XJMM JOUFSTFDU UIF QBSBCPMB
J UXJDF JJ PODF JJJ OPU BU BMM
B 6TF UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU UP TIPX UIBU UIF MJOF Z = Y + EPFT OPU JOUFSTFDU UIF QBSBCPMB Z = Y +
C %FUFSNJOF GPS XIJDI WBMVFT PG L UIF MJOF Z = Y + L EPFT JOUFSTFDU UIF QBSBCPMB Z = Y +
.VMUJQMF UBOHFOUT
&/3*$).&/5
5IF MJOF Z = NY JT B UBOHFOU UP UIF QBSBCPMB Z = Y - Y + JF UIF MJOF UPVDIFT UIF QBSBCPMB BU
KVTU POF QPJOU

B 'JOE UIF QPTTJCMF WBMVFT PG N
C $BO ZPV FYQMBJO XIZ UIFSF BSF UXP QPTTJCMF WBMVFT PG N )JOU " EJBHSBN NBZ IFMQ
D *G UIF WBMVF PG N JT DIBOHFE TP UIBU UIF MJOF OPX JOUFSTFDUT UIF QBSBCPMB JO UXP QMBDFT XIBU JT
UIF TFU PG QPTTJCMF WBMVFT GPS N

1SPHSFTT RVJ[
# 4LFUDI HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH RVBESBUJD SFMBUJPOT MBCFMMJOH UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU BOE UIF
ZJOUFSDFQU 5IF YJOUFSDFQUT BSF OPU SFRVJSFE
B Z = Y C Z = -Y + D Z = Y -
E Z = - Y +
-
# 'JOE B SVMF GPS UIJT QBSBCPMB XJUI UVSOJOH QPJOU

BOE BOPUIFS QPJOU

y
(1, 5)
x
O
$ 4LFUDI HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH RVBESBUJDT MBCFM UIF Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT BOE EFUFSNJOF UIF
DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU VTJOH TZNNFUSZ
B Z = Y - Y - C Z = Y - Y +
$ 5IF FRVBUJPO PG UIJT HSBQI JT PG UIF GPSN Z = Y + B

Y + C
6TF UIF YJOUFSDFQUT UP àOE UIF
WBMVFT
PG B BOE C UIFO àOE UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU
y
O x
−2 4
% 'PS Z = - Y -
+ EFUFSNJOF UIF
B DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU BOE TUBUF XIFUIFS JU JT B NBYJNVN PS NJOJNVN
C ZJOUFSDFQU
D YJOUFSDFQUT JG BOZ

% 4LFUDI UIFTF HSBQIT CZ DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF UP XSJUF UIF FRVBUJPO JO UVSOJOH QPJOU GPSN
-BCFM UIF FYBDU Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT BOE UVSOJOH QPJOU PO UIF HSBQI
B Z = Y - Y +
C Z = Y - Y -

& 'PS UIF QBSBCPMBT HJWFO CZ UIF GPMMPXJOH RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT

J 6TF UIF EJTDSJNJOBOU UP EFUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFS PG YJOUFSDFQUT
JJ %FUFSNJOF UIF ZJOUFSDFQU
C
JJJ 6TF Y = - UP EFUFSNJOF UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU
B
B Z = Y - Y + C Z = Y + Y - D Z = -Y - Y -
& 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI PG UIF RVBESBUJD Z = Y - Y + MBCFMMJOH BMM TJHOJàDBOU QPJOUT (JWF UIF
YJOUFSDFQUT SPVOEFE UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
' " GBSNFS IBT NFUSFT PG GFODJOH UP CVJME UISFF TJEFT PG B SFDUBOHVMBS BOJNBM QFO XJUI UIF XBMM
PG UIF GBSN TIFE GPSNJOH UIF PUIFS TJEF 5IF XJEUI PG UIF QFO JT Y NFUSFT
B 8SJUF BO FRVBUJPO GPS UIF BSFB PG UIF QFO " N
JO UFSNT PG Y
C 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI PG " WFSTVT Y GPS TVJUBCMF WBMVFT PG Y
D %FUFSNJOF UIF NBYJNVN BSFB UIBU DBO CF GPSNFE BOE TUBUF UIF EJNFOTJPOT
( 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ

B Z = Y C Z = Y -
"
Z = Y + Z - Y = -
( %FUFSNJOF UIF OVNCFS PG TPMVUJPOT QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO

PG UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJS PG FRVBUJPOT
Z = Y + Y +
"
Z = Y -

) 'VODUJPOT "
0O UIF $BSUFTJBO QMBOF B SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIF WBSJBCMFT Y BOE Z DBO CF TIPXO 8IFO UIJT SFMBUJPO IBT B
VOJRVF JF POMZ POF
Z WBMVF GPS FBDI PG JUT Y WBMVFT JU JT DBMMFE B GVODUJPO
x values y values x values y values x values y values

a p a p a p
b q b q
q b
c r c r
Function Function Not a function since

x = b gives two y values.
"MM GVODUJPOT JODMVEJOH QBSBCPMBT VTF B TQFDJBM OPUBUJPO XIFSF UIF Z JT SFQMBDFE CZ G Y

Z = Y CFDPNFT G Y
= Y JF Z JT B GVODUJPO PG Y PS UIF GVODUJPO PG Y PCFZT UIF SVMF Y

-FUT TUBSU " GVODUJPO NBDIJOF

$POTJEFS UIF JOQVU BOE PVUQVU PG UIF GPMMPXJOH NBDIJOF
Input Output
−2 2
f
−1 3
0 4
Function machine
1 5
2 6
3 7
5IF OBNF G JT HJWFO UP UIF GVODUJPO BOE JU JT XSJUUFO G JOQVU

= PVUQVU
• 6TJOH UIJT JEFB DPNQMFUF UIF GPMMPXJOH
G -
= , G -
= , G
= , G
= , G
= ,
G
= BOE IFODF G Y
=
"OZ TFU PG PSEFSFE QBJST JT DBMMFE B SFMBUJPO

,FZ
" SFMBUJPO JO XIJDI FBDI Y WBMVF QSPEVDFT POMZ POF Z WBMVF JT DBMMFE B GVODUJPO BOE DBO VTF
JEFBT GVODUJPO OPUBUJPO

" SFMBUJPO UIBU JT B GVODUJPO IBT POMZ POF ZWBMVF GPS FBDI YWBMVF (SBQIJDBMMZ BOZ WFSUJDBM MJOF
,FZ
ESBXO UISPVHI UIF HSBQI PG B GVODUJPO XJMM DVU JU POMZ PODF
• 'PS FYBNQMF
JEFBT
y y
5 4
4 3
3 2
A
A
2 1
1 x
−1 O 1 2 3
x −1 B
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1 −2
5IJT SFMBUJPO JT B GVODUJPO BT BOZ WFSUJDBM 5IJT SFMBUJPO JT OPU B GVODUJPO BT B WFSUJDBM
MJOF TIPXT UIBU POF YWBMVF MJOLT UP POMZ MJOF TIPXT UIBU POF YWBMVF MJOLT UP NPSF
POF ZWBMVF UIBO POF ZWBMVF
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D /PU B GVODUJPO CFDBVTF B WFSUJDBM " WFSUJDBM MJOF ESBXO BOZXIFSF UISPVHI UIF HSBQI XJMM DSPTT
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" HSBQI IBT UIF SVMF Y + Z =
• 8IFO Y = XIBU BSF UIF UXP WBMVFT PG Z
• 8IFO Y = XIBU BSF UIF UXP WBMVFT PG Z
• 8IFO Y = BSF UIFSF BOZ WBMVFT PG Z %JTDVTT
• $PNQMFUF UIJT UBCMF PG WBMVFT
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• 8IBU TIBQF IBWF ZPV ESBXO BOE XIBU BSF JUT GFBUVSFT
• )PX EPFT UIF SBEJVT PG ZPVS DJSDMF SFMBUF UP UIF FRVBUJPO
5IF $BSUFTJBO FRVBUJPO PG B DJSDMF XJUI DFOUSF

BOE SBEJVT S JT HJWFO CZ Y + Z = S ,FZ
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• Y = ± S - Z r
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5P àOE UIF JOUFSTFDUJPO QPJOUT PG B
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Using Pythagoras’ theorem, a 2 + b 2 = c 2

gives x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .

&YBNQMF 4LFUDIJOH B DJSDMF
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B 4UBUF UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF DFOUSF C 4UBUF UIF SBEJVT

D 'JOE UIF WBMVFT PG Z XIFO Y = E 'JOE UIF WBMVFT PG Y XIFO Z =

F 4LFUDI B HSBQI TIPXJOH JOUFSDFQUT
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B

JT UIF DFOUSF GPS BMM DJSDMFT Y + Z = S
C S= Y + Z = S TP S =
D Y + Z =
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Z =
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E Y + = 4VCTUJUVUF Z =

Y + = - = - =

Y =

√ √

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40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
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Y + Y
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Y =

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√

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Y = √ HJWFT Z = × √ = √

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B Y + = C Y + = D Y + =

E + Z =
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B 5IF DFOUSF PG UIF DJSDMF JT
C 5IF SBEJVT PG UIF DJSDMF JT


o

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D 'JOE UIF WBMVFT PG Z XIFO Y =

E 'JOE UIF WBMVFT PG Y XIFO Z =

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B 4UBUF UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG UIF DFOUSF
C 4UBUF UIF SBEJVT

D 'JOE UIF WBMVFT PG Z XIFO Y =

E 'JOE UIF WBMVFT PG Y XIFO Z =
(JWF UIF SBEJVT PG UIF DJSDMFT XJUI UIFTF FRVBUJPOT

B Y + Z = C Y + Z = D Y + Z =

E Y +Z = F Y + Z = G Y + Z =
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BOE UIF HJWFO SBEJVT
B C D E
√ √
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B Y= C Y = - D Y=

E Z=- F Z = - G Z=

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B Y + Z = C Y + Z = D Y + Z = E Y + Z =

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B Y + Z - = C Y - = -Z D Z = - Y

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C &YQMBJO XIZ UIF HSBQIT PG Y = - BOE Y + Z = EP OPU JOUFSTFDU

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y y
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Y Y
In a Graphs page, use b >Graph Entry/Edit> In the Graph&Table application enter the rule
Equation>Circle>centre form and enter y 1 = p({1, 3}2 – x 2
followed by EXE. Enter the rule
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followed by EXE. Tap to see the
graph. Select Zoom,Square.
Enter the rules as f 1(x ) and f 2(x ). Change the scale using Enter the rules as y 1 and y 2. Change the scale by tapping
the window settings. . Use the Analysis, G-Solve menu to show significant
Arrow up or down to toggle between graphs. points. Arrow up or down to toggle between graphs.

+ (SBQIT PG FYQPOFOUJBMT
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Time Time
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EFDSFBTJOH SBUF JODSFBTJOH SBUF

+PVSOFZ $ +PVSOFZ % ,FZ

"DDFMFSBUJOH UPXBSET IPNF
Distance %FDFMFSBUJOH UPXBSET IPNF JEFBT
Distance
Time Time
%JTUBODF GSPN IPNF JT EFDSFBTJOH BU BO %JTUBODF GSPN IPNF JT EFDSFBTJOH BU B
JODSFBTJOH SBUF EFDSFBTJOH SBUF
&YBNQMF .BUDIJOH EFTDSJQUJPOT UP EJTUBODFoUJNF HSBQIT

5IFTF EJTUBODFmUJNF HSBQIT TIPX WBSJPVT KPVSOFZT FBDI XJUI EJTUBODF NFBTVSFE GSPN AIPNF JF
EJTUBODF =
'PS FBDI HSBQI TFMFDU BOE DPQZ POF DPSSFDU EFTDSJQUJPO GSPN FBDI DBUFHPSZ PG IPX UIF
EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF UIF HSBEJFOU BOE UIF TQFFE BSF WBSZJOH
" # $
Distance
Distance
Distance
Time Time Time

% & '
Distance
Distance
Distance
Time Time Time

%JTUBODF GSPN IPNF (SBEJFOU PG HSBQI 4QFFE
*ODSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF 1PTJUJWF DPOTUBOU HSBEJFOU 4UBUJPOBSZ
%FDSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF 1PTJUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU -PXFS DPOTUBOU TQFFE
'JYFE EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF /FHBUJWF DPOTUBOU HSBEJFOU )JHIFS DPOTUBOU TQFFE
/FHBUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU %FDSFBTJOH TQFFE EFDFMFSBUJOH
;FSP HSBEJFOU *ODSFBTJOH TQFFE BDDFMFSBUJOH

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
(SBQI "
*ODSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF %JTUBODF GSPN IPNF JODSFBTFT BU B DPOTUBOU SBUF TQFFE

1PTJUJWF DPOTUBOU HSBEJFOU TP BO VQXBSE TMPQJOH TUSBJHIU MJOF IBT B QPTJUJWF DPOTUBOU
-PXFS DPOTUBOU TQFFE HSBEJFOU -JOFT UIBU BSF MFTT TUFFQ NFBO B MPXFS DPOTUBOU
TQFFE
(SBQI #
%FDSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF %JTUBODF GSPN IPNF EFDSFBTFT BU B DPOTUBOU SBUF TQFFE

$POTUBOU OFHBUJWF HSBEJFOU TP B EPXOXBSE TMPQJOH TUSBJHIU MJOF IBT B DPOTUBOU OFHBUJWF
)JHIFS DPOTUBOU TQFFE HSBEJFOU 4UFFQFS MJOFT NFBO B IJHIFS DPOTUBOU TQFFE
(SBQI $
*ODSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF %JTUBODF GSPN IPNF JT JODSFBTJOH BU BO JODSFBTJOH SBUF
1PTJUJWF WBSJBCMF HSBEJFOU TP UIF DVSWF IBT B QPTJUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU "T UIF DVSWF
*ODSFBTJOH TQFFE BDDFMFSBUJOH CFDPNFT TUFFQFS UIF SBUF PG DIBOHF TQFFE
JODSFBTFT JF
NPSF EJTUBODF JO B HJWFO UJNF
*ODSFBTJOH TQFFE JOEJDBUFT
BDDFMFSBUJOH
(SBQI %
*ODSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF %JTUBODF GSPN IPNF JT JODSFBTJOH BU B EFDSFBTJOH SBUF TP UIF
1PTJUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU DVSWF IBT B QPTJUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU "T UIF DVSWF CFDPNFT
%FDSFBTJOH TQFFE EFDFMFSBUJOH áBUUFS UIF SBUF PG DIBOHF TQFFE
EFDSFBTFT JF MFTT EJTUBODF
JO B HJWFO UJNF
%FDSFBTJOH TQFFE JOEJDBUFT EFDFMFSBUJOH
(SBQI &
%FDSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF %JTUBODF GSPN IPNF JT EFDSFBTJOH BU B EFDSFBTJOH SBUF TP
/FHBUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU UIF DVSWF IBT B OFHBUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU "T UIF DVSWF
%FDSFBTJOH TQFFE EFDFMFSBUJOH CFDPNFT áBUUFS UIF SBUF PG DIBOHF TQFFE
EFDSFBTFT JF
MFTT EJTUBODF JO B HJWFO UJNF
%FDSFBTJOH TQFFE JOEJDBUFT
EFDFMFSBUJOH
(SBQI '
%FDSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF %JTUBODF GSPN IPNF JT EFDSFBTJOH BU BO JODSFBTJOH SBUF
/FHBUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU TP UIF DVSWF IBT B OFHBUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU "T UIF DVSWF
*ODSFBTJOH TQFFE BDDFMFSBUJOH CFDPNFT TUFFQFS UIF SBUF PG DIBOHF TQFFE
JODSFBTFT JF
NPSF EJTUBODF JO B HJWFO UJNF
*ODSFBTJOH TQFFE JOEJDBUFT
BDDFMFSBUJOH
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH BOE VTJOH B EJSFDU WBSJBUJPO SVMF

*G N JT EJSFDUMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP I BOE N = XIFO I = EFUFSNJOF
B UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO N BOE I
C N XIFO I =
D I XIFO N =

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B N∝I 'JSTU XSJUF UIF WBSJBUJPO TUBUFNFOU

N = LI 8SJUF UIF FRVBUJPO JODMVEJOH L
= L × 4VCTUJUVUF N = BOE I =

L= %JWJEF CPUI TJEFT CZ UP àOE L

L= 4JNQMJGZ

ÂN = I 8SJUF UIF SVMF XJUI UIF GPVOE WBMVF PG L

C N= × 4VCTUJUVUF I =

4JNQMJGZ UP àOE N
ÂN =

D = ×I 4VCTUJUVUF N =

4PMWF GPS I

× =I

ÂI =

&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH BOE VTJOH BO JOWFSTF QSPQPSUJPO SVMF

*G Y BOE Z BSF JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM BOE Z = XIFO Y = EFUFSNJOF
B UIF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ L BOE XSJUF UIF SVMF
C Z XIFO Y =
D Y XIFO Z =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/

B Z∝ 8SJUF UIF WBSJBUJPO TUBUFNFOU
Y
L
Z= 8SJUF UIF FRVBUJPO JODMVEJOH L
Y
L = YZ 5IF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ L = YZ
L = L = × =
L
Z= 4VCTUJUVUF L = JOUP UIF SVMF Z =
Y Y


C Z= 4VCTUJUVUF Y = JOUP UIF SVMF Z =
Y
Z=

D = 4VCTUJUVUF Z = JOUP UIF SVMF Z =
Y Y
Y = .VMUJQMZ CPUI TJEFT CZ Y
Y= %JWJEF CPUI TJEFT CZ
&YFSDJTF - o
6/%&345"/%*/(
'PS FBDI QBJS PG WBSJBCMFT TUBUF XIFUIFS UIFZ BSF JO EJSFDU PS JOWFSTF QSPQPSUJPO PS OFJUIFS
B 5IF OVNCFS PG IPVST XPSLFE BOE XBHFT FBSOFE BU B àYFE SBUF QFS IPVS
C 5IF WPMVNF PG SFNBJOJOH GVFM JO B DBS BOE UIF DPTU PG àMMJOH UIF GVFM UBOL
D 5IF TQFFE BOE UJNF UBLFO UP ESJWF B DFSUBJO EJTUBODF
E 5IF TJ[F PG B NPWJF àMF BOE UIF UJNF GPS EPXOMPBEJOH JU UP B DPNQVUFS BU B DPOTUBOU SBUF
PG L#T
F 5IF DPTU PG B UBYJ SJEF BOE UIF EJTUBODF USBWFMMFE 5IF DPTU JODMVEFT áBH GBMM JF B TUBSUJOH
DIBSHF
BOE B àYFE LN
G 5IF SBUF PG UZQJOH JO XPSET QFS NJOVUF BOE UIF UJNF OFFEFE UP UZQF B QBSUJDVMBS BTTJHONFOU
4UBUF UIF NBJO GFBUVSFT PG FBDI HSBQI BOE XIFUIFS JU TIPXT EJSFDU QSPQPSUJPO PS JOWFSTF JF
JOEJSFDU
QSPQPSUJPO PS OFJUIFS
B y C y
x x
D y E y
x x

-
6/%&345"/%*/(
&YBNQMF 5IF EJTUBODF-UJNF HSBQIT CFMPX TIPX WBSJPVT KPVSOFZT FBDI XJUI EJTUBODF NFBTVSFE GSPN
AIPNF JF EJTUBODF =
'PS FBDI HSBQI TFMFDU BOE DPQZ POF DPSSFDU EFTDSJQUJPOT GSPN FBDI
DBUFHPSZ CFMPX PG IPX UIF EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF UIF HSBEJFOU BOE UIF TQFFE BSF WBSZJOH
B C D
Distance
Distance
Distance
Time Time Time
E F
Distance
Distance
Time Time
G H
Distance
Distance
Time Time
%JTUBODF GSPN IPNF (SBEJFOU PG HSBQI 4QFFE
*ODSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF 1PTJUJWF DPOTUBOU HSBEJFOU 4UBUJPOBSZ
%FDSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF 1PTJUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU -PXFS DPOTUBOU TQFFE
'JYFE EJTUBODF GSPN IPNF /FHBUJWF DPOTUBOU HSBEJFOU )JHIFS DPOTUBOU TQFFE
/FHBUJWF WBSZJOH HSBEJFOU %FDSFBTJOH TQFFE EFDFMFSBUJOH
;FSP HSBEJFOU *ODSFBTJOH TQFFE BDDFMFSBUJOH
o o o

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&YBNQMF B *G Q = L × R BOE Q = XIFO R = EFUFSNJOF

J UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO Q BOE R
JJ Q XIFO R =
JJJ R XIFO Q =
C *G Q = L × R BOE Q = XIFO R = EFUFSNJOF
J UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO Q BOE R
JJ Q XIFO R =
JJJ R XIFO Q =

-
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L
&YBNQMF B *G Z = BOE Z = XIFO Y = EFUFSNJOF
Y
J UIF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ L BOE XSJUF UIF SVMF
JJ Z XIFO Y =
JJJ Y XIFO Z =
C *G Z WBSJFT JOWFSTFMZ BT Y BOE Z = XIFO Y = EFUFSNJOF
J UIF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ L BOE XSJUF UIF SVMF
JJ Z XIFO Y =
JJJ Y XIFO Z =
'SPN UIF MJTUT CFMPX TFMFDU BOE DPQZ UIF DPSSFDU EFTDSJQUJPO GPS UIF SBUF BOE TQFFE PG FBDI
TFHNFOU PG UIJT EJTUBODFmUJNF HSBQI 5IF SBUF PG DIBOHF PG EJTUBODF XJUI SFTQFDU UP UJNF JT UIF
HSBEJFOU
Distance from the start
D
C E
B
F
A
G
Time
3BUF PG DIBOHF PG EJTUBODF XJUI SFTQFDU UP UJNF 4QFFE
1PTJUJWF DPOTUBOU SBUF PG DIBOHF 4UBUJPOBSZ
1PTJUJWF WBSZJOH SBUF PG DIBOHF $POTUBOU TQFFE
/FHBUJWF DPOTUBOU SBUF PG DIBOHF %FDSFBTJOH TQFFE EFDFMFSBUJOH
/FHBUJWF WBSZJOH SBUF PG DIBOHF *ODSFBTJOH TQFFE BDDFMFSBUJOH
;FSP SBUF PG DIBOHF
'PS FBDI HSBQI CFMPX DPQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIJT TFOUFODF CZ TVQQMZJOH UIF XPSET JODSFBTJOH
PS EFDSFBTJOH
Z JT BU B SBUF
B y C y
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

-
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D y E y
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
5IF BNPVOU UIBU B GBSNFS FBSOT GSPN TFMMJOH XIFBU JT JO
EJSFDU QSPQPSUJPO UP UIF OVNCFS PG UPOOFT IBSWFTUFE
B 'JOE UIF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ L HJWFO UIBU B
GBSNFS SFDFJWFT GPS UPOOFT PG XIFBU
C 8SJUF UIF EJSFDU QSPQPSUJPO FRVBUJPO SFMBUJOH TFMMJOH
QSJDF 1 BOE OVNCFS PG UPOOFT O
D $BMDVMBUF UIF TFMMJOH QSJDF PG UPOOFT PG XIFBU
E $BMDVMBUF UIF OVNCFS PG UPOOFT PG IBSWFTUFE XIFBU
UIBU JT TPME GPS
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130#-&.40-7*/(
" TFBUFS TDIPPM CVT DPTUT TUVEFOUT . FBDI UP IJSF GPS B EBZ 5IF PWFSBMM DPTU PG UIF
CVT SFNBJOT UIF TBNF SFHBSEMFTT PG UIF OVNCFS PG TUVEFOUT
B 8SJUF B SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIF DPTU QFS TUVEFOU D
BOE UIF OVNCFS PG TUVEFOUT T
C *G POMZ TUVEFOUT VTF UIF CVT XIBU XPVME CF UIFJS JOEJWJEVBM DPTU UP UIF OFBSFTU DFOU
D 8IBU JT UIF NJOJNVN B TUVEFOU XPVME CF DIBSHFE UP UIF OFBSFTU DFOU

-
130#-&.40-7*/(
'PS FBDI SFMBUJPOTIJQ EFTDSJCFE CFMPX
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B 5IF EJTUBODF UIBU B DBS USBWFMT JO IPVS JT EJSFDUMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF TQFFE PG UIF DBS 5IF
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C 5IF DPTU QFS QFSTPO PG IJSJOH B ZBDIU JT JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF OVNCFS PG QFPQMF TIBSJOH
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NBYJNVN PG FJHIU QFPQMF PO CPBSE
D 5IFSF JT B EJSFDU QSPQPSUJPOBM SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO B NFBTVSFNFOU HJWFO JO NFUSJD VOJUT
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B P C P D P
t t t
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JODSFBTJOH SBUF
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E " QPQVMBUJPO PG SBCCJUT JT JODSFBTJOH BU BO JODSFBTJOH SBUF

o
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8BUFS JT QPVSFE BU B DPOTUBOU SBUF JOUP FBDI PG UIF DPOUBJOFST TIPXO CFMPX 'PS FBDI DPOUBJOFS
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B C D
E F G
8IJDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH HSBQIT EPOU NBUDI UIF KPVSOFZ EFTDSJQUJPO DPSSFDUMZ PS BSF OPU
QIZTJDBMMZ QPTTJCMF 'PS FBDI HSBQI FYQMBJO UIF GFBUVSF UIBU JT JODPSSFDU BOE SFESBX JU DPSSFDUMZ
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B 4UPQQFE UIFO BDDFMFSBUJOH UP B C .PWJOH BU WFSZ IJHI TQFFE BOE
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Distance
Distance
Time Time
D "DDFMFSBUJOH DIBOHJOH EJSFDUJPO E "DDFMFSBUJOH DIBOHJOH EJSFDUJPO
UIFO EFDFMFSBUJOH UIFO EFDFMFSBUJOH
Distance
Distance
Time Time

-
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PG UIF PCKFDU
" #
Distance
Distance
Time Time
$ %
Distance
Distance
Time Time
B " TPDDFS QMBZFS SVOT BU B TUFBEZ TQFFE BDSPTT UIF àFME TUPQT CSJFáZ UP BWPJE B UBDLMF BOE
UIFO BDDFMFSBUFT GBSUIFS BXBZ
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C Z = Y + - 'PS Z = Y - I + L, Z = L JT UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF

ZJOUFSDFQU JT BTZNQUPUF
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D Z= + 'PS Z = + L I = - BOE L = TP UIF
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x
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Sketching y = x 2 + bx + c Sketching y = a(x − h) 2 + k Transformations and turning point form
y y = 2x 2
e.g. y = x 2 − 4x − 12 Any quadratic can be written in turning y = ax 2 dilates graph
y = x2
y-intercept: x = 0, y = −12 point form by completing the square. compared to y = x 2 y = 12 x 2
x-intercepts: y = 0, x 2 − 4x − 12 = 0 e.g. sketch y = (x − 1)2 − 3 y 0 < a < 1 graph is wider x
Factorise (x − 6)(x + 2) = 0 Turning point (1, −3) minimum a > 1 graph is narrower
1 + √3
Null Factor Law y-intercept: x = 0, y = 1 − 3 1 − √3 x y
O
x − 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 = −2 −2 (1, −3) x
x = 6 or x = −2 a < 0 graph is inverted y = −x 2

x-intercepts : y = 0, 0 = (x − −
1)2 (√3)2 (reflected in x -axis)
Turning point: halfway between
0 = (x − 1 − √3)(x − 1 + √3)
x-intercepts y = (x − h)2 translates y = x 2 h units horizontally
6 + (−2) ∴ x = 1 + √3, 1 − √3
x= =2 y
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y
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y = 22 − 4(2) − 12 x h < 0 move left y = (x − 2)2

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k < 0 move down 3
Parabolas y = x2 − 4
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Quadratic formula Lines and parabolas (10A) Parabola arises from a

For y = ax 2 + bx + c, the Using substitution we can solve quadratic equation
quadratic formula can be used to simultaneously to find 0, 1 or 2 y
find x-intercepts. intersection points.
i.e. if ax 2 + bx + c = 0 y-intercept x-intercepts
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Relation vs function
Any collection of points is a relation.
A function is a special relation.
Domain
Relations
y = x 2 is an example of a function The set of all permissible x values
because every x value gives only and
functions (10A) Range
one y value.
The set of all permissible y values
Function notation Vertical line test

2 2 A relation is a function when any vertical line
y = x can be written as f (x) = x . drawn through the graph cuts it only once.
Circles Direct and inverse proportion

x 2 + y 2 = r 2 is a circle centred at Other graphs Direct variation: y = kx
(0, 0) with radius r . • Both variables increase or decrease together.
y • Graph is a straight line through (0, 0).
2
x2 + y2 = 4
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x • If one variable increases, the other decreases.
−2 O 2 ∴ r =2
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−2
Description of graphs:
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x = ± r2 − y2
• Rate of change is increasing or decreasing or
Circle with equation (10A) constant.
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Hyperbolas
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Exponential graphs x Asymptotes
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Chapter
8 Probability
What you will learn

8A Review of probability (Consolidating) 8E Two-step experiments using tables
8B Unions and intersections 8F Using tree diagrams
8C The addition rule 8G Independent events
8D Conditional probability
S TAT I S T I C S A N D P R O B A B I L I T Y
Chance statements and identify common mistakes in
Describe the results of two- and three-step interpreting such language (VCMSP348)
chance experiments, both with and without (10A) Investigate reports of studies in
replacements, assign probabilities to outcomes digital media and elsewhere for information
and determine probabilities of events. on their planning and implementation
Investigate the concept of independence (VCMSP371)
(VCMSP347)
Use the language of ‘if ....then, ‘given’,
‘of’, ‘knowing that’ to investigate conditional
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
Chance and code breaking

A four-digit combination lock has During the Second World War, English
10 possibilities for each number, providing mathematicians and engineers designed
104 = 10 000 combinations. So when it is various machines to break the codes of
locked, there is a one in ten thousand chance German encrypted messages. Colossus, built
of guessing the correct code. To methodically in 1943 to decode the settings of the German
test all the possibilities with, say, one second Lorenz machine, was the first electronic,
per tryout, it would take 10 000 seconds, digital, manually programmable computer
which is over 2.5 hours. ever built. Colossus weighed 5 tonnes and
The probability of guessing a computer filled a room with its 8 racks of glass vacuum
password varies with its length and random tubes and resistors all wired together. It
nature. The probability of cracking a password processed 5000 entries per second and could
of 8 lower case letters with one try is 1 in 268, decode encrypted messages in hours rather
or 1 in 208 827 064 576. Despite this very than the weeks it took for manual decoding.
low chance for a single guess, a powerful Ten Colossus computers were built and their
computer can tryout billions of combinations success likely shortened the war by two
per second and might crack it in minutes. years.
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3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) 3 (1, 3) (2, 3) ×
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH B UBCMF XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU

" GBJS TJEFE EJF JT SPMMFE UXJDF
B -JTU UIF TBNQMF TQBDF VTJOH B UBCMF
C 4UBUF UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH UIF PVUDPNF

E 'JOE
J 1S EPVCMF
JJ 1S TVN PG BU MFBTU
JJJ 1S TVN OPU FRVBM UP
F 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG B TVN PG HJWFO UIBU UIF TVN JT BU MFBTU

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Roll 1 #F TVSF UP QMBDF UIF OVNCFS GSPN SPMM JO UIF

1 2 3 4 5 6 àSTU QPTJUJPO GPS FBDI PVUDPNF
1 (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1) (6, 1)
2 (1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2) (6, 2)
Roll 2 3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6, 3)
4 (1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4) (5, 4) (6, 4)
5 (1, 5) (2, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (5, 5) (6, 5)
6 (1, 6) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6) (6, 6)
C PVUDPNFT 5IFSF JT B UPUBM PG × = PVUDPNFT

D 1S ,
= 0OMZ POF PVUDPNF JT

E J 1S EPVCMF
= 4JY PVUDPNFT IBWF UIF TBNF OVNCFS SFQFBUFE

=

JJ 1S TVN PG BU MFBTU
= 4JY PVUDPNFT IBWF B TVN PG FJUIFS PS

=

JJJ 1S TVN OPU FRVBM UP
= - 5IJT JT UIF DPNQMFNFOU PG IBWJOH B TVN PG

4JY PVUDPNFT IBWF B TVN PG

=

F 1S TVN PG ] TVN PG BU MFBTU
= 0OF PG UIF PVUDPNFT XJUI B TVN PG BU MFBTU

IBT B TVN PG
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH B UBCMF XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU

5XP MFUUFST BSF DIPTFO GSPN UIF XPSE ,*$, XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
B $POTUSVDU B UBCMF UP MJTU UIF TBNQMF TQBDF
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG
J PCUBJOJOH UIF PVUDPNF , $
JJ TFMFDUJOH UXP ,T
JJJ TFMFDUJOH B , BOE B $
JW TFMFDUJOH UXP ,T HJWFO UIBU BU MFBTU POF , JT TFMFDUFE

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 1st 4FMFDUJPO JT XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU TP UIF TBNF

K I C K MFUUFS GSPN UIF TBNF QPTJUJPO
DBOOPU CF DIPTFO
K × (I, K) (C, K) (K, K) UXJDF
I (K, I) × (C, I) (K, I)
2nd
C (K, C) (I, C) × (K, C)
K (K, K) (I, K) (C, K) ×

C J 1S , $
= 5XP PG UIF PVUDPNFT BSF , $

=

JJ 1S , ,
= 5XP PG UIF PVUDPNFT BSF , BOE , XIJDI VTF

EJGGFSFOU ,T GSPN UIF XPSE ,*$,

=

JJJ 1S , È $
= 'PVS PVUDPNFT DPOUBJO B , BOE B $

=

JW 1S ,T ] BU MFBTU ,
= 5IFSF BSF PVUDPNFT XJUI BU MFBTU POF , UXP
PG XIJDI IBWF UXP ,T

=

&YFSDJTF &
6/%&345"/%*/(
5XP MFUUFST BSF DIPTFO GSPN UIF XPSE %0(
B $PNQMFUF B UBCMF MJTUJOH UIF TBNQMF TQBDF JG TFMFDUJPOT BSF NBEF
J XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU JJ XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
1st 1st
D O G D O G
D (D, D) (O, D) D × (O, D)
2nd O 2nd O ×
G G ×
C 4UBUF UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT JG TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF
J XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU JJ XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
D *G TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU
J UIF UXP MFUUFST BSF UIF TBNF JJ UIFSF JT BU MFBTU POF %
JJJ UIFSF JT OPU BO 0 JW UIFSF JT B % PS B (
W UIFSF JT B % BOE B (

&
6/%&345"/%*/(
E *G TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU
J UIF UXP MFUUFST BSF UIF TBNF JJ UIFSF JT BU MFBTU POF %
JJJ UIFSF JT OPU BO 0 JW UIFSF JT B % PS B (
W UIFSF JT B % BOE B (
5XP EJHJUT BSF TFMFDUFE GSPN UIF TFU {, , } UP GPSN B UXPEJHJU OVNCFS 'JOE UIF OVNCFS PG
UXPEJHJU OVNCFST UIBU DBO CF GPSNFE JG UIF EJHJUT BSF TFMFDUFE
B XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU C XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
o o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF BE " GBJS TJEFE EJF JT SPMMFE UXJDF
C 4UBUF UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH UIF PVUDPNF

E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG
J B EPVCMF
JJ B TVN PG BU MFBTU
JJJ B TVN OPU FRVBM UP
5XP DPJOT BSF UPTTFE FBDI MBOEJOH XJUI B IFBE )

PS UBJM 5

C 4UBUF UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH UIF PVUDPNF ) 5

E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH
J POF UBJM JJ BU MFBTU POF UBJM
F *G UIF UXP DPJOT BSF UPTTFE UJNFT IPX NBOZ UJNFT
XPVME ZPV FYQFDU UP HFU UXP UBJMT
&YBNQMF 5XP MFUUFST BSF DIPTFO GSPN UIF XPSE 4&5 XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
B 4IPX UIF TBNQMF TQBDF VTJOH B UBCMF
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG
J PCUBJOJOH UIF PVUDPNF & 5
JJ TFMFDUJOH POF 5
JJJ TFMFDUJOH BU MFBTU POF 5
JW TFMFDUJOH BO 4 BOE B 5
W TFMFDUJOH BO 4 PS B 5

&
'-6&/$:
" MFUUFS JT DIPTFO GSPN UIF XPSE -&7&- XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU BOE UIFO B TFDPOE MFUUFS JT DIPTFO
GSPN UIF TBNF XPSE
B %SBX B UBCMF EJTQMBZJOH UIF TBNQMF TQBDF GPS UIF QBJS PG MFUUFST DIPTFO
C 4UBUF UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT QPTTJCMF
D 4UBUF UIF OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT UIBU DPOUBJO FYBDUMZ POF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH MFUUFST
J 7
JJ -
JJJ &
E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF PVUDPNF XJMM DPOUBJO FYBDUMZ POF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH MFUUFST
J 7
JJ -
JJJ &
F 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF UXP MFUUFST DIPTFO XJMM CF UIF TBNF

130#-&.40-7*/(
*O B RVJ[ .JO HVFTTFT UIBU UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ Die 1
PG SPMMJOH B TVN PG PS NPSF GSPN UXP GBJS 1 2 3 4 5 6
TJEFE EJDF JT $PNQMFUF UIF 1 2 3 …
GPMMPXJOH UP EFDJEF XIFUIFS PS OPU UIJT 2 3 …
HVFTT JT DPSSFDU Die 2 3 4
..
B $PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIF UBCMF 4 .
..
SFQSFTFOUJOH BMM UIF PVUDPNFT GPS 4 .
QPTTJCMF UPUBMT UIBU DBO CF PCUBJOFE 6
D 'JOE UIF OVNCFS PG UIF PVUDPNFT UIBU
SFQSFTFOU B TVN PG
J
JJ
JJJ MFTT UIBO
E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF GPMMPXJOH TVNT BSF PCUBJOFE
J
JJ MFTT UIBO
JJJ HSFBUFS UIBO
JW BU MFBTU
F 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF TVN JT BU MFBTU BOE EFDJEF XIFUIFS PS OPU .JOT HVFTT
JT DPSSFDU
" MFUUFS JT SBOEPNMZ DIPTFO GSPN UIF XPSE 0-% BOE UIFO B TFDPOE MFUUFS JT DIPTFO GSPN UIF
XPSE $0--&(&
B %SBX B UBCMF JMMVTUSBUJOH BMM QPTTJCMF QBJST PG MFUUFST UIBU DBO CF DIPTFO
D *G B EPVCMF SFQSFTFOUT TFMFDUJOH UIF TBNF MFUUFS àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B EPVCMF

&
130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF TUVEFOUT XIP DPNQMFUFE B TQFDJBM áZJOH DPVSTF BSF XBJUJOH UP TFF JG UIFZ XJMM CF BXBSEFE
UIF POF %JTUJODUJPO PS UIF POF .FSJU BXBSE GPS UIFJS FGGPSUT
B *O IPX NBOZ XBZT DBO UIF UXP BXBSET CF HJWFO JG
J UIF TBNF TUVEFOU DBO SFDFJWF CPUI BXBSET
JJ UIF TBNF TUVEFOU DBOOPU SFDFJWF CPUI BXBSET
C "TTVNJOH UIBU B TUVEFOU DBOOPU SFDFJWF CPUI BXBSET àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU B QBSUJDVMBS
TUVEFOU SFDFJWFT
J UIF %JTUJODUJPO BXBSE
JJ UIF .FSJU BXBSE
JJJ OFJUIFS BXBSE
D "TTVNJOH UIBU B TUVEFOU DBO SFDFJWF CPUI BXBSET àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIFZ SFDFJWF BU MFBTU
POF BXBSE

3&"40/*/(
&YBNQMF F 5XP GBJS TJEFE EJDF BSF SPMMFE BOE UIF TVN JT OPUFE
B 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG
J B TVN PG
JJ B TVN PG MFTT UIBO
C J 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG B TVN PG HJWFO UIBU UIF TVN JT MFTT UIBO
JJ 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG B TVN PG HJWFO UIBU UIF TVN JT MFTT UIBO
JJJ 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG B TVN PG HJWFO UIBU UIF TVN JT BU MFBTU
%FDJEF XIFUIFS UIF GPMMPXJOH TJUVBUJPOT XPVME OBUVSBMMZ JOWPMWF TFMFDUJPOT XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU PS
XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
B TFMFDUJOH UXP QFPQMF UP QMBZ JO B UFBN
C UPTTJOH B DPJO UXJDF
D SPMMJOH UXP EJDF
E DIPPTJOH UXP DIPDPMBUFT UP FBU

&
3&"40/*/(
*O B HBNF PG DIBODF TJY DBSET OVNCFSFE UP BSF MZJOH GBDF EPXO PO B UBCMF 5XP DBSET BSF
TFMFDUFE XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU BOE UIF TVN PG CPUI OVNCFST JT OPUFE
B 4UBUF UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF UPUBM TVN JT
J FRVBM UP JJ FRVBM UP JJJ BU MFBTU JW OP NPSF UIBO
D 8IBU XPVME IBWF CFFO UIF BOTXFS UP QBSU C J JG UIF FYQFSJNFOU IBE CFFO DPOEVDUFE XJUI
SFQMBDFNFOU
3BOEPN XFJHIUT
&/3*$).&/5
*O B HZN +VTUJO DPOTJEFST DIPPTJOH UXP XFJHIUT UP àU POUP B SPXJOH NBDIJOF UP NBLF UIF
MPBE IFBWJFS 5IFSF BSF GPVS EJGGFSFOU XFJHIUT UP DIPPTF GSPN LH LH LH BOE LH
BOE UIFSF BSF QMFOUZ PG FBDI XFJHIU BWBJMBCMF "GUFS HFUUJOH B GSJFOE UP SBOEPNMZ DIPPTF CPUI
XFJHIUT +VTUJO BUUFNQUT UP PQFSBUF UIF NBDIJOF
B $PNQMFUF B UBCMF UIBU EJTQMBZT BMM QPTTJCMF UPUBM XFJHIUT UIBU DPVME CF QMBDFE PO UIF NBDIJOF
D )PX NBOZ PG UIF PVUDPNFT EFMJWFS B UPUBM XFJHIU EFTDSJCFE CZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
J FRVBM UP LH JJ MFTT UIBO LH JJJ BU MFBTU LH
E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU +VTUJO XJMM CF BUUFNQUJOH UP MJGU UIF GPMMPXJOH UPUBM XFJHIU
J LH JJ LH
JJJ OP NPSF UIBO LH JW MFTT UIBO LH
F *G +VTUJO JT VOBCMF UP MJGU NPSF UIBO LH XIBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU IF XJMM OPU CF BCMF UP
PQFSBUF UIF SPXJOH NBDIJOF

' 6TJOH USFF EJBHSBNT

4VQQPTF B CBH DPOUBJOT UXP SFE DPVOUFST BOE POF CMVF DPVOUFS BOE UIBU UXP DPVOUFST BSF TFMFDUFE BU SBOEPN
XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU 0OF XBZ UP EJTQMBZ UIF PVUDPNFT JT XJUI B USFF EJBHSBN JO XIJDI BMM FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
PVUDPNFT BSF MJTUFE JO DPMVNOT BT TIPXO CFMPX MFGU " NPSF FGàDJFOU XBZ IPXFWFS JT UP HSPVQ TJNJMBS
PVUDPNFT BOE XSJUF UIFJS DPSSFTQPOEJOH QSPCBCJMJUJFT PO UIF CSBODIFT BT TIPXO CFMPX SJHIU
Choice 1 Choice 2 Outcome Probability Choice 1 Choice 2 Outcome Probability

1_ 2_
R (R, R) 9 3 R (R, R)
2_ × 2_ = 4_
3 3 9
1_ R
R R (R, R) 9 2_
1_ 2_ × 1_ = 2_
1_ 3 B (R, B) 3 3 9
B (R, B) 9 3
R 1_ 2_
(R, R) 9 1_ 1_ × 2_ = 2_
3 R (B, R) 3 3 9
1_ 3
R R (R, R) 9
B
1_ 1_ 1_ × 1_ = 1_
B (R, B) B (B, B) 3 3 9
9 3
1_ 2
R (B, R) 9 Pr (R, B) = _
9
R 1_
B (B, R) 9
1_
B (B, B) 9
Pr (R, B) = _2
9
:PV XJMM OPUF UIBU JO UIF USFF EJBHSBN PO UIF SJHIU UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG FBDI PVUDPNF JT PCUBJOFE CZ
NVMUJQMZJOH UIF CSBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT 5IF SFBTPO GPS UIJT SFMBUFT UP DPOEJUJPOBM QSPCBCJMJUJFT
6TJOH DPOEJUJPOBM QSPCBCJMJUJFT UIF USFF EJBHSBN PO UIF SJHIU DBO CF SFESBXO MJLF UIJT CFMPX

8F LOPX GSPN DPOEJUJPOBM QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU 2_
3 R⏐R R∩R
1S " È #
2_ R
• 1S " ] #
= 3
1S #
1_ B⏐R R∩B
3
6TJOH # BOE 3 XF DPVME XSJUF
2_
1S # È 3
3 R⏐B B∩R
• 1S 3 ] #
= 1_
1S #
3 B
#Z SFBSSBOHJOH XF IBWF
1_ B⏐B B∩B
3
1S # È 3
= 1S #
× 1S 3 ] #

= ×

=

5IJT FYQMBJOT XIZ XF NVMUJQMZ CSBODIFT PO USFF EJBHSBNT 5IJT BMTP BQQMJFT XIFO TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF
XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU

-FUT TUBSU 1SJ[F QSPCBCJMJUZ

5XP MVDLZ EPPS QSJ[FT BSF SBOEPNMZ BXBSEFE UP B
HSPVQ PG NBMF BOE GFNBMF QBSUZHPFST
• 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN XJUI CSBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT UP
TIPX IPX TFMFDUJPO XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU DBO CF
EJTQMBZFE
• 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN XJUI CSBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT UP
TIPX IPX TFMFDUJPO XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU DBO CF
EJTQMBZFE
• 8IJDI PG UIFTF TJUVBUJPOT IBT B IJHIFS
QSPCBCJMJUZ
B " NBMF BOE B GFNBMF SFDFJWF POF QSJ[F FBDI JG
TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU
C " NBMF BOE B GFNBMF SFDFJWF POF QSJ[F FBDI JG TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
5SFF EJBHSBNT DBO CF VTFE UP MJTU UIF TBNQMF TQBDF GPS FYQFSJNFOUT JOWPMWJOH UXP PS
,FZ
NPSF TUBHFT
JEFBT • #SBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT BSF VTFE UP EFTDSJCF UIF DIBODF PG FBDI PVUDPNF BU FBDI TUFQ
• &BDI PVUDPNF GPS UIF FYQFSJNFOU JT PCUBJOFE CZ NVMUJQMZJOH UIF CSBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT
• #SBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT XJMM EFQFOE PO XIFUIFS TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF XJUI PS XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH B USFF EJBHSBN GPS NVMUJTUBHF FYQFSJNFOUT

#PYFT " BOE # DPOUBJO DPVOUFST FBDI #PY " DPOUBJOT SFE BOE HSFFO DPVOUFST BOE CPY # DPOUBJOT
SFE BOE HSFFO DPVOUFST " CPY JT DIPTFO BU SBOEPN BOE UIFO B TJOHMF DPVOUFS JT TFMFDUFE
B *G CPY " JT DIPTFO XIBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU B SFE DPVOUFS JT DIPTFO GSPN JU
C *G CPY # JT DIPTFO XIBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU B SFE DPVOUFS JT DIPTFO GSPN JU
D 3FQSFTFOU UIF PQUJPOT BWBJMBCMF BT B USFF EJBHSBN UIBU TIPXT BMM QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT BOE SFMBUFE
QSPCBCJMJUJFT
E 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH CPY # BOE B SFE DPVOUFS
F 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B SFE DPVOUFS
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/

B 1S SFE GSPN CPY "
= = 5XP PG UIF DPVOUFST JO CPY " BSF SFE

C 1S SFE GSPN CPY #
= 0OF PG UIF DPVOUFST JO CPY # JT SFE


D Box Counter Outcome Probability 'JSTU TFMFDUJPO JT B CPY GPMMPXFE

CZ B DPVOUFS .VMUJQMZ FBDI PG
1
_
2 red (A, red) 1_
2
× 1_
2
= 1_4 UIF QSPCBCJMJUJFT BMPOH UIF CSBODI
1_ A QBUIXBZT UP àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG
2 1
_ green (A, green) 1_
2
× 1_
2
= 1_4 FBDI PVUDPNF
2
1
_
1_ 4 red (B, red) 1_
2
× 1_
4
= 1_8
2 B
3
_ green (B, green) 1_
2
× 3_
4
= 3_8
4

E 1S # SFE
= × 5IF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG DIPPTJOH CPY # JT

BOE B SFE DPVOUFS GSPN CPY # JT
=
TP NVMUJQMZ UIFTF QSPCBCJMJUJFT GPS UIF
PVUDPNF # SFE

F 1S SFE
= × + × 5IF PVUDPNFT " SFE
BOE # SFE

CPUI DPOUBJO SFE DPVOUFS TP BEE

= + UPHFUIFS UIF QSPCBCJMJUJFT GPS UIFTF
UXP PVUDPNFT

=

&YBNQMF 6TJOH B USFF EJBHSBN GPS FYQFSJNFOUT XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU

" CBH DPOUBJOT CMVF #
BOE XIJUF 8
NBSCMFT BOE NBSCMFT BSF TFMFDUFE XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
B %SBX B USFF EJBHSBN TIPXJOH BMM PVUDPNFT BOE QSPCBCJMJUJFT
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH
J B CMVF NBSCMF GPMMPXFE CZ B XIJUF NBSCMF # 8
JJ CMVF NBSCMFT
JJJ FYBDUMZ CMVF NBSCMF
D *G UIF FYQFSJNFOU JT SFQFBUFE XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU àOE UIF BOTXFST UP FBDI RVFTUJPO JO QBSU C
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Selection 1 Selection 2 Outcome Probability "GUFS CMVF NBSCMF JT TFMFDUFE UIFSF

BSF NBSCMFT SFNBJOJOH CMVF BOE
4_ 5_ × 4_ = __
5
7 B (B, B) 8 7 14 XIJUF
5_ B
8 3_ W (B, W)
5_ × 3_ 15
= __ "GUFS XIJUF NBSCMF JT TFMFDUFE
7 8 7 56
UIFSF BSF NBSCMFT SFNBJOJOH
5_ 3_ × 5_ 15
= __ CMVF BOE XIJUF
3_ 7 B (W, B) 8 7 56
8 W
3_ 3
2_ W (W, W) 8
× 2_
7
= __
28
7


C J 1S # 8
= × .VMUJQMZ UIF QSPCBCJMJUJFT PO UIF # 8
QBUIXBZ

=

JJ 1S # #
= × 0OMZ CMVF NBSCMFT SFNBJO BGUFS UIF àSTU

TFMFDUJPO .VMUJQMZ UIF QSPCBCJMJUJFT PO UIF

= # #
QBUIXBZ

JJJ 1S CMVF
= × + × 5IF PVUDPNFT # 8
BOE 8 #
CPUI IBWF
POF CMVF NBSCMF .VMUJQMZ QSPCBCJMJUJFT UP àOE
JOEJWJEVBM QSPCBCJMJUJFT UIFO TVN GPS UIF àOBM
=
SFTVMU

=

D J 1S # 8
= × 8IFO TFMFDUJOH PCKFDUT XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU

SFNFNCFS UIBU UIF OVNCFS PG NBSCMFT JO UIF

= CBH SFNBJOT UIF TBNF GPS FBDI TFMFDUJPO

JJ 1S # #
= × 5IBU JT 1S #
= BOE 1S 8
= UISPVHIPVU

=

JJJ 1S CMVF
= × + × 0OF CMVF NBSCMF DPSSFTQPOET UP UIF # 8
PS

8 #
PVUDPNFT

=

=

&YFSDJTF '
6/%&345"/%*/(
" CPY DPOUBJOT XIJUF 8

BOE CMBDL #
DPVOUFST
B " TJOHMF DPVOUFS JT ESBXO BU SBOEPN 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ
UIBU JU JT
J XIJUF JJ CMBDL
C 5XP DPVOUFST BSF OPX ESBXO BU SBOEPN 5IF àSTU POF
JT SFQMBDFE CFGPSF UIF TFDPOE POF JT ESBXO 'JOE UIF
QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF TFDPOE DPVOUFS JT
J XIJUF JJ CMBDL
D 5XP DPVOUFST BSF ESBXO BOE UIF àSTU DPVOUFS JT OPU SFQMBDFE CFGPSF UIF TFDPOE POF JT ESBXO
*G UIF àSTU DPVOUFS JT XIJUF àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF TFDPOE DPVOUFS JT
J XIJUF JJ CMBDL

'
6/%&345"/%*/(
5XP QSJ[FT BSF BXBSEFE UP B HSPVQ PG NBMF .
BOE GFNBMF '
DBOEJEBUFT
$PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF FBDI USFF EJBHSBN *ODMVEF UIF NJTTJOH CSBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT BOE PVUDPNF
QSPCBCJMJUJFT
B XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU C XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
3_
8 M (M, M) ( 3_8 × 3_8 = __
64 )
9
M (M, M) ( _________ )
3_ M
8 M
F (M, F) ( ________
_) F ( __, __ ) ( _________ )
3_ M ( __, __ ) ( _________ )
M ( __, __ ) ( ________
_) 7
5_ F
F 8
5_ F ( __, __ ) ( ________
_) F ( __, __ ) ( _________ )
8
o o o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF #PYFT " BOE # DPOUBJO DPVOUFST FBDI #PY " DPOUBJOT ZFMMPX BOE PSBOHF DPVOUFST BOE
CPY # DPOUBJOT ZFMMPX BOE PSBOHF DPVOUFS " CPY JT DIPTFO BU SBOEPN BOE UIFO B TJOHMF
DPVOUFS JT TFMFDUFE
B *G CPY " JT DIPTFO XIBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B ZFMMPX DPVOUFS
C *G CPY # JT DIPTFO XIBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B ZFMMPX DPVOUFS
D 3FQSFTFOU UIF PQUJPOT BWBJMBCMF CZ DPNQMFUJOH UIJT USFF EJBHSBN
Box Counter Outcome Probability

1_ 1_
4 yellow (A, yellow) 2
× 1_4 = 1_8
1_ A
2
orange __________ ________
yellow __________ ________

B
______ __________ ________
E 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH CPY # BOE B ZFMMPX DPVOUFS

F 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B ZFMMPX DPVOUFS
" GBJS TJEFE EJF JT SPMMFE UXJDF BOE UIF QBJS PG OVNCFST JT SFDPSEFE
B 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN UP MJTU UIF TBNQMF TQBDF
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH
J B BOE UIFO B JF UIF PVUDPNF
JJ B EPVCMF
E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH B TVN EFTDSJCFE CZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
J FRVBM UP JJ FRVBM UP JJJ MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP

'
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF " CBH DPOUBJOT SFE 3
BOE XIJUF 8
NBSCMFT BOE NBSCMFT BSF TFMFDUFE XJUIPVU
SFQMBDFNFOU
B %SBX B USFF EJBHSBN TIPXJOH BMM PVUDPNFT BOE QSPCBCJMJUJFT
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH
J B SFE NBSCMF BOE UIFO B XIJUF NBSCMF 3 8
JJ SFE NBSCMFT
JJJ FYBDUMZ SFE NBSCMF
D 5IF FYQFSJNFOU JT SFQFBUFE XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU 'JOE UIF BOTXFST UP FBDI RVFTUJPO JO QBSU C
5XP TUVEFOUT BSF TFMFDUFE GSPN B HSPVQ PG NBMFT .

BOE GFNBMFT '
XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
B %SBX B USFF EJBHSBN UP àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH
J NBMFT JJ GFNBMFT
JJJ NBMF BOE GFNBMF JW QFPQMF FJUIFS CPUI NBMF PS CPUI GFNBMF
C 5IF FYQFSJNFOU JT SFQFBUFE XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU 'JOE UIF BOTXFST UP FBDI RVFTUJPO JO QBSU B

130#-&.40-7*/(
"T QBSU PG B TBMBSZ QBDLBHF BO FNQMPZFF SBOEPNMZ TFMFDUT B 'BMDPO PS B $PNNPEPSF 5IFSF
BSF XIJUF 'BMDPOT BOE TJMWFS 'BMDPO BOE XIJUF $PNNPEPSFT BOE SFE $PNNPEPSF UP
DIPPTF GSPN
B $PNQMFUF B USFF EJBHSBN TIPXJOH B SBOEPN DIPJDF PG B DBS NBLF BOE UIFO B DPMPVS
Car Colour Outcome Probability

white __________ ________
1_ Falcon
2
_____ __________ ________
1_ _____ __________ ________

2 Commodore
_____ __________ ________
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF FNQMPZFF DIPPTFT
J B XIJUF 'BMDPO JJ B SFE $PNNPEPSF
JJJ B XIJUF DBS JW B DBS UIBU JT OPU XIJUF
W B TJMWFS DBS PS B XIJUF DBS WJ B DBS UIBU JT OFJUIFS B 'BMDPO OPS SFE

'
130#-&.40-7*/(
5XP CPUUMFT PG XJOF BSF SBOEPNMZ TFMFDUFE GPS UBTUJOH GSPN B CPY DPOUBJOJOH SFE BOE XIJUF
XJOFT 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN UP IFMQ BOTXFS UIF GPMMPXJOH
B *G UIF àSTU CPUUMF JT SFQMBDFE CFGPSF UIF TFDPOE JT TFMFDUFE àOE
J 1S SFE
JJ 1S SFE
JJJ 1S OPU XIJUF

JW 1S BU MFBTU XIJUF
C *G UIF àSTU CPUUMF JT OPU SFQMBDFE CFGPSF UIF TFDPOE JT TFMFDUFE àOE
J 1S SFE
JJ 1S SFE
JJJ 1S OPU XIJUF

JW 1S BU MFBTU XIJUF
$BOT PG TMJDFE QFBDIFT QSPEVDFE CZ A+VTU QFBDIFT BSF TPNFUJNFT

VOEFSXFJHIU " CPY PG DBOT JT TFMFDUFE GSPN UIF GBDUPSZ BOE UIFO DBOT
GSPN UIF BSF UFTUFE XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU 5IJT QBSUJDVMBS CPY PG DBOT
JT LOPXO UP IBWF DBOT UIBU BSF VOEFSXFJHIU
B 4UBUF UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF àSTU DBO DIPTFO XJMM CF
J VOEFSXFJHIU JJ OPU VOEFSXFJHIU
C 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN UP àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU
J CPUI DBOT BSF VOEFSXFJHIU JJ POF DBO JT VOEFSXFJHIU
JJJ BU NPTU DBO JT VOEFSXFJHIU
D 5IF GBDUPSZ QBTTFT UIF JOTQFDUJPO JG OP DBOT BSF GPVOE UP CF VOEFSXFJHIU 'JOE UIF DIBODF
UIBU UIJT XJMM PDDVS BOE FYQSFTT ZPVS BOTXFS BT B QFSDFOUBHF SPVOEFE UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
5IF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG SBJO PO BOZ QBSUJDVMBS EBZ JT )PXFWFS UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG SBJO PO B EBZ BGUFS
B SBJOZ EBZ JT XIFSFBT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG SBJO PO B EBZ BGUFS B OPOSBJOZ EBZ JT
B 0O UXP DPOTFDVUJWF EBZT àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG IBWJOH
J UXP SBJOZ EBZT JJ FYBDUMZ POF SBJOZ EBZ JJJ BU MFBTU POF ESZ EBZ
C 0O UISFF DPOTFDVUJWF EBZT àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG IBWJOH
J UISFF SBJOZ EBZT JJ FYBDUMZ POF ESZ EBZ JJJ BU NPTU UXP SBJOZ EBZT


'
3&"40/*/(
5XP TPDLT BSF TFMFDUFE BU SBOEPN GSPN B ESBXFS DPOUBJOJOH SFE BOE ZFMMPX TPDLT
B 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF UXP TPDLT XJMM CF PG UIF TBNF DPMPVS JG UIF TPDLT BSF ESBXO
XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF UXP TPDLT XJMM OPU CF PG UIF TBNF DPMPVS JG UIF TPDLT BSF
ESBXO XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
" CPY DPOUBJOT SFE 3

BOE CMVF #
DPVOUFST BOE UISFF DPVOUFST BSF TFMFDUFE XJUIPVU
SFQMBDFNFOU
B 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN UP àOE
J 1S 3 3 #
JJ 1S SFE
JJJ 1S SFE
JW 1S BU MFBTU SFE
W 1S BU NPTU CMVF
C *G B GPVSUI TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU

J BU MFBTU SFE JT TFMFDUFE
JJ CMVF BSF TFMFDUFE
$POUBJOFST " # BOE $ IPME NBSCMFT FBDI BMM PG XIJDI BSF UIF TBNF TJ[F 5IF GPMMPXJOH
UBCMF JMMVTUSBUFT UIF NBSCMF DPMPVST JO FBDI DPOUBJOFS
Container A Container B Container C
Purple 1 2 3
Green 3 2 1
" DPOUBJOFS JT DIPTFO BU SBOEPN BOE UIFO B NBSCMF JT TFMFDUFE GSPN UIF DPOUBJOFS
B %SBX B USFF EJBHSBN UP IFMQ EFUFSNJOF BMM UIF QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT BOE UIF BTTPDJBUFE
QSPCBCJMJUJFT
4VHHFTUJPO :PV XJMM OFFE UISFF CSBODIFT UP TUBSU SFQSFTFOUJOH UIF UISFF EJGGFSFOU DPOUBJOFST
UIBU DBO CF DIPTFO
GPMMPXFE CZ UXP CSBODIFT GPS FBDI PG " # BOE $ UP SFQSFTFOU UIF
DIPJDF PG FJUIFS B QVSQMF PS B HSFFO NBSCMF

D 'JOE UIF GPMMPXJOH QSPCBCJMJUJFT
J 1S " QVSQMF
JJ 1S # HSFFO
JJJ 1S $ QVSQMF
E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH B HSFFO NBSCMF

'FSNBU BOE 1BTDBM

'
&/3*$).&/5
5IF 'SFODI NBUIFNBUJDJBOT 1JFSSF EF 'FSNBU BOE #MBJTF 1BTDBM JOTQJSFE UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG
NBUIFNBUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ UISPVHI UIFJS DPOTJEFSBUJPO PG TJNQMF HBNFT )FSFT POF PG UIFJS àSTU
QSPCMFNT
5XP FRVBMMZ TLJMMFE QFPQMF QMBZ B HBNF JO XIJDI UIF àSTU UP FBSO QPJOUT XJOT BOE
FBDI QMBZFS IBT BO FRVBM DIBODF PG XJOOJOH B QPJOU "U TPNF QPJOU JO UIF HBNF IPXFWFS POF
PG UIF QMBZFST IBT UP MFBWF BOE UIF HBNF NVTU CF TUPQQFE *G UIF HBNF TDPSF JT QPJOUT UP
IPX TIPVME UIF CF EJWJEFE CFUXFFO UIF UXP QMBZFST
5IJT EJBHSBN TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG XBZT UIF HBNF DPVME IBWF CFFO DPNQMFUFE
A wins
A: 10 points 1_
2
B: 7 points
A: 9 points A wins
A: 10 points 1_
B: 7 points 4 Pr(A winning)
B: 8 points
B wins
A wins
A: 9 points 1_
A: 10 points
B: 8 points 8
B: 9 points
B wins
A: 9 points
B: 9 points B wins
1_
A: 9 points 8
Pr(B winning)
B: 10 points
B 6TF UIJT EJBHSBN UP IFMQ DBMDVMBUF UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU

J QMBZFS " XJOT UIF HBNF JJ QMBZFS # XJOT UIF HBNF
C #BTFE PO ZPVS BOTXFST GSPN QBSU B EFTDSJCF IPX UIF TIPVME CF EJWJEFE CFUXFFO
QMBZFST " BOE #
D *OWFTUJHBUF IPX UIF TIPVME CF EJWJEFE CFUXFFO QMBZFST " BOE # JG UIF HBNF JT TUPQQFE
XJUI UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFS PG QPJOUT :PV XJMM OFFE UP ESBX B OFX USFF EJBHSBN FBDI UJNF
J QMBZFS " QPJOUT QMBZFS # QPJOUT
JJ QMBZFS " QPJOUT QMBZFS # QPJOUT
JJJ QMBZFS " QPJOUT QMBZFS # QPJOUT
JW QMBZFS " QPJOUT QMBZFS # QPJOUT
W $IPPTF ZPVS PXO QBJS PG HBNF QPJOUT BOE JOWFTUJHBUF

( *OEFQFOEFOU FWFOUT
*O QSFWJPVT TFDUJPOT XF IBWF MPPLFE BU QSPCMFNT JOWPMWJOH DPOEJUJPOBM QSPCBCJMJUZ A B
5IJT 7FOO EJBHSBN GPS FYBNQMF HJWFT UIF GPMMPXJOH SFTVMUT
5 2 3

1S "
= BOE 1S " ] #
=

$MFBSMZ UIF DPOEJUJPO # JO 1S " ] #
IBT DIBOHFE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG " 5IF FWFOUT
" BOE # BSF UIFSFGPSF OPU JOEFQFOEFOU
'PS NVMUJQMF FWFOUT XF DBO DPOTJEFS FWFOUT FJUIFS XJUI PS XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
5IFTF USFF EJBHSBNT GPS FYBNQMF TIPX UXP TFMFDUJPOT PG NBSCMFT GSPN B CBH PG BRVB "
BOE
CMVF #
NBSCMFT
8JUI SFQMBDFNFOU 8JUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
2_ 1_
5 A⎪A A∩A 4 A⎪A A∩A
2_ A 2_ A
5 5
3_ B⎪A A∩B 3_ B⎪A A∩B
5 4
2_ 2_
5 A⎪B B∩A 4 A⎪B B∩A
3_
5 B 3_
B
5
3_ B⎪B B∩B 2_ B⎪B B∩B
5 4
*O UIF àSTU USFF EJBHSBN XF DBO TFF UIBU 1S " ] #

= 1S "
TP UIF FWFOUT BSF JOEFQFOEFOU *O UIF TFDPOE
USFF EJBHSBN XF DBO TFF UIBU 1S " ] #
¢ 1S "
TP UIF FWFOUT BSF OPU JOEFQFOEFOU
4P GPS JOEFQFOEFOU FWFOUT XF IBWF
1S " ] #
= 1S "
∗
1S " È #
1S " È #
5IJT JNQMJFT UIBU 1S " ] #

= CFDPNFT 1S "
=
1S #
1S #
6TJOH ∗
BOE SFBSSBOHJOH HJWFT
1S " È #
= 1S "
× 1S #

-FUT TUBSU "SF UIFZ JOEFQFOEFOU

3FDBMM UIBU UXP FWFOUT BSF JOEFQFOEFOU JG UIF PVUDPNF PG POF FWFOU EPFT OPU BGGFDU UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG UIF
PUIFS FWFOU %JTDVTT XIFUIFS PS OPU ZPV UIJOL UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG FWFOUT BSF JOEFQFOEFOU (JWF SFBTPOT
• 5PTTJOH UXP DPJOT XJUI UIF FWFOUT
o HFUUJOH B UBJM PO UIF àSTU DPJO o HFUUJOH B UBJM PO UIF TFDPOE DPJO
• 4FMFDUJOH UXP NVHT XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU GSPN B ESBXFS JO XIJDI UIFSF BSF SFE BOE CMVF NVHT
BOE PCUBJOJOH UIF FWFOUT
o àSTU JT B CMVF NVH o TFDPOE JT B SFE NVH
• 4FMFDUJOH B QFSTPO GSPN B HSPVQ PG XIP FOKPZT QMBZJOH OFUCBMM /
BOEPS N T
UFOOJT 5
BT JO UIF 7FOO EJBHSBN TIPXO
o TFMFDUJOH B QFSTPO GSPN UIF HSPVQ XIP FOKPZT OFUCBMM 5 1 4
o TFMFDUJOH B QFSTPO GSPN UIF HSPVQ XIP FOKPZT UFOOJT
5XP FWFOUT BSF JOEFQFOEFOU JG UIF PVUDPNF PG POF FWFOU EPFT OPU DIBOHF UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG
,FZ
PCUBJOJOH UIF PUIFS FWFOU
• 1S " ] #
= 1S "
PS 1S # ] "
= 1S #
JEFBT
• 1S " È #
= 1S "
× 1S #
'PS NVMUJTUBHF FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI TFMFDUJPO NBEF XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU TVDDFTTJWF FWFOUT BSF
JOEFQFOEFOU
'PS NVMUJTUBHF FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI TFMFDUJPO NBEF XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU TVDDFTTJWF FWFOUT BSF OPU
JOEFQFOEFOU
&YBNQMF $IFDLJOH GPS JOEFQFOEFOU FWFOUT

" TFMFDUJPO PG NPCJMF QIPOF PGGFST JODMVEFT GPVS XJUI GSFF DPOOFDUJPO BOE àWF XJUI B GSFF TFDPOE
CBUUFSZ XIFSFBT POF PGGFS IBT CPUI GSFF DPOOFDUJPO BOE B GSFF TFDPOE CBUUFSZ
-FU " CF UIF FWFOU ADIPPTJOH B NPCJMF QIPOF XJUI GSFF DPOOFDUJPO
-FU # CF UIF FWFOU ADIPPTJOH B NPCJMF QIPOF XJUI B GSFF TFDPOE CBUUFSZ
B 4VNNBSJTF UIF JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU UIF NPCJMF QIPOF PGGFST JO B 7FOO EJBHSBN
C 'JOE
J 1S "
JJ 1S " ] #
D 4UBUF XIFUIFS PS OPU UIF FWFOUT " BOE # BSF JOEFQFOEFOU
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B A B 4UBSU XJUI UIF FMFNFOU UIBU CFMPOHT UP

CPUI TFUT " BOE # BOE DPNQMFUF UIF EJBHSBN
3 1 4 BDDPSEJOH UP UIF HJWFO JOGPSNBUJPO
2

C J 1S "
= = PG UIF FMFNFOUT CFMPOH UP TFU "

JJ 1S " ] #
= PG UIF FMFNFOUT JO TFU # CFMPOHT UP TFU "

D 5IF FWFOUT " BOE # BSF OPU JOEFQFOEFOU 1S " ] #

¢ 1S "

&YFSDJTF ( o
6/%&345"/%*/(
" GBJS DPJO JT UPTTFE UXJDF -FU " CF UIF FWFOU AUIF àSTU UPTT HJWFT B UBJM BOE MFU # CF UIF FWFOU
AUIF TFDPOE UPTT HJWFT B UBJM
B 'JOE
J 1S "
JJ 1S #
C 8PVME ZPV TBZ UIBU FWFOUT " BOE # BSF JOEFQFOEFOU

D 8IBU JT 1S # ] "
5IJT 7FOO EJBHSBN TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG FMFNFOUT JO FWFOUT " BOE #
A B
4 2 1
3
B 'JOE
J 1S #
JJ 1S # ] "
C *T 1S # ] "
= 1S #
D "SF UIF FWFOUT " BOE # JOEFQFOEFOU
$PNQMFUF FBDI TFOUFODF

B 'PS NVMUJTUBHF FYQFSJNFOUT TVDDFTTJWF FWFOUT BSF JOEFQFOEFOU JG TFMFDUJPOT BSF NBEF
SFQMBDFNFOU
C 'PS NVMUJTUBHF FYQFSJNFOUT TVDDFTTJWF FWFOUT BSF OPU JOEFQFOEFOU JG TFMFDUJPOT BSF NBEF
SFQMBDFNFOU
o
o
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF " TFMFDUJPO PG PGGFST GPS DPNQVUFS QSJOUFST JODMVEFT XJUI B GSFF QSJOUFS DBSUSJEHF BOE XJUI B
GSFF CPY PG QBQFS XIFSFBT IBWF CPUI B GSFF QSJOUFS DBSUSJEHF BOE B GSFF CPY PG QBQFS
-FU " CF UIF FWFOU ADIPPTJOH B QSJOUFS XJUI B GSFF QSJOUFS DBSUSJEHF
-FU # CF UIF FWFOU ADIPPTJOH B QSJOUFS XJUI B GSFF CPY PG QBQFS
B 4VNNBSJTF UIF HJWFO JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU UIF DPNQVUFS QSJOUFS PGGFST JO B 7FOO EJBHSBN
C 'JOE
J 1S "
JJ 1S " ] #

(
'-6&/$:
" TFMFDUJPO PG EJGGFSFOU CBCZ TUSPMMFST
JODMVEFT XJUI B GSFF SBJO DPWFS XJUI B
GSFF TVO TIBEF BOE PGGFS CPUI B GSFF SBJO
DPWFS BOE B GSFF TVO TIBEF
-FU " CF UIF FWFOU ADIPPTJOH B TUSPMMFS XJUI
B GSFF TVO TIBEF
-FU # CF UIF FWFOU ADIPPTJOH B TUSPMMFS XJUI
B GSFF SBJO DPWFS
B 4VNNBSJTF UIF HJWFO JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU
UIF CBCZ TUSPMMFST JO B 7FOO EJBHSBN
C 'JOE
J 1S "
JJ 1S " ] #
'SPN FWFOUT " BOE # JO UIF HJWFO 7FOO EJBHSBNT

J 'JOE 1S "
BOE 1S " ] #

JJ )FODF EFDJEF XIFUIFS PS OPU FWFOUT " BOE # BSF JOEFQFOEFOU
B A B C A B
2 1 1 5 2 6
15
D A B E A B
2 3 6 2 5
4
'PS UIF FWFOUT " BOE # XJUI EFUBJMT QSPWJEFE JO UIF HJWFO UXPXBZ UBCMFT àOE 1S "
BOE
1S " ] #
BOE EFDJEF XIFUIFS PS OPU UIF FWFOUT " BOE # BSF JOEFQFOEFOU
B " "Ì C " "Ì
# 1 1 2 # 1 3 4
#Ì 3 3 6 #Ì 2 4 6
4 4 8 3 7 10
D " "Ì E " "Ì

# 3 17 20 # 1 9
#Ì 12 4 16 #Ì
15 21 36 5 45


(
130#-&.40-7*/(
0G MFBEJOH BDDPVOUBOUT PGGFS BEWJDF PO UBY 5
XIFSFBT PGGFS BEWJDF PO CVTJOFTT
HSPXUI (
&JHIU PG UIF BDDPVOUBOUT PGGFS BEWJDF PO CPUI UBY BOE CVTJOFTT HSPXUI 0OF PG UIF
BDDPVOUBOUT JT DIPTFO BU SBOEPN
B 6TF B 7FOO EJBHSBN PS UXPXBZ UBCMF UP IFMQ àOE
J 1S 5
JJ 1S 5 POMZ
JJJ 1S 5 ] (
C "SF UIF FWFOUT 5 BOE ( JOEFQFOEFOU
" GBJS DPJO JT UPTTFE UJNFT 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH

B IFBET C BU MFBTU UBJM D BU MFBTU IFBE
" GBJS TJEFE EJF JT SPMMFE UISFF UJNFT 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF TVN PG UIF UISFF EJDF JT
B C D E
B
3&"40/*/(
6TF UIJT EJBHSBN UP IFMQ EFDJEF JG UIJT TUBUFNFOU JT USVF PS GBMTF *G UXP A B
FWFOUT " BOE # BSF NVUVBMMZ FYDMVTJWF UIFO UIFZ BSF BMTP JOEFQFOEFOU
2 4
$POTJEFS UIF FWFOUT " BOE # XJUI UIF OVNCFS PG FMFNFOUT DPOUBJOFE JO
3
FBDI FWFOU HJWFO JO UIF 7FOO EJBHSBNT CFMPX *O FBDI DBTF àOE UIF
WBMVF PG Y TP UIBU UIF FWFOUT " BOE # BSF JOEFQFOEFOU JF 1S "
= 1S " ] #

B A B C A B
2 1 3 11 1 2
x x
D A B E A B
7 2 14 x 1 2
x 4
6TJOH 1S " È #
= 1S "
× 1S #
BOE
UIF BEEJUJPO SVMF
&/3*$).&/5
'PS UXP JOEFQFOEFOU FWFOUT " BOE # SFDBMM UIBU 1S " È #

= 1S "
× 1S #
5XP JOEFQFOEFOU
FWFOUT " BOE # BSF TVDI UIBU 1S "
= . BOE 1S #
= . 'JOE
B 1S " È #
C 1S " É #
'PS UXP JOEFQFOEFOU FWFOUT " BOE # XF BSF HJWFO 1S " É #

= . BOE 1S "
= . 'JOE 1S #


*OWFTUJHBUJPO
'SPN -POEPO UP 1BSJT PO UIF &VSPTUBS
0O B TQFDJBM XPSL BTTJHONFOU )FMFOB JT UP CF QBJE b QFS IPVS GPS FWFSZ IPVS TIF TQFOET JO 1BSJT
BGUFS USBWFMMJOH GSPN -POEPO PO UIF &VSPTUBS
)FMFOB JT XBJUJOH GPS B USBJO BU 4U 1BODSBT
4UBUJPO JO -POEPO BOE JT QMBDFE PO TUBOECZ
TIF JT OPU HVBSBOUFFE B EFàOJUF TFBU *G UIFSF JT
OP QMBDF PO B HJWFO USBJO UIFO TIF XBJUT UP TFF
JG UIFSF JT B TFBU PO UIF OFYU USBJO
5IJT JOGPSNBUJPO JT QSPWJEFE GPS )FMFOB BU UIF TUBUJPO
Train Probability of a place Cost

1
7 a.m. £320
2
2
8 a.m. £200
3
3
9 a.m. £150
4
No further trains – £0
4UBOECZ
B *MMVTUSBUF UIF JOGPSNBUJPO HJWFO VTJOH B USFF EJBHSBN BOE TIPXJOH BMM )FMFOBT PQUJPOT BOE UIF
QSPCBCJMJUJFT GPS UIF UISFF USBJOT /PUF "MM CSBODI QBUIT NJHIU OPU CF UIF TBNF MFOHUI
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU )FMFOB XJMM DBUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH USBJOT
J BN JJ BN JJJ BN
D 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU )FMFOB XJMM NJTT BMM UIF BWBJMBCMF USBJOT
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Review Unions and intersections
• Sample space is the list of all possible • Union A ∪ B (A or B ) A B
outcomes.
• Pr(event) = number of favourable outcomes • Intersection A ∩ B
total number of outcomes
(A and B) A B
• Complement of A is A′
(not A) A A′
• A only is A ∩ B′ A B
Venn diagram Two-way table
A A′
A B • Mutually exclusive A B
B 2 5 7
events A ∩ B = ∅
4 2 5 B′ 4 1 5
1 6 6 12
Addition rule
Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A ∩ B)
If A and B are mutually exclusive:

Conditional probability Probability Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 and
Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A⎮B ) = Pr(A ∩ B ) or n(A ∩ B )
Pr(B) n(B)
A B A A′
B 2 5 7 Tree diagrams
4 2 5
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1 6 6 12 3 white
4 black
Pr (A ⎮B ) = 2
7
With replacement
Choice 1 Choice 2 Outcome Probability
3_ 9
__
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__
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7
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6
Tables 3_ 2
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7 B
A B C A B C 2
__
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A (A, A) (B, A) (C, A) A × (B, A) (C, A) 6
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Chapter
9
What you will learn
9A Collecting and using data
9B Review of statistical graphs
Statistics
9E Standard deviation (10A)

9F Time-series data
(Consolidating) 9G Bivariate data and scatter plots
9C Summary statistics 9H Line of best fit by eye
9D Box plots 9I Linear regression with technology (10A)
S TAT I S T I C S A N D P R O B A B I L I T Y
Data representation and interpretation Evaluate statistical reports in the
Determine quartiles and interquartile range and media and other places by linking claims to
investigate the effect of individual data values, displays, statistics and representative data
including outliers on the interquartile range (VCMSP354)
(VCMSP349) (10A) Calculate and interpret the mean
Construct and interpret box plots and use and standard deviation of data and use these
them to compare data sets (VCMSP350) to compare data sets. Investigate the effect of
Compare shapes of box plots to individual data values including outliers, on the
corresponding histograms and dot plots and standard deviation (VCMSP372)
discuss the distribution of data (VCMSP351) (10A) Use digital technology to
Use scatter plots to investigate and investigate bivariate numerical data sets.
comment on relationships between two Where appropriate use a straight line
numerical variables (VCMSP352) to describe the relationship allowing for
Investigate and describe bivariate numerical variation, make predictions based on
data, including where the independent variable this straight line and discuss limitations
is time (VCMSP353) (VCMSP373)
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
Statistics helping the environment

To classify and map the mosaic of plant incident in a stream might result in some
or animal life in any ecological community species, such as fish, shrimps or crayfish,
requires the collection and analysis of large slowly dying out. A scientist can measure
quantities of data. To organise raw data, the diversity of life in the stream with regular
a spreadsheet matrix can be developed netting and counting the various species
using the columns for sample sites, rows caught. Diversity versus time can be graphed
for species and an ‘abundance score’ (i.e. and a trend line drawn through the scattered
frequency count) in each cell. Statistical points. A downward sloping trend line
cluster analysis bunches similar samples to suggests a decline in diversity. Statistical
create a tree-like graph. Multi-dimensional analysis is used to determine if the deviation
scaling creates 2D or 3D drawings of points of data points from the trend line is small
showing samples grouped according to enough for the trend to be significant. Using
similarities or differences. this procedure, a scientist has discovered that
An important use of statistics is to a species of fairy shrimp, Branchinella latzi, is
determine the significance or importance now extinct in the pools on Uluru (Ayers Rock)
of a set of results. For example, a pollution due to human waste pollution.
628 Chapter 9 4UBUJTUJDT
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• %P ZPV UIJOL 2VFTUJPO DPVME CF JNQSPWFE TPNFIPX
4VSWFZT BSF VTFE UP DPMMFDU TUBUJTUJDBM EBUB

,FZ
• 4VSWFZ RVFTUJPOT OFFE UP CF DPOTUSVDUFE DBSFGVMMZ TP UIBU UIF QFSTPO LOPXT FYBDUMZ XIBU
JEFBT TPSU PG BOTXFS UP HJWF 4VSWFZ RVFTUJPOT TIPVME VTF TJNQMF MBOHVBHF BOE TIPVME OPU CF
BNCJHVPVT
• 4VSWFZ RVFTUJPOT TIPVME OPU CF XPSEFE TP UIBU UIFZ EFMJCFSBUFMZ USZ UP QSPWPLF B DFSUBJO LJOE
PG SFTQPOTF
• *G UIF RVFTUJPO DPOUBJOT BO PQUJPO UP CF DIPTFO GSPN B MJTU UIF OVNCFS PG PQUJPOT TIPVME CF BO
PEE OVNCFS TP UIBU UIFSF JT B AOFVUSBM DIPJDF 'PS FYBNQMF UIF PQUJPOT DPVME CF
strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree

" QPQVMBUJPO JT B HSPVQ PG QFPQMF BOJNBMT PS PCKFDUT XJUI TPNFUIJOH JO DPNNPO 4PNF
,FZ
FYBNQMFT PG QPQVMBUJPOT BSF
• BMM UIF QFPQMF JO "VTUSBMJB PO $FOTVT /JHIU
JEFBT
• BMM UIF TUVEFOUT JO ZPVS TDIPPM
• BMM UIF CPZT JO ZPVS NBUIT DMBTT
• BMM UIF UJHFST JO UIF XJME JO 4VNBUSB
• BMM UIF DBST JO #SJTCBOF
• BMM UIF XIFBU GBSNT JO /48
" TBNQMF JT B HSPVQ UIBU IBT CFFO DIPTFO GSPN B QPQVMBUJPO 4PNFUJNFT JOGPSNBUJPO GSPN B
TBNQMF JT VTFE UP EFTDSJCF UIF XIPMF QPQVMBUJPO TP JU JT JNQPSUBOU UP DIPPTF UIF TBNQMF DBSFGVMMZ
4UBUJTUJDBM EBUB DBO CF EJWJEFE JOUP TVCHSPVQT

Data
Categorical Numerical
Nominal Ordinal Discrete Continuous

(Categories (Categories can (Data can take (Data can take
have no order; be ordered; on only a limited on any value in
e.g. colours: e.g. low, medium, number of values; a given range;
red, blue, yellow) high) e.g. number of e.g. time taken
children in to complete a race)
a family)
&YBNQMF %FTDSJCJOH UZQFT PG EBUB

8IBU UZQF PG EBUB XPVME UIF GPMMPXJOH TVSWFZ RVFTUJPOT HFOFSBUF
B )PX NBOZ UFMFWJTJPOT EP ZPV IBWF JO ZPVS IPNF
C 5P XIBU UZQF PG NVTJD EP ZPV NPTU MJLF UP MJTUFO
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B OVNFSJDBM BOE EJTDSFUF 5IF BOTXFS UP UIF RVFTUJPO JT B OVNCFS XJUI B

MJNJUFE OVNCFS PG WBMVFT JO UIJT DBTF B XIPMF
OVNCFS
C DBUFHPSJDBM BOE OPNJOBM 5IF BOTXFS JT B UZQF PG NVTJD BOE UIFTF
DBUFHPSJFT IBWF OP PSEFS

&YBNQMF $IPPTJOH B TVSWFZ TBNQMF

" TVSWFZ JT DBSSJFE PVU PO UIF JOUFSOFU UP EFUFSNJOF "VTUSBMJBT GBWPVSJUF NVTJDBM QFSGPSNFS
8IZ XJMM UIJT TBNQMF OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ CF SFQSFTFOUBUJWF PG "VTUSBMJBT WJFXT
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
"O JOUFSOFU TVSWFZ JT SFTUSJDUFE UP QFPQMF XJUI 5IF TBNQMF NBZ OPU JODMVEF TPNF PG UIF PMEFS
B DPNQVUFS BOE JOUFSOFU BDDFTT SVMJOH PVU TPNF NFNCFST PG UIF DPNNVOJUZ PS UIPTF JO BSFBT
TFDUJPOT PG UIF DPNNVOJUZ GSPN QBSUJDJQBUJOH JO XJUIPVU BDDFTT UP UIF JOUFSOFU "MTP UIF TVSWFZ
UIF TVSWFZ XPVME OFFE UP CF TFU VQ TP UIBU QFPQMF DBO
EP JU POMZ PODF TP UIBU AGBLF TVSWFZT BSF OPU
DPNQMFUFE
&YFSDJTF " o
6/%&345"/%*/(
.BUDI FBDI XPSE BmF
XJUI JUT EFàOJUJPO "m&

B QPQVMBUJPO " B HSPVQ DIPTFO GSPN B QPQVMBUJPO
C DFOTVT # B UPPM VTFE UP DPMMFDU TUBUJTUJDBM EBUB
D TBNQMF $ BMM UIF QFPQMF PS PCKFDUT JO RVFTUJPO
E TVSWFZ % TUBUJTUJDT DPMMFDUFE GSPN FWFSZ NFNCFS PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO
F EBUB & UIF GBDUVBM JOGPSNBUJPO DPMMFDUFE GSPN B TVSWFZ PS PUIFS TPVSDF
.BUDI FBDI XPSE BmG

XJUI JUT EFàOJUJPO "m'

B OVNFSJDBM " DBUFHPSJDBM EBUB UIBU IBT OP PSEFS
C DPOUJOVPVT # EBUB UIBU BSF OVNCFST
D EJTDSFUF $ OVNFSJDBM EBUB UIBU UBLF PO B MJNJUFE OVNCFS PG WBMVFT
E DBUFHPSJDBM % EBUB UIBU DBO CF EJWJEFE JOUP DBUFHPSJFT
F PSEJOBM & OVNFSJDBM EBUB UIBU UBLF BOZ WBMVF JO B HJWFO SBOHF
G OPNJOBM ' DBUFHPSJDBM EBUB UIBU DBO CF PSEFSFE
$MBTTJGZ FBDI TFU PG EBUB BT DBUFHPSJDBM PS OVNFSJDBM

B
C SFE CMVF ZFMMPX HSFFO CMVF SFE
D MPX NFEJVN IJHI MPX MPX NFEJVN
E H H H H H H H
8IJDI POF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TVSWFZ RVFTUJPOT XPVME HFOFSBUF DBUFHPSJDBM EBUB
" )PX NBOZ UJNFT EP ZPV FBU BU ZPVS GBWPVSJUF GBTUGPPE QMBDF JO B UZQJDBM XFFL
# )PX NVDI EP ZPV VTVBMMZ TQFOE CVZJOH ZPVS GBWPVSJUF GBTU GPPE
$ )PX NBOZ JUFNT EJE ZPV CVZ MBTU UJNF ZPV XFOU UP ZPVS GBWPVSJUF GBTUGPPE QMBDF
% 8IJDI JT ZPVS GBWPVSJUF GBTUGPPE


"
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF :FBS TUVEFOUT XFSF BTLFE UIF GPMMPXJOH RVFTUJPOT JO B TVSWFZ %FTDSJCF XIBU UZQF PG
EBUB FBDI RVFTUJPO HFOFSBUFT Choices
B )PX NBOZ QFPQMF VOEFS UIF BHF PG ZFBST BSF
UIFSF JO ZPVS JNNFEJBUF GBNJMZ
categorical numerical
C )PX NBOZ MFUUFST BSF UIFSF JO ZPVS àSTU OBNF
D 8IJDI DPNQBOZ JT UIF DBSSJFS PG ZPVS NPCJMF
UFMFQIPOF DBMMT 0QUVT5FMTUSB ordinal nominal discrete continuous
7PEBGPOF7JSHJO0UIFS 1MFBTF TQFDJGZ
E 8IBU JT ZPVS IFJHIU

F )PX XPVME ZPV EFTDSJCF ZPVS MFWFM PG BQQMJDBUJPO JO .BUIT $IPPTF GSPN WFSZ IJHI
IJHI NFEJVN PS MPX
o o
130#-&.40-7*/(
&YBNQMF 5IF QSJODJQBM EFDJEFT UP TVSWFZ :FBS TUVEFOUT UP EFUFSNJOF UIFJS PQJOJPO PG .BUIFNBUJDT
B *O PSEFS UP JODSFBTF UIF DIBODF PG DIPPTJOH B SFQSFTFOUBUJWF TBNQMF UIF QSJODJQBM TIPVME
" (JWF B TVSWFZ GPSN UP UIF àSTU :FBS TUVEFOUT XIP BSSJWF BU TDIPPM
# (JWF B TVSWFZ GPSN UP BMM UIF TUVEFOUT TUVEZJOH UIF NPTU BEWBODFE .BUIT TVCKFDU
$ (JWF B TVSWFZ GPSN UP àWF TUVEFOUT JO FWFSZ .BUIT DMBTT
% (JWF B TVSWFZ GPSN UP PG UIF TUVEFOUT JO FWFSZ DMBTT
C &YQMBJO ZPVS DIPJDF PG BOTXFS JO QBSU B %FTDSJCF XIBU JT XSPOH XJUI UIF PUIFS UISFF PQUJPOT
%JTDVTT TPNF PG UIF QSPCMFNT XJUI UIF TFMFDUJPO PG B TVSWFZ TBNQMF

GPS FBDI HJWFO UPQJD
B " TVSWFZ BU UIF USBJO TUBUJPO PG IPX "VTUSBMJBOT HFU UP XPSL
C "O FNBJM TVSWFZ PO QFPQMFT VTF PG DPNQVUFST
D 1IPOJOH QFPQMF PO UIF FMFDUPSBM SPMM UP EFUFSNJOF "VTUSBMJBT
GBWPVSJUF TQPSU
$IPPTF B UPQJD JO XIJDI ZPV BSF FTQFDJBMMZ JOUFSFTUFE TVDI BT GPPUCBMM DSJDLFU NPWJFT NVTJD
DPPLJOH GPPE DPNQVUFS HBNFT PS TPDJBM NFEJB
.BLF VQ B TVSWFZ BCPVU ZPVS UPQJD UIBU ZPV DPVME HJWF UP UIF QFPQMF JO ZPVS DMBTT
*U NVTU IBWF GPVS RVFTUJPOT
2VFTUJPO NVTU QSPEVDF EBUB UIBU BSF DBUFHPSJDBM BOE PSEJOBM
2VFTUJPO NVTU QSPEVDF EBUB UIBU BSF DBUFHPSJDBM BOE OPNJOBM
2VFTUJPO NVTU QSPEVDF EBUB UIBU BSF OVNFSJDBM BOE EJTDSFUF
2VFTUJPO NVTU QSPEVDF EBUB UIBU BSF OVNFSJDBM BOE DPOUJOVPVT
" UFMFWJTJPO OFXT SFQPSUFS TVSWFZFE GPVS DPNQBOJFT BOE GPVOE UIBU UIF QSPàUT PG UISFF PG
UIFTF DPNQBOJFT IBE SFEVDFE PWFS UIF QBTU ZFBS 5IFZ SFQPSU UIBU UIJT NFBOT UIF DPVOUSZ JT
GBDJOH BO FDPOPNJD EPXOUVSO BOE UIBU POMZ POF JO GPVS DPNQBOJFT JT NBLJOH B QSPàU
B 8IBU BSF TPNF PG UIF QSPCMFNT JO UIJT NFEJB SFQPSU
C )PX DPVME UIF OFXT SFQPSUFS JNQSPWF UIFJS TBNQMJOH NFUIPET
D *T JU DPSSFDU UP TBZ UIBU POMZ POF JO GPVS DPNQBOJFT JT NBLJOH B QSPàU &YQMBJO


"
3&"40/*/(
)FSF BSF UXP DPMVNO HSBQIT FBDI TIPXJOH UIF TBNF SFTVMUT PG B TVSWFZ UIBU BTLFE QFPQMF
XIJDI 57 DIBOOFM UIFZ QSFGFSSFE
Graph A Graph B
TV channel preference TV channel preference
Number of people
30
Number of people
27 25
26 20
25 15
24 10
23 5
5
8
1
1
el
el
el
el
el
el
el
el
n
n
an
an
an
an
an
an
an
an
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
B 8IJDI HSBQI DPVME CF UJUMFE A$IBOOFM JT DMFBSMZ NPTU QPQVMBS
C 8IJDI HSBQI DPVME CF UJUMFE A"MM 57 DIBOOFMT IBWF TJNJMBS QPQVMBSJUZ
D 8IBU JT UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF UXP HSBQIT
E 8IJDI HSBQI JT NJTMFBEJOH BOE XIZ
%FTDSJCF UISFF XBZT UIBU HSBQIT PS TUBUJTUJDT DPVME CF VTFE UP NJTMFBE QFPQMF BOE HJWF B GBMTF
JNQSFTTJPO BCPVU UIF EBUB
4FBSDI UIF JOUFSOFU PS OFXTQBQFS GPS ANJTMFBEJOH HSBQIT BOE AIPX UP MJF XJUI TUBUJTUJDT
&YQMBJO XIZ UIFZ BSF NJTMFBEJOH
5IF "VTUSBMJBO $FOTVT
&/3*$).&/5
3FTFBSDI UIF "VTUSBMJBO $FOTVT PO UIF XFCTJUF PG UIF "VTUSBMJBO #VSFBV PG 4UBUJTUJDT
'JOE PVU TPNFUIJOH JOUFSFTUJOH GSPN UIF SFTVMUT PG UIF "VTUSBMJBO $FOTVT BOE XSJUF B
TIPSU OFXT SFQPSU
*U JT PGUFO TBJE UIBU "VTUSBMJB IBT BO BHFJOH QPQVMBUJPO 8IBU EPFT UIJT NFBO
4FBSDI UIF JOUFSOFU GPS FWJEFODF TIPXJOH UIBU UIF ABWFSBHF "VTUSBMJBO JT HFUUJOH PMEFS FWFSZ ZFBS

# 3FWJFX PG TUBUJTUJDBM HSBQIT $0/40-*%"5*/(
4UBUJTUJDBM HSBQIT BSF BO FTTFOUJBM FMFNFOU JO UIF

BOBMZTJT BOE SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG EBUB (SBQIT DBO
IFMQ UP TIPX UIF NPTU GSFRVFOU DBUFHPSZ UIF SBOHF
PG WBMVFT UIF TIBQF PG UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO BOE UIF
DFOUSF PG UIF EBUB #Z MPPLJOH BU TUBUJTUJDBM HSBQIT
UIF SFBEFS DBO RVJDLMZ ESBX DPODMVTJPOT BCPVU UIF
OVNCFST PS DBUFHPSJFT JO UIF EBUB TFU BOE JOUFSQSFU
UIJT XJUIJO UIF DPOUFYU PG UIF EBUB
-FUT TUBSU 1VCMJD USBOTQPSU BOBMZTJT

" TVSWFZ XBT DBSSJFE PVU UP àOE PVU IPX NBOZ UJNFT QFPQMF JO UIF HSPVQ IBE VTFE QVCMJD USBOTQPSU JO UIF
QBTU NPOUI 5IF SFTVMUT BSF TIPXO JO UIJT IJTUPHSBN
Number of people
8
6
4
2
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Transport use
%JTDVTT XIBU UIF IJTUPHSBN UFMMT ZPV BCPVU UIJT HSPVQ PG QFPQMF BOE UIFJS VTF PG QVCMJD USBOTQPSU
:PV NBZ XJTI UP JODMVEF UIFTF QPJOUT
• )PX NBOZ QFPQMF XFSF TVSWFZFE
• *T UIF EBUB TZNNFUSJDBM PS TLFXFE
• *T JU QPTTJCMF UP XPSL PVU UIF FYBDU NFBO 8IZXIZ OPU
• %P ZPV UIJOL UIFTF QFPQMF XFSF TFMFDUFE GSPN B HSPVQ JO ZPVS PXO DPNNVOJUZ (JWF SFBTPOT
5IF UZQFT PG TUBUJTUJDBM EBUB UIBU XF TBX JO UIF QSFWJPVT TFDUJPO JF DBUFHPSJDBM OPNJOBM PS
,FZ
PSEJOBM
BOE OVNFSJDBM EJTDSFUF PS DPOUJOVPVT
DBO CF EJTQMBZFE VTJOH EJGGFSFOU UZQFT PG HSBQIT
UP SFQSFTFOU UIF EJGGFSFOU EBUB
JEFBT
(SBQIT GPS B TJOHMF TFU PG DBUFHPSJDBM PS EJTDSFUF EBUB
• %PU QMPU • 4UFNBOEMFBG QMPU
Stem Leaf
0 13
1 259
2 1467
1 2 3 4
3 04
]
2 4 means 24

,FZ • $PMVNO HSBQI

JEFBT 5
4
Frequency
3
2
1
0
m
or
nt
d
iu
oo
Lo
lle
Po
ed
ce
M
Ex
Score
)JTUPHSBNT DBO CF VTFE GPS HSPVQFE EJTDSFUF PS DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM EBUB
5IF JOUFSWBM m JODMVEFT BMM OVNCFST GSPN JODMVEJOH
UP GFXFS UIBO
Percentage 8 40
% Frequency
Class interval Frequency frequency Frequency 6 30
0– 3 15 4 20
10– 5 25 2 10
20– 8 40 0
30–40 4 20 10 20 30 40
Score
.FBTVSFT PG DFOUSF JODMVEF
TVN PG BMM EBUB WBMVFT
• NFBO Y
Y =
OVNCFS PG EBUB WBMVFT
• NFEJBO UIF NJEEMF WBMVF XIFO EBUB BSF QMBDFE JO PSEFS
5IF NPEF PG B EBUB TFU JT UIF NPTU DPNNPO WBMVF
%BUB DBO CF TZNNFUSJDBM PS TLFXFE
symmetrical positively skewed negatively skewed
tail tail
&YBNQMF 1SFTFOUJOH BOE BOBMZTJOH EBUB

5XFOUZ QFPQMF XFSF TVSWFZFE UP àOE PVU IPX NBOZ UJNFT UIFZ VTF UIF JOUFSOFU JO B XFFL 5IF SBX
EBUB BSF MJTUFE

B 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF VTJOH DMBTT JOUFSWBMT PG *ODMVEF B QFSDFOUBHF
GSFRVFODZ DPMVNO
C $POTUSVDU B IJTUPHSBN GPS UIF EBUB TIPXJOH CPUI UIF GSFRVFODZ BOE QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ PO UIF
POF HSBQI
D $POTUSVDU B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU GPS UIF EBUB
E 6TF ZPVS TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU UP àOE UIF NFEJBO

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency $BMDVMBUF FBDI QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ CZ

0– 2 10 EJWJEJOH UIF GSFRVFODZ CZ UIF UPUBM JF
BOE
10– 8 40 NVMUJQMZJOH CZ
20– 5 25
30– 4 20
40–50 1 5
Total 20 100
C /VNCFS PG UJNFT UIF JOUFSOFU JT BDDFTTFE 5SBOTGFS UIF EBUB GSPN UIF GSFRVFODZ UBCMF UP
8 40 Percentage UIF IJTUPHSBN "YJT TDBMFT BSF FWFOMZ TQBDFE
Frequency
6 30 frequency BOE UIF IJTUPHSBN CBS JT QMBDFE BDSPTT UIF

4 20
2 10 CPVOEBSJFT PG UIF DMBTT JOUFSWBM 5IFSF JT OP
0 TQBDF CFUXFFO UIF CBST
10 20 30 40 50
Score
D Stem Leaf 0SEFS UIF EBUB JO FBDI MFBG BOE BMTP TIPX B LFZ
0 25 FH ] NFBOT

1 01345689
2 14589
3 1123
4 0
]
3 1 means 31
+
E .FEJBO = "GUFS DPVOUJOH UIF TDPSFT GSPN UIF MPXFTU WBMVF

JF
UIF UXP NJEEMF WBMVFT BSF BOE TP
= UIF NFEJBO JT UIF NFBO PG UIFTF UXP OVNCFST
&YFSDJTF # B

6/%&345"/%*/(
" OVNCFS PG GBNJMJFT XFSF TVSWFZFE UP àOE UIF OVNCFS PG DIJMESFO JO FBDI 5IF SFTVMUT BSF TIPXO
JO UIJT EPU QMPU
B )PX NBOZ GBNJMJFT XFSF TVSWFZFE
C 'JOE UIF NFBO OVNCFS PG DIJMESFO JO UIF GBNJMJFT TVSWFZFE
D 'JOE UIF NFEJBO OVNCFS PG DIJMESFO JO UIF GBNJMJFT TVSWFZFE
E 'JOE UIF NPEF GPS UIF OVNCFS PG DIJMESFO JO UIF GBNJMJFT
TVSWFZFE 0 1 2 3
F 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG UIF GBNJMJFT IBWF BU NPTU UXP DIJMESFO

#
6/%&345"/%*/(
$PNQMFUF UIFTF GSFRVFODZ UBCMFT
B Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
0– 2
10– 1
20– 5
30–40 2
Total
C Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
80– 8
85– 23
90– 13
95–100
Total 50
o o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 5IF OVNCFS PG XJOT TDPSFE UIJT TFBTPO JT HJWFO GPS IPDLFZ UFBNT )FSF BSF UIF SBX EBUB

B 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF VTJOH DMBTT JOUFSWBMT PG BOE JODMVEF B QFSDFOUBHF
GSFRVFODZ DPMVNO
C $POTUSVDU B IJTUPHSBN GPS UIF EBUB TIPXJOH CPUI UIF GSFRVFODZ BOE QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ
PO UIF POF HSBQI

#
'-6&/$:
5IJT GSFRVFODZ UBCMF EJTQMBZT UIF XBZ JO XIJDI QFPQMF USBWFM UP BOE GSPN XPSL
Type of transport Frequency Percentage frequency
Car 16
Train 6
Tram 8
Walking 5
Bicycle 2
Bus 3
Total 40
B $PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIF UBCMF

C 6TF UIF UBCMF UP àOE
J UIF GSFRVFODZ PG QFPQMF XIP USBWFM CZ USBJO
JJ UIF NPTU QPQVMBS GPSN PG USBOTQPSU
JJJ UIF QFSDFOUBHF PG QFPQMF XIP USBWFM CZ DBS
JW UIF QFSDFOUBHF PG QFPQMF XIP XBML PS DZDMF UP XPSL
W UIF QFSDFOUBHF PG QFPQMF XIP USBWFM CZ QVCMJD USBOTQPSU JODMVEJOH USBJOT CVTFT BOE USBNT
%FTDSJCF FBDI HSBQI BT TZNNFUSJDBM QPTJUJWFMZ TLFXFE PS OFHBUJWFMZ TLFXFE
B C
Very Low Medium High Very

5 6 7 8 9 low high
D 9 E Stem Leaf
4 16
Frequency
6 5 0548
6 18999
7 278
3
8 38
0 ]
4 6 means 46
20 40 60 80
Score
'PS UIF EBUB JO UIFTF TUFNBOEMFBG QMPUT àOE
J UIF NFBO SPVOEFE UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
JJ UIF NFEJBO
JJJ UIF NPEF
B Stem Leaf C Stem Leaf
2 137 0 4
3 2899 1 049
4 46 2 178
3 2
]
3 2 means 32
]
2 7 means 27


#
130#-&.40-7*/(
5XP GPPUCBMM QMBZFST /JDL BOE +BDL DPNQBSF UIFJS QFSTPOBM UBMMJFT PG UIF OVNCFS PG HPBMT TDPSFE
GPS UIFJS UFBN PWFS B NBUDI TFBTPO 5IFJS UBMMJFT BSF BT GPMMPXT
Game 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nick 0 2 2 0 3 1 2 1 2 3 0 1
Jack 0 0 4 1 0 5 0 3 1 0 4 0
B %SBX B EPU QMPU UP EJTQMBZ /JDLT HPBMTDPSJOH BDIJFWFNFOU

C %SBX B EPU QMPU UP EJTQMBZ +BDLT HPBMTDPSJOH BDIJFWFNFOU
D )PX XPVME ZPV EFTDSJCF /JDLT TDPSJOH IBCJUT
E )PX XPVME ZPV EFTDSJCF +BDLT TDPSJOH IBCJUT
5ISFF EJGGFSFOU FMFDUSJD TFOTPST " # BOE $ BSF VTFE UP EFUFDU NPWFNFOU JO )BSWFZT CBDLZBSE PWFS
B QFSJPE PG XFFLT "O JOCVJMU EFWJDF DPVOUT UIF OVNCFS PG UJNFT UIF TFOTPS EFUFDUT NPWFNFOU
FBDI OJHIU 5IF SFTVMUT BSF BT GPMMPXT
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Sensor A 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
Sensor B 0 15 1 2 18 20 2 1 3 25 0 0 1 15 8 9 0 0 2 23 2
Sensor C 4 6 8 3 5 5 5 4 8 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 5 4 0 4 9
B 6TJOH DMBTT JOUFSWBMT PG BOE TUBSUJOH

BU ESBX VQ B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF GPS FBDI
TFOTPS
C %SBX IJTUPHSBNT GPS FBDI TFOTPS
D (JWFO UIBU JU JT LOPXO UIBU TUSBZ DBUT
DPOTJTUFOUMZ XBOEFS JOUP )BSWFZT
CBDLZBSE IPX XPVME ZPV EFTDSJCF UIF
QFSGPSNBODF PG
J TFOTPS "
JJ TFOTPS #
JJJ TFOTPS $ 1PTTVNT DPVME TFU PGG UIF TFOTPST
5IJT UBMMZ SFDPSET UIF OVNCFS PG NJDF UIBU XFSF XFJHIFE BOE DBUFHPSJTFE JOUP QBSUJDVMBS NBTT
JOUFSWBMT GPS B TDJFOUJàD FYQFSJNFOU
Mass (grams) Tally
B $POTUSVDU B UBCMF VTJOH UIFTF DPMVNO IFBEJOHT .BTT
10– |||
'SFRVFODZ BOE 1FSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ 15– |||| |
C 'JOE UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG NJDF XFJHIFE JO UIF 20– |||| |||| |||| |
FYQFSJNFOU 25– |||| |||| |||| |||| |
D 4UBUF UIF QFSDFOUBHF PG NJDF UIBU XFSF JO UIF m HSBN 30–35 ||||
JOUFSWBM
E 8IJDI XBT UIF NPTU DPNNPO XFJHIU JOUFSWBM
F 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG NJDF XFSF JO UIF NPTU DPNNPO NBTT JOUFSWBM
G 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG NJDF IBE B NBTT PG HSBNT PS NPSF

#
130#-&.40-7*/(
" TDIPPM TZNQIPOZ PSDIFTUSB DPOUBJOT GPVS NVTJDBM Section Tally
TFDUJPOT TUSJOHT XPPEXJOE CSBTT BOE QFSDVTTJPO 5IF String |||| |||| |||| |||| |
OVNCFS PG TUVEFOUT QMBZJOH JO FBDI TFDUJPO JT TVNNBSJTFE Woodwind |||| |||
JO UIJT UBMMZ Brass |||| ||
B $POTUSVDU BOE DPNQMFUF B QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ UBCMF Percussion ||||
GPS UIF EBUB
C 8IBU JT UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG TUVEFOUT JO UIF TDIPPM PSDIFTUSB
D 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG TUVEFOUT QMBZ JO UIF TUSJOH TFDUJPO
E 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG TUVEFOUT EP OPU QMBZ JO UIF TUSJOH TFDUJPO
F *G UIF OVNCFS PG TUVEFOUT JO UIF TUSJOH TFDUJPO JODSFBTFT CZ XIBU
XJMM CF UIF QFSDFOUBHF PG TUVEFOUT XIP QMBZ JO UIF QFSDVTTJPO
TFDUJPO 3PVOE ZPVS BOTXFS UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
G 8IBU XJMM CF UIF QFSDFOUBHF PG TUVEFOUT JO UIF TUSJOH TFDUJPO PG UIF
PSDIFTUSB JG UIF FOUJSF XPPEXJOE TFDUJPO JT BCTFOU 3PVOE ZPVS

3&"40/*/(
5IJT IJTUPHSBN TIPXT UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG UFTU TDPSFT GPS B DMBTT &YQMBJO XIZ UIF QFSDFOUBHF
PG TDPSFT JO UIF m SBOHF JT
12
10
Frequency
8
6
4
2
0
10 20 30 40 50
Score
&YQMBJO XIZ UIF FYBDU WBMVF PG UIF NFBO NFEJBO BOE NPEF DBOOPU CF EFUFSNJOFE EJSFDUMZ
GSPN B IJTUPHSBN
4UBUF UIF QPTTJCMF WBMVFT PG B C BOE D JO UIJT PSEFSFE TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU
Stem Leaf
3 23a7
4 b4899
5 0149c
6 26

# $VNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ DVSWFT BOE QFSDFOUJMFT
&/3*$).&/5
$VNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ JT PCUBJOFE CZ BEEJOH B GSFRVFODZ UP UIF UPUBM PG JUT QSFEFDFTTPST
*U JT TPNFUJNFT SFGFSSFE UP BT B ASVOOJOH UPUBM
DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ
1FSDFOUBHF DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ = ×
UPUBM OVNCFS PG EBUB FMFNFOUT
" DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ HSBQI JT POF JO XIJDI UIF IFJHIUT PG UIF DPMVNOT BSF QSPQPSUJPOBM UP
UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODJFT
5IF QPJOUT JO UIF VQQFS SJHIUIBOE DPSOFST PG UIFTF SFDUBOHMFT KPJO UP GPSN B TNPPUI DVSWF
DBMMFE UIF DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ DVSWF
*G B QFSDFOUBHF TDBMF JT BEEFE UP UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT UIF TBNF HSBQI DBO CF VTFE BT B QFSDFOUBHF
DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ DVSWF XIJDI JT DPOWFOJFOU GPS UIF SFBEJOH PG QFSDFOUJMFT
Cumulative frequency
Percentage cumulative
Percentage
Number of Cumulative cumulative
hours Frequency frequency frequency
frequency 100 30
25
0– 1 1 3.3 75
20
4– 4 5 16.7
50 15
8– 7 12 40.0 10
12– 12 24 80.0 25
5
16– 3 27 90.0 9.5 13
20– 2 29 96.7 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Hours
24–28 1 30 100.0
25th percentile 80th percentile
50th percentile
5IF GPMMPXJOH JOGPSNBUJPO SFMBUFT UP UIF BNPVOU JO EPMMBST PG XJOUFS HBT CJMMT GPS IPVTFT
JO B TVCVSCBO TUSFFU
Amount ($) Frequency Cumulative frequency Percentage cumulative frequency
0– 2
40– 1
80– 12
120– 18
160– 3
200–240 1
B $PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIF UBCMF 3PVOE UIF QFSDFOUBHF DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ UP POF
EFDJNBM QMBDF
C 'JOE UIF OVNCFS PG IPVTFT UIBU IBWF HBT CJMMT PG MFTT UIBO
D $POTUSVDU B DVNVMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ DVSWF GPS UIF HBT CJMMT
E &TUJNBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH QFSDFOUJMFT
J UI JJ UI JJJ UI
F *O UIJT TUSFFU PG IPVTFIPMET QBZ MFTT UIBO XIBU BNPVOU
G 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG IPVTFIPMET QBZ MFTT UIBO

6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP HSBQI HSPVQFE EBUB

&OUFS UIF GPMMPXJOH EBUB JO B MJTU DBMMFE EBUB BOE àOE UIF NFBO BOE NFEJBO

$POTUSVDU B IJTUPHSBN VTJOH JOUFSWBMT PG BOE QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ GPS UIF
EBUB BCPWF
In a Lists and spreadsheets page type in the list name data In the Statistics application enter the data into list1. Tap
and enter the values as shown. Use b>Statistics>Stat Calc, One-Variable and then OK. Scroll to view the
Calculations>One-Variable Statistics and press ·. statistics.
Scroll to view the statistics.
Insert a Data and Statistics page and select the data Tap SetGraph, ensure StatGraph1 is ticked and then tap
variable for the horizontal axis. Use b>Plot Setting. Change the Type to Histogram, set XList to list1,
Type>Histogram. Then use b>Plot Properties>
Freq to 1 and then tap on Set. Tap and set
Histogram Properties>Bin Settings>Equal Bin Width.
HStart to 9 and HStep to 3.
Choose the Width to be 3 and Alignment to be 0. Use
b>Window/Zoom>Zoom-Data to auto rescale.
Use b>Plot Properties>Histogram
Properties>Histogram Scale>Percent to show the
percentage frequency.

$ 4VNNBSZ TUBUJTUJDT
*O BEEJUJPO UP UIF NFEJBO PG B TJOHMF TFU PG EBUB UIFSF BSF
UXP SFMBUFE TUBUJTUJDT DBMMFE UIF VQQFS BOE MPXFS RVBSUJMFT
8IFO EBUB BSF QMBDFE JO PSEFS UIFO UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF JT
DFOUSBM UP UIF MPXFS IBMG PG UIF EBUB BOE UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF
JT DFOUSBM UP UIF VQQFS IBMG PG UIF EBUB 5IFTF RVBSUJMFT BSF
VTFE UP DBMDVMBUF UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF XIJDI IFMQT UP
EFTDSJCF UIF TQSFBE PG UIF EBUB BOE EFUFSNJOF XIFUIFS PS
OPU BOZ EBUB QPJOUT BSF PVUMJFST
-FUT TUBSU )PVTF QSJDFT

" SFBM FTUBUF BHFOU UFMMT ZPV UIBU UIF NFEJBO IPVTF QSJDF GPS B TVCVSC JO XBT BOE UIF NFBO
XBT
• *T JU QPTTJCMF GPS UIF NFEJBO BOE UIF NFBO UP EJGGFS CZ TP NVDI
• 6OEFS XIBU DJSDVNTUBODFT DPVME UIJT PDDVS %JTDVTT
'JWFàHVSF TVNNBSZ
,FZ
• .JOJNVN WBMVF NJO
UIF NJOJNVN WBMVF
JEFBT • -PXFS RVBSUJMF 2
UIF OVNCFS BCPWF PG UIF PSEFSFE EBUB
• .FEJBO 2
UIF NJEEMF WBMVF BCPWF PG UIF PSEFSFE EBUB
• 6QQFS RVBSUJMF 2
UIF OVNCFS BCPWF PG UIF PSEFSFE EBUB
• .BYJNVN WBMVF NBY
UIF NBYJNVN WBMVF
.FBTVSFT PG TQSFBE
• 3BOHF = NBY WBMVF - NJO WBMVF
• *OUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23
*23 = VQQFS RVBSUJMF - MPXFS RVBSUJMF

= 2 - 2
• 5IF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO JT EJTDVTTFE JO TFDUJPO &
Odd number Even number
1 2 2 3) 5 (6 6 7 9 2 3 3 4 7 8 8 9 9 9
{
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Q1 (2) Q2 (5) Q3 (6.5) Q1 (3) Q2 (7.5) Q3 (9)
IQR (4.5) IQR (6)

0VUMJFST BSF EBUB FMFNFOUT PVUTJEF UIF WJDJOJUZ PG UIF SFTU PG UIF EBUB .PSF GPSNBMMZ B EBUB QPJOU
JT BO PVUMJFS XIFO JU JT CFMPX UIF MPXFS GFODF JF MPXFS MJNJU
PS BCPWF UIF VQQFS GFODF JF
VQQFS MJNJU

• -PXFS GFODF = 2 - . × *23
• 6QQFS GFODF = 2 + . × *23
• "O PVUMJFS EPFT OPU TJHOJàDBOUMZ BGGFDU UIF NFEJBO PG B EBUB TFU
• "O PVUMJFS EPFT TJHOJàDBOUMZ BGGFDU UIF NFBO PG B EBUB TFU

&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH UIF SBOHF BOE *23

%FUFSNJOF UIF SBOHF BOE *23 GPS UIFTF EBUB TFUT CZ àOEJOH UIF àWFàHVSF TVNNBSZ
B
C
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 3BOHF = - = 3BOHF = NBY - NJO

2 2 4 5 6 8 10 13 16 20 'JSTU TQMJU UIF PSEFSFE EBUB JO IBMG UP MPDBUF UIF
↑ ↑ ↑ +
NFEJBO XIJDI JT =

Q1 Q2 (7) Q3
2 JT UIF NFEJBO PG UIF MPXFS IBMG BOE 2 JT
2 = TP 2 = BOE 2 =
UIF NFEJBO PG UIF VQQFS IBMG
*23 = - = *23 = 2 - 2
C 3BOHF = . - . = . .BY = NJO =

1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.9 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.9
↑ ↑ ↑
Q1 Q2 Q3
. + .
2 = = . -FBWF UIF NFEJBO PVU PG UIF VQQFS BOE MPXFS

IBMWFT XIFO MPDBUJOH 2 BOE 2
. + .
2 = = .

*23 = . - . = .
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH UIF åWFåHVSF TVNNBSZ BOE PVUMJFST

5IF GPMMPXJOH EBUB TFU SFQSFTFOUT UIF OVNCFS PG áZJOH HFFTF TQPUUFE PO FBDI EBZ PG B EBZ UPVS
PG &OHMBOE

B 'PS UIF EBUB àOE
J UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN OVNCFS PG HFFTF TQPUUFE
JJ UIF NFEJBO
JJJ UIF VQQFS BOE MPXFS RVBSUJMFT
JW UIF *23
W BOZ PVUMJFST CZ EFUFSNJOJOH UIF MPXFS BOE VQQFS GFODFT
C $BO ZPV HJWF B QPTTJCMF SFBTPO GPS XIZ UIF PVUMJFS PDDVSSFE

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B J .JO = NBY = -PPL GPS UIF MBSHFTU BOE TNBMMFTU OVNCFST

JJ BOE PSEFS UIF EBUB
Â .FEJBO = 1 1 2 2 3 3) 4 (4 4 5 6 7 18
+
JJJ -PXFS RVBSUJMF = ↑ ↑ ↑

Q1 Q2 Q3
=
+ 4JODF 2 GBMMT PO B EBUB WBMVF JU JT OPU
6QQFS RVBSUJMF =
JODMVEFE JO UIF MPXFS PS IJHIFS IBMWFT XIFO
2 BOE 2 BSF DBMDVMBUFE
= .
JW *23 = . - *23 = 2 - 2

= .
" EBUB QPJOU JT BO PVUMJFS XIFO JU JT MFTT
W -PXFS GFODF = 2 - . × *23
UIBO 2 - . × *23 PS HSFBUFS UIBO
= - . × . 2 + . × *23
= -.
6QQFS GFODF = 2 + . × *23
= . + . × .
= . 5IFSF BSF OP OVNCFST MFTT UIBO -. CVU
Â 5IF PVUMJFS JT JT HSFBUFS UIBO
C 1FSIBQT B áPDL PG HFFTF XBT TQPUUFE UIBU EBZ
&YFSDJTF $ o
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B 4UBUF UIF UZQFT PG WBMVFT UIBU NVTU CF DBMDVMBUFE GPS B àWFàHVSF TVNNBSZ
C &YQMBJO UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF SBOHF BOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF
D 8IBU JT BO PVUMJFS
E )PX EP ZPV EFUFSNJOF JG B TDPSF JO B TJOHMF EBUB TFU JT BO PVUMJFS
5IJT EBUB TFU TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG DBST JO GBNJMJFT TVSWFZFE

B "SSBOHF UIF EBUB JO BTDFOEJOH PSEFS
C 'JOE UIF NFEJBO JF UIF NJEEMF WBMVF

D #Z àSTU SFNPWJOH UIF NJEEMF WBMVF EFUFSNJOF
J UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2 NJEEMF PG MPXFS IBMG
JJ UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2 NJEEMF PG VQQFS IBMG

E %FUFSNJOF UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23

F $BMDVMBUF 2 - . × *23 BOE 2 + . × *23
G "SF UIFSF BOZ WBMVFT UIBU BSF PVUMJFST OVNCFST CFMPX
2 - . × *23 PS BCPWF 2 + . × *23

$
6/%&345"/%*/(
5IF OVNCFS PG EVDLT TQPUUFE JO FJHIU EJGGFSFOU áPDLT
BSF HJWFO JO UIJT EBUB TFU

B J 'JOE UIF NFEJBO JF BWFSBHF PG UIF NJEEMF UXP
OVNCFST

JJ 'JOE UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF JF NJEEMF PG UIF
TNBMMFTU GPVS OVNCFST

JJJ 'JOE UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF JF NJEEMF PG UIF MBSHFTU
GPVS OVNCFST

C %FUFSNJOF UIF *23
D $BMDVMBUF 2 - . × *23 BOE 2 + . × *23
E "SF UIFSF BOZ PVUMJFST JF OVNCFST CFMPX
2 - . × *23 PS BCPWF 2 + . × *23

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF %FUFSNJOF UIF SBOHF BOE *23 GPS UIFTF EBUB TFUT CZ àOEJOH UIF àWFàHVSF TVNNBSZ
B C
D E
5IF OVNCFS JT BO PVUMJFS JO UIJT EBUB TFU , , , , ,

B $BMDVMBUF UIF NFBO JG UIF PVUMJFS JT
J JODMVEFE JJ FYDMVEFE
C $BMDVMBUF UIF NFEJBO JG UIF PVUMJFS JT
J JODMVEFE JJ FYDMVEFE
D #Z IPX NVDI EPFT JODMVEJOH UIF PVUMJFS JODSFBTF UIF
J NFBO JJ NFEJBO
&YBNQMF 5IF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST PG DBST USBWFMMJOH PO B RVJFU TVCVSCBO TUSFFU XFSF DPVOUFE PO FBDI
EBZ GPS EBZT

'PS UIF HJWFO EBUB àOE
B UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN OVNCFS PG DBST DPVOUFE
C UIF NFEJBO
D UIF MPXFS BOE VQQFS RVBSUJMFT
E UIF *23
F BOZ PVUMJFST CZ EFUFSNJOJOH UIF MPXFS BOE VQQFS GFODFT
G B QPTTJCMF SFBTPO GPS UIF PVUMJFS

$
'-6&/$:
4VNNBSJTF UIF EBUB TFUT CFMPX CZ àOEJOH
J UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN WBMVFT JJ UIF NFEJBO 2
JJJ UIF MPXFS BOE VQQFS RVBSUJMFT 2 BOE 2

JW UIF *23
W BOZ PVUMJFST
B C

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5XFMWF EJGGFSFOU DBMDVMBUPST IBE UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST PG
CVUUPOT

B 'PS UIF HJWFO EBUB àOE
J UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN OVNCFS PG CVUUPOT PO
UIF DBMDVMBUPST
JJ UIF NFEJBO
JJJ UIF MPXFS BOE VQQFS RVBSUJMFT
JW UIF *23
W BOZ PVUMJFST
WJ UIF NFBO
C 8IJDI JT B CFUUFS NFBTVSF PG UIF DFOUSF PG UIF EBUB
UIF NFBO PS UIF NFEJBO &YQMBJO
D $BO ZPV HJWF B QPTTJCMF SFBTPO XIZ UIF PVUMJFS IBT
PDDVSSFE
6TJOH UIF EFàOJUJPO PG BO PVUMJFS EFDJEF XIFUIFS PS OPU BOZ PVUMJFST FYJTU JO UIF GPMMPXJOH
TFUT PG EBUB *G TP MJTU UIFN
B
C
D
E
'PS UIF EBUB JO UIJT TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU àOE

B UIF *23 Stem Leaf
C BOZ PVUMJFST 0 1
D UIF NFEJBO JG UIF OVNCFS JT BEEFE UP UIF MJTU 1 68
E UIF NFEJBO JG UIF OVNCFS JT BEEFE UP UIF MJTU JOTUFBE PG 2 046
3 23
]
2 4 means 24
5ISFF EJGGFSFOU OVNCFST IBWF NFEJBO BOE SBOHF 'JOE UIF UISFF OVNCFST

o
$
3&"40/*/(
&YQMBJO XIBU IBQQFOT UP UIF NFBO PG B EBUB TFU JG BMM UIF WBMVFT BSF
B JODSFBTFE CZ C NVMUJQMJFE CZ D EJWJEFE CZ
&YQMBJO XIBU IBQQFOT UP UIF *23 PG B EBUB TFU JG BMM WBMVFT BSF
B JODSFBTFE CZ C NVMUJQMJFE CZ D EJWJEFE CZ
(JWF BO FYBNQMF PG B TNBMM EBUB TFU UIBU TBUJTàFT UIF GPMMPXJOH

B NFEJBO = NFBO C NFEJBO = VQQFS RVBSUJMF D SBOHF = *23
&YQMBJO XIZ JO NBOZ TJUVBUJPOT UIF NFEJBO JT QSFGFSSFE UP UIF NFBO BT B NFBTVSF PG DFOUSF
4PNF SFTFBSDI
&/3*$).&/5
6TF UIF JOUFSOFU UP TFBSDI GPS EBUB BCPVU B UPQJD UIBU JOUFSFTUT ZPV 5SZ UP DIPPTF B TJOHMF TFU
PG EBUB UIBU JODMVEFT CFUXFFO BOE WBMVFT
B 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB VTJOH
J B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU JJ B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF BOE IJTUPHSBN
C 'JOE UIF NFBO BOE UIF NFEJBO
D 'JOE UIF SBOHF BOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF
E 8SJUF B CSJFG SFQPSU EFTDSJCJOH UIF DFOUSF BOE TQSFBE PG UIF EBUB SFGFSSJOH UP QBSUT B UP D BCPWF
F 1SFTFOU ZPVS àOEJOHT UP ZPVS DMBTT PS B QBSUOFS

% #PY QMPUT
5IF àWFàHVSF TVNNBSZ NJO 2 2 2 NBY
DBO CF SFQSFTFOUFE JO HSBQIJDBM GPSN BT B CPY QMPU
#PY QMPUT BSF HSBQIT UIBU TVNNBSJTF TJOHMF EBUB TFUT 5IFZ DMFBSMZ EJTQMBZ UIF NJOJNVN BOE
NBYJNVN WBMVFT UIF NFEJBO UIF RVBSUJMFT BOE BOZ PVUMJFST #PY QMPUT BMTP HJWF B DMFBS JOEJDBUJPO
PG IPX EBUB BSF TQSFBE BT UIF *23 JT TIPXO CZ UIF XJEUI PG UIF DFOUSBM CPY
-FUT TUBSU 'VFM DPOTVNQUJPO

5IJT QBSBMMFM CPY QMPU TVNNBSJTFT UIF BWFSBHF
GVFM DPOTVNQUJPO MJUSFT QFS LN
GPS B
HSPVQ PG "VTUSBMJBONBEF BOE &VSPQFBONBEF DBST
Australian cars
European cars
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Fuel consumption L/100 km
• 8IBU EP UIF CPY QMPUT TBZ BCPVU IPX UIF GVFM DPOTVNQUJPO DPNQBSFT CFUXFFO "VTUSBMJBONBEF BOE
&VSPQFBONBEF DBST
• 8IBU EPFT FBDI QBSU PG UIF CPY QMPU SFQSFTFOU
• 8IBU EP ZPV UIJOL UIF DSPTT ×
SFQSFTFOUT PO UIF &VSPQFBO DBST CPY QMPU
" CPY QMPU BMTP DBMMFE B CPYBOEXIJTLFS QMPU

DBO CF VTFE UP TVNNBSJTF B EBUB TFU
,FZ
• 5IF OVNCFS PG EBUB WBMVFT JO FBDI RVBSUFS
BSF BQQSPYJNBUFMZ FRVBM
JEFBT
25 % 25 % 25 % 25 %
Minimum Q1 Q2 Q3 Maximum
value value
Whisker Box Whisker
"O PVUMJFS JT NBSLFE XJUI B DSPTT ×

• "O PVUMJFS JT HSFBUFS UIBO 2 + . × *23 PS MFTT UIBO 2 - . × *23
• 5IF XIJTLFST TUSFUDI UP UIF MPXFTU BOE IJHIFTU EBUB WBMVFT UIBU BSF OPU PVUMJFST
Minimum Q1 Q2 Q3 Outlier
value
1BSBMMFM CPY QMPUT BSF UXP PS NPSF CPY QMPUT ESBXO PO UIF TBNF TDBMF 5IFZ BSF VTFE UP DPNQBSF
EBUB TFUT XJUIJO UIF TBNF DPOUFYU

&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH CPY QMPUT

$POTJEFS UIF HJWFO EBUB TFU

B %FUFSNJOF XIFUIFS BOZ PVUMJFST FYJTU CZ àSTU àOEJOH 2 BOE 2
C %SBX B CPY QMPU UP TVNNBSJTF UIF EBUB NBSLJOH PVUMJFST JG UIFZ FYJTU
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
2 3 3 4 5 5 ) 5 ( 5 6 6 7 9 12
B 0SEFS UIF EBUB UP IFMQ àOE UIF RVBSUJMFT
{
↑ ↑ ↑ -PDBUF UIF NFEJBO 2 UIFO TQMJU UIF EBUB JO

Q1 Q2 Q3 IBMG BCPWF BOE CFMPX UIJT WBMVF
3+ 4 6 +7
Q1 = Q3 = 2 JT UIF NJEEMF WBMVF PG UIF MPXFS IBMG BOE
2 2
= 35 =65 2 UIF NJEEMF WBMVF PG UIF VQQFS IBMG
Â *23 = . - . %FUFSNJOF *23 = 2 - 2

=
2 - . × *23 = . - . × $IFDL GPS BOZ PVUMJFST JF WBMVFT CFMPX
= - 2 - . × *23 PS BCPWF 2 + . × *23
2 + . × *23 = . + . ×
=
Â JT BO PVUMJFS 5IFSF BSF OP EBUB WBMVFT CFMPX - CVU >
C %SBX B MJOF BOE NBSL JO B VOJGPSN TDBMF

SFBDIJOH GSPN UP 4LFUDI UIF CPY QMPU CZ
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 NBSLJOH UIF NJOJNVN BOE UIF PVUMJFS
BOE 2 2 BOE 2 5IF FOE PG UIF àWFQPJOU
TVNNBSZ JT UIF OFBSFTU WBMVF CFMPX JF
&YFSDJTF % o
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'PS UIJT TJNQMF CPY QMPU àOE
5 10 15 20 25
B UIF NFEJBO 2
C UIF NJOJNVN
D UIF NBYJNVN E UIF SBOHF
F UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2
G UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2
H UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23


%
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$PNQMFUF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS UIJT CPY QMPU
0 4 8 12 16 20
B 'JOE UIF *23 C $BMDVMBUF 2 - . × *23
D $BMDVMBUF 2 + . × *23 E 4UBUF UIF WBMVF PG UIF PVUMJFS
F $IFDL UIBU UIF PVUMJFS JT HSFBUFS UIBO 2 + . × *23
$POTUSVDU B CPY QMPU UIBU TIPXT UIFTF GFBUVSFT

B NJO = 2 = 2 = 2 = NBY =
C PVUMJFS = NJOJNVN BCPWF PVUMJFS = 2 = 2 = 2 = NBY =
o
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&YBNQMF $POTJEFS UIF EBUB TFUT CFMPX
J %FUFSNJOF XIFUIFS BOZ PVUMJFST FYJTU CZ àSTU àOEJOH 2 BOE 2
JJ %SBX B CPY QMPU UP TVNNBSJTF UIF EBUB NBSLJOH PVUMJFST JG UIFZ FYJTU
B
C
D
E
'JSTU àOE 2 2 BOE 2 BOE UIFO ESBX CPY QMPUT GPS UIF HJWFO EBUB TFUT 3FNFNCFS UP àOE
PVUMJFST BOE NBSL UIFN PO ZPVS CPY QMPU JG UIFZ FYJTU
B
C
D
E

130#-&.40-7*/(
$POTJEFS UIFTF QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT " BOE #

"
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
B 8IBU TUBUJTUJDBM NFBTVSF EP UIFTF CPY QMPUT IBWF JO DPNNPO
C 8IJDI EBUB TFU " PS #
IBT B XJEFS SBOHF PG WBMVFT
D 'JOE UIF *23 GPS
J EBUB TFU " JJ EBUB TFU #
E )PX XPVME ZPV EFTDSJCF UIF NBJO EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF UXP TFUT PG EBUB GSPN XIJDI UIF
QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT IBWF CFFO ESBXO

%
130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF GPMMPXJOH NBTTFT JO LJMPHSBNT PG .BEBHBTDBO MFNVST BSF
SFDPSEFE BT QBSU PG B DPOTFSWBUJPO QSPKFDU

B 'JOE 2 2 BOE 2
C 8IJDI NBTTFT JG BOZ XPVME CF DPOTJEFSFE PVUMJFST
D %SBX B CPY QMPU UP TVNNBSJTF UIF MFNVST NBTTFT
5XP EBUB TFUT DBO CF DPNQBSFE VTJOH QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT PO UIF
TBNF TDBMF BT TIPXO CFMPX
"
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
B 8IBU TUBUJTUJDBM NFBTVSFT EP UIFTF CPY QMPUT IBWF JO DPNNPO
IBT B XJEFS SBOHF PG WBMVFT
D 'JOE UIF *23 GPS
J EBUB TFU " JJ EBUB TFU #
E )PX XPVME ZPV EFTDSJCF UIF NBJO EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF UXP TFUT PG EBUB GSPN XIJDI UIF
QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT IBWF CFFO ESBXO

3&"40/*/(
4FMFDU UIF CPY QMPU " PS #
UIBU CFTU NBUDIFT UIF HJWFO EPU QMPU PS IJTUPHSBN
B
B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C B
4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9
D 6
5
Frequency
4
3
B
2
1 A
0
10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Score

%
3&"40/*/(
'JGUFFO FTTBZT BSF NBSLFE GPS TQFMMJOH FSSPST CZ B QBSUJDVMBS FYBNJOFS BOE UIF GPMMPXJOH
OVNCFST PG TQFMMJOH FSSPST BSF DPVOUFE

5IF TBNF FTTBZT BSF NBSLFE GPS TQFMMJOH FSSPST CZ B TFDPOE FYBNJOFS BOE UIF GPMMPXJOH
OVNCFST PG TQFMMJOH FSSPST BSF DPVOUFE

B %SBX QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT GPS UIF EBUB
C %P ZPV CFMJFWF UIFSF JT B NBKPS EJGGFSFODF JO UIF XBZ UIF FTTBZT XFSF NBSLFE CZ UIF UXP
FYBNJOFST *G ZFT EFTDSJCF UIJT EJGGFSFODF
5IF SFTVMUT GPS B :FBS DMBTT BSF UP CF State

DPNQBSFE XJUI UIF :FBS SFTVMUT PG UIF
TDIPPM BOE UIF 4UBUF VTJOH UIF QBSBMMFM CPY School
QMPUT TIPXO Class
B %FTDSJCF UIF NBJO EJGGFSFODFT CFUXFFO
0 20 40 60 80 100
UIF QFSGPSNBODF PG
Score %
J UIF DMBTT BHBJOTU UIF TDIPPM
JJ UIF DMBTT BHBJOTU UIF 4UBUF
JJJ UIF TDIPPM BHBJOTU UIF 4UBUF
C 8IZ JT BO PVUMJFS TIPXO PO UIF DMBTT CPY QMPU CVU OPU TIPXO PO UIF TDIPPM CPY QMPU
$SFBUJOH ZPVS PXO QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT
&/3*$).&/5
B $IPPTF BO BSFB PG TUVEZ GPS XIJDI ZPV DBO DPMMFDU EBUB FBTJMZ GPS FYBNQMF
• IFJHIUT PS XFJHIUT PG TUVEFOUT
• NBYJNVN UFNQFSBUVSFT PWFS B XFFLMZ QFSJPE
• BNPVOU PG QPDLFU NPOFZ SFDFJWFE FBDI XFFL GPS B HSPVQ PG TUVEFOUT
C $PMMFDU BU MFBTU UXP TFUT PG EBUB GPS ZPVS DIPTFO BSFB PG TUVEZ m QFSIBQT GSPN UXP PS UISFF
EJGGFSFOU TPVSDFT JODMVEJOH UIF JOUFSOFU
&YBNQMFT
• .FBTVSF TUVEFOU IFJHIUT JO ZPVS DMBTT BOE GSPN B TFDPOE DMBTT JO UIF TBNF ZFBS MFWFM
• 3FDPSE NBYJNVN UFNQFSBUVSFT GPS XFFL BOE SFQFBU GPS B TFDPOE XFFL UP PCUBJO B
TFDPOE EBUB TFU
• 6TF UIF JOUFSOFU UP PCUBJO UIF GPPUCBMM TDPSFT PG UXP UFBNT GPS FBDI NBUDI JO UIF
QSFWJPVT TFBTPO
D %SBX QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT GPS ZPVS EBUB
E 8SJUF B SFQPSU PO UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG FBDI EBUB TFU BOE UIF TJNJMBSJUJFT BOE EJGGFSFODFT
CFUXFFO UIF EBUB TFUT DPMMFDUFE

6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP ESBX CPY QMPUT

5ZQF UIFTF EBUB JOUP MJTUT BOE EFàOF UIFN BT 5FTU " BOE 5FTU #
5FTU "
5FTU #
%SBX QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT GPS UIF EBUB
In a Lists and spreadsheets page type in the list names In the Statistics application enter the data into the lists. Give
testa and testb and enter the values as shown. each column a title.
Insert a Data and Statistics page and select the testa Tap . For graph 1, set Draw to On, Type to MedBox,
variable for the horizontal axis. Change to a box plot using /
XList to mainTestA and Freq to 1. For graph 2, set Draw to
b>Plot Type>Box Plot. Trace (or hover over) to reveal /
On, Type to MedBox, XList to mainTestB and Freq to 1. Tap
the statistical measures. To show the box plot for testb, use
b>Plot Properties>Add X Variable and select testb. Set. Tap .

& 4UBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO "
'PS B TJOHMF EBUB TFU XF IBWF BMSFBEZ EJTDVTTFE UIF SBOHF BOE JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF UP EFTDSJCF UIF TQSFBE PG
UIF EBUB "OPUIFS TUBUJTUJD DPNNPOMZ VTFE UP EFTDSJCF TQSFBE JT TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO 5IF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
JT B OVNCFS UIBU EFTDSJCFT IPX GBS EBUB WBMVFT BSF GSPN UIF NFBO " EBUB TFU XJUI B SFMBUJWFMZ TNBMM
TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO XJMM IBWF EBUB WBMVFT DPODFOUSBUFE BCPVU UIF NFBO BOE JG B EBUB TFU IBT B SFMBUJWFMZ MBSHF
TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO UIFO UIF EBUB WBMVFT XJMM CF NPSF TQSFBE PVU GSPN UIF NFBO
5IF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO DBO CF DBMDVMBUFE CZ IBOE CVU HJWFO UIF UFEJPVT OBUVSF PG UIF DBMDVMBUJPO
UFDIOPMPHZ DBO CF VTFE GPS NPSF DPNQMFY EBUB TFUT *O UIJT TFDUJPO UFDIOPMPHZ JT OPU SFRVJSFE CVU ZPV
XJMM CF BCMF UP àOE B GVODUJPO PO ZPVS DBMDVMBUPS PGUFO EFOPUFE s
UIBU DBO CF VTFE UP àOE UIF
TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
-FUT TUBSU 8IJDI JT UIF CFUUFS UFBN

5IFTF IJTUPHSBNT TIPX UIF OVNCFS
PG QPJOUT TDPSFE CZ UIF &BHMFT BOE UIF
.POTUFST CBTLFUCBMM UFBNT JO BO SPVOE
DPNQFUJUJPO 5IF NFBO BOE TUBOEBSE
EFWJBUJPO BSF HJWFO GPS FBDI UFBN
• 8IJDI UFBN IBT UIF IJHIFS NFBO
8IBU EPFT UIJT TBZ BCPVU UIF UFBNT
QFSGPSNBODF
• 8IJDI UFBN IBT UIF TNBMMFS TUBOEBSE
EFWJBUJPO 8IBU EPFT UIJT TBZ BCPVU
UIF UFBNT QFSGPSNBODF %JTDVTT
Eagles Monsters
7
6
5 5 Mean = 43
Mean = 52 Standard deviation = 11
4 Standard deviation = 21 4
Frequency
3 3
2 2
1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Score Score

5IF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO JT B OVNCFS UIBU EFTDSJCFT UIF TQSFBE PG EBUB BCPVU UIF NFBO ,FZ
• 5IF TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO JT GPS B TBNQMF EBUB TFU ESBXO GSPN UIF QPQVMBUJPO JEFBT
• *G FWFSZ EBUB WBMVF GSPN B QPQVMBUJPO JT VTFE UIFO XF DBMDVMBUF UIF QPQVMBUJPO TUBOEBSE
EFWJBUJPO
5P DBMDVMBUF UIF TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO T
GPMMPX UIFTF TUFQT
'JOE UIF NFBO Y

'JOE UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO FBDI WBMVF BOE UIF NFBO DBMMFE UIF EFWJBUJPO

4RVBSF FBDI EFWJBUJPO
4VN UIF TRVBSFT PG FBDI EFWJBUJPO

%JWJEF CZ UIF OVNCFS PG EBUB WBMVFT MFTT Y - Y

+ Y - Y
+ … + YO - Y

JF O -
T=
O-
5BLF UIF TRVBSF SPPU
*G UIF EBUB SFQSFTFOU UIF DPNQMFUF QPQVMBUJPO UIFO EJWJEF CZ O JOTUFBE PG O -
5IJT XPVME HJWF
UIF QPQVMBUJPO TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO T
%JWJEJOH CZ O -
GPS UIF TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO HJWFT
B CFUUFS FTUJNBUF PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
*G EBUB BSF DPODFOUSBUFE BCPVU UIF NFBO UIFO UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO JT SFMBUJWFMZ TNBMM
*G EBUB BSF TQSFBE PVU GSPN UIF NFBO UIFO UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO JT SFMBUJWFMZ MBSHF
*O NBOZ DPNNPO TJUVBUJPOT XF DBO FYQFDU PG UIF EBUB UP CF XJUIJO UXP TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT
PG UIF NFBO
&YBNQMF $BMDVMBUJOH UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO

$BMDVMBUF UIF NFBO BOE TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS UIJT TNBMM EBUB TFU DPSSFDU UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF

40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
++++
Y= 4VN BMM UIF EBUB WBMVFT BOE

EJWJEF CZ UIF OVNCFS PG EBUB
= . WBMVFT JF
UP àOE UIF NFBO

- .
+ - .
+ - .
+ - .
+ - .

T= %FWJBUJPO JT - . UIF
-
EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF EBUB WBMVF
BOE UIF NFBO

4VN UIF TRVBSF PG BMM UIF

-.
+ -.
+ -.
+ .
+ .

= EFWJBUJPOT EJWJEF CZ O -

JF
BOE UIFO UBLF UIF TRVBSF
= . UP EQ
SPPU
&YBNQMF *OUFSQSFUJOH UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO

5IJT CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU TIPXT UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG EJTUBODFT UIBU QFPQMF JO %BSXJO
BOE 4ZEOFZ USBWFM UP XPSL 5IF NFBOT BOE TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT BSF HJWFO
Darwin Sydney Sydney
Leaf Stem Leaf Y = .
8742 0 15 T = .
99553 1 237
87430 2 0556 Darwin
522 3 2599 Y = .
4 446 T = .
5 2
]
3 5 means 35 km
$POTJEFS UIF QPTJUJPO BOE TQSFBE PG UIF EBUB BOE UIFO BOTXFS UIF GPMMPXJOH
B #Z MPPLJOH BU UIF TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU TVHHFTU XIZ %BSXJOT NFBO JT MFTT UIBO UIBU PG 4ZEOFZ
C 8IZ JT 4ZEOFZT TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO MBSHFS UIBO UIBU PG %BSXJO
D (JWF B QSBDUJDBM SFBTPO GPS UIF EJGGFSFODF JO DFOUSF BOE TQSFBE GPS UIF EBUB GPS %BSXJO BOE 4ZEOFZ
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 5IF NBYJNVN TDPSF GPS %BSXJO JT 5IF NFBO EFQFOET PO FWFSZ WBMVF JO UIF
4ZEOFZT NFBO JT BGGFDUFE CZ TFWFSBM WBMVFT EBUB TFU
MBSHFS UIBO
C 5IF EBUB GPS 4ZEOFZ BSF NPSF TQSFBE PVU GSPN 4ZEOFZ IBT NPSF TDPSFT XJUI B MBSHF EJTUBODF
UIF NFBO %BSXJOT TDPSFT BSF NPSF DMPTFMZ GSPN JUT NFBO %BSXJOT TDPSFT BSF DMPTFS UP
DMVTUFSFE OFBS JUT NFBO UIF %BSXJO NFBO
D 4ZEOFZ JT B MBSHFS DJUZ BOE NPSF TQSFBE PVU )JHIFS QPQVMBUJPOT PGUFO MFBE UP MBSHFS DJUJFT
TP QFPQMF IBWF UP USBWFM GBSUIFS UP HFU UP XPSL BOE MPOHFS USBWFM EJTUBODFT
&YFSDJTF & o
6/%&345"/%*/(
*OTFSU UIF XPSE TNBMMFS PS MBSHFS JOUP FBDI TFOUFODF
B *G EBUB BSF NPSF TQSFBE PVU GSPN UIF NFBO UIFO UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO JT
C *G EBUB BSF NPSF DPODFOUSBUFE BCPVU UIF NFBO UIFO UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO JT
)FSF BSF UXP EPU QMPUT " BOE #

" #
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
B 8IJDI EBUB TFU " PS #
XPVME IBWF UIF IJHIFS NFBO
XPVME IBWF UIF IJHIFS TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
5IFTF EPU QMPUT TIPX UIF SFTVMUT GPS B DMBTT PG TUVEFOUT XIP TBU UFTUT " BOE # #PUI TFUT PG
SFTVMUT IBWF UIF TBNF NFBO BOE SBOHF
" #
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Mean
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Mean
B 8IJDI EBUB TFU " PS #
XPVME IBWF UIF IJHIFS TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
C (JWF B SFBTPO GPS ZPVS BOTXFS JO QBSU B
5IJT CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU DPNQBSFT UIF Gum Heights Oak Valley
OVNCFS PG USFFT PS TISVCT JO UIF CBDLZBSET PG IPNFT Leaf Stem Leaf
JO UIF TVCVSCT PG (VN )FJHIUT BOE 0BL 7BMMFZ 731 0
8640 1 0
B 8IJDI TVCVSC IBT UIF TNBMMFS NFBO OVNCFS
9872 2 0236889
PG USFFT PS TISVCT %P OPU DBMDVMBUF UIF BDUVBM
964 3 4689
NFBOT
4 36
C 8JUIPVU DBMDVMBUJOH UIF BDUVBM TUBOEBSE
EFWJBUJPOT XIJDI TVCVSC IBT UIF TNBMMFS TUBOEBSE ]
2 8 means 28
EFWJBUJPO

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF $BMDVMBUF UIF NFBO BOE TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS UIFTF TNBMM EBUB TFUT 6TF UIF GPSNVMB GPS
UIF TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO 3PVOE UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF XIFSF
OFDFTTBSZ
B C
D E

&
'-6&/$:
$BMDVMBUF UIF NFBO BOE TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS UIF EBUB JO UIFTF HSBQIT DPSSFDU UP POF
EFDJNBM QMBDF
B C Stem Leaf
0 4
1 137
1 2 3 4 2 02
]
1 7 means 17

130#-&.40-7*/(
&YBNQMF 5IJT CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU Inner-city Outer-suburb Inner-city
TIPXT UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG EJTUBODFT Leaf Stem Leaf Y = .
USBWFMMFE CZ TUVEFOUT BU BO JOOFSDJUZ 964311 0 349 T = .
BOE BO PVUFSTVCVSC TDIPPM 5IF NFBOT 9420 1 2889
BOE TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT BSF HJWFO 71 2 134 Outer-suburb
3 4 Y = .
$POTJEFS UIF QPTJUJPO BOE TQSFBE PG UIF 4 1 T = .
EBUB BOE UIFO BOTXFS UIF GPMMPXJOH
2 ] 4 means 24
B 8IZ JT UIF NFBO GPS UIF PVUFSTVCVSC
TDIPPM MBSHFS UIBO UIBU GPS UIF JOOFSDJUZ TDIPPM
C 8IZ JT UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS UIF JOOFSDJUZ TDIPPM TNBMMFS UIBO UIBU GPS UIF
PVUFSTVCVSC TDIPPM
D (JWF B QSBDUJDBM SFBTPO GPS UIF EJGGFSFODF JO DFOUSF BOE TQSFBE GPS UIF UXP TDIPPMT
$POTJEFS UIFTF UXP IJTUPHSBNT BOE UIFO TUBUF XIFUIFS UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF USVF PS GBMTF
" 5 # 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
B 5IF NFBO GPS TFU " JT HSFBUFS UIBO UIF NFBO GPS TFU #
C 5IF SBOHF GPS TFU " JT HSFBUFS UIBO UIF SBOHF GPS TFU #
D 5IF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS TFU " JT HSFBUFS UIBO UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS TFU #
'JOE UIF NFBO BOE TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS UIF TDPSFT JO UIFTF GSFRVFODZ UBCMFT 3PVOE
UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
B Score Frequency C Score Frequency
1 3 4 1
2 1 5 4
3 3 6 3


&
3&"40/*/(
5XP TJNQMF EBUB TFUT " BOE # BSF JEFOUJDBM FYDFQU GPS UIF NBYJNVN WBMVF XIJDI JT BO PVUMJFS
GPS TFU #
"
#
B *T UIF SBOHF GPS TFU " FRVBM UP UIF SBOHF GPS TFU #
C *T UIF NFBO GPS FBDI EBUB TFU UIF TBNF
D *T UIF NFEJBO GPS FBDI EBUB TFU UIF TBNF
E 8PVME UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO CF BGGFDUFE CZ UIF PVUMJFS &YQMBJO
%BUB TFUT BOE IBWF NFBOT Y BOE Y BOE TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT T BOE T
B *G Y > Y EPFT UIJT OFDFTTBSJMZ NFBO UIBU T > T (JWF B SFBTPO
C *G T < T EPFT UIJT OFDFTTBSJMZ NFBO UIBU Y < Y
%BUB TFUT " BOE # FBDI IBWF EBUB WBMVFT BOE BSF WFSZ TJNJMBS FYDFQU GPS BO PVUMJFS JO TFU "
&YQMBJO XIZ UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF NJHIU CF B CFUUFS NFBTVSF PG TQSFBE UIBO UIF SBOHF PS
UIF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
4UVEZ TDPSFT
&/3*$).&/5
5IF .BUIFNBUJDT TUVEZ TDPSFT PVU PG
GPS TUVEFOUT JO B TDIPPM BSF BT MJTUFE

5IF NFBO Y
JT BOE UIF TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO T
JT
B $BMDVMBUF
J Y+T JJ Y - T JJJ Y + T
JW Y - T W Y + T WJ Y - T
C 6TF ZPVS BOTXFST GSPN QBSU B UP àOE UIF QFSDFOUBHF PG TUVEFOUT XJUI B TDPSF XJUIJO
J POF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GSPN UIF NFBO
JJ UXP TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT GSPN UIF NFBO
JJJ UISFF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT GSPN UIF NFBO
D J 3FTFBSDI XIBU JU NFBOT XIFO XF TBZ UIBU UIF EBUB BSF AOPSNBMMZ EJTUSJCVUFE (JWF B
CSJFG FYQMBOBUJPO
JJ 'PS EBUB UIBU BSF OPSNBMMZ EJTUSJCVUFE àOE PVU XIBU QFSDFOUBHF PG EBUB BSF XJUIJO POF
UXP BOE UISFF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPOT GSPN UIF NFBO $PNQBSF UIJT XJUI ZPVS SFTVMUT GPS
QBSU C BCPWF

1SPHSFTT RVJ[
" 8IBU UZQF PG EBUB XPVME UIFTF TVSWFZ RVFTUJPOT HFOFSBUF
B )PX NBOZ QFUT EP ZPV IBWF
C 8IBU JT ZPVS GBWPVSJUF JDFDSFBN áBWPVS
# " :FBS DMBTT SFDPSET UIF MFOHUI PG UJNF JO NJOVUFT
FBDI TUVEFOU UBLFT UP USBWFM GSPN IPNF
UP TDIPPM 5IF SFTVMUT BSF MJTUFE IFSF

B 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF VTJOH DMBTT JOUFSWBMT PG *ODMVEF B QFSDFOUBHF
GSFRVFODZ DPMVNO
C $POTUSVDU B IJTUPHSBN GPS UIF EBUB TIPXJOH CPUI UIF GSFRVFODZ BOE QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ
PO UIF POF HSBQI
$ %FUFSNJOF UIF SBOHF BOE *23 GPS UIFTF EBUB TFUT CZ àOEJOH UIF àWFàHVSF TVNNBSZ
B
C
$ 5IF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST PG QBSLFE DBST XFSF DPVOUFE JO UIF TDIPPM DBS QBSL BOE BEKBDFOU TUSFFU
FBDI EBZ BU NPSOJOH SFDFTT GPS TDIPPM EBZT

B 'PS UIF EBUB àOE
J UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN OVNCFS PG DBST
JJ UIF NFEJBO
JJJ UIF VQQFS BOE MPXFS RVBSUJMFT
JW UIF *23
W BOZ PVUMJFST
C $BO ZPV HJWF B QPTTJCMF SFBTPO GPS XIZ UIF PVUMJFS PDDVSSFE
% 5IF BHFT PG B UFBN PG GFNBMF HZNOBTUT BSF HJWFO JO UIJT EBUB TFU

B %FUFSNJOF XIFUIFS BOZ PVUMJFST FYJTU CZ àSTU àOEJOH 2 BOE 2
C %SBX B CPY QMPU UP TVNNBSJTF UIF EBUB NBSLJOH PVUMJFST JG UIFZ FYJTU
& 'JOE UIF TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPS UIJT TNBMM EBUB TFU DPSSFDU UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
6TF UIF TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO GPSNVMB
"


' 5JNFTFSJFT EBUB

" UJNF TFSJFT JT B TFRVFODF PG EBUB WBMVFT UIBU
BSF SFDPSEFE BU SFHVMBS UJNF JOUFSWBMT &YBNQMFT
JODMVEF UFNQFSBUVSF SFDPSEFE PO UIF IPVS TQFFE
SFDPSEFE FWFSZ TFDPOE QPQVMBUJPO SFDPSEFE FWFSZ
ZFBS BOE QSPàU SFDPSEFE FWFSZ NPOUI " MJOF
HSBQI DBO CF VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU UJNFTFSJFT EBUB
BOE UIFTF DBO IFMQ UP BOBMZTF UIF EBUB EFTDSJCF
USFOET BOE NBLF QSFEJDUJPOT BCPVU UIF GVUVSF
-FUT TUBSU 4IBSF QSJDF USFOET

" DPNQBOZT TIBSF QSJDF JT SFDPSEFE BU UIF FOE PG Share price
$
FBDI NPOUI PG UIF àOBODJBM ZFBS BT TIPXO JO UIJT
4
UJNFTFSJFT HSBQI
3
• %FTDSJCF UIF USFOE JO UIF EBUB BU EJGGFSFOU UJNFT PG
2
UIF ZFBS
1
• "U XIBU UJNF PG ZFBS EP ZPV UIJOL UIF DPNQBOZ
0
TUBSUT SFQPSUJOH CBE QSPàU SFTVMUT July October January April
• %PFT JU MPPL MJLF UIF DPNQBOZT TIBSF QSJDF XJMM Month
SFUVSO UP BSPVOE JO UIF OFYU ZFBS 8IZ
5JNFTFSJFT EBUB BSF SFDPSEFE BU SFHVMBS UJNF JOUFSWBMT

,FZ
5IF HSBQI PS QMPU PG B UJNF TFSJFT VTFT JEFBT
• UJNF PO UIF IPSJ[POUBM BYJT
• MJOF TFHNFOUT DPOOFDUJOH QPJOUT PO UIF HSBQI
Variable
Time
*G UIF UJNFTFSJFT QMPU SFTVMUT JO QPJOUT CFJOH PO PS OFBS B TUSBJHIU MJOF Downward
UIFO XF TBZ UIBU UIF USFOE JT MJOFBS linear trend

&YBNQMF 1MPUUJOH BOE JOUFSQSFUJOH B UJNFTFSJFT QMPU

5IF BQQSPYJNBUF QPQVMBUJPO PG BO PVUCBDL UPXO JT SFDPSEFE GSPN UP
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Population 1300 1250 1250 1150 1000 950 900 950 800 700 800 750 850 950 800 850
B 1MPU UIF UJNF TFSJFT

C %FTDSJCF UIF USFOE JO UIF EBUB PWFS UIF ZFBST
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 6TF UJNF PO
1300 UIF IPSJ[POUBM
1200 BYJT #SFBL UIF
1100 ZBYJT TP BT UP OPU
Population
1000 JODMVEF m

900 +PJO QPJOUT XJUI
800 MJOF TFHNFOUT
700
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Time (year)
C 5IF QPQVMBUJPO EFDMJOFT TUFBEJMZ GPS UIF àSTU ZFBST 5IF QPQVMBUJPO *OUFSQSFU UIF
SJTFT BOE GBMMT JO UIF MBTU ZFBST SFTVMUJOH JO B TMJHIU VQXBSET USFOE PWFSBMM SJTF BOE
GBMM PG UIF MJOFT PO
UIF HSBQI
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OPOMJOFBS USFOE JF B DVSWF
PS OP USFOE
B C
Variable
Variable
Time Time
D E
Variable
Variable
Time
Time

'
6/%&345"/%*/(
5IJT UJNFTFSJFT HSBQI TIPXT UIF UFNQFSBUVSF PWFS
36
Temperature (°C)
UIF DPVSTF PG BO IPVS TDIPPM EBZ
B 4UBUF UIF UFNQFSBUVSF BU 34
J BN JJ QN 32
JJJ QN JW QN 30
28
C 8IBU XBT UIF NBYJNVN UFNQFSBUVSF
D %VSJOH XIBU UJNFT EJE UIF UFNQFSBUVSF
0
J TUBZ UIF TBNF JJ EFDSFBTF
.
a.m
a.m
m
p.
p.
p.
E %FTDSJCF UIF HFOFSBM USFOE JO UIF UFNQFSBUVSF
10
12
4
GPS UIF IPVS TDIPPM EBZ Time
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 5IF BQQSPYJNBUF QPQVMBUJPO PG B TNBMM WJMMBHF JT SFDPSEFE GSPN UP
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Population 550 500 550 600 700 650 750 750 850 950 900
B 1MPU UIF UJNFTFSJFT HSBQI

C %FTDSJCF UIF HFOFSBM USFOE JO UIF EBUB PWFS UIF
ZFBST
D 'PS UIF ZFBST XIBU XBT UIF
J NJOJNVN QPQVMBUJPO
JJ NBYJNVN QPQVMBUJPO
" DPNQBOZT TIBSF QSJDF PWFS NPOUIT JT SFDPSEFE JO UIJT UBCMF

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Price ($) 1.30 1.32 1.35 1.34 1.40 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.30 1.25 1.22 1.23
B 1MPU UIF UJNFTFSJFT HSBQI #SFBL UIF ZBYJT UP FYDMVEF WBMVFT GSPN UP
C %FTDSJCF UIF XBZ JO XIJDI UIF TIBSF QSJDF IBT DIBOHFE PWFS UIF NPOUIT
D 8IBU JT UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN TIBSF QSJDF JO UIF NPOUIT
5IF QBTT SBUF

GPS B QBSUJDVMBS FYBNJOBUJPO JT HJWFO JO B UBCMF PWFS ZFBST
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Pass rate (%) 74 71 73 79 85 84 87 81 84 83
B 1MPU UIF UJNFTFSJFT HSBQI GPS UIF ZFBST

C %FTDSJCF UIF XBZ JO XIJDI UIF QBTT SBUF GPS UIF FYBNJOBUJPO IBT DIBOHFE JO UIF HJWFO
UJNF QFSJPE
D *O XIBU ZFBS XBT UIF QBTT SBUF B NBYJNVN
E #Z IPX NVDI IBE UIF QBTT SBUF JNQSPWFE GSPN UP


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5IJT UJNFTFSJFT QMPU TIPXT UIF VQXBSET USFOE PG IPVTF QSJDFT JO BO "EFMBJEF TVCVSC PWFS
ZFBST GSPN UP
700
Price ($’000)
600
500
400
300
20 0
20 1
20 2
20 3
20 4
20 5
20 6
20 7
20 8
19
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
B 8PVME ZPV TBZ UIBU UIF HFOFSBM USFOE JO IPVTF QSJDFT JT MJOFBS PS OPOMJOFBS
C "TTVNJOH UIF USFOE JO IPVTF QSJDFT DPOUJOVFT GPS UIJT TVCVSC XIBU XPVME ZPV FYQFDU UIF
IPVTF QSJDF UP CF JO
J JJ
5IF UXP UPQTFMMJOH CPPL TUPSFT GPS B DPNQBOZ MJTU UIFJS TBMFT àHVSFT GPS UIF àSTU NPOUIT
PG UIF ZFBS 4BMFT BNPVOUT BSF JO UIPVTBOET PG EPMMBST
July August September October November December
City Central ($’000) 12 13 12 10 11 13
Southbank ($’000) 17 19 16 12 13 9
B 8IBU XBT UIF EJGGFSFODF JO UIF TBMFT WPMVNF GPS
J "VHVTU JJ %FDFNCFS
C *O IPX NBOZ NPOUIT EJE UIF $JUZ $FOUSBM TUPSF TFMM NPSF CPPLT UIBO UIF 4PVUICBOL TUPSF
D $POTUSVDU B UJNFTFSJFT QMPU GPS CPUI TUPSFT PO UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT
E %FTDSJCF UIF USFOE PG TBMFT GPS UIF NPOUIT GPS
J $JUZ $FOUSBM JJ 4PVUICBOL
F #BTFE PO UIF USFOE GPS UIF TBMFT GPS UIF 4PVUICBOL TUPSF XIBU XPVME ZPV FYQFDU UIF
BQQSPYJNBUF TBMFT WPMVNF UP CF JO +BOVBSZ
5XP QJHFPOT (SFFO 5BJM BOE #MVF $SFTU

FBDI IBWF B
CFBDPO UIBU DPNNVOJDBUFT XJUI B SFDPSEJOH NBDIJOF 8
5IF EJTUBODF PG FBDI QJHFPO GSPN UIF NBDIJOF JT 7
Blue Crest
Distance (km)
SFDPSEFE FWFSZ IPVS GPS IPVST 6

B 4UBUF UIF EJTUBODF GSPN UIF NBDIJOF BU QN GPS 5
J #MVF $SFTU JJ (SFFO 5BJM 4
3
C %FTDSJCF UIF USFOE JO UIF EJTUBODF GSPN UIF
2
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1
J #MVF $SFTU JJ (SFFO 5BJM
D "TTVNJOH UIBU UIF HJWFO USFOET DPOUJOVF QSFEJDU
2 m.
3 m.
4 m.
5 m.
6 m.
7 m.
8 m.
.
m
p.
p.
p.
p.
p.
p.
p.
p.
UIF UJNF XIFO UIF QJHFPOT XJMM CF UIF TBNF

1
EJTUBODF GSPN UIF SFDPSEJOH NBDIJOF Time (hours)


'
3&"40/*/(
5IF BWFSBHF NPOUIMZ NBYJNVN
UFNQFSBUVSF GPS B DJUZ JT JMMVTUSBUFE JO 30
Average temp. (°C)

UIJT HSBQI 25
20
B &YQMBJO XIZ UIF BWFSBHF NBYJNVN 15
UFNQFSBUVSF GPS %FDFNCFS JT DMPTF 10
UP UIF BWFSBHF
5
NBYJNVN UFNQFSBUVSF GPS +BOVBSZ
0
C %P ZPV UIJOL UIJT HSBQI JT GPS BO
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
"VTUSBMJBO DJUZ
D %P ZPV UIJOL UIF EBUB BSF GPS B DJUZ JO UIF Month
/PSUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF PS UIF 4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF
(JWF B SFBTPO
5IF CBMBODF PG BO JOWFTUNFOU BDDPVOU JT TIPXO JO UIJT

25
Balance ($’000)
UJNFTFSJFT QMPU
20
B %FTDSJCF UIF USFOE JO UIF BDDPVOU CBMBODF PWFS UIF
15
ZFBST
10
C (JWF B QSBDUJDBM SFBTPO GPS UIF TIBQF PG UIF DVSWF
5
UIBU NPEFMT UIF USFOE JO UIF HSBQI
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Year
" ESJOL BU SPPN UFNQFSBUVSF JT QMBDFE JO B GSJEHF UIBU JT BU °$
B 4LFUDI B UJNFTFSJFT QMPU UIBU NJHIU TIPX UIF UFNQFSBUVSF PG UIF ESJOL BGUFS JU IBT CFFO
QMBDFE JO UIF GSJEHF
C 8PVME UIF UFNQFSBUVSF PG UIF ESJOL FWFS HFU UP °$ 8IZ
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EBUB WBMVFT VQ UP B QBSUJDVMBS UJNF PS QMBDF JO UIF EBUB TFU
$POTJEFS B CBUTNBO JO DSJDLFU XJUI UIF GPMMPXJOH SVOT TDPSFE GSPN DPNQMFUFE JOOJOHT
Innings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Score 26 38 5 10 52 103 75 21 33 0
Moving average 26 32 23
B $PNQMFUF UIF UBCMF CZ DBMDVMBUJOH UIF NPWJOH BWFSBHF GPS JOOJOHT m 3PVOE UP UIF
OFBSFTU XIPMF OVNCFS XIFSF SFRVJSFE
C 1MPU UIF TDPSF BOE NPWJOH BWFSBHFT GPS UIF CBUUFS PO UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT
D %FTDSJCF UIF CFIBWJPVS PG UIF
J TDPSF HSBQI JJ NPWJOH BWFSBHF HSBQI
E %FTDSJCF UIF NBJO EJGGFSFODF JO UIF CFIBWJPVS PG UIF UXP HSBQIT (JWF SFBTPOT

( #JWBSJBUF EBUB BOE TDBUUFS QMPUT

8IFO XF DPMMFDU JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU UXP WBSJBCMFT JO B HJWFO DPOUFYU
XF BSF DPMMFDUJOH CJWBSJBUF EBUB "T UIFSF BSF UXP WBSJBCMFT JOWPMWFE JO
CJWBSJBUF EBUB XF VTF B OVNCFS QMBOF UP HSBQI UIF EBUB 5IFTF HSBQIT BSF
DBMMFE TDBUUFS QMPUT BOE BSF VTFE UP JMMVTUSBUF B SFMBUJPOTIJQ UIBU NBZ FYJTU
CFUXFFO UIF WBSJBCMFT 4DBUUFS QMPUT NBLF JU WFSZ FBTZ UP TFF UIF TUSFOHUI
PG UIF BTTPDJBUJPO CFUXFFO UIF UXP WBSJBCMFT
Height
Weight
-FUT TUBSU " SFMBUJPOTIJQ PS OPU

$POTJEFS UIF UXP WBSJBCMFT JO FBDI QBSU CFMPX
• 8PVME ZPV FYQFDU UIFSF UP CF TPNF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIF UXP WBSJBCMFT JO FBDI PG UIFTF DBTFT
• *G ZPV UIJOL B SFMBUJPOTIJQ FYJTUT XPVME ZPV FYQFDU UIF TFDPOE MJTUFE WBSJBCMF UP JODSFBTF PS UP
EFDSFBTF BT UIF àSTU WBSJBCMF JODSFBTFT
B )FJHIU PG QFSTPO BOE 8FJHIU PG QFSTPO
C 5FNQFSBUVSF BOE -JGF PG NJML
D -FOHUI PG IBJS BOE *2
E %FQUI PG UPQTPJM BOE #SBOE PG NPUPSDZDMF
F :FBST PG FEVDBUJPO BOE *ODPNF
G 4QSJOH SBJOGBMM BOE $SPQ ZJFME
H 4J[F PG TIJQ BOE $BSHP DBQBDJUZ
I 'VFM FDPOPNZ BOE $% USBDL OVNCFS
J "NPVOU PG USBGàD BOE 5SBWFM UJNF
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L #BDLHSPVOE OPJTF BOE "NPVOU PG XPSL DPNQMFUFE
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,FZ
• 5IF UXP WBSJBCMFT BSF VTVBMMZ SFMBUFE GPS FYBNQMF IFJHIU BOE XFJHIU
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5IF XPSET SFMBUJPOTIJQ DPSSFMBUJPO BOE BTTPDJBUJPO BSF VTFE UP EFTDSJCF UIF XBZ JO XIJDI
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outlier
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$POTJEFS UIJT TJNQMF CJWBSJBUF EBUB TFU
Y 13 9 2 17 3 6 8 15
Z 2.1 4.0 6.2 1.3 5.5 0.9 3.5 1.6
B %SBX B TDBUUFS QMPU GPS UIF EBUB

C %FTDSJCF UIF DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFO Y BOE Z BT QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF
D %FTDSJCF UIF DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFO Y BOE Z BT TUSPOH PS XFBL
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40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
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7
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E 5IF PVUMJFS JT
5IJT QPJOU EFàFT UIF USFOE

&YFSDJTF ( B C
6/%&345"/%*/(
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CFUXFFO UIFTF QBJST PG WBSJBCMFT
B )FJHIU PG EPPS BOE 5IJDLOFTT PG EPPS IBOEMF
C 8FJHIU PG DBS BOE 'VFM DPOTVNQUJPO
D 5FNQFSBUVSF BOE -FOHUI PG QIPOF DBMMT
E 4J[F PG UFYUCPPL BOE /VNCFS PG UFYUCPPL
F %JBNFUFS PG áPXFS BOE /VNCFS PG CFFT
G "NPVOU PG SBJO BOE 4J[F PG WFHFUBCMFT JO UIF WFHFUBCMF
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J %SBX B TDBUUFS QMPU CZ IBOE
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B Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Z 3 2 4 4 5 8 7 9 11 12
C Y 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5
Z 10 8 8 6 7 7 7 6 4 3 1
B C D
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Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Z 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.0

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Y 14 8 7 10 11 15 6 9 10
Z 4 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 3 2 2


(
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B Y 1.1 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.5
Z 22 12 19 15 10 9 14 13 16 23 16
C Y 4 3 1 7 8 10 6 9 5 5
Z 115 105 105 135 145 145 125 140 120 130
D Y 28 32 16 19 21 24 27 25 30 18
Z 13 25 22 21 16 9 19 25 15 12
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B y C
x
D y E y

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BOE 'VFM 130#-&.40-7*/(
FDPOPNZ OVNCFS PG LJMPNFUSFT USBWFMMFE GPS FWFSZ MJUSF PG QFUSPM

B %P ZPV FYQFDU UIFSF UP CF TPNF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIFTF UXP WBSJBCMFT
C "T UIF FOHJOF TJ[F JODSFBTFT XPVME ZPV FYQFDU UIF GVFM FDPOPNZ UP JODSFBTF PS EFDSFBTF
D 5IF GPMMPXJOH EBUB XFSF DPMMFDUFE GPS WFIJDMFT
Car A B C D E F G H I J
Engine size 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.3 4.2 5.0
Fuel economy 21 18 19 18 17 16 15 20 14 11
J %P UIF EBUB HFOFSBMMZ TVQQPSU ZPVS BOTXFST UP QBSUT B BOE C

JJ 8IJDI DBS HJWFT B GVFM FDPOPNZ SFBEJOH UIBU EPFT OPU TVQQPSU UIF HFOFSBM USFOE

(
130#-&.40-7*/(
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EJBNFUFS PG FBDI UPNBUP QJDLFE
5IF BWFSBHF EJBNFUFS PG B UPNBUP GSPN FBDI HBSEFO CFE BOE UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH BNPVOU PG
GFSUJMJTFS BSF SFDPSEFE CFMPX
Bed A B C D E
Fertiliser (grams per week) 20 25 30 35 40
Average diameter (cm) 6.8 7.4 7.6 6.2 8.5
B %SBX B TDBUUFS QMPU GPS UIF EBUB XJUI A%JBNFUFS PO UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT BOE A'FSUJMJTFS PO UIF
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C 8IJDI HBSEFO CFE BQQFBST UP HP BHBJOTU UIF USFOE
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*O B OFXTQBQFS UIF OVNCFS PG QIPUPT BOE OVNCFS PG XPSET XFSF DPVOUFE GPS EJGGFSFOU QBHFT
)FSF BSF UIF SFTVMUT
Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number of photos 3 2 1 2 6 4 5 7 4 5 2 3 1 0 1
Number of words 852 1432 1897 1621 912 1023 817 436 1132 1201 1936 1628 1403 2174 1829
B 4LFUDI B TDBUUFS QMPU VTJOH A/VNCFS PG QIPUPT PO UIF IPSJ[POUBM BYJT BOE A/VNCFS PG XPSET
PO UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT
C 'SPN ZPVS TDBUUFS QMPU EFTDSJCF UIF HFOFSBM SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIF OVNCFS PG QIPUPT BOE
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DPSSFMBUJPO

(
130#-&.40-7*/(
0O DPOTFDVUJWF EBZT B MPDBM DPVODJM NFBTVSFT UIF WPMVNF PG TPVOE IFBSE GSPN B GSFFXBZ BU
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EJTUBODF JO NFUSFT
CFUXFFO UIF GSFFXBZ BOE UIF QPJOU JO UIF TVCVSC
Distance (m) 200 350 500 150 1000 850 200 450 750 250 300 1500 700 1250
Volume (dB) 4.3 3.7 2.9 4.5 2.1 2.3 4.4 3.3 2.8 4.1 3.6 1.7 3.0 2.2
B %SBX B TDBUUFS QMPU PG 7PMVNF BHBJOTU %JTUBODF QMPUUJOH 7PMVNF PO UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT BOE
%JTUBODF PO UIF IPSJ[POUBM BYJT
C %FTDSJCF UIF DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFO %JTUBODF BOE 7PMVNF BT QPTJUJWF OFHBUJWF PS OPOF
D (FOFSBMMZ BT %JTUBODF JODSFBTFT EPFT 7PMVNF JODSFBTF PS EFDSFBTF

3&"40/*/(
" HPWFSONFOU EFQBSUNFOU JT JOUFSFTUFE JO DPOWJODJOH UIF FMFDUPSBUF UIBU B MBSHFS OVNCFS PG QPMJDF
PO QBUSPM MFBET UP B MPXFS DSJNF SBUF 5XP TFQBSBUF TVSWFZT BSF DPNQMFUFE PWFS B POFXFFL
QFSJPE BOE UIF SFTVMUT BSF MJTUFE JO UIJT UBCMF
Area A B C D E F G
Number of police 15 21 8 14 19 31 17
Survey 1
Incidence of crime 28 16 36 24 24 19 21
Number of police 12 18 9 12 14 26 21
Survey 2
Incidence of crime 26 25 20 24 22 23 19
B #Z VTJOH TDBUUFS QMPUT EFUFSNJOF XIFUIFS PS OPU UIFSF JT B SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIF OVNCFS
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Exam marks (%)

ZPV TVHHFTU JT UIF QSPCMFN XJUI UIF QFSTPOT HSBQI BOE DPODMVTJPOT 100
50
x
O 4 8
Amount of sleep (hours)
%PFT UFMFWJTJPO QSPWJEF B HPPE HFOFSBM LOPXMFEHF
&/3*$).&/5
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TPNF XBZ MJOLFE UP UIF OVNCFS PG IPVST PG UFMFWJTJPO XBUDIFE
5XFOUZ :FBS TUVEFOUT TJU B XSJUUFO HFOFSBM LOPXMFEHF UFTU NBSLFE PVU PG &BDI TUVEFOU
BMTP QSPWJEFT UIF HSBEVBUF XJUI EFUBJMT BCPVU UIF OVNCFS PG IPVST PG UFMFWJTJPO XBUDIFE
QFS XFFL 5IF SFTVMUT BSF HJWFO JO UIF UBCMF CFMPX
Student A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
Hours of TV 11 15 8 9 9 12 20 6 0 15 9 13 15 17 8 11 10 15 21 3
Test score 30 4 13 35 26 31 48 11 50 33 31 28 27 6 39 40 36 21 45 48
B 8IJDI UXP TUVEFOUT QFSGPSNFE CFTU PO UIF HFOFSBM LOPXMFEHF UFTU IBWJOH XBUDIFE 57 GPS
UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST PG IPVST
J GFXFS UIBO JJ NPSF UIBO
C 8IJDI UXP TUVEFOUT QFSGPSNFE XPSTU PO UIF HFOFSBM LOPXMFEHF UFTU IBWJOH XBUDIFE 57 GPS
UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST PG IPVST
J GFXFS UIBO JJ NPSF UIBO
D 8IJDI GPVS TUVEFOUT CFTU TVQQPSU UIF BSHVNFOU UIBU UIF NPSF IPVST PG 57 XBUDIFE UIF CFUUFS
ZPVS HFOFSBM LOPXMFEHF XJMM CF
E 8IJDI GPVS TUVEFOUT CFTU TVQQPSU UIF BSHVNFOU UIBU UIF NPSF IPVST PG 57 XBUDIFE UIF
XPSTF ZPVS HFOFSBM LOPXMFEHF XJMM CF
F 'SPN UIF HJWFO EBUB XPVME ZPV TBZ UIBU UIF HSBEVBUF TIPVME DPODMVEF UIBU B TUVEFOUT HFOFSBM
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6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP ESBX TDBUUFS QMPUT

5ZQF UIF GPMMPXJOH EBUB BCPVU DBS GVFM FDPOPNZ JOUP UXP MJTUT BOE ESBX B TDBUUFS QMPU
Car A B C D E F G H I J
Engine size 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.3 4.2 5.0
Fuel economy 21 18 19 18 17 16 15 20 14 11
In a Lists and spreadsheets page type in the list names In the Statistics application, assign a title to each column
engine and fuel and enter the values as shown. then enter the data into the lists.
Insert a Data and Statistics page and select the engine Tap . For graph 1 set Draw to On, Type to Scatter,
variable for the horizontal axis and fuel for the vertical axis. /
XList to mainEngine, / Freq to 1 and Mark
YList to mainFuel,
Hover over points to reveal coordinates.
to square. Tap Set. Tap . Tap Analysis, Trace to reveal
coordinates.

) -JOF PG CFTU åU CZ FZF

8IFO CJWBSJBUF EBUB IBWF B TUSPOH MJOFBS DPSSFMBUJPO XF DBO NPEFM UIF EBUB XJUI B TUSBJHIU MJOF 5IJT
MJOF JT DBMMFE B USFOE MJOF PS MJOF PG CFTU àU 8IFO XF àU UIF MJOF ACZ FZF XF USZ UP CBMBODF UIF OVNCFS
PG EBUB QPJOUT BCPWF UIF MJOF XJUI UIF OVNCFS PG QPJOUT CFMPX UIF MJOF 5IJT USFOE MJOF BOE JUT FRVBUJPO DBO
UIFO CF VTFE UP DPOTUSVDU PUIFS EBUB QPJOUT XJUIJO BOE PVUTJEF UIF FYJTUJOH EBUB QPJOUT
-FUT TUBSU 4J[F WFSTVT DPTU

5IJT TDBUUFS QMPU TIPXT UIF FTUJNBUFE DPTU PG CVJMEJOH B IPVTF PG B HJWFO TJ[F BT RVPUFE CZ B CVJMEJOH
DPNQBOZ 5IF HJWFO USFOE MJOF QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF QPJOUT
BOE

y
Cost of construction ($’000)
800
(700, 700)
600
400
200 (200, 200)
x
O 200 400 600 800
Size of house (m2)
• %P ZPV UIJOL UIF USFOE MJOF JT B HPPE àU UP UIF QPJOUT PO UIF TDBUUFS QMPU 8IZ
• )PX DBO ZPV àOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF USFOE MJOF
• )PX DBO ZPV QSFEJDU UIF DPTU PG B IPVTF PG N XJUI UIJT CVJMEJOH DPNQBOZ
" MJOF PG CFTU àU PS USFOE MJOF JT QPTJUJPOFE CZ FZF CZ CBMBODJOH UIF OVNCFS PG QPJOUT BCPWF UIF
,FZ
MJOF XJUI UIF OVNCFS PG QPJOUT CFMPX UIF MJOF
JEFBT • 5IF EJTUBODF PG FBDI QPJOU GSPN UIF USFOE MJOF BMTP NVTU CF UBLFO JOUP BDDPVOU
5IF FRVBUJPO PG UIF MJOF PG CFTU àU DBO CF GPVOE VTJOH UXP y
QPJOUT UIBU BSF PO UIF MJOF PG CFTU àU (x1, y1)
'PS Z = NY + D
Z - Z
N= BOE TVCTUJUVUF B QPJOU UP àOE UIF WBMVF PG D
Y - Y (x2, y2)
• "MUFSOBUJWFMZ VTF Z - Z = N Y - Y

x
5IF MJOF PG CFTU àU BOE JUT FRVBUJPO DBO CF VTFE GPS
• JOUFSQPMBUJPO DPOTUSVDUJOH QPJOUT XJUIJO UIF HJWFO
EBUB SBOHF
• FYUSBQPMBUJPO DPOTUSVDUJOH QPJOUT PVUTJEF UIF HJWFO
EBUB SBOHF

&YBNQMF 'JUUJOH B MJOF PG CFTU åU

$POTJEFS UIF WBSJBCMFT Y BOE Z BOE UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH CJWBSJBUF EBUB
Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Z 1 2 2 3 4 4 5

C *T UIFSF QPTJUJWF OFHBUJWF PS OP DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFO Y BOE Z
D 'JU B MJOF PG CFTU àU CZ FZF UP UIF EBUB PO UIF TDBUUFS QMPU
E 6TF ZPVS MJOF PG CFTU àU UP FTUJNBUF
J Z XIFO Y = . JJ Z XIFO Y =
JJJ Y XIFO Z = . JW Y XIFO Z = .
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B y 1MPU UIF QPJOUT PO HSBQI QBQFS
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 1PTJUJWF DPSSFMBUJPO "T Y JODSFBTFT Z JODSFBTFT
D y 4JODF B SFMBUJPOTIJQ FYJTUT ESBX B MJOF PO UIF
QMPU LFFQJOH BT NBOZ QPJOUT BCPWF BT CFMPX
6
UIF MJOF 5IFSF BSF OP PVUMJFST JO UIJT DBTF
5
4
3
2
1
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
E J Z ¥ &YUFOE WFSUJDBM BOE IPSJ[POUBM MJOFT GSPN UIF
JJ Z ¥ . WBMVFT HJWFO BOE SFBE PGG ZPVS TPMVUJPO "T
JJJ Y ¥ . UIFZ BSF BQQSPYJNBUJPOT XF VTF UIF ¥ TJHO BOE
JW Y ¥ . OPU UIF = TJHO

&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH UIF FRVBUJPO PG B MJOF PG CFTU åU

5IJT TDBUUFS QMPU TIPXT B MJOFBS SFMBUJPOTIJQ y
CFUXFFO &OHMJTI NBSLT BOE -JUFSBUVSF NBSLT 100
JO B TNBMM DMBTT PG TUVEFOUT " USFOE MJOF
QBTTFT UISPVHI
BOE
80
Literature mark (%)

B 'JOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF USFOE MJOF
C 6TF ZPVS FRVBUJPO UP FTUJNBUF B -JUFSBUVSF TDPSF 60 (60, 60)
JG UIF &OHMJTI TDPSF JT
J JJ 40
(40, 30)
D 6TF ZPVS FRVBUJPO UP FTUJNBUF UIF &OHMJTI TDPSF 20
JG UIF -JUFSBUVSF TDPSF JT
J JJ x
O 20 40 60 80 100
English mark (%)
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Z = NY + D
-
N= = = Z - Z
- 6TF N = GPS UIF UXP HJWFO QPJOUT
Y - Y

Â Z= Y+D

,
=
+ D

= + D
D = - 4VCTUJUVUF FJUIFS
PS
UP àOE D

Â Z = Y -

C J Z =
- = 4VCTUJUVUF Y = BOE àOE UIF WBMVF PG Z

Â -JUFSBUVSF TDPSF JT
3FQFBU GPS Y =
JJ Z =
- =

Â -JUFSBUVSF TDPSF JT

D J = Y - 4VCTUJUVUF Z = BOE TPMWF GPS Y

= Y, TP Y = .

Â &OHMJTI TDPSF JT
3FQFBU GPS Z =
JJ = Y -

= Y, TP Y = .

Â &OHMJTI TDPSF JT

&YFSDJTF ) o
6/%&345"/%*/(
1SBDUJTF àUUJOH B MJOF PG CFTU àU PO UIFTF TDBUUFS QMPUT CZ USZJOH UP CBMBODF UIF OVNCFS PG QPJOUT
BCPWF UIF MJOF XJUI UIF OVNCFST PG QPJOUT CFMPX UIF MJOF 6TJOH B QFODJM NJHIU IFMQ
B C
D E
'PS FBDI HSBQI àOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF MJOF JO UIF GPSN Z = NY + D 'JSTU àOE UIF HSBEJFOU
Z -Z
N = BOE UIFO TVCTJUJUVUF B QPJOU
Y - Y
B y C y
(1, 5)
(11, 9)
(4, 3)
(3, 5)
x
x

6TJOH Z = Y - àOE

B Z XIFO
J Y = JJ Y =
C Y XIFO

J Z= JJ Z =

o o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF $POTJEFS UIF WBSJBCMFT Y BOE Z BOE UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH CJWBSJBUF EBUB
Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Z 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

C *T UIFSF QPTJUJWF OFHBUJWF PS OP DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFO Y BOE Z
D 'JU B MJOF PG CFTU àU CZ FZF UP UIF EBUB PO UIF TDBUUFS QMPU
E 6TF ZPVS MJOF PG CFTU àU UP FTUJNBUF
J Z XIFO Y = . JJ Z XIFO Y =
JJJ Y XIFO Z = JW Y XIFO Z = .

)
'-6&/$:
'PS UIF GPMMPXJOH TDBUUFS QMPUT QFODJM JO B MJOF PG CFTU àU CZ FZF BOE UIFO VTF ZPVS MJOF UP
FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG Z XIFO Y =
B y C y
10 20
5 10
x x
O 5 10 O 5 10
D y E y
1.0 100
50
0.5
x
O 5 10
x
O 2.5 5 7.5 10
&YBNQMF 5IJT TDBUUFS QMPU TIPXT B MJOFBS SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO .BUIFNBUJDT NBSLT BOE 1IZTJDT NBSLT JO
B TNBMM DMBTT PG TUVEFOUT " USFOE MJOF QBTTFT UISPVHI
BOE

C 6TF ZPVS FRVBUJPO UP àOE UIF 1IZTJDT TDPSF JG UIF .BUIFNBUJDT TDPSF JT
J JJ
D 6TF ZPVS FRVBUJPO UP àOE UIF .BUIFNBUJDT TDPSF JG UIF 1IZTJDT TDPSF JT
J JJ
100
80
Physics (%)
60
(70, 60)
40
(20, 30)
20
x
O 20 40 60 80 100
Mathematics (%)


)
130#-&.40-7*/(
0WFS FJHIU DPOTFDVUJWF ZFBST B DJUZ OVSTFSZ IBT NFBTVSFE UIF HSPXUI PG BO PVUEPPS CBNCPP
TQFDJFT GPS UIBU ZFBS 5IF BOOVBM SBJOGBMM JO UIF BSFB XIFSF UIF CBNCPP JT HSPXJOH XBT BMTP
SFDPSEFE 5IF EBUB BSF MJTUFE JO UIF UBCMF
Rainfall (mm) 450 620 560 830 680 650 720 540
Growth (cm) 25 45 25 85 50 55 50 20
B %SBX B TDBUUFS QMPU GPS UIF EBUB TIPXJOH HSPXUI PO UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT
C 'JU B MJOF PG CFTU àU CZ FZF
D 6TF ZPVS MJOF PG CFTU àU UP FTUJNBUF UIF HSPXUI FYQFDUFE GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH SBJOGBMM SFBEJOHT
:PV EP OPU OFFE UP àOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF MJOF
J NN JJ NN
E 6TF ZPVS MJOF PG CFTU àU UP FTUJNBUF UIF SBJOGBMM GPS B HJWFO ZFBS JG UIF HSPXUI PG UIF
CBNCPP XBT
J DN JJ DN
" MJOF PG CFTU àU GPS B TDBUUFS QMPU SFMBUJOH UIF XFJHIU LH
BOE MFOHUI DN
PG B HSPVQ PG EPHT
QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF QPJOUT
BOE
"TTVNF
XFJHIU JT PO UIF YBYJT
C 6TF ZPVS FRVBUJPO UP FTUJNBUF UIF MFOHUI PG BO LH
EPH
D 6TF ZPVS FRVBUJPO UP FTUJNBUF UIF XFJHIU PG B EPH UIBU
IBT B MFOHUI PG DN

3&"40/*/(
%FTDSJCF UIF QSPCMFN XIFO VTJOH FBDI USFOE MJOF CFMPX GPS JOUFSQPMBUJPO
B C
%FTDSJCF UIF QSPCMFN XIFO VTJOH FBDI USFOE MJOF CFMPX GPS FYUSBQPMBUJPO
B C

)
3&"40/*/(
" USFOE MJOF SFMBUJOH UIF QFSDFOUBHF TDPSFT GPS .VTJD
QFSGPSNBODF Z
BOE .VTJD UIFPSZ Y
JT

HJWFO CZ Z = Y +

B 'JOE UIF WBMVF PG Y XIFO
J Z =
JJ Z =
C 8IBU QSPCMFN PDDVST JO QSFEJDUJOH .VTJD UIFPSZ
TDPSFT XIFO VTJOH IJHI .VTJD
QFSGPSNBODF TDPSFT
)FBSU SBUF BOE BHF
&/3*$).&/5
5XP JOEFQFOEFOU TDJFOUJàD FYQFSJNFOUT DPOàSNFE B DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFO .BYJNVN IFBSU SBUF
JO CFBUT QFS NJOVUF PS CQN
BOE "HF JO ZFBST
5IF EBUB GPS UIF UXP FYQFSJNFOUT BSF BT
GPMMPXT
Experiment 1
Age (years) 15 18 22 25 30 34 35 40 40 52 60 65 71
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.) 190 200 195 195 180 185 170 165 165 150 125 128 105
Experiment 2
Age (years) 20 20 21 26 27 32 35 41 43 49 50 58 82
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.) 205 195 180 185 175 160 160 145 150 150 135 140 90
B 4LFUDI TFQBSBUF TDBUUFS QMPUT GPS FYQFSJNFOU BOE FYQFSJNFOU

C #Z àUUJOH B MJOF PG CFTU àU CZ FZF UP ZPVS TDBUUFS QMPUT FTUJNBUF UIF NBYJNVN IFBSU SBUF
GPS B QFSTPO BHFE ZFBST VTJOH UIF SFTVMUT GSPN
J FYQFSJNFOU JJ FYQFSJNFOU
D &TUJNBUF UIF BHF PG B QFSTPO XIP IBT B NBYJNVN IFBSU SBUF PG VTJOH UIF SFTVMUT GSPN
J FYQFSJNFOU JJ FYQFSJNFOU
E 'PS B QFSTPO BHFE ZFBST XIJDI FYQFSJNFOU FTUJNBUFT B MPXFS NBYJNVN IFBSU SBUF
F 3FTFBSDI UIF BWFSBHF NBYJNVN IFBSU SBUF PG QFPQMF BDDPSEJOH UP BHF BOE DPNQBSF XJUI UIF
SFTVMUT HJWFO BCPWF

* -JOFBS SFHSFTTJPO XJUI UFDIOPMPHZ "
*O TFDUJPO ) XF VTFE B MJOF PG CFTU àU CZ FZF UP EFTDSJCF B HFOFSBM MJOFBS JF TUSBJHIU MJOF
USFOE GPS CJWBSJBUF
EBUB *O UIJT TFDUJPO XF MPPL BU UIF NPSF GPSNBM NFUIPET GPS àUUJOH TUSBJHIU MJOFT UP CJWBSJBUF EBUB 5IJT JT
DBMMFE MJOFBS SFHSFTTJPO 5IFSF BSF NBOZ EJGGFSFOU NFUIPET VTFE CZ TUBUJTUJDJBOT UP NPEFM CJWBSJBUF EBUB
5XP DPNNPO NFUIPET BSF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO BOE NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO 5IFTF NFUIPET BSF CFTU
IBOEMFE XJUI UIF VTF PG UFDIOPMPHZ
-FUT TUBSU 8IBU DBO NZ DBMDVMBUPS PS TPGUXBSF EP

&YQMPSF UIF NFOVT PG ZPVS DIPTFO UFDIOPMPHZ UP TFF XIBU LJOE PG SFHSFTTJPO UPPMT BSF BWBJMBCMF 'PS
$"4 DBMDVMBUPS VTFST SFGFS UP QBHF
• $BO ZPV àOE UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO BOE NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO UPPMT
• 6TF ZPVS UFDIOPMPHZ UP USZ &YBNQMF CFMPX
-JOFBS SFHSFTTJPO JOWPMWFT VTJOH B NFUIPE UP àU B TUSBJHIU MJOF UP CJWBSJBUF EBUB

,FZ
• 5IF SFTVMU JT B TUSBJHIU MJOF FRVBUJPO UIBU DBO CF VTFE GPS JOUFSQPMBUJPO BOE FYUSBQPMBUJPO
5IF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF NJOJNJTFT UIF TVN PG UIF TRVBSF PG UIF EFWJBUJPOT PG FBDI QPJOU
JEFBT
GSPN UIF MJOF
• 0VUMJFST IBWF BO FGGFDU PO UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF CFDBVTF BMM EFWJBUJPOT BSF JODMVEFE
JO UIF DBMDVMBUJPO PG UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF MJOF
5IF NFEJBOmNFEJBO PS NFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF VTFT UIF UISFF NFEJBOT GSPN UIF MPXFS NJEEMF
BOE VQQFS HSPVQT XJUIJO UIF EBUB TFU
• 0VUMJFST EP OPU IBWF BO FGGFDU PO UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO MJOF BT UIFZ EP OPU TJHOJàDBOUMZ BMUFS UIF
NFEJBO WBMVFT
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH BOE VTJOH SFHSFTTJPO MJOFT

$POTJEFS UIF GPMMPXJOH EBUB BOE VTF B HSBQIJDT PS $"4 DBMDVMBUPS PS TPGUXBSF UP IFMQ BOTXFS
UIF RVFTUJPOT CFMPX
Y 1 2 2 4 5 5 6 7 9 11
Z 1.8 2 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.7
B $POTUSVDU B TDBUUFS QMPU GPS UIF EBUB

C 'JOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF
D 'JOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF
E 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI PG UIF SFHSFTTJPO MJOF POUP UIF TDBUUFS QMPU
F 6TF UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG Z XIFO Y JT
J JJ
G 6TF UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG Z XIFO Y JT
J JJ

6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP åOE FRVBUJPOT PG SFHSFTTJPO
B C E In a Lists & Spreadsheet page enter the data in the B C E In the Statistics application enter the data into the
lists named xvalue and yvalue. Insert a lists. Tap Calc, Regression, Linear Reg and set XList to
Data & Statistics page and select xvalue as the list1, YList to list2, Freq to 1, Copy Formula to y1 and
variable on the horizontal axis and yvalue as the Copy Residual to Off. Tap OK to view the regression
variable on the vertical axis. equation. Tap on OK again to view the regression line.
To show the linear regression line and equation use Tap Analysis, Trace and then scroll along the
b>Analyze>Regression>Show Linear (mx+C
regression line.
Least squares: y = -0.126201x + 1.986245
D E To show the median-median regression line use D E To produce the median-median regression line, tap Calc,
b>Analyze>Regression>Show Regression, MedMed Line and apply the settings stated
Median-Median previously.
Median-Median: y = -0.142857x + 2.111905

F J y ¥ 1.42
JJ y ¥ 0.09
G J y ¥ 1.47
JJ y ¥ -0.03

&YFSDJTF *
6/%&345"/%*/(
" SFHSFTTJPO MJOF GPS B CJWBSJBUF EBUB TFU JT HJWFO CZ Z = .Y - . 6TF UIJT FRVBUJPO UP àOE
B UIF WBMVF PG Z XIFO Y JT
J JJ
C UIF WBMVF PG Y XIFO Z JT
J JJ
(JWF B CSJFG SFBTPO XIZ B MJOFBS SFHSFTTJPO MJOF JT OPU WFSZ VTFGVM JO UIF GPMMPXJOH TDBUUFS QMPUT
B y C y
x
x
" #
" $
#

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF $POTJEFS UIF EBUB JO UBCMFT "m$ BOE VTF B HSBQIJDT PS $"4 DBMDVMBUPS PS TPGUXBSF UP IFMQ
BOTXFS UIF GPMMPXJOH RVFTUJPOT
" Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Z 3.2 5 5.6 5.4 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.6
# Y 3 6 7 10 14 17 21 26
Z 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.1 2.5 2.9 2.1
$ Y 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.7

Z 8.2 5.9 6.1 4.3 4.2 1.9 2.5 2.1
B $POTUSVDU B TDBUUFS QMPU GPS UIF EBUB

D 'JOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF
E 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI PG UIF SFHSFTTJPO MJOF POUP UIF TDBUUFS QMPU
F 6TF UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG Z XIFO Y JT
J JJ
G 6TF UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG Z XIFO Y JT
J JJ

*
'-6&/$:
5IF WBMVFT BOE BHFT PG DBST BSF TVNNBSJTFE JO UIFTF UBCMFT
Age (years) 5 2 4 9 10 8 7
Price ($’000) 20 35 28 14 11 12 15
Age (years) 11 2 1 4 7 6 9
Price ($’000) 5 39 46 26 19 17 14
B 6TJOH "HF GPS UIF YBYJT àOE
J UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF JJ UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF
C 6TF ZPVS MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG B ZFBSPME DBS
D 6TF ZPVS NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF WBMVF PG B ZFBSPME DBS
E 6TF ZPVS MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF BHF PG B DBS
F 6TF ZPVS NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF UIF BHF PG BO DBS

130#-&.40-7*/(
" GBDUPSZ UIBU QSPEVDFT EFOJN KBDLFUT EPFT OPU IBWF BJSDPOEJUJPOJOH *U XBT TVHHFTUFE UIBU
IJHI UFNQFSBUVSFT JOTJEF UIF GBDUPSZ XFSF IBWJOH BO FGGFDU PO UIF OVNCFS PG KBDLFUT BCMF
UP CF QSPEVDFE TP B TUVEZ XBT DPNQMFUFE BOE EBUB DPMMFDUFE PO DPOTFDVUJWF EBZT
Max. daily temp. inside factory (°C) 28 32 36 27 24 25 29 31 34 38 41 40 38 31

Number of jackets produced 155 136 120 135 142 148 147 141 136 118 112 127 136 132
6TF B HSBQIJDT PS $"4 DBMDVMBUPS UP DPNQMFUF UIF GPMMPXJOH

D (SBQI UIF MJOF POUP UIF TDBUUFS QMPU
E 6TF UIF SFHSFTTJPO MJOF UP FTUJNBUF IPX NBOZ KBDLFUT XPVME CF BCMF UP CF QSPEVDFE JG UIF
NBYJNVN EBJMZ UFNQFSBUVSF JO UIF GBDUPSZ XBT
J °$ JJ °$ JJJ °$
" QBSUJDVMBS CSBOE PG FMFDUSPOJD QIPUPDPQJFS JT DPOTJEFSFE GPS TDSBQ PODF JU IBT CSPLFO EPXO
NPSF UIBO UJNFT PS JG JU IBT QSPEVDFE NPSF UIBO DPQJFT " TUVEZ PG POF QBSUJDVMBS
DPQJFS HBWF UIF GPMMPXJOH SFTVMUT
Number of copies (× 1000) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Total number of breakdowns 0 0 1 2 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 21 26 28 33
B 4LFUDI B TDBUUFS QMPU GPS UIF EBUB

C 'JOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF
D (SBQI UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF POUP UIF TDBUUFS QMPU
E 6TJOH ZPVS SFHSFTTJPO MJOF FTUJNBUF UIF OVNCFS PG DPQJFT UIF QIPUPDPQJFS XJMM IBWF QSPEVDFE
BU UIF QPJOU XIFO ZPV XPVME FYQFDU CSFBLEPXOT
F 8PVME ZPV FYQFDU UIJT QIPUPDPQJFS UP CF DPOTJEFSFE GPS TDSBQ CFDBVTF PG UIF OVNCFS PG
CSFBLEPXOT PS UIF OVNCFS PG DPQJFT NBEF

*
130#-&.40-7*/(
"U B TVCVSCBO TQPSUT DMVC UIF EJTUBODF SFDPSE GPS UIF IBNNFS UISPX IBT JODSFBTFE PWFS UJNF
5IF àSTU SFDPSEFE WBMVF XBT N JO BOE UIF NPTU SFDFOU SFDPSE XBT N JO
'VSUIFS EFUBJMT BSF BT GPMMPXT
Year 1967 1968 1969 1976 1978 1983 1987 1996
New record (m) 72.3 73.4 82.7 94.2 99.1 101.2 111.6 118.2

C 'JOE UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF
D 6TF ZPVS SFHSFTTJPO FRVBUJPO UP FTUJNBUF UIF EJTUBODF SFDPSE GPS UIF IBNNFS UISPX GPS
J JJ
E 8PVME ZPV TBZ UIBU JU JT SFBMJTUJD UP VTF ZPVS SFHSFTTJPO FRVBUJPO UP FTUJNBUF EJTUBODF
SFDPSET CFZPOE 8IZ

3&"40/*/(
B #SJFáZ FYQMBJO XIZ UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF JT BGGFDUFE CZ PVUMJFST
C #SJFáZ FYQMBJO XIZ UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF JT OPU TUSPOHMZ BGGFDUFE CZ PVUMJFST
5IJT TDBUUFS QMPU TIPXT CPUI UIF MFBTU TRVBSFT SFHSFTTJPO MJOF BOE y B
UIF NFEJBOmNFEJBO SFHSFTTJPO MJOF 8IJDI MJOF JF " PS #
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Age Total Indigenous Non-Indigenous Indigenous status not stated

Total all ages 21 507 719 548 371 19 900 765 1 058 583
0–4 years 1 421 048 67 416 1 282 738 70 894
5–9 years 1 351 921 64 935 1 222 111 64 875
10–14 years 1 371 055 64 734 1 241 794 64 527
15–19 years 1 405 798 59 200 1 282 018 64 580
20–24 years 1 460 675 46 455 1 333 622 80 598
25–29 years 1 513 237 38 803 1 387 922 86 512
30–34 years 1 453 777 33 003 1 345 763 75 011
35–39 years 1 520 138 34 072 1 414 171 71 895
40–44 years 1 542 879 33 606 1 438 346 70 927
45–49 years 1 504 142 28 818 1 407 494 67 830
50–54 years 1 447 403 24 326 1 357 677 65 400
55–59 years 1 297 247 18 640 1 220 529 58 078
60–64 years 1 206 117 13 592 1 138 395 54 130
65 years and over 3 012 282 20 771 2 828 185 163 326
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2 3 5 7 8 9 11 12 14 15
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Chapter
10 What you will learn

Logarithms and
polynomials
10A Logarithms (10A) 10F Division of polynomials (10A)

10B Logarithm laws (10A) 10G The remainder and factor
10C Exponential equations using theorems (10A)
logarithms (10A) 10H Solving polynomial equations (10A)
10D Polynomials (10A) 10I Graphs of polynomials (10A)
10E Expanding and simplifying
polynomials (10A)
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Real numbers Linear and non-linear relationships
(10A) Use the definition of a logarithm to (10A) Apply understanding of polynomials to
establish and apply the laws of logarithms sketch a range of curves and describe the
and investigate logarithmic scales in features of these curves from their equation
measurement (VCMNA356) (VCMNA361)
Patterns and algebra
(10A) Investigate the concept of a polynomial
and apply the factor and remainder theorems
to solve problems (VCMNA357)
Online
resources
all worked examples
courses
games library
The chemistry of Olympic pools

The inverse of the exponential function, Pure water has a pH value of 7 and
called the logarithm function, is used in many is classified as neutral. However, adding
fields. The common logarithm (known as the chemicals such as chlorine can make the
base 10 logarithm) is helpful in representing water either more acidic or more basic.
very big and very small numbers, and In Olympic swimming pools, a pH level of
in chemistry, logarithms are used when 7.4 is ideal, as it matches the pH level of
describing and measuring pH levels of a the human eye. Pool water with pH within
solution: pH = −log10(hydrogen ion in solution). a range of 7.2 to 7.8 allows there to be
The term pH comes from the Latin potentia enough chlorine to act on any germs,
hydrogenii, or ‘capacity of hydrogen’. The while still making the water comfortable
pH scale has values from 0 (very acidic) for the swimmers (avoiding skin irritation
to 14 (very alkaline). As the pH scale is a or the dreaded ‘eye burn’) and preventing
logarithmic scale, a pH value of 5 is ten times damage to the lining of the pool or its
more acidic than a pH value of 6. mechanical parts.
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" QPMZOPNJBM FYQSFTTJPO JT HJWFO CZ Y - Y + Y - Y +

B )PX NBOZ UFSNT EPFT UIF QPMZOPNJBM IBWF
C 4UBUF UIF DPFGàDJFOU PG
J Y JJ Y JJJ Y JW Y
D 8IBU JT UIF WBMVF PG UIF DPOTUBOU UFSN

%
6/%&345"/%*/(
%FDJEF JG UIFTF QPMZOPNJBMT BSF DPOTUBOU MJOFBS RVBESBUJD DVCJD PS RVBSUJD
B Y - C Y - D Y + Y +

E + Y + Y F G - Y

H - I -Y J Y - Y + Y
4UBUF UIF DPFGàDJFOU PG Y JO FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH

B Y + Y - Y + C Y + Y - D Y - Y -

E -Y + Y - Y + F -Y + Y - Y + G -Y + Y - Y +
o
o
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF %FDJEF JG UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF QPMZOPNJBMT

B Y + Y - Y + C Y - Y - D - +
Y Y

E - + F Y - Y + G - Y
Y Y Y
√ √ √ √
H Y + - Y I Y+ Y+ Y J Y + √
Y
&WBMVBUF UIF RVBESBUJD QPMZOPNJBM Y - Y + VTJOH

B Y= C Y = D Y = - E Y = -
&YBNQMF *G 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y + àOE
B 1
C 1
D 1 -
E 1 -
*G 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y - àOE
B 1
C 1
D 1 -
E 1 -
o o
130#-&.40-7*/(
*G 1 Y
= Y - Y BOE 2 Y
= - Y àOE
B 1
+ 2
C 1
+ 2 -
D 1 -
- 2 -

E 2
- 1
F 1
+ 2
G 1 -
- 2 -
'JOE UIF DPFGàDJFOU PG Y JO UIFTF QPMZOPNJBMT

- Y Y + Y + Y - Y - Y
B 1 Y
= C 1 Y
= D 1 Y
=
- -
&WBMVBUF 1 -
GPS UIFTF QPMZOPNJBMT
B 1 Y
= Y +
C 1 Y
= Y -
Y +
Y +
D 1 Y
= Y Y +
Y -

%
130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF IFJHIU 1 NFUSFT
PG B SPMMFS DPBTUFS
USBDL BCPWF B QMBUGPSN JT HJWFO CZ UIF
FRVBUJPO 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y XIFSF Y
NFUSFT JT UIF IPSJ[POUBM EJTUBODF GSPN UIF
CFHJOOJOH PG UIF QMBUGPSN
B 'JOE UIF IFJHIU PG UIF USBDL VTJOH
J Y = JJ Y = JJJ Y =
C %PFT UIF USBDL IFJHIU FWFS GBMM CFMPX
UIF MFWFM PG UIF QMBUGPSN *G TP àOE B
WBMVF PG Y GPS XIJDI UIJT PDDVST
1PMZOPNJBMT BSF VTFE JO UIF EFTJHO PG SPMMFS DPBTUFST

o
3&"40/*/(
B 8IBU JT UIF NBYJNVN OVNCFS PG UFSNT JO B QPMZOPNJBM PG EFHSFF
C 8IBU JT UIF NBYJNVN OVNCFS PG UFSNT JO B QPMZOPNJBM PG EFHSFF O
D 8IBU JT UIF NJOJNVN OVNCFS PG UFSNT JO B QPMZOPNJBM PG EFHSFF
E 8IBU JT UIF NJOJNVN OVNCFS PG UFSNT JO B QPMZOPNJBM PG EFHSFF O

=Y - Y - Y FWBMVBUFBOE
*G 1 Y
TJNQMJGZ UIFTF XJUIPVU
UIF VTF PG B DBMDVMBUPS

B 1 C 1 D 1 - E 1 -

F 1 - G 1 H 1 - +1 I 1 - +1

*G 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y - àOE UIF GPMMPXJOH BOE TJNQMJGZ XIFSF QPTTJCMF
B 1 L
C 1 C
D 1 B
E 1 -B
F 1 -B
G 1 -L
H 1 BC
I 1 -BC
'JOEJOH VOLOPXO DPFGåDJFOUT

&/3*$).&/5
*G 1 Y
= Y - Y + CY + BOE 1
= XF DBO àOE UIF WBMVF PG C BT GPMMPXT
1
=

-
+ C
+ =
+C=
C=
B 6TF UIJT NFUIPE UP àOE UIF WBMVF PG C JG 1 Y
= Y - Y + CY - BOE JG
J 1
= JJ 1
= - JJJ 1 -
= -
JW 1 -
= W 1 -
= WJ 1 -
= -
C *G 1 Y
= Y - Y + LY - Y + àOE L JG
J 1
= JJ 1 -
= JJJ 1 -
= -
D *G 1 Y
= Y + BY + CY - BOE 1
= - BOE 1 -
= - àOE UIF WBMVFT PG B BOE C

6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP XPSL XJUI QPMZOPNJBMT

%FàOF UIF QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y + BOE FWBMVBUF BU Y = -
&YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ Y - Y +
Y +

In a Calculator page define the polynomial using In the Main application, type and highlight the polynomial
b>Actions>Define as shown. Evaluate for x = 2, p(–2). expression. Tap Interactive, Define, OK. Evaluate by typing
p(–2).
Use b>Algebra>Expand, then type in the expression In the Main application, type and highlight expression. Tap
and press ·. Interactive, Transformation, expand. OK. EXE.

& &YQBOEJOH BOE TJNQMJGZJOH QPMZOPNJBMT "
'SPN ZPVS XPSL PO RVBESBUJDT ZPV XJMM SFNFNCFS

IPX UP VTF UIF EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX UP FYQBOE CSBDLFUT
'PS FYBNQMF Y -
Y +
FYQBOET UP Y + Y -
Y - BOE BGUFS DPMMFDUJOH MJLF UFSNT UIJT TJNQMJàFT
UP Y + Y - *O B TJNJMBS XBZ XF DBO FYQBOE
UIF QSPEVDU PG UXP PS NPSF QPMZOPNJBMT PG BOZ
EFHSFF 5P EP UIJT XF BMTP NVMUJQMZ FWFSZ UFSN JO POF
QPMZOPNJBM XJUI FWFSZ UFSN JO UIF OFYU QPMZOPNJBM
-FUT TUBSU 5IF QSPEVDU PG UXP RVBESBUJDT

5IF FRVBUJPO Y - Y +
Y + Y -
= Y - Y + Y + Y - JT XSJUUFO PO UIF CPBSE
• *T UIF FRVBUJPO USVF GPS Y =
• *T UIF FRVBUJPO USVF GPS Y = -
• )PX DBO ZPV QSPWF UIF FRVBUJPO UP CF USVF GPS BMM WBMVFT PG Y
&YQBOE QSPEVDUT PG QPMZOPNJBMT CZ NVMUJQMZJOH FBDI UFSN JO POF QPMZOPNJBM CZ FBDI UFSN JO UIF
,FZ
OFYU QPMZOPNJBM
4JNQMJGZ CZ DPMMFDUJOH MJLF UFSNT
JEFBT
&YBNQMF &YQBOEJOH QPMZOPNJBMT

&YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
B Y Y - Y
C Y +
Y - Y +
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Y Y - Y
= Y - Y Y × Y = Y BOE Y × - Y
= - Y VTJOH
JOEFY MBX
C Y +
Y - Y +
(x2 + 1)(x3 − x + 1)
= Y Y - Y +
+ Y - Y +
= Y - Y + Y + Y - Y + -Y DBODFMT XJUI Y

= Y + Y - Y +

&YBNQMF &YQBOEJOH 1 Y
¨ 2 Y
*G 1 Y
= Y + Y - BOE 2 Y
= Y + Y + FYQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH
B 1 Y
× 2 Y
C 2 Y
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 1 Y
× 2 Y
&BDI UFSN JO UIF àSTU QPMZOPNJBM JT

= Y + Y -
Y + Y +
NVMUJQMJFE CZ FBDI UFSN JO UIF TFDPOE
QPMZOPNJBM
= Y Y + Y +
+ Y Y + Y +
- Y + Y +
= Y + Y + Y + Y + Y + Y - Y - Y -

= Y + Y + Y + Y + Y -
C 2 Y
2 Y
= 2 Y
× 2 Y
= Y + Y +
&YQBOE UP HBJO UFSNT UIFO DPMMFDU

= Y + Y +
Y + Y +
BOE TJNQMJGZ
= Y Y + Y +
+ Y Y + Y +
+ Y + Y +
= Y + Y + Y + Y + Y + Y + Y + Y +

= Y + Y + Y + Y + Y +
&YFSDJTF & o

6/%&345"/%*/(
&YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ UIFTF RVBESBUJDT
B Y Y +
C Y - Y
D Y +
Y -
E Y -
Y +
F Y -
Y +
G Y -
Y -
$PMMFDU MJLF UFSNT UP TJNQMJGZ

B Y - Y + Y - - Y - Y + Y -
C Y + Y - Y + - Y + Y + - Y
D Y - + Y + Y - Y - Y + - Y
6TF TVCTUJUVUJPO UP DPOàSN UIBU UIJT FRVBUJPO JT USVF GPS UIF HJWFO Y WBMVFT
Y - Y +
Y + Y -
= Y + Y - Y + Y + Y -
B Y= C Y= D Y = -
o
o
o

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF B &YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ

B Y Y -
C Y Y -
D Y + Y
E Y - Y
F Y Y + Y
G -Y Y - Y
H -Y Y + Y
I -Y Y - Y
J - Y Y - Y

&
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF C &YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
B Y +
Y +
C Y -
Y + Y
D Y - Y
Y - Y
E Y -
Y + Y -
F Y - Y
Y + Y +
G Y - Y
Y - Y +
H Y - Y -
Y + Y -
I Y - Y +
Y - Y +
J Y - Y +
Y + Y -
&YBNQMF *G 1 Y
= Y - Y + BOE 2 Y
= Y + Y - FYQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
B 1 Y
× 2 Y
C 2 Y
D 1 Y
*G 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y - BOE 2 Y
= Y + Y - FYQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
B 1 Y
× 2 Y
C 2 Y
D 1 Y

130#-&.40-7*/(
*G 1 Y
= Y - Y + BOE 2 Y
= Y + Y FYQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ
B 1 Y
+ 2 Y
C 2 Y
- 1 Y
D 1 Y
+ 2 Y
E - 1 Y
2 Y
F - 2 Y
G 1 Y
- 2 Y
'JOE UIF TRVBSF PG 1 Y

XIFO 1 Y
= Y + Y -

4IPX UIBU Y - Y -
- Y - Y +
= Y - Y

3&"40/*/(
*G 1 Y
BOE 2 Y
BSF QPMZOPNJBMT EPFT 1 Y
2 Y
= 2 Y
1 Y
GPS BMM WBMVFT PG Y
(JWF UIF EFHSFF PG UIF QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y

× 2 Y
XIFO
B 1 Y
JT RVBESBUJD BOE 2 Y
JT MJOFBS
C 1 Y
JT RVBESBUJD BOE 2 Y
JT DVCJD
D 1 Y
JT DVCJD BOE 2 Y
JT RVBSUJD
E 1 Y
JT PG EFHSFF BOE 2 Y
JT PG EFHSFF
*G 1 Y
JT PG EFHSFF N BOE 2 Y
JT PG EFHSFF O BOE N > O XIBU JT UIF IJHIFTU QPTTJCMF EFHSFF
PG UIF GPMMPXJOH QPMZOPNJBMT
B 1 Y
+ 2 Y
C 1 Y
- 2 Y
D 1 Y
× 2 Y
E 1 Y

F 1 Y
- 2 Y
G 2 Y
5SJQMF FYQBOTJPOT
&/3*$).&/5
&YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ

B Y Y +
Y -
C Y Y +
Y -
D Y +
Y -
Y +
E Y +
Y -
Y +
F Y -
Y -
Y +
G Y +
Y -
Y +

' %JWJTJPO PG QPMZOPNJBMT "
%JWJTJPO PG QPMZOPNJBMT SFRVJSFT UIF VTF PG UIF MPOH EJWJTJPO BMHPSJUIN :PV NBZ IBWF VTFE UIJT BMHPSJUIN
GPS UIF EJWJTJPO PG XIPMF OVNCFST JO QSJNBSZ TDIPPM
3FDBMM UIBU EJWJEFE JOUP DBO CF DBMDVMBUFE JO UIF GPMMPXJOH XBZ

JOUP EPFT OPU HP
× JOUP HJWFT BOE × =
5IFO TVCUSBDU -
× JOUP HJWFT BOE × =
4VCUSBDU UP HJWF SFNBJOEFS
%JWJTJPO PG QPMZOPNJBMT PDDVST PGUFO JO UIF GJFME

PG TJHOBM QSPDFTTJOH
4P = BOE SFNBJOEFS 5IF JT DBMMFE UIF RVPUJFOU
"OPUIFS XBZ UP XSJUF UIJT JT = × +
8F VTF UIJT UFDIOJRVF UP EJWJEF QPMZOPNJBMT
-FUT TUBSU 3FDBMM MPOH EJWJTJPO

6TF MPOH EJWJTJPO UP àOE UIF RVPUJFOU BOE SFNBJOEFS GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH
•
•
8F VTF UIF MPOH EJWJTJPO BMHPSJUIN UP EJWJEF QPMZOPNJBMT

,FZ
JEFBT 5IF SFTVMU JT OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ B QPMZOPNJBM
&YBNQMF
remainder
dividend x3 − x 2 + x − 1 15
= x2 − 3x + 7 −
x+2 x+2
quotient
divisor
We can write this as:
x3 − x2 + x − 1 = (x + 2)(x2 − 3x + 7) − 15
dividend divisor quotient remainder

&YBNQMF %JWJEJOH QPMZOPNJBMT
B %JWJEF 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y + CZ Y -
BOE XSJUF JO UIF GPSN 1 Y
= Y -
2 Y
+ 3 XIFSF 3
JT UIF SFNBJOEFS
C %JWJEF 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y - CZ Y +
= Y +
2 Y
+ 3
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/

B Y + Y + 'JSTU EJWJEF Y GSPN Y -
JOUP UIF MFBEJOH
Y - Y + Y - Y + UFSN JF Y
4P EJWJEF Y JOUP Y UP HJWF Y
Y Y -
Y - Y
Y Y -
HJWFT Y - Y BOE TVCUSBDU GSPN
Y - Y +
Y + Y - Y +
Y Y -
Y - Y
"GUFS TVCUSBDUJPO EJWJEF Y JOUP Y UP HJWF Y
Y +
BOE SFQFBU UIF QSPDFTT BCPWF
Y -
Y -
"GUFS TVCUSBDUJPO EJWJEF Y JOUP Y UP HJWF

4VCUSBDU UP HJWF UIF SFNBJOEFS
Â Y + Y - Y + = Y -
Y + Y +
+

C Y - Y + 'JSTU EJWJEF Y GSPN Y +
JOUP UIF MFBEJOH
Y + Y - Y + Y - UFSN 4P EJWJEF Y JOUP Y UP HJWF Y
Y Y +
Y + Y
"GUFS TVCUSBDUJPO EJWJEF Y JOUP -Y UP
-Y + Y -
HJWF -Y
-Y Y +
-Y - Y
"GUFS TVCUSBDUJPO EJWJEF Y JOUP Y UP
Y -
HJWF
Y +
Y +
4VCUSBDU UP HJWF UIF SFNBJOEFS -
-
Â Y - Y + Y - = Y +
Y - Y +
-
&YFSDJTF '
6/%&345"/%*/(
6TF MPOH EJWJTJPO UP àOE UIF SFNBJOEFS

B C D
$PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIF FRVBUJPO XJUI UIF NJTTJOH OVNCFST

B *G = SFNBJOEFS UIFO = × +
C *G = SFNBJOEFS UIFO = × +
D *G = SFNBJOEFS UIFO = × +


'
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF B %JWJEF 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y + CZ Y -
= Y -
2 Y
+ 3 XIFSF 3 JT
UIF SFNBJOEFS
&YBNQMF C %JWJEF 1 Y

= Y - Y + Y + CZ Y +
= Y +
2 Y
+ 3 XIFSF 3 JT
UIF SFNBJOEFS
'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH FYQSFTT JO UIJT GPSN

%JWJEFOE = EJWJTPS × RVPUJFOU + SFNBJOEFS BT JO UIF FYBNQMFT
B Y - Y + Y -
Y -
C Y + Y - Y -
Y +

D Y - Y + Y -
Y +
E -Y + Y - Y +
Y -
F -Y - Y - Y +
Y +
G -Y + Y - Y -
Y -

130#-&.40-7*/(
%JWJEF BOE XSJUF JO UIJT GPSN
%JWJEFOE = EJWJTPS × RVPUJFOU + SFNBJOEFS
B Y - Y + Y - Y +
Y -
C Y - Y + Y - Y - Y -
Y +
%JWJEF UIF GPMMPXJOH BOE FYQSFTT JO UIF VTVBM GPSN

B Y - Y +
Y +
C Y + Y -
Y -

D Y -
Y +
E Y - Y
Y -
o
3&"40/*/(
5IFSF BSF UISFF WBMVFT PG L GPS XIJDI 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y + EJWJEFE CZ Y - L
HJWFT B SFNBJOEFS
PG [FSP 'JOE UIF UISFF WBMVFT PG L
1SPWF UIBU Y - Y + Y +

Y -
MFBWFT SFNBJOEFS
'JOE UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO 1 Y

JT EJWJEFE CZ Y -
HJWFO UIBU
B 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y + C 1 Y
= -Y + Y - Y +

= -Y - Y - Y - Y - JT EJWJEFE CZ UIFTF FYQSFTTJPOT
B Y- C Y + D -Y -
8IFO UIF SFNBJOEFS JT OPU B DPOTUBOU

&/3*$).&/5
%JWJEF UIF GPMMPXJOH BOE FYQSFTT JO UIF GPSN 1 Y

= EJWJTPS × 2 Y
+ 3 XIFSF 3 JT B GVODUJPO PG Y
B Y - Y + Y +
Y -
C Y + Y - Y -
Y +
D Y - Y +
Y -

1SPHSFTT RVJ[ 10A
" &YQSFTT BT B MPHBSJUIN

B = C = D B = B
" 3FXSJUF VTJOH FYQPOFOUJBM OPUBUJPO

" 'JOE UIF WBMVF PG Y

B MPH = Y C MPH = Y
D MPH = Y E MPH Y =
F MPH = Y G MPH . = Y
# 4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH VTJOH MPHBSJUIN MBXT

B MPH + MPH C MPH + MPH

D MPH - MPH E MPH

√
F MPH G MPH - MPH + MPH
$ 4PMWF BOE SPVOE FBDI BOTXFS UP UISFF EFDJNBM QMBDFT

B Y = C .Y = D .
Y =
√
% &YQMBJO XIZ Y - Y + Y - JT OPU B QPMZOPNJBM
% $POTJEFS UIF QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y

= Y - Y + Y + Y + 'JOE
B 1
C 1 -
D 1 L
% 'PS UIF QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y

= Y + Y + Y + TUBUF
B UIF EFHSFF PG UIF QPMZOPNJBM C UIF DPOTUBOU UFSN
D UIF DPFGàDFOU PG Y E UIF MFBEJOH UFSN
& &YQBOE BOE TJNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH

B Y Y - Y +
C Y -
Y + Y +
& *G 1 Y
= Y + Y + BOE 2 Y
= Y + Y àOE UIF GPMMPXJOH JO UIFJS TJNQMFTU GPSNT
B 1 Y
+ 2 Y
C 1 Y
- 2 Y
D 2 Y
E 1 Y
× 2 Y
' %JWJEF 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y - CZ Y +
= Y +
2 Y
+ 3 XIFSF 3 JT
UIF SFNBJOEFS

( 5IF SFNBJOEFS BOE GBDUPS UIFPSFNT "
6TJOH MPOH EJWJTJPO XF DBO TIPX BGUFS EJWJEJOH Y -

JOUP 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y - UIBU
1 Y
= Y - Y + Y - = Y -
Y + Y +
+ XIFSF JT UIF SFNBJOEFS
6TJOH UIF SJHIUIBOE TJEF UP FWBMVBUF 1
XF IBWF
1
= -
+ +
+
= × + +
+
=+
=
5IJT TIPXT UIBU UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO 1 Y
JT EJWJEFE CZ Y -
JT 1

.PSF HFOFSBMMZ XIFO 1 Y
JT EJWJEFE CZ Y - B
XF PCUBJO
1 Y
= Y - B
2 Y
+ 3
4P 1 B
= × 2 B
+ 3
=3
4P UIF SFNBJOEFS JT 1 B
BOE UIJT SFTVMU JT DBMMFE UIF SFNBJOEFS UIFPSFN 5IJT NFBOT UIBU XF DBO àOE
UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO EJWJEJOH 1 Y
CZ Y - B
TJNQMZ CZ FWBMVBUJOH 1 B

8F BMTP LOPX UIBU XIFO GBDUPST BSF EJWJEFE JOUP B OVNCFS UIFSF JT [FSP SFNBJOEFS 4P JG 1 Y
JT EJWJEFE
CZ Y - B
BOE UIF SFNBJOEFS 1 B
JT [FSP UIFO Y - B
JT B GBDUPS PG 1 Y
5IJT SFTVMU JT DBMMFE UIF GBDUPS
UIFPSFN
-FUT TUBSU 8IJDI XBZ JT RVJDLFS

" QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y - JT EJWJEFE CZ Y -

• 4IPX VTJOH MPOH EJWJTJPO UIBU UIF SFNBJOEFS JT
• 'JOE 1
8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF
• &YQMBJO IPX ZPV DBO àOE UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO 1 Y
JT EJWJEFE CZ
B Y-
C Y-
• 4IPX UIBU XIFO 1 Y
JT EJWJEFE CZ Y +
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT -
• 8IBU XPVME CF UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO 1 Y
JT EJWJEFE CZ Y -
8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BOE XIBU EPFT
UIJT TBZ BCPVU Y -
JO SFMBUJPO UP 1 Y
3FNBJOEFS UIFPSFN 8IFO B QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y

JT EJWJEFE CZ Y - B
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT 1 B

,FZ
• 8IFO EJWJEJOH CZ Y -
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT 1

JEFBT • 8IFO EJWJEJOH CZ Y +
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT 1 -


'BDUPS UIFPSFN 8IFO 1 Y

JT EJWJEFE CZ Y - B
BOE UIF SFNBJOEFS JT [FSP JF 1 B
=

,FZ
UIFO Y - B
JT B GBDUPS PG 1 Y

1
=
JEFBT
P(x) = x3 − 3x2 − 3x + 10
= (x − 2)(x2 − x − 5) Y -
JT B GBDUPS XJUI [FSP SFNBJOEFS
factor quotient
&YBNQMF 6TJOH UIF SFNBJOEFS UIFPSFN

= Y - Y - Y + JT EJWJEFE CZ
B Y- C Y+
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y + 'PS Y -
TVCTUJUVUF Y =

1
=
-
- + 6TJOH UIF SFNBJOEFS UIFPSFN 1
HJWFT UIF
= - - + SFNBJOEFS
= -
5IF SFNBJOEFS JT -
C 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y + 'PS Y +
TVCTUJUVUF Y = -
1 -
= - - + + /PUF -
= -, -
= BOE - -
=
= -
5IF SFNBJOEFS JT -
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH B MJOFBS GBDUPS
%FDJEF XIFUIFS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF GBDUPST PG 1 Y

= Y + Y - Y -
B Y+ C Y-
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y - *G Y +
JT B GBDUPS PG 1 Y
UIFO 1 -
=
1 -
= - + + - #VU UIJT JT OPU USVF BT UIF SFNBJOEFS JT -
= -
Â Y +
JT OPU B GBDUPS
C 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y - 4VCTUJUVUF Y = UP FWBMVBUF 1

1
= + - - 4JODF 1
= Y -
JT B GBDUPS PG 1 Y

=
Â Y -
JT B GBDUPS

&YBNQMF "QQMZJOH UIF SFNBJOEFS UIFPSFN
'JOE UIF WBMVF PG L TVDI UIBU Y - Y + Y + L

Y -
IBT B SFNBJOEFS PG
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
-FU 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y + L
1
= 5IF SFNBJOEFS JT 1
XIJDI JT

-
+
+ L = 4VCTUJUVUF Y = BOE TPMWF GPS L
+L=
L=
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= Y - Y - Y - àOE UIF WBMVF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
B 1
C 1
D 1 -
E 1 -
8IBU WBMVF PG Y EP ZPV TVCTUJUVUF JOUP 1 Y

UP àOE UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO B QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y
JT
EJWJEFE CZ
B Y- C Y+
8IBU JT UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO BO FYQSFTTJPO JT EJWJEFE CZ POF PG JUT GBDUPST
o
o
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&YBNQMF 'JOE UIF SFNBJOEFS XIFO 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y - JT EJWJEFE CZ
B Y- C Y- D Y- E Y-
F Y+ G Y+ H Y+ I Y+

= Y - Y + Y JT EJWJEFE CZ
B Y- C Y- D Y+ E Y+
&YBNQMF %FDJEF XIJDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF GBDUPST PG 1 Y

= Y - Y + Y +
B Y- C Y+ D Y- E Y+
F Y- G Y+ H Y- I Y+
%FDJEF XIJDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH BSF GBDUPST PG 1 Y

= Y - Y - Y + Y +
B Y- C Y+ D Y+ E Y-
F Y- G Y+ H Y- I Y+


o
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130#-&.40-7*/(
6TF UIF GBDUPS UIFPSFN BOE USJBM BOE FSSPS UP àOE B MJOFBS GBDUPS PG UIFTF QPMZOPNJBMT
B 1 Y
= Y + Y + Y +
C 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y -
D 1 Y
= Y + Y + Y +
E 1 Y
= Y - Y -
6TF UIF GBDUPS UIFPSFN UP àOE BMM UISFF MJOFBS GBDUPST PG UIFTF QPMZOPNJBMT
B 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y +
C 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y +
D 1 Y
= Y - Y + Y +
E 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y +
o o
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&YBNQMF 'PS XIBU WBMVF PG L XJMM Y - Y + Y + L
Y -
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B C D - E
'PS XIBU WBMVF PG L XJMM Y - Y + Y - Y + L

Y +
IBWF [FSP SFNBJOEFS
'JOE UIF WBMVF PG L JO UIFTF QPMZOPNJBMT

B 1 Y
= Y + Y + LY - BOE XIFO EJWJEFE CZ Y -
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT
C 1 Y
= Y - Y + LY - BOE XIFO EJWJEFE CZ Y +
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT -
D 1 Y
= Y + LY + Y - BOE XIFO EJWJEFE CZ Y +
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT -
E 1 Y
= LY + Y - Y - BOE XIFO EJWJEFE CZ Y -
UIF SFNBJOEFS JT -
'JOE UIF WBMVF PG L XIFO

B Y +
JT B GBDUPS PG Y - LY - Y - C Y -
JT B GBDUPS PG Y + Y - LY -
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B 1 Y
= Y + BY + CY - BOE 1
= - BOE 1
=
C 1 Y
= Y - BY - CY - BOE 1 -
= - BOE 1 -
= -

) 4PMWJOH QPMZOPNJBM FRVBUJPOT "
8F LOPX GSPN PVS XPSL XJUI RVBESBUJDT UIBU UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX DBO CF VTFE UP TPMWF B RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPO
UIBU IBT CFFO GBDUPSJTFE
'PS FYBNQMF Y - Y - =
Y -
Y +
=
6TJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX
Y - = PS Y+=
Y = PS Y = -
8F DBO BMTP BQQMZ UIJT NFUIPE UP QPMZOPNJBMT
*G B QPMZOPNJBM JT OPU JO B GBDUPSJTFE GPSN XF OFFE UP VTF UIF SFNBJOEFS BOE GBDUPS UIFPSFNT UP IFMQ
àOE JUT GBDUPST -POH EJWJTJPO DBO BMTP CF VTFE
-FUT TUBSU 4PMWJOH B DVCJD

$POTJEFS UIF DVCJD FRVBUJPO 1 Y
= XIFSF 1 Y
= Y + Y + Y -
• &YQMBJO XIZ Y -
JT B GBDUPS PG 1 Y

• 6TF MPOH EJWJTJPO UP àOE 1 Y
Y -

• 8SJUF 1 Y
JO UIF GPSN Y -
2 Y

• /PX DPNQMFUF UIF GBDUPSJTBUJPO PG 1 Y

• 4IPX IPX UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX DBO CF VTFE UP TPMWF 1 Y
= 8IZ BSF UIFSF UISFF TPMVUJPOT
" QPMZOPNJBM FRVBUJPO PG UIF GPSN 1 Y

= DBO CF TPMWFE CZ
,FZ
• GBDUPSJTJOH 1 Y
JEFBT • VTJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS MBX *G B × C × D = UIFO B = , C = PS D =

5P GBDUPSJTF B QPMZOPNJBM GPMMPX UIFTF TUFQT
• 'JOE POF GBDUPS VTJOH UIF SFNBJOEFS BOE GBDUPS UIFPSFNT 4UBSU XJUI Y -
VTJOH 1
PS Y +
VTJOH 1 -
*G SFRVJSFE NPWF UP Y -
PS Y +
FUD
• " HPPE JEFB JT UP àSTU DPOTJEFS GBDUPST PG UIF DPOTUBOU UFSN PG UIF QPMZOPNJBM UP SFEVDF UIF
OVNCFS PG USJBMT
• 6TF MPOH EJWJTJPO UP àOE UIF RVPUJFOU BGUFS EJWJEJOH CZ UIF GBDUPS
• 'BDUPSJTF UIF RVPUJFOU JG QPTTJCMF

• $POUJOVF VOUJM 1 Y
JT GVMMZ GBDUPSJTFE

&YBNQMF 6TJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX

4PMWF GPS Y
B Y -
Y +
Y +
= C Y -
Y +
Y +
=
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Y -
Y +
Y +
= 6TJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX JG B × C × D =
Y - = PS Y + = PS Y+= UIFO B = PS C = PS D =
Y= Y = - Y = -
C Y -
Y +
Y +
= &RVBUF FBDI GBDUPS UP BOE TPMWF GPS UIF UISFF
Y - = PS Y + = PS Y + = WBMVFT PG Y
Y = Y = - Y = -

Y= Y = - Y=-

&YBNQMF 'BDUPSJTJOH BOE TPMWJOH
4PMWF Y + Y - Y - =
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
-FU 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y - . 5SZ UP àOE B GBDUPS VTJOH UIF SFNBJOEFS BOE
1
= + - - ¢ GBDUPS UIFPSFNT 4UBSU XJUI Y -
VTJOH 1
PS Y +
VTJOH 1 -
*G SFRVJSFE NPWF UP
1 -
= - + + - =
Y -
PS Y +
PG PUIFS GBDUPST PG
Â Y + JT B GBDUPS
1 -
= TP Y +
JT B GBDUPS
Y + Y -
Y + Y + Y - Y - %JWJEF Y +
JOUP 1 Y
UP àOE UIF RVPUJFOU
Y Y +
Y + Y VTJOH MPOH EJWJTJPO
Y - Y -
Y Y +
Y + Y
-Y -
- Y +
-Y - /PUF 5IF SFNBJOEFS JT BT FYQFDUFE
1 -
=

Â 1 Y
= Y +
Y + Y -
1 Y
= Y +
2 Y
+ 3 CVU 3 =
= Y +
Y +
Y -
Y + Y - GBDUPSJTFT UP Y +
Y -

4PMWF 1 Y
= 6TF UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX UP OPX TPMWF GPS Y
Y +
Y +
Y -
=
Y + = PS Y + = PS Y-=
Y = - Y = - Y=

&YFSDJTF )
6/%&345"/%*/(
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= Y - Y - )JOU 'JOE 1 -

6TF UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX UP TPMWF UIFTF RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT

B Y -
Y +
= C Y +
Y -
=
D Y +
Y -
= E Y - Y - =

F Y + Y + = G Y + Y + =
o
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&YBNQMF 4PMWF GPS Y VTJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX
B Y +
Y -
Y -
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=

D Y -
Y +
Y -
= E Y + Y -
Y + =

F Y +
Y -
Y +
= G Y -
Y -
Y +
=

H Y + Y +
Y +
= I Y +
Y +
Y - =

&YBNQMF 'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH DVCJD FRVBUJPOT GPMMPX UIFTF TUFQT BT JO &YBNQMF
• 6TF UIF GBDUPS UIFPSFN UP àOE B GBDUPS
• 6TF MPOH EJWJTJPO UP àOE UIF RVPUJFOU
• 'BDUPSJTF UIF RVPUJFOU
• 8SJUF UIF QPMZOPNJBM JO B GVMMZ GBDUPSJTFE GPSN
• 6TF UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX UP TPMWF GPS Y
B Y - Y + Y + = C Y + Y + Y + =
D Y - Y + Y - = E Y - Y + Y - =
F Y - Y - Y - = G Y + Y - Y - =

130#-&.40-7*/(
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B Y -
Y - Y -
= C Y +
Y + Y +
=
4PMWF CZ àSTU UBLJOH PVU B DPNNPO GBDUPS

B Y - Y + Y + = C Y + Y + Y - =
4PMWF GPS Y
B Y - Y + = C Y - Y - =

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= XIFO 1 Y
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UIFO HJWF UIF TPMVUJPOT
B Y - Y = C Y + Y =
D Y - Y - Y = E Y + Y + Y =
&YQMBJO XIZ Y + Y = IBT POMZ POF TPMVUJPO
&YQMBJO XIZ Y -
Y - Y +
= IBT POMZ POF TPMVUJPO
2VBSUJDT XJUI GPVS GBDUPST
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B Y + Y + Y - Y - = C Y - Y - Y + Y + =
D Y + Y - Y - Y + = E Y - Y - Y + Y - =

6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP GBDUPSJTF BOE TPMWF QPMZOPNJBMT

%FàOF UIF QPMZOPNJBM 1 Y
= Y - Y - Y + BOE GBDUPSJTF
4PMWF Y - Y - Y + = .
In a Calculator page define the polynomial using In the Main application, type and highlight the polynomial.
b>Actions>Define. Factor the polynomial using Tap Interactive, Define. Type p for function name and tap
b>Algebra>Factor as shown. OK. Type p(x )) in the next entry line. Highlight and tap
Interactive, Transformation, factor, factor.
Solve using b>Algebra>Solve. Then type p(x ) = 0, x ) Type and highlight p(x ) = 0, Tap Interactive, Advanced,
as shown. Solve.
Alternatively, use Solve using b>Algebra>Zeros for
solving equations equalling zero.

* (SBQIT PG QPMZOPNJBMT "
4P GBS JO :FBS XF IBWF TUVEJFE HSBQIT PG MJOFBS FRVBUJPOT TUSBJHIU MJOFT

BOE HSBQIT PG RVBESBUJD
FRVBUJPOT QBSBCPMBT
8F IBWF BMTP MPPLFE BU HSBQIT PG DJSDMFT FYQPOFOUJBMT BOE IZQFSCPMBT *O UIJT
TFDUJPO XF JOUSPEVDF UIF HSBQIT PG QPMZOPNJBMT CZ GPDVTJOH PO UIPTF PG EFHSFF BOE 8F TUBSU CZ
DPOTJEFSJOH UIF CBTJD DVCJD Z = Y BOE RVBSUJD Z = Y BOE UIFO FYQMPSF PUIFS DVCJDT BOE RVBSUJDT JO
GBDUPSJTFE GPSN
-FUT TUBSU 1MPUUJOH Z Y BOE Z Y

$PNQMFUF UIF UBCMF CFGPSF QMPUUJOH QPJOUT BOE DPOTJEFSJOH UIF EJTDVTTJPO y
QPJOUT CFMPX
16
Y 1 1 14
–2 –1 – 0 1 2
2 2
12
Z = Y2
10
Z = Y3
8
Z = Y4
6
• %FTDSJCF UIF GFBUVSFT BOE TIBQF PG FBDI HSBQI 4
• %FTDSJCF UIF EJGGFSFODFT CFUXFFO UIF HSBQIT PG Z = Y BOE Z = Y 2
8IFSF EP UIFZ JOUFSTFDU x
−2 −1−2O 1 2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
−14
−16
(SBQIT PG CBTJD QPMZOPNJBMT

,FZ
• Z = Y • Z = Y JEFBT
y y y = x4
y = x2
(1, 1)
x (−1, 1) (1, 1)
O
(−1, −1) x
gradient = 0 O
at (0, 0)

5P TLFUDI DVCJD HSBQIT JO GBDUPSJTFE GPSN XJUI UISFF EJGGFSFOU GBDUPST

,FZ
• 'JOE UIF UISFF YJOUFSDFQUT VTJOH UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX
JEFBT • 'JOE UIF ZJOUFSDFQU
• $POOFDU QPJOUT UP TLFUDI B QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF DVCJD HSBQI
1PTJUJWF DVCJD /FHBUJWF DVCJD

5IF DPFGàDJFOU PG Y JT QPTJUJWF
5IF DPFGàDJFOU PG Y JT OFHBUJWF
Z = Y -
Y +
Y +
Z = - Y +
Y -
Y +
y y
8
x
−3 −2 O 1
x
−4 −1 O 2
−6
'VSUIFS DPOTJEFSBUJPO JT OFFEFE UP àOE UVSOJOH QPJOUT PG DVCJDT BT UIFZ BSF OPU MPDBUFE
TZNNFUSJDBMMZ CFUXFFO YJOUFSDFQUT 5IJT XJMM CF TUVEJFE BU NPSF TFOJPS MFWFMT PG NBUIFNBUJDT
&YBNQMF 4LFUDIJOH DVCJD HSBQIT

4LFUDI UIF HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH CZ àOEJOH UIF Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT
B Z = Y +
Y -
Y -
C Z = -Y Y +
Y -
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Z = Y +
Y -
Y -
4VCTUJUVUF Y = UP àOE UIF ZJOUFSDFQU
ZJOUFSDFQU BU Y =
Z =
-
-
=
YJOUFSDFQUT BU Z = 4VCTUJUVUF Z = UP àOE UIF YJOUFSDFQUT
= Y +
Y -
Y -
6TF UIF /VMM 'BDUPS -BX
Â Y + = PS Y - = PS Y-=
Y = - Y= Y=
y .BSL UIF GPVS JOUFSDFQUT BOE DPOOFDU UP GPSN B
QPTJUJWF DVCJD HSBQI
6 5IF DPFGàDJFOU PG Y JO UIF FYQBOTJPO PG Z JT

QPTJUJWF TP UIF HSBQI QPJOUT VQXBSET UP UIF
SJHIU
x
−2 O 1 3

C Z = -Y Y +
Y -
'JOE UIF ZJOUFSDFQU VTJOH Y =
ZJOUFSDFQU BU Y =
Z = -
-
=
YJOUFSDFQUT BU Z = 5IF UISFF GBDUPST BSF -Y Y + BOE Y -
= -Y Y +
Y -
Â -Y = PS Y + = PS Y-=
Y= Y = - Y=
y 5IF DPFGàDJFOU PG Y JO UIF FYQBOTJPO PG Z JT
OFHBUJWF TP UIF HSBQI QPJOUT EPXOXBSET BU UIF
SJHIU
x
−3 O 2
&YFSDJTF *
6/%&345"/%*/(
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ZPV PO UIF SJHIUIBOE TJEF
B y C y
3
3
x
−5 O 2 5
x
−3 −1 O 2
'JOE UIF Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT PG UIF HSBQIT PG UIFTF DVCJDT

B Z = Y +
Y -
Y -
C Z = Y +
Y -
Y +
D Z = -Y Y +
Y -
E Z = -Y Y +
Y -
0O UIF TBNF TFU PG TDBMFE BYFT QMPU HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH 6TF UIJT UBCMF UP IFMQ ZPV
1 1
Y –2 –1 – 0 1 2
2 2
Z = Y2
Z = Y3
Z = Y4 – –
B Z = Y C Z = Y D Z = Y


*
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&YBNQMF 4LFUDI UIF HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH CZ àOEJOH Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQUT
B Z = Y +
Y -
Y -
C Z = Y -
Y -
Y +

D Z = Y -
Y -
Y +
E Z = Ň Y +
Y -
Y -

F Z = Y Y -
Y +
G Z = Y Y -
Y +

H Z = -Y Y -
Y +
I Z = - Y Y +
Y -

J Z = - Y +
Y +
Y -
K Z = - Y +
Y - Y +
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B Z = -Y C Z = -Y
'JOE B DVCJD SVMF GPS UIFTF HSBQIT

B y C y
x
−4 −1 O 2 x
−3 O 1 3
−8
D y E y
3
(−1, 3)
x
−3 O 2 x
−3 −1O 2
4LFUDI UIFTF RVBSUJDT

B Z = Y -
Y -
Y +
Y +
C Z = -Y Y +
Y +
Y -

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VOJU EPXO 6TF UIJT JEFB UP TLFUDI HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
B Z = Y -
- C Z = Y +

D Z=Y - E Z = Y -
F Z = Y +
G Z = Y -
-
*G B QPMZOPNJBM IBT B SFQFBUFE GBDUPS Y - B

UIFO UIF QPJOU BU Y = B JT BO y
YJOUFSDFQU BOE BMTP B UVSOJOH QPJOU FH Z = Y Y -

/PX TLFUDI UIFTF QPMZOPNJBMT
B Z = Y Y -
C Z = -Y Y +

x
D Z = - Y +
Y -
E Z = Y +
Y +
O 2
F Z = - Y
Y +
G Z = -Y Y +
Y -
1PMZOPNJBM XJUI UIF MPU
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UP IFMQ àOE UIF YJOUFSDFQUT
$PNQMFUF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS FBDI QPMZOPNJBM
J 'JOE UIF ZJOUFSDFQU
JJ 'BDUPSJTF UIF QPMZOPNJBM VTJOH UIF GBDUPS UIFPSFN BOE MPOH EJWJTJPO
JJJ 'JOE UIF YJOUFSDFQUT
JW 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI
B Z = Y + Y + Y - C Z = Y - Y + Y +
D Z = Y + Y - Y - Y + E Z = Y - Y +

6TJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP TLFUDI QPMZOPNJBMT

4LFUDI UIF HSBQIT PG Z = Y BOE Z = Y PO UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT BOE àOE UIF JOUFSTFDUJPO
QPJOUT
4LFUDI 1 Y
= Y + Y - Y - BOE àOE UIF YJOUFSDFQUT
In a Graphs page, enter the rules y = x 2 and y = x 4 . Adjust In the Graph&Table application, enter the rules y 1 = x 2 and
the scale using Window Settings and find their intersection y 2 = x 4 . Tap to adjust the scale. Tap to see the
points using b>Analyze >Intersection. graph. Tap Analysis, G-Solve, Intersect.
Alternatively use b>Geometry>Points & Lines
>Intersection Point(s) to display all three intersections
simultaneously as shown.
Enter the rule P(x ) = x 3 + 2x 2 – 11x – 12. Adjust the scale Enter the rule y 1 = x 3 + 2x 2 – 11x – 12. Tap to see
using Window Settings. Find the x -intercepts using the graph. Adjust the scale by tapping on . Tap
Trace>Graph Trace or using Analyze Graph>Zero and set Analysis, G-Solve, root to find x -intercepts.
the lower and upper bounds by scrolling left and right.

*OWFTUJHBUJPO
5IF MPHBSJUINJD HSBQI
:PV XJMM CF GBNJMJBS XJUI UIF TIBQF PG BO FYQPOFOUJBM DVSWF XIJDI JO y
JUT CBTJD GPSN JT B HSBQI PG UIF SVMF Z = BY XIFSF B > BOE B ¢
5IJT JT TIPXO IFSF
5IF HSBQI PG B MPHBSJUINJD FRVBUJPO DBO BMTP CF QMPUUFE UP GPSN B DVSWF UIBU y = ax
IPMET B TQFDJBM SFMBUJPOTIJQ XJUI UIF FYQPOFOUJBM DVSWF 1
x
O
'PSNJOH UIF MPHBSJUINJD DVSWF

B $PNQMFUF UIF UBCMF PG WBMVFT GPS Z = Y BOE Z = MPH Y
Y –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Z = 2Y
1 1 1
Y 1 2 4 8
8 4 2
Z = log2 Y
C 0O B TFU PG BYFT XJUI - Ä Y Ä BOE - Ä Z Ä QMPU UIF HSBQIT PG

J Z = Y JJ Z = MPH Y
D 0O UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT OPX TLFUDI UIF HSBQI PG Z = Y
'FBUVSFT PG UIF MPHBSJUINJD HSBQI

B 8IBU JT UIF FRVBUJPO PG UIF BTZNQUPUF PG
J Z = Y JJ Z = MPH Y
C 8IBU TQFDJBM QPTJUJPO JT IFME CZ UIF HSBQI Z = Y CFUXFFO UIF UXP HSBQIT PG Z = Y BOE Z = MPH Y
D %FTDSJCF UIF HFOFSBM TIBQF PG B MPHBSJUINJD DVSWF
%JGGFSFOU CBTFT
B 6TF UFDIOPMPHZ PS QMPU UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT CZ IBOE UP DPNQBSF UIFTF MPHBSJUINJD DVSWFT XJUI
EJGGFSFOU CBTFT
J Z = MPH Y JJ Z = MPH Y JJJ Z = MPH Y
C %FTDSJCF BU MFBTU UXP DPNNPO GFBUVSFT PG UIFTF UISFF MPHBSJUINJD DVSWFT
D %FTDSJCF UIF FGGFDU PG DIBOHJOH UIF CBTF XIFO HSBQIJOH UIFTF MPHBSJUINJD DVSWFT

-PHBSJUINJD TDBMFT o UIF NPNFOU NBHOJUVEF TDBMF

5IF NPNFOU NBHOJUVEF TDBMF MJLF UIF 3JDIUFS TDBMF JU SFQMBDFE JT B MPHBSJUINJD TDBMF XJUI CBTF *U
JT VTFE UP NFBTVSF UIF TUSFOHUI PG BO FBSUIRVBLF 5IF NPNFOU NBHOJUVEF JT PCUBJOFE CZ NVMUJQMZJOH
B DBMDVMBUJPO PG UIF BSFB BOE UIF BNPVOU PG EJTQMBDFNFOU JO UIF TMJQ #FDBVTF JU JT B MPHBSJUINJD TDBMF
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Definition Other properties
loga y = x is equivalent to a x = y , a > 0 • loga 1 = 0 (a 0 = 1)
• loga a = 1 (a 1 = a)
• log2 8 = 3 since 23 = 8
-3
• log10100× =102 since 102 = 100 • loga x1 = −loga x ( x1 = x −1)
• log3 1 = −3 since 3−3 = 1 Logarithms (10A)

27 27
• log100.001 = −3 since 10−3 = 0.001
Log law 3
Log law 1 loga x n = n loga x
1
loga x + loga y = loga (xy ) Log law 2 e.g. log2 8 2 = 12 log2 8
x
e.g. loga 5 + loga 6 = loga 30 loga x − loga y = loga (y )
= 12 × 3
e.g. log318 − log3 2 = log3 9
=2 = 32
Solving exponential equations Polynomial of degree n Expanding polynomials

2x =5 or 2x = 5 an xn + an−1x n−1 + .... + a 0x 0 Example:
x = log2 5 log10 2 x = log10 5 (x 2 − 1)(x 2 + 2x − 3)
x log10 2 = log10 5 e.g. cubic x 3 − 2x 2 + 3x − 4
Powers of x are whole numbers. = x 2(x 2 + 2x − 3) − 1(x 2 + 2x − 3)
log10 5
x= = x 4 + 2x 3 − 3x 2 − x 2 − 2x + 3
log10 2
= x 4 + 2x 3 − 4x 2 − 2x + 3
Remainder theorem Division

If P (x ) is divided by (x − a) then the (x 3 − 2x 2 + 5x + 1) ÷ (x − 1)
remainder is P(a). Polynomials (10A) x2 − x + 4
Factor theorem x − 1 x 3 − 2x 2 + 5x + 1
x 2(x − 1) x 3 − x 2
If P(x ) is divided by (x − a) and
−x 2 + 5x + 1
P(a) = 0 then (x − a) is a factor of P(x ).
−x (x − 1) −x 2 + x
4x + 1
4(x − 1) 4x − 4
5
Null Factor Law ∴ x 3 − 2x 2 + 5x + 1 = (x − 1)(x 2 − x + 4) + 5
(x + 2)(x − 3)(2x + 1) = 0 dividend divisor quotient remainder

x + 2 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
x = −2 x =3 x = − 12
Graphs
y y y
Factorising
• Find one factor using the y = x4 y = −(x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 2)
y = x3
factor theorem. x x
• Use long division to 0 x −2 −1 O 1 2
0
find the quotient. −4
• Factorise the quotient.

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Chapter
11
What you will learn
Activity 1: Using numerical methods
Algorithmic
thinking
Activity 2: Pythagorean triples

to solve equations 2.1 Is the triangle right-angled?
1.1 S olving equations using tables 2.2 Pythagorean triples
and spreadsheets 2.3 Euclid’s algorithm for Pythagorean
1.2 Solving equations using the triples
bisection method Activity 3: Using simulations to find
1.3 A lgorithms for finding square probabilities
roots 3.1 Walk the plank
3.2 The Monty Hall Problem
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Patterns and algebra Linear and non-linear relationships
Implement algorithms using data structures Solve equations using systematic guess-
in a general-purpose programming language check-and-refine with digital technology
(VCMNA334) (VCMNA342)
(10A) Devise and use algorithms and (10A) Solve simultaneous equations using
simultaneous equations to solve systematic guess-check-and-refine with
mathematical problems digital technology (VCMNA364)
(VCMNA358)
Driverless cars
The vast majority of accidents in motor are responsible for their design. If the
vehicles are due to driver error, which is one system detects a pedestrian, for example,
of the reasons why companies such as Google the code needs to take into account the
are experimenting with driverless cars. probability that this person could cross the
Such vehicles are currently being tested road in front of the car. The software must
in a number of countries. The vehicles choose the safest possible route at the
map their current position and use a range safest speed.
of sensors to determine the moving and Driverless cars have the potential to
stationary objects in the immediate area. reduce road fatalities and increase the
This information is the input for computer- level of efficiency on our road networks.
based algorithms which make predictions Parking would become less problematic,
and test scenarios at a rapid rate. The with a driverless car dropping you off at
efficiency of the computer code is critical work and travelling to a remote parking spot
in the running of the systems, which is why somewhere else, before returning later in the
skilled programmers and mathematicians day to pick you up.
758 Chapter 11 "MHPSJUINJD UIJOLJOH
Introduction
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Activity 1: Using numerical methods to solve

equations Number and Algebra
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1.2 Solving equations using the bisection method

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1.3 Algorithms for finding square roots

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Activity 2: Pythagorean triples

Measurement and Geometry
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2.1 Is the triangle right-angled?

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TZNCPMT
for input/output stages for process stages for decision stages

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BEGIN
INPUT:
Is CALCULATE:
Pythagoras’ Yes
theorem
satisfied?
No
OUTPUT:
OUTPUT:
END

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USJBOHMF
5IF BCPWF QSPHSBN IBT B CSVUF GPSDF BQQSPBDI UP UFTUJOH JG UIF USJBOHMF JT SJHIUBOHMFE CZ UFTUJOH JG BOZ
PG UIF QPTTJCMF DPNCJOBUJPOT PG TJEF MFOHUIT TBUJTàFT 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN " NPSF FGàDJFOU BMHPSJUIN
XPVME SFDPHOJTF UIBU UIF IZQPUFOVTF IBT UP CF UIF MPOHFTU TJEF BOE UIBU POMZ POF QPTTJCMF DPNCJOBUJPO
DBO XPSL
D 5IF QSPHSBN DBO CF BEKVTUFE TP UIBU JU POMZ UFTUT UIF POF DBTF PG 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN CZ EFUFSNJOJOH
UIF MPOHFTU PG UIF UISFF TJEFT àSTU BOE VTJOH UIJT BT UIF POMZ QPTTJCMF IZQPUFOVTF $PNQMFUF UIFTF TUFQT
UP BDIJFWF UIJT
J "TTJHO UIF NBYJNVN PG UIF JOQVU WBMVFT BT UIF IZQPUFOVTF D VTJOH D = NBY {Y, Z, [}

JJ 6TF UIF NJO BOE NFEJBO TJODF UIFSF BSF UISFF MFOHUIT
GVODUJPOT UP BTTJHO UIF UXP TIPSUFS TJEF
MFOHUIT B BOE C
JJJ 5FTU POF DBTF PG 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN JG B + C = D
2.2 Pythagorean triples

B 5IF QSPHSBN CFMPX EFNPOTUSBUFT B CSVUF GPSDF XBZ PG HFOFSBUJOH B MJTU PG 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMFT 5IF àSTU
'PS MPPQ GPS JOTUBODF SVOT UIF QBSU JOTJEF UIF 'PS MPPQ GPS Y = UIFO Y = VQ VOUJM Y =
5ZQF JO BOE SVO UIF QSPHSBN BOE DPNNFOU PO BOZ QSPCMFNT ZPV TFF XJUI UIF QSPHSBN CPUI GSPN BO
FGàDJFODZ BOE BO PVUQVU QPJOU PG WJFX
C $POTJEFS QPTTJCMF SFTUSJDUJPOT PO UIF WBMVFT PG Y, Z BOE [ UP NBLF UIF BMHPSJUIN NPSF FGàDJFOU 8F XJMM
LFFQ UIF IZQPUFOVTF BT IBWJOH B MPOHFTU TJEF PG *G Y JT UP CF EFTJHOBUFE BT UIF TIPSUFTU TJEF JU DBO CF
B 'PS MPPQ XPSLJOH UISPVHI UIF WBMVFT GSPN UP
J *G Z JT OPX UIF CJHHFS PG UIF UXP TIPSUFS TJEFT SFXSJUF UIF 'PS MPPQ GPS Z GSPN JUT NJOJNVN QPTTJCMF
WBMVF UIJT XJMM CF JO UFSNT PG Y
VQ UP
JJ (JWFO [ JT UIF MPOHFTU TJEF SFXSJUF UIF 'PS MPPQ GPS [ GSPN JUT NJOJNVN QPTTJCMF WBMVF VQ UP
JJJ 3FSVO ZPVS QSPHSBN UP HFOFSBUF UIF 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMFT XJUI IZQPUFOVTF MFOHUI PS MFTT 8IBU
JNQSPWFNFOUT EP ZPV OPUJDF GSPN UIF QSPHSBN ZPV SBO JO QBSU B
D 5IF BMHPSJUIN DBO IBWF JUT FGàDJFODZ JODSFBTFE GVSUIFS CZ UBLJOH PVU UIF 'PS MPPQ GPS [ UIF
IZQPUFOVTF
BOE JOTUFBE DBMDVMBUJOH UIF WBMVF GPS [ CBTFE PO UIF Y BOE Z WBMVFT BOE DIFDLJOH JG [ JT BO
JOUFHFS 5IF áPX DIBSU GPS UIJT JT TIPXO CFMPX 'PS MPPQT DBO CF VTFE UP SVO UISPVHI UIF WBMVFT PG Y
BOE Z BOE JO UIJT áPX DIBSU XF BSF VTJOH Y BOE Z WBMVFT VQ UP
*NQMFNFOU UIJT áPX DIBSU JO B OFX QSPHSBN 5IF GVODUJPO G1BSU NBZ CF VTFGVM BT JU SFUVSOT UIF
GSBDUJPO QBSU PG B OVNCFS 'PS BO JOUFHFS ZPV XPVME HFU G1BSU PG UIF OVNCFS FRVBMT
BEGIN
x=1
y=x+1
CALCULATE:
z = √x2 + y2
Is z an No
integer?
x=x+1
Yes
y=y+1
OUTPUT:
x,y,z
No
Is y = 40?
Yes
No
Is x = 40?
Yes
END

2.3 Euclid’s algorithm for Pythagorean triples

&VDMJET GPSNVMB JT XFMM LOPXO BOE HFOFSBUFT UIF 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMFT 5IF GPSNVMB QSPEVDFT BMM UIF
QSJNJUJWF USJQMFT " QSJNJUJWF USJQMF PS CBTF USJBE
JT POF TVDI UIBU B, C BOE D IBWF OP DPNNPO EJWJTPS "MM
NVMUJQMFT PG UIFTF USJQMFT XJMM BMTP CF 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMFT 'PS FYBNQMF , ,
JT B QSJNJUJWF USJQMF XIJMF
, ,
JT B 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMF UIBU JT OPU QSJNJUJWF
5IF GPSNVMB TBZT UIBU GPS QPTJUJWF JOUFHFST N, O XJUI N > O
B = N - O C = NO D = N + O
B 4IPX UIBU B + C = D VTJOH UIF GPSNVMBT GPS B, C BOE D BCPWF
5P HFOFSBUF UIF QSJNJUJWF 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMFT JU JT SFRVJSFE UIBU N - O JT PEE BOE UIBU UIF HSFBUFTU DPNNPO
EJWJTPS PG N BOE O JT
C %FTJHO B áPX DIBSU UP JNQMFNFOU UIJT BMHPSJUIN BOE UVSO UIJT JOUP B QSPHSBN PO ZPVS DBMDVMBUPS 'PS
D Ä ZPVS QSPHSBN TIPVME HFOFSBUF QSJNJUJWF 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMFT 5IF DBMDVMBUPS IBT B HDE
GVODUJPO XIJDI SFUVSOT UIF HSFBUFTU DPNNPO EJWJTPS PG UXP OVNCFST
D &YUFOTJPO &YUFOE ZPVS QSPHSBN GSPN QBSU C UP HFOFSBUF BMM UIF 1ZUIBHPSFBO USJQMFT GPS D Ä
4UBUVF PG 1ZUIBHPSBT PO 4BNPT *TMBOE

Activity 3: Using simulations to find

probabilities Statistics and Probability
*O UIF QBTU ZPV NBZ IBWF TFFO TPNF TJNQMF TJNVMBUJPOT DBSSJFE PVU UP EFUFSNJOF QSPCBCJMJUJFT :PV XPVME
IBWF TFFO UIBU UIF NPSF USJBMT ZPV SVO UIF DMPTFS UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ GSPN UIF TJNVMBUJPOT XJMM CF
UP UIF UIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ 5IJT JT DBMMFE UIF MPOH SVO QSPQPSUJPO
4JNVMBUJPOT DBO BMTP CF VTFE UP HFU BO JEFB PG UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ XIFO UIF UIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ JT OPU
LOPXO PS JT EJGàDVMU UP àOE
5IF DBTFT CFMPX EFNPOTUSBUF TPNF TJUVBUJPOT XIFSF UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ JT OPU JNNFEJBUFMZ PCWJPVT BOE
XIFSF TJNVMBUJPOT DBO CF VTFE UP TFF UIF FWFOU JO BDUJPO BOE UIF SFTVMUJOH QSPCBCJMJUJFT
3.1 Walk the plank

*O UIF HBNF PG 8BML UIF 1MBOL B OVNCFSFE CPBSE SFQSFTFOUT UIF QMBOL
• 4FMFDU B TUBSUJOH QPTJUJPO TPNFXIFSF BMPOH UIF QMBOL
• 5PTT B DPJO UP EFUFSNJOF XIFUIFS ZPV UBLF POF TUFQ GPSXBSE IFBET
PS POF TUFQ CBDLXBSET UBJMT

• $POUJOVF UPTTJOH UIF DPJO VOUJM ZPV BSF FJUIFS A4BGF BOE CBDL PO CPBSE UIF TIJQ PS A0WFSCPBSE BOE
JOUP UIF XBUFS
RD
OVERBOA
B 1MBZ UIF HBNF UJNFT VTJOH B DPJO 4UBSU GSPN QPTJUJPO GBDJOH UIF EFDL $PVOU IPX NBOZ UJNFT ZPV
FOE VQ PWFSCPBSE BOE DBMDVMBUF UIF QSPQPSUJPO PG UJNFT ZPV FOE VQ PWFSCPBSE
C 1MBZ UIF BCPWF HBNF PODF NPSF 5IJOL BCPVU UIF QSPDFTTFT JOWPMWFE JG ZPV XFSF HPJOH UP XSJUF UIJT
HBNF BT BO BMHPSJUIN %JTDVTT ZPVS UIPVHIUT XJUI B QBSUOFS

D $PNQMFUF BO BMHPSJUIN áPX DIBSU UP EFTDSJCF POF SVOUISPVHI PG UIF HBNF 6TF UIF TZNCPMT VTFE JO
"DUJWJUZ
E #Z DPOTJEFSJOH ZPVS áPX DIBSU BCPWF àMM JO UIF CPYFT JO UIF QSPHSBN CFMPX UP DPNQMFUF JU 5IF DPJO
UPTT JT TJNVMBUFE CZ HFOFSBUJOH B SBOEPN OVNCFS PS BOE BTTJHOJOH BT IFBET BOE BT UBJMT Q JT UIF
WBSJBCMF XIJDI TUPSFT UIF QPTJUJPO PO UIF QMBOL
F &OUFS ZPVS QSPHSBN PO ZPVS $"4 DBMDVMBUPS 5IF 8IJMF MPPQ DBO CF GPVOE JO UIF $POUSPM NFOV *U
FOTVSFT UIF QSPHSBN LFFQT SVOOJOH XIJMF B DPOEJUJPO JT TUJMM CFJOH NFU
3VO ZPVS QSPHSBN UJNFT BOE DPVOU UIF OVNCFS PG UJNFT PWFSCPBSE BOE IFODF DBMDVMBUF UIF
QSPQPSUJPO PG UJNFT ZPV FOE VQ PWFSCPBSE
G .PEJGZ UIF BCPWF QSPHSBN UP VTF B 'PS MPPQ UP QMBZ UIF HBNF NVMUJQMF UJNFT BOE IBWF B DPVOUFS UP
DPVOU UIF OVNCFS PG UJNFT ZPV FOE VQ PWFSCPBSE
H .PEJGZ ZPVS QSPHSBN UP DBUFS GPS EJGGFSFOU TUBSU QPTJUJPOT 'PS FBDI TUBSU QPTJUJPO IBWF TJNVMBUJPOT
PG UIF HBNF BOE SFDPSE UIF OVNCFS PG UJNFT PWFSCPBSE JO B UBCMF MJLF UIF POF CFMPX
Start position, p Overboard tally Overboard frequency

$POTUSVDU B GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN GSPN ZPVS UBCMF $PNNFOU PO ZPVS SFTVMUT
I &YUFOTJPO $POTJEFS XBZT ZPV DPVME BEE FYUSB FMFNFOUT UP UIJT HBNF 0ODF ZPV IBWF TPNF JEFBT
EFTJHO UIF BMHPSJUIN BOE JNQMFNFOU UIF QSPHSBN UP TJNVMBUF ZPVS HBNF

3.2 The Monty Hall Problem

5IF .POUZ )BMM 1SPCMFN JT B QSPCBCJMJUZ QV[[MF CBTFE PO B HBNF TIPX BOE JT OBNFE BGUFS JUT PSJHJOBM IPTU
*O UIF HBNF TIPX ZPV IBWF UISFF EPPST XJUI B DBS QSJ[F CFIJOE POF EPPS BOE B HPBU CFIJOE FBDI PG UIF
PUIFS UXP EPPST
5IF DPOUFTUBOU TFMFDUT B EPPS 5IF IPTU XIP LOPXT XIBU JT CFIJOE FBDI EPPS
UIFO PQFOT POF PG UIF
PUIFS UXP EPPST BMXBZT PQFOJOH B EPPS XJUI B HPBU CFIJOE JU 5IF IPTU UIFO BTLT UIF DPOUFTUBOU JG UIFZ
XBOU UP TUBZ XJUI UIF EPPS UIFZ IBWF DIPTFO PS TXJUDI UP UIF PUIFS VOPQFOFE EPPS
5IF RVFTUJPO JT *T JU UP ZPVS BEWBOUBHF UP TXJUDI GSPN ZPVS PSJHJOBM DIPJDF PS TUBZ 0S EPFT JU NBUUFS
BU BMM
B 8JUI B QBSUOFS SVO UIF HBNF BCPWF UJNFT FBDI XIFSF POF PG ZPV JT UIF IPTU BOE POF UIF DPOUFTUBOU
J 3FDPSE JO B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF MJLF UIF POF CFMPX
UIF OVNCFS PG UJNFT TUBZJOH XJUI UIF TBNF EPPS
XPVME IBWF XPO BOE UIF OVNCFS PG UJNFT TXJUDIJOH XPVME IBWF XPO PVU PG UIF HBNFT
Stay with choice Switch choice

Tally Frequency Tally Frequency
Winning move
JJ 'SPN ZPVS SFTVMUT DPNF VQ XJUI B IZQPUIFTJT UP UFTU XIFUIFS ZPV BSF CFUUFS PGG TUBZJOH XJUI ZPVS
DIPJDF PS TXJUDIJOH
JJJ $PNCJOF ZPVS SFTVMUT XJUI UXP PS UISFF PUIFS PG QBJST %PFT ZPVS IZQPUIFTJT IPME VQ
C 5P DBSSZ PVU UIF TJNVMBUJPO PS NPSF UJNFT XF DBO XSJUF B QSPHSBN UP EP UIJT 5IJOL BCPVU UIF
QSPDFTTFT JOWPMWFE JO UIF HBNF BCPWF 6TF UIJT UP EFTJHO BO BMHPSJUIN áPX DIBSU UIBU SVOT UIF
TJNVMBUJPO B OVNCFS PG UJNFT BOE DPVOUT BOE EJTQMBZT IPX NBOZ UJNFT TUBZJOH XJOT BOE IPX NBOZ
UJNFT TXJUDIJOH XJOT 6TF UIF TZNCPMT GSPN "DUJWJUZ

D " QSPHSBN GPS UIF .POUZ )BMM TJNVMBUJPO JT TIPXO CFMPX 5IF UISFF EPPST BSF TUPSFE JO B MJTU " GPS B
EPPS SFQSFTFOUT B HPBU TUBOEJOH CFIJOE UIF EPPS XIJMF B JOEJDBUFT UIF QSJ[F JT CFIJOE UIBU EPPS &BDI
EPPS JT JOJUJBMJTFE XJUI B JO MJOF
J )PX EPFT JU DPNQBSF UP UIF BMHPSJUIN áPX DIBSU ZPV QSFQBSFE JO QBSU C
JJ "OBMZTF UIF QSPHSBN BOE DPNNFOU PO UIF GPMMPXJOH
• )PX NBOZ UJNFT EPFT UIF TJNVMBUJPO SVO
• 8IBU JT IBQQFOJOH JO MJOF
• 8IBU JT UIF QVSQPTF PG UIF 8IJMF MPPQ MJOFT BOE
JO UIJT QSPHSBN
• )PX BSF UIF TUBZ BOE TXJUDI DPVOUFST DPOUSPMMFE
JJJ &OUFS BOE SVO UIF QSPHSBN PO B $"4 DBMDVMBUPS :PV DBO BMUFS UIF OVNCFS PG TJNVMBUJPOT UP TFF IPX
UIF SFTVMUT WBSZ
JW )PX EP UIF SFTVMUT DPNQBSF XJUI QBSU B %PFT ZPVS IZQPUIFTJT TUJMM IPME 8IBU XPVME ZPV OPX TBZ
JO BOTXFS UP UIF RVFTUJPOT "SF ZPV CFUUFS PGG TUBZJOH PS TXJUDIJOH 8IBU JT ZPVS DIBODF PG
XJOOJOH JG ZPV TXJUDI

*OEFY
""" DPOHSVFOU HSBEJFOU

""4 DPOTUBOU HSBEJFOUJOUFDFQU GPSN
BEEJUJPO SVMF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ HSPVQJOH
BMHFCSBJD GSBDUJPOT DPOTUBOU UFSN HSPXUI
BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT
BMUFSOBUF TFHNFOU UIFPSFN IBMG QMBOF
BNCJHVPVT DBTF DPT h
IJHIFTU DPNNPO GBDUPS )$'

BNQMJUVEF DPTJOF SVMF IJTUPHSBNT
BOHMF PG EFQSFTTJPO DVCJD IZQFSCPMB
BOHMF PG FMFWBUJPO DZDMJD RVBESJMBUFSBM IZQPUFOVTF
BQFY DZMJOEFS
BTTPDJBUJWF JEFOUJUZ
BTZNQUPUF EFDBZ JOEFQFOEFOU
BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ EJGGFSFODF PG QFSGFDU TRVBSFT %014
JOEFY MBX
JOEFY MBX
CJOPNJBM QSPEVDUT EJGGFSFODF PG TRVBSFT JOEFY MBX
CJTFDU EJMBUFT JOFRVBMJUZ TJHOT
CJWBSJBUF EBUB EJMBUJPO JOàOJUF OPOSFDVSSJOH EFDJNBM
CPY QMPU EJSFDUMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM JOUFSDFQUT
CSBODI QSPCBCJMJUJFT EJTDSJNJOBOU JOUFSQPMBUJPO
EJTUSJCVUJWF MBX JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF
DBQBDJUZ EPNBJO JOUFSTFDUJOH SFHJPO
$BSUFTJBO FRVBUJPO EPU QMPU JOUFSTFDUJPO
DIBODF JOWFSTF
DIPSE FMJNJOBUJPO JOWFSTF PQFSBUJPOT
DIPSE UIFPSFN FNQUZ TFU JOWFSTF USJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPOT
DIPSE UIFPSFN FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM
DIPSE UIFPSFN FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ PVUDPNFT JOWFSUFE
DIPSE UIFPSFN FRVBUJPO JSSBUJPOBM OVNCFST
DJSDMF
DJSDMF UIFPSFN LJUFT
DJSDMF UIFPSFN FRVJEJTUBOU
DJSDMF UIFPSFN FWFOU MFBEJOH UFSN
DJSDMF UIFPSFN FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ MFBTU TRVBSFT
DJSDVNGFSFODF FYQPOFOUJBM MFOHUI PG B MJOF TFHNFOU
DPFGàDJFOU FYQPOFOUJBM FRVBUJPO MJLF TVSET
DPFGàDJFOUT FYQPOFOUJBM GPSNVMB MJLF UFSNT
DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT FYQPOFOUJBM SFMBUJPOT MJNJUT PG BDDVSBDZ
DPMVNO HSBQI FYQSFTTJPO MJOF PG CFTU àU
DPNNPO GBDUPST FYUFSJPS BOHMF MJOFBS
DPNNVUBUJWF FYUFSJPS BOHMF UIFPSFN MJOFBS FRVBUJPO
DPNQMFNFOU FYUSBQPMBUJPO MJOFBS JOFRVBMJUJFT
DPNQMFNFOUBSZ MJOFBS SFHSFTTJPO
DPNQMFUF UIF TRVBSF GBDUPS UIFPSFN MPHBSJUIN
DPNQMFUJOH UIF TRVBSF GBDUPSJTBUJPO MPOH SVO QSPQPSUJPO
DPNQPTJUF TPMJET GBDUPSJTF MPXFS CPVOEBSJFT
DPNQPVOE JOUFSFTU MPXFS GFODF
DPOEJUJPOBM QSPCBCJMJUZ àWFàHVSF TVNNBSZ MPXFS RVBSUJMF
DPOF GVODUJPO MPXFTU DPNNPO EFOPNJOBUPS -$%
DPOHSVFODF GVODUJPO OPUBUJPO

NBKPS BSD RVBESBUJD TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO
NBKPS TFDUPS RVBESBUJD GPSNVMB TUBUJTUJDBM EBUB
NBKPS TFHNFOU TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU
NBYJNVN UVSOJOH QPJOU RVBESJMBUFSBMT TVCTUJUVUJPO
NBYJNVN WBMVF RVBSUJD TVCUFOEFE
NFBO TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
NFBTVSFT PG TQSFBE SBEJBO TVSET
NFEJBO SBOHF TVSWFZT
NFEJBONFEJBO SBUF PG JOUFSFTU TZNNFUSJDBM
NJEQPJOU SBUJPOBM JOEJDFT TZNNFUSZ
NJOJNVN UVSOJOH QPJOU SBUJPOBM OVNCFST
NJOJNVN WBMVF SBUJPOBMJTJOH B EFOPNJOBUPS UBO h

NJOPS BSD SFBM UBOHFOU
NJOPS TFDUPS SFDJQSPDBM UFSN
NJOPS TFHNFOU SFDUBOHMF UFSNJOBUJOH EFDJNBM
NPEF SFDUBOHMFT UJNFTFSJFT EBUB
NPOJD RVBESBUJDT SFDUBOHVMBS IZQFSCPMB UPUBM TVSGBDF BSFB
NVUVBMMZ FYDMVTJWF SFDVSSJOH EFDJNBM USBOTMBUFT
SFGFSFODF BOHMF USBOTMBUJPO
OFU SFáFDUJPO USBQF[JVNT
OPONPOJD SFHVMBS QPMZHPOT USFF EJBHSBNT
OVMM SFMBUJPO USFOE MJOF
/VMM 'BDUPS -BX SFNBJOEFS UIFPSFN USJBM
SFQMBDFNFOU USJBOHMFT
SFWPMVUJPO
PG EFHSFF SIPNCVT USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJP
POMZ SIPNCVTFTFT USVF CFBSJOHT 5

PVUDPNF 3)4 UVSOJOH QPJOU GPSN
PVUMJFS UXPTUFQ FYQFSJNFOUT
PVUMJFST 4BNQMF UXPXBZ UBCMF
TBNQMF TQBDF
QBSBCPMB VOJPO
QBSBMMFM CPY QMPUT TBNQMF TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO VOJRVF
QBSBMMFM MJOFT 4"4 VOJU DJSDMF
QBSBMMFMPHSBN TDBMF GBDUPS VOJWFSTBM TFU
QBSBMMFMPHSBNT TDBUUFS QMPU VQQFS CPVOEBSZ
QFS BOOVN TDJFOUJàD OPUBUJPO VQQFS GFODF
QFSGFDU TRVBSF TFDBOU VQQFS RVBSUJMF
QFSGFDU TRVBSFT TFDUPS VQSJHIU
QFSJNFUFS TFU
QFSJPE TJHOJàDBOU àHVSFT 7FOO EJBHSBN
QFSQFOEJDVMBS MJOFT TJNJMBS WFSUFY
QPJOU PG DPOUBDU TJNJMBS àHVSFT WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF BOHMFT
QPJOU PG JOUFSTFDUJPO TJNJMBSJUZ WFSUJDFT
QPMZHPOT TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT WPMVNF
QPMZOPNJBM TJNVMUBOFPVT JOFRVBMJUJFT
TJO h
XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU
QPMZOPNJBM FRVBUJPO TJOF SVMF XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
QPQVMBUJPO TLFXFE
QPQVMBUJPO TUBOEBSE EFWJBUJPO TQIFSF YJOUFSDFQU
QSJODJQBM TRVBSF
QSPOVNFSBM TRVBSF GBDUPS
QZSBNJE TRVBSFT ZJOUFSDFQU
1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN 444

Answers
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 1

( )n
4
b The perimeter increases indefinitely as 3x → ∞ as
1 x6 + 6x5 y + 15x4 y2 + 20x3 y3 + 15x2 y4 + 6xy5 + y6 3
2 99 n → ∞. The area approaches a finite value as area change
√ ( )n
3 i x = 15 ii x = 450 iii x = 6 3 2 3 4
x × → 0 as n → ∞.
1 4 4 9
4 , $56
8 2 77 cm, 181 cm
5 24 cm √
3 2k(2 3 - 3)
6 a i 11.8 seconds ii 6.5 seconds 4 22°
1 1 1 1
b , , 5 y=3
4 2 4 4
7 XY = 5.6 cm 6 x = 0.9, y = 3.3
8 35 √
7 16 10 cm
9 72 8 20 students; 6 with 100%, 7 with 75%, 7 with 76%,
10 Charlie 23 years, Bob 68 years mean = 82.85%.
D 1
11 9 9 units
2 8
1 10 a 11
12 b = 1
3 b 28
13 k = 11 c 20
14 V = 27 cm3 , TSA = 54 cm2 3
d
2
15 4 cm < third side < 20 cm. Its length is between the 11 640
addition and subtraction of the other two sides. 12 P to R : 145°, 1606 m; R to S : 295°, 789 m; S to Q : 51°,
16 785 1542 m; Q to P : 270°, 1400 m
17 n + 1 1 1
13 y = x2 - x + 1 or y = (x - 4)2 - 1
18 10 8 8
19 3 : 5 y
x=4
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 2
( )5
4 1 (4, 1)
1 a i P = 3 × 45 × x5 or P = 3x ;
3 3 x
O 1.2 6.8
x
P = 3 × 4n × n (4, −1)
3
√ √ ( )2 y = −3
3 2 3 x
ii A = x +3× +
4 4 3
√ ( )2 √ ( )2
3 x 2 3 x
3×4× +3×4 ×
4 32 4 33
√ ( )
3 x 2
Area change = 3 × 4n-1 ×
4 3n
774
14 a 9 a 5x + 23 b 10a + 26 c 21y + 3 d 15m + 6
Hours 1st and 6th 2nd and 5th 3rd and 4th
Answers
e 10 f 11t - 1 g 3x2 + 15x h 15z - 7
% change i -11d3 j 9q4 - 9q3
from 6.7% 18.3% 25%
10 a 3(x - 3) b 4(x - 2)
equation
c 10(y + 2) d 6(y + 5)
% change e x(x + 7) f 2a(a + 4)
from ‘rule 8.3% 16.7% 25%
g 5x(x - 1) h 9y(y - 7)
of thumb’
i xy(1 - y) j x2 y(1 - 4y)
The percentage change per hour for the ‘rule of thumb’ is k 8a2 (b + 5) l ab(7a + 1)
1.6 points higher for the 1st and 6th hours, 1.6 points lower m -5t(t + 1) n -6mn(1 + 3n)
in the 2nd and 5th hours and the same in the middle two o -y(y + 8z)
hours. Overall, this is quite an accurate ‘rule of thumb’. 11 a -32 b 7 c 61 d 12
b The proportion of tide height change 1 13 7
e - f g - h 1
1[ ] 2 5 5
= cos(30t1 ) - cos(30t2 )
√ 2 12 a 2x2 + 6x b x2 - 5x
1+ 5 x2
13 a P = 4x - 4, A = - 2x - 4
15 , 1.618034
2
b P = 4x + 2, A = 3x - 1
c P = 4x + 14, A = 7x + 12
Chapter 1 14 a (-2)(-2) = 4, negative signs cancel
b a2 > 0 Â - a2 < 0 c (-2)3 = (-2)(-2)(-2) = -8
Exercise 1A 15 a True b False, 1 - 2 ¢ 2 - 1 c True
1 2
d False, ¢ e True
1 C 2 1
2 D f False, 3 - (2 - 1) ¢ (3 - 2) - 1 g True
3 a 7 b 1 c -4 d -9 e
1 h False, 8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) ¢ (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2
2
x+y y
1 2 7 16 a or x +
f - g h - 2 2
5 7 3
b It could refer to either of the above, depending on
4 a yes
5 a 9
b yes
b -8
c no
c -8 d -9 interpretation. 1A
6 a 10a b 15d c 0 d 5xy c ‘Half (
of the sum
) of a and b’(or ‘a plus
) b all divided by 2’.
π π 2
e 4ab f 9t g 9b h -st2 17 a P= 4+ x + 2, A = 1 + x +x
2 4
i -3m2 n j -0.7a2 b k 2gh + 5 l 12xy - 3y ( ) ( )
m 3a + 7b n 8jk - 7j o ab2 + 10a2 b π π 2
b P= 6+ x - 6, A = 3 - x - 3x
p 2mn - m2 nq 5st - s2 t r 3x3 y4 + 2xy2 2 4
( )
π 2
7 a 12ab b 25ab c -6ad d -10hm c P = 2πx, A = 1 + x
2
e 30ht f 30bl g 12s2 t h -21b2 d5
i 8a2 b4 j 24p3 q k -18h5 i5 l 63m2 pr mx Exercise 1B
a ab
n 3ab o - p - q 2b 5 3
3 4 1 a 1 b c 2 d
y a 6 4
r -3x s - t - 2 3 7t b2 c
2 2 2 a b c - d -
3 7a 4xy 8x2 a
8 a 5x + 5 b 2x + 8 c 3x - 15
a 1
d -20 - 5b e -2y + 6 f -7a - 7c 3 a 5x b 4x c d e 5x f -2x
4 3a
g 6m + 18 h 4m - 12n + 20 1 4 3x 6b
g -9b h -2y i - j - k - l
i -2p + 6q + 4 j 2x2 + 10x k 6a2 - 24a 2p 9st y 7
l -12x2 + 16xy m 15y2 + 3yz - 24y 4 a x+2 b a-5 c 3x - 9 d 1 - 3y
n 36g - 18g2 - 45gh o -8ab + 14a2 - 20a e 1 + 6b f 1 - 3x g 3-t h x-4
p 14y2 - 14y3 - 28y q -6a3 + 3a2 + 3a 1 + 2a
i x+2 j 3 - 2x k a-1 l
r -5t4 - 6t3 - 2t s 6m4 - 2m3 + 10m2 3
t x4 - x u 3s4 - 6st
775
x-1 x+4 9x + 23 7x + 11
5 a b c -4 6 a b
2x 5x 20 12
Answers
4 5a 3x + 1 4x + 9
d e 5 f c d
9 2 4 9
1 8x - 1 8x + 3
g 2 h 15 i - e f
2 6 10
18 7x + 2 5x - 1
6 a 3 b 3 c g h
5 24 5
3 4 1 x+1
d e f i
4 3 25 14
5 2 1
g - h i - x+5 6x + 5
3 5 3 7 a b
6 12
7 a x+1 b 2 c 4
-2x + 38 3x - 23
4 x+3 c d
8 a 3x b c 15 14
3a 5
14x - 8 18x - 9 6x - 3
4 4 2b2 e f =
d e f 21 6 2
x 7x b-1
x + 14 -14x - 7
10 3x g h
9 a b 30 15
x-3 1-x
-3x + 10
3(x + 2) 10x i
c d 4
2 3
7x + 22 7x - 13
x-1 35x2 8 a b
e f (x + 1)(x + 4) (x - 7)(x + 2)
2x (2 - x)(x - 1)
10 a x-1 b 3(x + 2) c 2(x - 3) 3x - 1 x - 18
c d
4 -5 (x - 3)(x + 5) (x + 3)(x - 4)
d e f 4(x - 1)
x+2 1-x -21 14x - 26
e f
11 Factorise and cancel to 1. (2x - 1)(x - 4) (x - 5)(3x - 4)
12 a 1 - x = -(x - 1) 41 - 7x 3x + 17
g h
-7 -12 7 (2x - 1)(x + 7) (x - 3)(3x + 4)
b i ii iii
3 x 2 14 - 17x
i
x+2 1 (3x - 2)(1 - x)
13 a b x c
2 3 9 a i a2 ii x2
3
d e 4(a + 1) 2a - 3 a2 + a - 4 3x + 14
2(x + 2) b i ii iii
a2 a2 4x2
1 x-y (y + 2)
f g h x-2
(a + 1)(a - 3) xy x 10 The 2 in the second numerator needs to be subtracted, .
6
11 a -(3 - 2x) = -3 + 2x (-1 × -2x = 2x)
Exercise 1C 2 2x x+3
b i ii iii
1 a 2x - 4 b -x - 6 c -6x + 12 x-1 3-x 7-x
5 17 5 17 5a + 2
2 a b c d
6 15 14 6 12 a -1 b
a2
3 a 12 b 6 c 14 d 2x 3x + 5 3x - x2
c d
3a + 14 4a + 3 3 - 15b (x + 1)2 (x - 2)2
4 a b c 21x - 9x2 yz - xz - xy
21 8 10 e f
4x + 6 1 - 6a 2a 14(x - 3)2 xyz
d e f
15 9 15 13 a 2 b 1
3x 11b
g h
20 14
2a + 15 3a + 8
5 a b Exercise 1D
3a 4a
7a - 27 16 - 3b 1 a no b no c yes d yes
c d
9a 4b 2 a true b false c false
4b - 21 27 - 14y 3 a false b true c true
e f
14b 18y 4 a 5 b 8 c -3 d 4
-12 - 2x -27 - 2x 5 11 1 11
g h e f g - h -
3x 6x 2 4 3 6
776
3 9 4 Exercise 1E
i -4 j k - l -
2 2 3
Answers
11 1 a 3, 6, 10 (Answers may vary.)
m -2 n 7 o -2 p
9 b -4, -3, -2 (Answers may vary.)
23 5 c 5, 6, 7 (Answers may vary.)
5 a 1 b 9 c d -
2 6
d -8.5, -8.4, -8.3 (Answers may vary.)
9 2
e - f g 1 h 2
11 3 2 a B b C c A
i 4 j 7 k -9 l 5 3 11, 12 or 13 rabbits
m 19 n 23 o 1 4 a xÅ1 b x<7 c xÄ4 d x > -9
6 a 10 b 13 c -22 d 4 e -2 < x Ä 1 f 8 < x Ä 11 g -9 < x < -7
e -5 f 6 g 16 h 4 h 1.5 Ä x Ä 2.5 i -1 Ä x < 1
i -9 j 8 k 6 l -7 5 a x<4
m 20 n 15 o -9 p 5
x
7 a x + 3 = 7, x = 4 b x + 8 = 5, x = -3 4
c x - 4 = 5, x = 9 d 15 - x = 22, x = -7 b xÅ5
5
e 2x + 5 = 13, x = 4 f 2(x - 5) = -15, x = - x
2 5
g 3x + 8 = 23, x = 5 h 2x - 5 = x - 3, x = 2 c xÅ4
7
8 a 1 b 0 c -17 d x
2 4
27 28 13 2 d x Ä 10
e f g h
23 5 14 5
94 x
i 10
11 e xÄ2
9 a 1 b 6 c 2 d 25
x
10 17 cm 2
f x>3
11 17 and 18
x
12 24 km
13 a $214 g x>6
3 1E
b $582
x
c i 1 ii 10.5 iii 21 6
14 a 41 L b 90 s = 1 min 30 s h xÄ6
c 250 s = 4 min 10 s x
15 a 6 b 4 c -15 d 20 e 3 6
f 6 g 1 h -26 i x < -18
i -10 x
16 x = 9. Method 2 is better, expanding the brackets is −18
j x > 32
unnecessary, given 2 is a factor of 8.
a 5 x
17 a 5 - a b c
6 a 32
2a + 1 3a + 1 c-b 10
d e f k xÄ
a a a 9
c b x
18 a a = b a= 10
b+1 b+1 9
1 b 3
c a= d a= l x<-
c-b b-1 8
bc
e a = -b f a= x
b-c
−0.375
ab abc
19 a 6a b c 2
a+b b-a 6 a xÅ- b x<2 c x Ä -5 d x Ä -7
5
e x < -8 f xÅ4 g x Å -10 h x < -21
777
5 Exercise 1F
7 a x>6 b xÄ2 c x< d x Å 10
2
Answers
1 11 1 a y = -2x + 5, m = -2, c = 5
e xÄ f x<
16 4 b y = 2x - 3, m = 2, c = -3
5 x c y = x - 7, m = 1, c = -7
8 a 2x + 7 < 12, x < b 4 - Å -2, x Ä 12
2 2 2x 3 2 3
d y = - - ,m = - ,c = -
1 5 5 5 5
c 3(x + 1) Å 2, x Å -
3 21
d x + (x + 2) Ä 24, x Ä 10 since x must be even 2 a i 3 ii 6 iii
2
e (x - 6) + (x - 4) + (x - 2) + x Ä 148, x Ä 40
8
9 a i C < $1.30 ii C > $2.30 b i 2 ii 6 iii
3
b i less than 9 min ii 16 min or more
11 11 14 3 a i b iv c ii
10 a x < -5 b xÅ c xÅ d xÄ
4 29 5 d iii e v f vi
27 1 4 a yes b yes c no
e xÅ f x<
29 2 d no e yes f no
11 a An infinite number of whole numbers (all the ones greater 5 a m = 5, c = -3
than 8). y
b 1, 3 is the only whole number.
12 a x Å
a+3
b x < 2 - 4a y = 5x −3
10
(1, 2)
7 a-7
c x < 1 - or x < if a > 0. x
a a O
Reverse the inequality if a < 0.
−3
13 a -4 Ä x < 5 b -9.5 < x Ä -7 c x = 10
14 a 3 Ä x Ä 9
x
b m = 2, c = 3
3 9
b -7 Ä x Ä 3 y
x
−7 3 (1, 5) y = 2x + 3
c -9 Ä x < -7
3
x
−9 −7 x
O
3
d - ÄxÄ2
2
x
−1.5 2
7 c m = -2, c = -1
e -3 Ä x Ä
3 y
x
−3 7
3 y = −2x −1
f -4 Ä x Ä -2
x
x
−4 −2 −1 O
g 11 Ä x Ä 12 (1, −3)
x
11 12
15
h 1Äx<
4
x
1 15
4
19
15 a x Å 23 b x< c xÄ1
5
778
d m = -1, c = 2 7
h m = - ,c = 6
2
Answers
y y
y = −x + 2 6 y = − 72 x + 6
2 (1, 1)
x x
O O (2, −1)
e m = 1, c = -4 i m = 0.5, c = -0.5
y y
y = 0.5x − 0.5
y=x−4
O (2, 0.5)
x x
O −0.5
(1, −3)
−4
j m = -1, c = 1
3
f m = - ,c = 1 y
2
y
y=1−x
y= − 32 x+1
1 1
x
O
1
O
x 1F
(2,−2)
2
k m = ,c = 3
3
4 y
g m = , c = -2
3 2
y= 3x +3
y (3 , 5)
3
y = 43 x −2 x
O
(3, 2)
x
O
−2
l m = -0.2, c = 0.4
y
y = 0.4 − 0.2x
(0.4)
(1, 0.2)
x
O
779
6 a m = -3, c = 12 1
f m = -1, -c = -
y 3
Answers
y
1
12 y = −x − 3
y = −3x + 12 (1, 9)
x
x O
O − 13 (1, − ) 4
3
5
b m = -5, c = g m = -4, c = -8
2
y y
x
2.5 O
x
O
(1, −2.5) y = −4x − 8
y = −5x + 5 −8
2
(1, −12)
c m = 1, c = -7
y
1 1
h m = - ,c =
2 4
y
x
O
y = x −7
0.25
(1, −6) x
−7 O (2, −0.75)
d m = 1, c = -2
y = − 12 x + 14
y
7 a x = 2, y = -6
y=x−2
y
x
O (1, −1)
2 x
−2
O
y = 3x − 6
−6
4
e m = , c = -3
3 b x = -2, y = 4
y
y
4
y= 3x −3
y = 2x + 4
(3, 1)
x 4
O
−3
−2 x
O
780
c x = -2.5, y = 10 g x = 4, y = 6
Answers
y y
y = − 32 x + 6
y = 4x + 10
10 6
−2.5 x 4 x
O O
h x = 5, y = 2
y
4
d x = , y = -4 y = − 25 x + 2
3
y
2
y = 3x − 4
x
O 5
O x
4
3 i x = -8, y = 6
−4 y
y = 34 x + 6
6
e x = 3.5, y = 7
y
x
−8 O
y = −2x + 7
7 1F
x j x = 5, y = 2.5
O 3.5
y
y = − 12 x + 5
2
f x = 8, y = 4 2.5
y
x
O 5
y = − 12 x + 4
4 7 7
k x = ,y =
3 4
x y
O 8
y = − 34 x + 74
1.75
x
O 7
3
781
12
l x = -6, y = e y
5
Answers
y
y=0
x
2 12 O
2.4 y= 5x + 5
x
−6 O
f y
x=0
8 a y
x
O
y = −4
x
O
g y
(1, 4)
−4
y = 4x
b y
x
O
y=1
1
x
O
h y
y = −3x
c y
x=2 x
O
2
x (1, −3)
O
i y
d y
y = −13x
x
x = − 52 O
(3, −1)
x
−2.5 O
j y
(2, 5)
y = −52 x
x
O
782
3 7
k y 15 a gradient = , y-intercept =
a a
Answers
b gradient = a, y-intercept = -b
a 3
c gradient = - , y-intercept =
x b b
O
(1, −1) d d a
16 a b c -
a b b
121
17 a 12 sq. units b 9 sq. units c sq. units
l y 4
121 32
d sq. units e sq. units
5 3
4
Exercise 1G
x
O
1 a y = 4x - 10 b y = -x + 3 c y = -x - 7
1 11
d y= x+
2 2
2 a 2 b 3 c 0 d -4
9 a C = 2n + 10 e -3 f Undefined
b y 1 5
3 a b 2 c d 3
4 2
35 5
(10, 30) e 0 f 0 g -1 h
30 2
25 C = 2n + 10 i -1 j Undefined
3
k l -
3
20 2 2
15 4 a y=x+3 b y=x-2
10 c y = 3x + 6 d y = -3x + 4
5 e y=4 f y = -7x - 10
x 5 a y = 2x + 4 b y = 4x - 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c i $28 ii 23.5 kg
c y=x-4
e y = -3x - 4
d y = -2x + 12
f y = -3x - 2
1G
10 a V = 90 - 1.5t
6 a y = 3x + 5 b y = -2x + 4
b y 1 3
c y= x- d y = -2x - 2
2 2
90
7 a A = 500t + 15 000
80
b $15 000
70
c 4 years more, i.e 10 years from investment
60
V = 90 − 1.5t d $21 250
50
40
8 a y
30 90
20 80 C = 10t + 20
10 70
x 60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
50
c i 82.5 L ii 60 hours
40
11 a $7 per hour b P = 7t
30
12 a $0.05/km b C = 0.05k c C = 1200 + 0.05k
20
13 a m = 25 b The cyclist started 30 km from home.
10
c (0, 30) x
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
14 a y = x + , gradient = 1
2 b C = 10t + 20
b y = 0.5x + 1.5, y-intercept = 1.5 c i $10 per hour ii $20 up-front fee
c y = -3x + 7, gradient = -3
1 1
d y = x - 2, gradient =
2 2
783
9 a i V = 4t ii V = 3t 11 a = -4, 0
Answers
iii V = t + 1 iv V = 1.5t + 2 y
b 1 L, 2 L
c Initially the flask contains b litres and it is losing 1 litre 3 y=3
per minute. (−4, 3)
-5 5 d = √20
10 a m= = -1 b m= = -1
5 -5
c It doesn’t matter in which pair of points is (x1 , y1 ) x
O
and which is (x2 , y2 ).
4 (−2, −1)
11 a -
3
4x 13
b y=- +
3 3 ( ) ( ) ( )
4x 13 1 1 4 4 8
c y=- + 12 a ,2 b - , c ,
3 3 (2 ) ( 3 3) (3 3)
d The results from parts b and c are the same (when 16 3 8
d 2, e - ,1 f 0,
simplified). So it doesn’t matter which point on the line is 5 4 5
√
used in the formula y - y1 = m(x - x1 ). 13 a 2
(x - 7) + y 2
√
1 2 b (x - 7)2 + (x + 3)2
12 a i = 0.02 ii = 0.04
50 50 c i 721 m ii 707 m iii 721 m iv 762 m
b i y = 0.02x + 1.5 ii y = 0.04x + 1.5
d x=2
c The archer needs m to be between 0.02 and 0.04 to hit the
e The distance will be a minimum when the dotted line
target.
joining Sarah to the fence is perpendicular to the fence
(when it has gradient -1). The closest point is (2, 5).
Exercise 1H
( )
√ 9
1 a 4 b 5 c 41 d 3, Progress quiz
√ √ 2
2 a 4 b 4 c 32 = 4 2 1 a 9a2 b + 2ab + 8b b -12x3 y c 13m + 14
d (0, -3) 7-x m+3
2 a 4k b a-4 c d
√ √ 2 3m
3 a d = 20 = 2 5, M = (2, 5)
√ 9a 5
b d = 97, M = (2, 3.5) e f
√ 2 2
c d = 41, M = (-1, 1.5)
√ 6+m 4x - 15 14 - 3a 3m - 13
d d = 37, M = (-1, -1.5) 3 a b c d
√ √ √ √ 8 6x 24 (m - 1)(m - 3)
4 a 29 b 58 c 37 d 65
√ √ √
e 37 f 15 g 101 h 193 3 9
√ 4 a x=5 b k=- c m = 30 d a=-
i 37 2 2
5 a (1, 6.5) b (1.5, 2.5) c (-0.5, 1) d (-1, 4.5) 5 a a>3
e (1, -1.5) f (-3.5, 3) g (-3, -0.5) h (2, 2.5)
i (-7, 10.5) 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 B and C are both 5 units away from (2, 3). b x Å -4
7 a a = 3, b = 5 b a = -4, b = 5
c a = -2, b = 2 d a = 11, b = 2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
8 a 3, 7 b -1, 3 c -1, 9 d -6, 0 c m<4
9 a 1478 m b 739 m
10 a (-0.5, 1) b (-0.5, 1) 0 1 2 3 4 5
c These are the same. The order of the points doesn’t d a Å -2
matter since addition is commutative (x1 + x2 …)
(x1 + x2 = x2 + x1 ). −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
d 5 e 5 6 a (-3, 2) is not on the line.
f The order of the points doesn’t matter (x - y)2 = b (-3, 2) is on the line.
(y - x)2 , as (-3)2 = (3)2 .
784
3 4 a parallel b parallel c neither
7 a gradient = - , y-intercept = 1
2
Answers
d neither e perpendicular f perpendicular
y
g parallel h parallel i perpendicular
4 j perpendicular
3 5 a y=x+4 b y = -x - 6
2 2
c y = -4x - 1 d y= x-6
1 3
O x 4 1
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 e y=- x+7 f y=- x+6
5 2
−2 (2, −2) 1 3
g y= x-2 h y=- x+5
−3 4 2
−4 3 7
i y=- x-5 j y = x + 31
4 2
6 a x=6 b x=0
b x-intercept = -3, y-intercept = -2
c y = 11 d y = 8.4
y
e y=3 f y = -3
4 g x=
2
h x=-
4
3 3 11
2 2 5 54
7 a y= x+5 b y=- x+
1 3 7 7
O x 2 16
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 c y= x+ d y = 7x + 20
3 3
−2 3 7 28
8 a y=- x+5 b y= x+
−3 2 5 5
−4 3
c y=- x+1 d y=- x-
1 10
2 7 7
2 5
9 The second line has equation y = - x- . It cuts the
c, d, e y 3 3
5
4
3
cy=3 x-axis at x = - .
2
9
1I
2 10 a 14 b -2 c 5 d
7
1
O x 11 a m b -
a
c -
1
d
b
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 b m a
3x
−2 ey=− 12 a y = 2x + b - 2a b y = mx + b - ma
d x = −2 4
−3 1 a
(4, −3) c y=x+b-a d y=- x+b+
−4 m m
13 a i 1 ii -1 iii 1 iv -1
8 a y = 2x + 3
3 b AB is parallel to CD, BC is parallel to DA, AB and CD are
b y=- x+8
2 perpendicular to BC and DA; i.e. opposite sides are parallel
c x=5
√ √ and adjacent sides are perpendicular.
9 midpoint (4, -1); length = 80 (or 4 5) c rectangle.
10 a = 11 or a = -1 4 3
14 a i ii - iii 0
3 4
Exercise 1I
b Right-angled triangle ( AB is perpendicular to BC ).
3 8
1 a 4 b -7 c - d c 20
4 7 1
1 1 8 9 15 y = - x + 4, x-intercept = 8
2 a - b c - d 2
3 2 7 4
3 a 5 b 4 c y = 5x + 4
785
Exercise 1J e (1, 4) y
Answers
1 a yes b yes c no
d no e no f no (1, 4)
y=x+3
g yes
( ) h no
7 x
2 a ,3 y O
2
y = − 23 x + 14
3
y = 2x − 4
f (1, -4) y
(3.5, 3) y=3
x y = 3x − 7
O
y = 2x − 6
( ) x
O
1
b , -2
2 (1, −4)
y
y = 2x − 3
g No intersection (lines are parallel).
x y
O
y = −2
y = 3x − 3
y = 3x + 9
x
c (2, 4) y O
x=2
y=4
(2, 4)
h No intersection (lines are parallel).
x y
O
y=x
y=x+4
x
d (-1, 0) y O
x = −1
y=0 ( )
x 1 17
O i - ,
(−1, 0) 5 5
y
(−0.2, 3.4)
x
O
y = 3x + 4 y = −2x + 3
786
3 a i Joe’s: $60, Paul’s: $150 g x = 2, y = -1 h x = 2, y = 2
Answers
ii Joe’s: $0.20 per km, Paul’s: $0.10 per km i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 2, y = 1
iii Joe’s: C = 0.2k + 60, Paul’s: C = 0.1k + 150 k x = 2, y = 1 l x = -1, y = 2
iv 900 km 5 a x = 1, y = 1 b x = 4, y = 2
b Joe’s Car Rental c x = 2, y = 1 d x = 4, y = -3
c Paul’s Motor Mart 1 1 1
e x = ,y = 1 f x = - ,y =
4 a x = 2, y = 7 b x = 2, y = 5 2 2 2
c x = 3, y = 1 d x = 2, y = 1 6 a x = 4, y = -3 b x = 1, y = 1
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 1, y = 1 c x = 3, y = 4 d x = 2, y = 2
g x = 5, y = 1 h x = 10, y = 4 1 1
e x = , y = -1 f x = -3, y =
i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 9, y = 2 2 3
7 799 and 834
5 a x = 2, y = 10 b x = 1, y = -5
8 $0.60
c x = -3, y = 3 d x = 13, y = -2
9 A = $15, C = $11
e x = 3, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1
10 Should have been (1) - (2), to eliminate y :
g x = 1, y = 4 h x = 1, y = 3
-(
2y - (-2y)
) = 0.
( The correct
) ( is (1, -1).
solution )
6 a i E = 20t ii E = 15t + 45 1 13 1 2 2
11 a , -1 b , c - ,
b t = 9, E = 180
(a ) 3 3b ( a b )
c i 9 hours ii $180 a+b a-b c c
d , e ,
7 a i V = 62 000 - 5000t ii V = 40 000 - 3000t 2a 2b a+b a+b
b t = 11, V = 7000 12 The two lines are parallel, they have the same gradient.
c i 11 years ii $7000 2 2 2 1
13 a - b -
8 18 years x-1 x+1 2x - 3 x + 2
9 197 600 m2 3 2 3 2
c - d +
10 a no b no c yes d yes e no 3x + 1 2x - 1 3x - 1 x + 2
1 1 1 3
f yes g yes h no e + f -
x+3 x-4 7(2x - 1) 7(4 - x)
3
11 a -4 b c 12
( ) 2 Exercise 1L
12 a
(
k 2k
,
3 3
)
1 a x + y = 16, x - y = 2; 7 and 9 1K
k k b x + y = 30, x - y = 10; 10 and 20
b ,-
2 2 c x + y = 7, 2x + y = 12; 5 and 2
( - k, -2 - k) )
c (-1 d 2x + 3y = 11, 4x - 3y = 13; 4 and 1
-2k - 1 -2k - 4
d , 2 7 cm × 21 cm
3 3
b2 3 Nikki is 16, Travis is 8.
b -b a
13 a x = ,y = b x= ,y = 4 Cam is 33, Lara is 30.
a-b a-b a+b a+b
a -a 5 Bolts cost $0.10, washers cost $0.30.
c x= ,y =
1+b 1+b 6 There were 2500 adults and 2500 children.
b b2 1 (a - b) 7 Thickshakes cost $5, juices cost $3.
d x= ,y = e x= ,y =
b-a b-a a - 2b a - 2b 8 There are 36 ducks and 6 sheep.
c(1 - b) 2c ab a2 b 9 43
f x= ,y = g x= 2 ,y = 2
a(b + 1) b+1 a +b a +b 10 $6.15 (mangoes cost $1.10, apples cost $0.65)
14 Answers will vary. 11 70
12 1 hour and 40 minutes
Exercise 1K 1
13 of an hour
7
1 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 0
14 200 m
2 a subtract b subtract c add d add
4
e add f add g subtract h subtract 15 L
17
3 a 4x - 6y = 8 b 6x - 9y = 12
c 8x - 12y = 16 d 20x - 30y = 40 210
16 L
19
4 a x = 2, y = 5 b x = 2, y = 3
c x = 4, y = 2 d x = 2, y = 2
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1
787
Exercise 1M d y Ä 3x - 5
Answers
1 a no b yes c yes d no e no y
f no g no h yes i yes
2 a B b C c A y ≤ 3x − 5
3 x Å -1, y Ä 4
y x
O 5
3
x≥1
y≤4 −5
(0, 4)
(−1, 0)
x
O e y < -4x + 2
y < − 4x + 2
4 a yÅx+4
2
y
x
O 1
2
4
y≥x+4
x
−4 O
f y Ä 2x + 7
b y < 3x - 6 7
y
y ≤ 2x + 7
x
O
y < 3x − 6 −72
x
O
2
−6 g y < 4x
c y > 2x - 8 y
y > 2x − 8 4
x
x O 1
O 4
y < 4x
−8
788
h y > -3x + 6 l yÅ2
Answers
y y
6
y≥2
2
x x
O 2 O
y > 6 − 3x
i y Ä -x 5 a y
x
O 9
x
O
y ≤ −x
b y
j x>3
x
1M
x>3 O
−3
3
x
O
c y
4
k x < -2
y x
O 2
x < −2
x
−2 O
789
d y h y
Answers
9
x x
O −9 O
−4
−6
e y 6 a yes b no c no d yes
7 a no b yes c no d no
8 a yÄx+3 b y Å -2x + 2
(0, 5) 3
c y<- x-3
2
d y> x-2
2 5
−2.5 9 a y
x
O
2
x
f y O 4
1.5
b y
x
−3 O
(0, 3)
4
x
g y O 1
−5 c y
x
O
−2
2 x
O 3
(0, −2)
790
d y 10 a y
Answers
y≥0
(0, 1)
x
(0, 0) O (2, 0) x≥0
x
O 1 5
y ≤ − 12 x + 1
(0, −3)
b y
e y
y ≥ 2x − 4
(0, 0)
x
O (2, 0) x≥0
4
(0, −4)
2
x y≤0
O 3 4
(6, −2) c y
1
(0, 15)
y≥ 4x +4
f y
(4, 5)
(0, 4)
10 x≥0
x
O
y≤ − 54 x + 15
(5, 5)
2.5 d y
−5 O 10
x
(−2.5, 3)
y > − 25 x + 2 1M
(2, 3)
x<2 (2, 1.2) y<3
g y
x
O
(4, 3)
e y
2
7 x≤0
x y<x+7
−8 O 6
(−5.4, 1.6)
h y x
−7 −3 −2O 2x + 3y ≥ −6
6
2.5 (1, 3)
x
−5 O 2
791
f y Short-answer questions
Answers
3
1 a 5xy + 6x b 12a2 b c x d 3b + 21
2
y ≥ 12 x + 3 e -2m2 + 12m f x+2
(−5.5, 14.5) 2 3
2 a 3x - 1 b c
x+2 4
y ≤ −x + 9 (4, 5)
6 - 7a 5a + 18 7x + 26 11 - x
(−1.43, 2.29) 3 a b c d
14 6a 30 (x + 1)(x - 3)
x 3 1
O 4 a x = -3 b x=- c x= d x=2
y ≥ −3x − 2 4 5
5 a x<1 b x Å -4 c -1 < x Ä 3
2
6 a x>5 b x Å 10 c x > -3 d xÄ
7
11 a y Å 0, y < 2x + 4, y Ä -x + 7 7 a V = 2 - 0.4t b 1.4 L c 5 minutes
1 d Ä 3.5 minutes
b y > - x + 6, y Ä x + 3, x < 8
2 8 a y
81
12 a 1 b 4 c 22 d
20 (3, 0)
x
115 578 O
13 a i ii
6 15 y = 3x − 9
b Answers may vary; e.g. x > 0, x < 3, y > 0, y < 2
Problems and challenges (0, −9)

1 0.75 km
6
2
8 b y
3 a The gradient from (2, 12) to (-2, 0) = the gradient from
(-2, 0) to (-5, -9) = -3.
b The gradient from (a, 2b) to (2a, b) = the gradient from
b
(2a, b) to (-a, 4b) = - . (0, 5)
a
3
4 The gradient of AC is and the gradient of AB is - . So
5 (2.5, 0)
x
5 3 O
△ABC is a right-angled triangle, as AC is perpendicular to y = 5 − 2x
AB. Can also show that side lengths satisfy Pythagoras’
theorem. c y
4840 9680
5 The missiles are travelling at km/h and km/h.
9 9
6 The distance between the two points and (2, 5) is 5 units.
7 The diagonals have equations x = 0 and y = 3. These lines 3 y=3
are perpendicular and intersect at the midpoint (0, 3) of the
diagonals. It is not a square since the angles at the x
O
corners
( are not 90°. ) In particular, AB is not perpendicular to
-1
BC mAB ¢ .
mBC
8 x = 2, y = -3, z = -1
d y
9 24 units2
10 24, 15 years
Multiple-choice questions x
O x=5
1 E 2D 3B 4C 5D
6B 7 C 8A 9C 10D
11 E 12B 13A 14A 15D
16C
792
e y 17 a y
Answers
y = 2x
x
O 4
(1, 2) 3
(0, 0)
x −4
O
b y
f y
y = −5x
8
3
(0, 0) x
x −4 O
O
(1, −5)
g y 18 The point of intersection is (4, 0)

y
y = 4 − –x
4 2
x 2
O 8 x
O 4
6
h y
3x
y = 3 − –– Extended-response questions
8
3
1 a i h = 4t + 25 ii h = 6t + 16
x
O 8 b 16 cm
c Shrub B because its gradient is greater.
d y
1 5 3 15 90 (12, 88)
9 a y= x+3 b y= x+5 c y=- x+ 80
2 2 2 2
d y = 2x - 3 70 (12, 73)
10 a m = -
3 3
b y=- x+
34 60
5 √ 5 √5 50
11 a m = (4,
( 8), d )= 52 = 2 13 40
11 √
b M= , 1 , d = 61 30
(2 ) 20
1 5 √ √
c M= , - , d = 18 = 3 2 10
2 2
x
1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
12 a y = 3x - 2 b y = -1 c y=- x+5
2 e after 4.5 months
d y = 3x - 1
f i 1.24 m ii 26.25 months
13 a a = 7 b b = -8 c c = 0 or 4
iii between 8.75 and 11.25 months
14 a (-3, -1) b (-8, -21)
15 a (-3, -1) b (0, 2)
16 A regular popcorn costs $4 and a small drink costs $2.50.
793
2 a A(0, 0), B(8, 6), C(20, 0) j 121 (vertically opposite to cointerior angle in ∥ lines)
Answers
y k 71 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ∥ lines)
l 60 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ∥ lines)
6 a 50 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
B (8, 6) b 95 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
c 125 (angle sum in a pentagon)
D (14, 3) d 30 (angle sum in a pentagon)
A (0, 0) e 45 (angle sum in a hexagon)
x
O C (20, 0) f 15 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
7 a 108° b 135° c 144°
b 43.4 km 8 a 95 (alternate + cointerior) b 113 (2 × alternate)
c The drink station is at (14, 3). c 85 (alternate + cointerior) d 106 (cointerior)
3 1 e 147, (cointerior, angles in a revolution)
d i y= x ii y = - x + 10 iii y = 0
4 2 f 292, (angles in a revolution, alternate + cointerior)
3 1 9 a 176.4° b 3.6°
e y Å 0, y Ä x, y Ä - x + 10
4 2 10 a 12 b 20 c 48
4 80 11 x = 36, y = 144
f y=- x+
3 3 12 115, equilateral and isocles triangle 60 + 55
S + 360
13 a Expand the brackets. b n=
180
Chapter 2 c I= =
S 180(n - 2)
d E = 180 - I =
360
n n n
14 a ÒBCA = 180° - a° - b° (angles in a triangle)
Exercise 2A b c° = 180° - ÒBCA = a° + b° (angles at a line)
1 triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, 15 a alternate angles (BA ∥ CD)
octagon, nonagon, decagon b ÒABC + ÒBCD = 180° (cointerior), so
2 a false b true c true d true a + b + c = 180.
e false f false g true h false c Angle sum of a triangle is 180°.
i true 16 ÒACB = ÒDCE (vertically opposite), so
3 a a = 110 (angles on a line), b = 70 (vertically opposite) ÒCAB = ÒCBA = ÒCDE = ÒCED (isosceles) since
b a = 140 (angles in a revolution) ÒCAB = ÒCED (alternate) AB ∥ DE.
c a = 19 (complementary) 17 Answers may vary.
d a = 113 (cointerior angles in ∥ lines), b = 67 (alternate 18 a 15 (alternate angles in parallel lines)
angles in ∥ lines), c = 67 (vertically opposite to b) b 315 (angle sum in an octagon)
e a = 81 (isosceles triangle), b = 18 (angles in a triangle) 19 Let M be the midpoint of AC. Then ÒAMB = 60° (△ABM is
f a = 17 (angles in a triangle), b = 102 (angles at a line) equilateral). ÒBMC = 120° (supplementary).
g a = 106 (cointerior angles in ∥ lines), Therefore, ÒMBC = 30° (△MBC is isosceles).
b = 74 (opposite angles in a parallelogram) So ÒABC = ÒABM + ÒMBC = 60° + 30° = 90°.
h a = 17 (angles in a triangle), b = 17 (complementary) 20 Let ÒAOB = x and ÒCOD = y. 2x + 2y = 180° (angles at a
i a = 90 (vertically opposite), b = 60 (angles in a triangle) line). So ÒBOD = x + y = 90°.
4 a 72
b 60 Exercise 2B
c 56 1 a SAS b SSS c AAS d SAS
5 a 60 (equilateral triangle) e RHS f RHS
b 60 (exterior angle theorem) 2 a 5 b 4 c 3 d 5 e 2
c 110 (isosceles, angles in a triangle) f 2
d 80 (angles in a triangle) 3 a AB = DE (given) S
e 10 (exterior angle theorem)
ÒABC = ÒDEF (given) A
f 20 (isosceles, angles in a triangle)
g 109 (angles on a line) BC = EF (given) S
h 28 (diagonals meet at a right angle in a rhombus) Â △ABC Ã △DEF (SAS)
i 23 (angles in a triangle)
794
b ÒFED = ÒCBA = 90° (given) R 7 a BC = DC (given) S
Answers
FD = CA (given) H ÒBCA = ÒDCE (vertically opposite) A
FE = CB (given) S AC = EC (given) S
Â △FED Ã △CBA (RHS) Â △ABC Ã △EDC (SAS)
c AC = DF (given) S b AB = DE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
c ÒABC = ÒCDE (corresponding sides in congruent
BC = EF (given) S
triangles).
AB = DE (given) S ÒABC and ÒCDE are alternate angles. Â AB ∥ DE.
Â △ACB Ã △DFE (SSS) d 5 cm
d ÒEDF = ÒBAC (given) A 8 a AB = CD (given) S
ÒDFE = ÒACB (given) A AD = CB (given) S
EF = BC (given) S BD is common; S
Â △EDF Ã △BAC (AAS) Â △ABD Ã △CDB (SSS)
4 a x = 7.3, y = 5.2 b x = 12, y = 11 b ÒDBC = ÒBDA (corresponding angles in congruent
c a = 2.6, b = 2.4 d x = 16, y = 9 triangles)
5 a AD = CB (given) S c ÒDBC and ÒBDA are alternate angles (and equal).
Â AD ∥ BC.
DC = BA (given) S
9 a CB = CD (given) S
AC is common; S
ÒBCA = ÒDCE (vertically opposite) A
Â △ADC Ã △CBA (AAS)
CA = CE (given) S
b ÒADB = ÒCBD (given) A
Â△BCA Ã △DCE (SAS)
ÒABD = ÒCDB (given) A
ÒBAC = ÒDEC (corresponding angles in congruent
BD is common; S
triangles)
Â △ADB Ã △CBD (AAS)
c ÒBAC = ÒDEC (alternate, AB ∥ DE) A Â Alternate angles are equal, so AB || DE.
ÒCBA = ÒCDE (alternate, AB ∥ DE) A

b ÒOBC = ÒOBA = 90° (given) R
OA = OC (radii) H
2B
BC = DC (given) S
OB is common; S
Â △BAC Ã △DEC (AAS)
d DA = DC (given) S Â△OAB Ã △OCB (RHS)
ÒADB = ÒCDB (given) A AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
DB is common; S ÂOB bisects AC.

c AB = CD (given) S
Â △ADB Ã △CDB (SAS)
e OA = OC (radii) S AC is common; S
OB = OD (radii) S AD = CB (given) S
AB = CD (given) S Â△ACD Ã △CAB (SSS)
Â △OAB Ã △OCD (SSS) ÒDAC = ÒBCA (corresponding angles in congruent
f ÒADC = ÒABC = 90° (given) R triangles)
AC is common; H ÂAlternate angles are equal, so AD || BC.
DC = BC (given) S d AB = AE (given) S
Â △ADC Ã △ABC(RHS) ÒABC = ÒAED (△ABE is isosceles) A
6 a OA = OC (radii) S ED = BC (given) S
ÒAOB = ÒCOB (given) A Â△ABC Ã △AED (SAS)
OB is common; S AD = AC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
Â △AOB Ã △COB (SAS)

b AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
c 10 mm
795
e OD = OC (given) S 4 a ÒBAC = ÒDCA (alternate angles)
Answers
ÒAOD = ÒBOC (vertically opposite) A ÒBCA = ÒDAC (alternate angles)
OA = OB (given) S AC is common.
Â△AOD Ã △BOC (SAS) Â △ABC Ã △CDA (AAS)
b As △ABC Ã △CDA, AD = CB, AB = CD
ÒOAD = ÒOBC (corresponding angles in congruent
(corresponding sides).
triangles)
5 a ÒABE = ÒCDE (alternate angles)
f AD = AB (given) S
ÒBAE = ÒDCE (alternate angles)
ÒDAC = ÒBAC (given) A
AB = CD (opposite sides of parallelogram)
AC is common; S
Â △ABE Ã △CDE (AAS)
Â△ADC Ã △ABC (SAS) b AE = CE (corresponding sides), BE = DE
ÒACD = ÒACB (corresponding angles in congruent (corresponding sides).
6 a AB = CB (given)
triangles)
ÒACD = ÒACB are supplementary. AD = CD (given)
ÂÒACD = ÒACB = 90° BD is common.

Â △ABD Ã △CDB (SSS)
ÂAC ⊥ BD
b ÒABD = ÒADB = ÒCBD = ÒCDB (equal angles in
10 a OA = OB (radii) S
congruent isosceles triangles). Therefore, BD bisects
OM is common; S ÒABC and ÒCDA.
AM = BM (M is midpoint) S 7 a AE = CE (given)
Â△OAM Ã △OBM (SSS) BE = DE (given)
ÒOMA = ÒOMB (corresponding angles in congruent ÒAEB = ÒCED (vertically opposite angles)
triangles) Â△ABE Ã △CDE (SAS)
b ÒABE = ÒCDE (corresponding angles), ÒBAE =
ÒOMA and Ò OMB are supplementary.
ÒDCE (corresponding angles). Therefore, AB ∥ DC
ÂÒOMA = ÒOMB = 90° (alternate angles are equal). ÒADE = ÒCBE
ÂOM ⊥ AB (corresponding angles), ÒDAE = ÒBCE (corresponding
b OA = OB (radii of same circle) S angles). Therefore, AD ∥ BC (alternate angles are equal).
CA = CB (radii of same circle) S 8 a AD = CB (given)
OC is common; S ÒDAC = ÒBCA (alternate angles)
Â△OAC Ã OBC (SSS) AC is common.
ÒAOC = ÒBOC (corresponding angles in congruent Â △ABC Ã △CDA (SAS)

b ÒBAC = ÒDCA (corresponding angles), therefore
triangles)
AB ∥ DC (alternate angles are equal).
c ÒCAB = ÒCBA = x (△ABC is isosceles) 9 a △ABE Ã △CBE Ã △ADE Ã △CDE (SAS)
x b ÒABE = ÒCDE (corresponding angles), ÒBAE =
ÒEAB = ÒDBA =
2 ÒDCE (corresponding angles), therefore AB ∥ CD.
Â△AFB is isosceles, so AF = BF. ÒADE = ÒCBE (corresponding angles), ÒDAE =
ÒBCE (corresponding angles), therefore AD ∥ CB.
Exercise 2C Also, AB = AD = CB = CD (corresponding sides).
Therefore, ABCD is a rhombus.
1 a rectangle b parallelogram c square d rhombus
2 a rectangle, square b rectangle, square
10 a D C
c parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square
E
d rhombus, square e rhombus, square
3 a A trapezium does not have both pairs of opposite sides
parallel. A B
ÒCAB = ÒACD and ÒCAD = ÒACB (alternate
b A kite does not have two pairs of opposite sides parallel.
angles).
796
So ÒECB = ÒECD since △ABC and △ADC are isosce- AB DE 3
4 a ABCDE ||| FGHIJ b = c
FG IJ 2
Answers
les.
3 4
DC = BC (given) d cm e cm
2 3
EC is common. EF GH 4
Â △CDE Ã △CBE (SAS) 5 a ABCD ||| EFGH b = c
AB CD 3
So ÒCED = ÒCEB = 90°. d 12 m e 10.5 m
b From part a, ÒECD = ÒECB. 6 a 1.2 b 12.5 c 4.8 d 3.75
11 D C e 11.5 f 14.5
7 1.7 m
8 a 1.6 b 62.5 cm
9 a 2 b 1 c 1.875 d 4.3
A B 10 a BC b △ABC ||| △EDC c 1
As ABCD is a parallelogram, ÒBDC = ÒDBA (alternate d 4.5
angles) and ÒDBC = ÒBDA (alternate angles). 11 a true b true c false d false
BD is common. e false f false g false h false
So △CBD Ã △ADB (AAS). i true j true
So ÒBAD = ÒDCB = 90°. 12 Yes, the missing angle in the first triangle is 20° and the
Similarly, ÒADC = Ò180° - ÒBAD (cointerior angles) missing angle in the second triangle is 75°, so all three
= 90° and similarly for ÒABC. angles are equal.
12 D C 3
13 a
2
E b i 4 ii 9
c i 8 ii 27
d Cube
A B Length Area Volume
First, prove △AED Ã △BEC (SAS). Small 2 4 8
Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are Large 3 9 27
equal and △CED Ã △BEA (SAS). 3 9 27
Scale factor (fraction)
Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are
equal.
2 4
e Scale factor for area = (scale factor for length)2 ;
8
2D
So ÒADC = ÒDCB = ÒCBA = ÒBAC, which sum Scale factor for volume = (scale factor for length)3 .
to 360°. b2 b3
f i ii 3
Therefore, all angles are 90° and ABCD is a rectangle. a2 a
13 G C F 14 Answers will vary
Exercise 2E
D B
1 a E b ÒC c AB
d △ABC ||| △DEF
2 a ÒD (alternate angles)
H A E b ÒA (alternate angles)
First, prove all four corner triangles are congruent (SAS). c ÒECD
So EF = FG = GH = HE, so EFGH is a rhombus. d CA
e △ABC ||| △EDC
Exercise 2D 3 a SAS b AAA c SAS d SSS
4 a ÒABC = ÒDEF = 65°
1 a Yes, both squares have all angles 90° and all sides of equal ÒBAC = ÒEDF = 70°
length. Â △ABC ||| △DEF (AAA).
b 3
DE 2
c 15 cm b = =2
AB 1
8 4 3 EF 6
2 a 2 b c d = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
5 3 2 BC 3
ÒABC = ÒDEF = 120°
3 a A b ÒC c FD
Â △ABC ||| △DEF (SAS).
d △ABC ||| △EFD
797
DF 10 13 a ÒAOD = ÒBOC (common)
c = =2
CA 5
Answers
ÒOAD = ÒOBC (corresponding angles)
DE 8
= = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides) ÒODA = ÒOCB (corresponding angles)
CB 4
ÒABC = ÒFED = 90° So △OAD ||| △OBC (AAA).
Â△ABC ||| △FED (RHS). OC 3 OB
= = 3 (ratio of corresponding sides), therefore =
AB 28 OD 1 OA
d = =4 3
DE 7
BC 16 OB = 3OA
= =4
EF 4
b ÒABC = ÒEDC (alternate angles)
AC 32
= = 4 (ratio of corresponding sides) ÒBAC = ÒDEC (alternate angles)
DF 8
Â△ABC ||| △DEF (SSS). ÒACB = ÒECD (vertically opposite)
3 So △ABC ||| △EDC (AAA).
5 a b 19.5 c 2.2 d a = 4, b = 15
2 CE CD 2 AC + CE 1 + 2 7
e x = 0.16, y = 0.325 f a = 43.2, b = 18 = = , therefore = = .
AC BC 5 AC 5 5
6 a ÒABC = ÒEDC (alternate angles)
ÒBAC = ÒDEC (alternate angles) AE 7 7
= and AE = AC.
But AC + CE = AE, so
ÒACB = ÒECD (vertically opposite angles) AC 5 5
14 a ÒBAD = ÒBCA = 90°
Â△ABC ||| △EDC (AAA).
ÒABD = ÒCBA (common)
b ÒABE = ÒACD (corresponding angles)
So △ABD ||| △CBA (AAA).
ÒAEB = ÒADC (corresponding angles) AB BD
ÒBAE = ÒCAD (common) Therefore, = .
CB AB
Â△ABE ||| △ACD (AAA). AB2 = CB × BD
c ÒDBC = ÒAEC (given) b ÒBAD = ÒACD = 90°
ÒBCD = ÒECA (common) ÒADB = ÒCDA (common)
Â△BCD ||| △ECA (AAA). So △ABD ||| △CAD (AAA).
AD BD
AB 3 Therefore, = .
d = = 0.4 CD AD
CB 7.5
AD2 = CD × BD
EB 2
= = 0.4 (ratio of corresponding sides) c Adding the two equations:
DB 5
ÒABE = ÒCBD (vertically opposite angles) AB2 + AD2 = CB × BD + CD × BD
Â△AEB ||| △CDB (SAS). = BD(CB + CD)
7 a ÒEDC = ÒADB (common)
= BD × BD
ÒCED = ÒBAD = 90°
Â △EDC ||| △ADB (AAA). = BD2
4
b cm Progress quiz
3
8 a ÒACB = ÒDCE (common) 1 a x = 78 (exterior angle of a triangle)
ÒBAC = ÒEDC = 90° b w = 89 (angle sum of a quadrilateral)
Â △BAC ||| △EDC (AAA). c x = 120 (interior angle of a regular hexagon)
b 1.25 m d x = 35 (alternate angles in parallel lines)
9 1.90 m e x = 97 (cointerior angles in parallel lines, vertically
10 4.5 m opposite angles equal)
11 a Yes, AAA for both. f w = 47 (angle sum of an isosceles triangle)
b 20 m 2 a AB = QB (given)
c 20 m ÒABC = ÒQBP (vertically opposite)
d Less working required for May’s triangles. ÒCAB = ÒPQB (alternate angles AC ∥ PQ)
12 The missing angle in the smaller triangle is 47°, and the Â △ABC Ã △QBP (AAS)
missing angle in the larger triangle is 91°. Therefore the two b CB = PB corresponding sides of congruent triangles and
triangles are similar (AAA). B is the midpoint of CP.
3 Let ABCD be any rhombus with diagonals intersecting at P.
AB = BC (sides of a rhombus equal)
798
ÒABP = ÒCBP (diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior Exercise 2F
Answers
angles through which they cross)
1 a–e
Â △ABP Ã △CBP (SAS)
and ÒAPB = ÒBPC (corresponding angles of congruent tri- chord
angles).
And ÒAPB + ÒBPC = 180° (straight line) centre minor
sector
Â diagonal AC ⊥ diagonal DB.
radius
A B
major sector
P 2 a 55° b 90° c 75° d 140°
3 a 85° each
C b ÒAOB = ÒCOD (chord theorem 1)
D
4 A B c 0.9 cm each
d OE = OF (chord theorem 2)
4 a 1 cm each
b 52° each
c AM = BM and ÒAOM = ÒBOM (chord theorem 3)
D C 5 a ÒDOC = 70° (chord theorem 1)
Let ABCD be any parallelogram with opposite sides parallel. b OE = 7.2 cm (chord theorem 2)
AC is common. c XZ = 4 cm and ÒXOZ = 51° (chord theorem 3)
ÒBAC = ÒACD (alternate angles AB ∥ CD) 6 The perpendicular bisectors of two different chords of a circle
ÒBCA = ÒDAC (alternate angles AD ∥ CB) intersect at the centre of the circle.
Â △ABC Ã △CDA (AAS) 7 a 3.5 m b 9m c 90° d 90°
and AB = DC as well as AD = BC (corresponding sides in 8 a 140 b 40 c 19 d 72
congruent triangles). e 30 f 54
5 a △ABE ||| △ACD (all angles equal) 9 6m
√ √
10 3 + 128 mm = 3 + 8 2 mm
2F
b 2.5
c x = 7.5 11 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so angles at the centre of the
6 a ÒCAB = ÒFDE (given) circle are corresponding, and therefore equal.
b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so chords are corresponding
AC AB 1
= = sides, and therefore equal.
DF DE 3
△CAB ||| △FDE (SAS) 12 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so the angles formed by the
b ÒBAO = ÒCDO (alternate angles AB ∥ DC) chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore equal.
ÒAOB = ÒDOC (vertically opposite) Since these angles are also supplementary, they must be
Â △ABO ||| △DCO (AAA) 90°.
7 a ÒD is common b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so the angles formed by the
ÒABD = ÒECD (corresponding angles equal since chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore equal.
AB ∥ EC) Since these angles are also supplementary, they must be
△ABD ||| △ECD (AAA) 90°.
b 3 cm 13 A
8 ÒA is common,
as Q and P are both midpoints.
O
AP 1 AQ 1
= and =
AB 2 AC 2 B C
Â △AQP ||| △ACB (SAS)
QP 1 First, prove △OAB Ã △OAC (AAS), which are isosceles.
and = (corresponding sides in the same ratio).
CB 2 So AB = AC, corresponding sides in congruent triangles.
799
14 a AD = BD (radii of same circle) c ÒOBC = x° + y° (△OCB is isosceles)
Answers
AC = BC (radii of same circle) ÒCOB = 180° - 2(x + y)°
CD is common. ÒAOB = 180° - 2x° - (180° - 2(x + y)°)
Â△ACD Ã △BCD (SSS). = 2y°
b AC = BC 15 ÒAOB = 180° - 2x° (△AOB is isosceles)
ÒACE = ÒBCE (corresponding angles in congruent ÒBOC = 180° - 2y° (△BOC is isosceles)
triangles) ÒAOB + ÒBOC = 180° (supplementary angles),
CE is common. therefore (180 - 2x) + (180 - 2y) = 180
Â△ACE Ã △BCE (SAS). 360 - 2x - 2y = 180
c Using the converse of chord theorem 3 since
2x + 2y = 180
ÒACE = ÒBCE, CD ⊥ AB.
2(x + y) = 180
Exercise 2G x + y = 90
1 a ÒADC b ÒADC c ÒADC d ÒAFC

Exercise 2H
e ÒAEC f ÒAEC
2 a ÒAOB b ÒACB c 80° d 61° 1 a ÒACD b ÒACD c ÒACD
3 a 180° b 90° c 60° d 7° 2 a ÒABD and ÒACD b 85°
4 a 50 b 40 c 80 d 60 c ÒBAC and ÒBDC d 17°
e 250 f 112.5 g 38 h 120 3 a Supplementary angles sum to 180°. b 117°
i 18 c 109° d Yes, 117° + 109° + 63° + 71° = 360°
5 a 70 b 25 c 10 4 a x = 37 b x = 20 c x = 110 d x = 40
6 a ÒABC = 72°, ÒABD = 22° e x = 22.5 f x = 55
b ÒABC = 70°, ÒABD = 45° 5 a x = 60 b x = 90 c x = 30 d x = 88
c ÒABC = 72°, ÒABD = 35° e x = 72, y = 108 f x = 123
7 a ÒADC = 75°, ÒABC = 75° 6 a 72 b 43 c 69 d 57
b ÒABC = 57.5°, ÒADC = 57.5° e 52 f 48 g 30 h 47
c ÒAOD = 170°, ÒABD = 85° i 108
8 a 100° b 94.5° c 100° d 119° 7 a a = 30, b = 100 b a = 54, b = 90
e 70° f 66° c a = 105, b = 105, c = 75 d a = 55, b = 70
9 a 58° b 53° c 51° d 45° e a = 118, b = 21 f a = 45, b = 35
e 19° f 21° 8 a 80° b 71°
10 a 70° b 90° c ÒCBE + ÒABE = 180° (supplementary angles)
c The angle in a semicircle is 90°. ÒCBE + ÒCDE = 180° (circle theorem 4)
d Theorem 2 is the specific case of theorem 1 when the angle Â ÒCBE + ÒABE = ÒCBE + ÒCDE.
at the centre is 180°. Â ÒABE = ÒCDE
11 a i false ii true iii true iv false 9 a ÒACD = ÒABD = x° and ÒDAC = ÒDBC = y° (circle
b i false ii true iii true iv false theorem 3)
12 a 2x° b 360 - 2x b Using angle sum of △ACD, ÒADC = 180° - (x° + y°).
13 a ÒAOC = 180° - 2x° (△AOC is isosceles) c ÒABC and ÒADC are supplementary.
b ÒBOC = 180° - 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) 10 a i 80° ii 100° iii 80°
c ÒAOB = 360° - ÒAOC - ÒBOC = 2x° + 2y° b ÒBAF + ÒDCB = 180°, therefore AF ∥ CD (cointerior
d ÒAOB = 2(x° + y°) = 2ÒACB angles are supplementary).
14 a ÒBOC = 180° - 2x° (△BOC is isosceles). 11 a ÒPCB = 90° (circle theorem 2)
ÒAOB = 180° - ÒBOC = 180° - (180° - 2x°) b ÒA = ÒP (circle theorem 3)
a
= 2x° c sin P =
2r
b ÒAOC = 180° - 2x° (△AOC is isosceles)
a a
ÒBOC = 180° - 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) d As ÒA = ÒP, sin A = , therefore 2r = .
2r sin A
Reflex ÒAOB = 360° - ÒAOC - ÒBOC
= 360° - (180° - 2x°) - (180° - 2y°)
= 2x° + 2y° = 2(x + y)° = 2ÒACB.
800
Exercise 2I 32 16 35
6 a b c
√3 √3 2
Answers
1 a Once b 90° c 5 cm 7 a 65 b 77
2 a ÒBAP b ÒBPX c ÒABP d ÒAPY 64 209 81 74
8 a b c d
3 a 180° b 360° 7 10 7 7
153 √
4 a a = 19 b a = 62 c a = 70 e f 65 - 1
20
5 a a = 50 b a = 28 c a = 25 d a = 63
9 a x(x + 5) = 7 × 8, x2 + 5x = 56, x2 + 5x - 56 = 0
6 a 50° b 59°
b x(x + 11) = 10 × 22, x2 + 11x = 220,
7 a a = 73, b = 42, c = 65 b a = 26, b = 83, c = 71
x2 + 11x - 220 = 0
c a = 69, b = 65, c = 46
c x(x + 23) = 312 , x2 + 23x = 961, x2 + 23x - 961 = 0
8 a 5 cm b 11.2 cm
10 For this diagram, the third secant rule states:
9 a a = 115 b a = 163 c a = 33 d a = 28
AP2 = DP × CP and BP2 = DP × CP, so BP = AP.
e a = 26 f a = 26 g a = 36 h a = 26
11 AP × BP = DP × CP
i a = 30
AP × BP = AP × CP since AP = DP.
10 a a = 70 b a = 50 c a = 73 d a = 40
BP = CP
e a = 19 f a = 54
12 a ÒA = ÒD and ÒB = ÒC (circle theorem 3)
11 4 cm
b ÒP is the same for both triangles (vertically opposite), so
12 a OA and OB are radii of the circle.
△ABP ||| △DCP (AAA).
b ÒOAP = ÒOBP = 90°
AP BP
c ÒOAP = ÒOBP = 90° c =
DP CP
OP is common
AP BP
OA = OB d = , cross-multiplying gives AP × CP = BP × DP.
DP CP
Â △OAP Ã △OBP (RHS) 13 a ÒB = ÒC (circle theorem 3)
d AP and BP are corresponding sides in congruent triangles. b △PBD ||| △PCA (AAA)
13 a ÒOPB = 90° - x°, tangent meets radii at right angles
AP CP
b ÒBOP = 2x°, using angle sum in an isocles triangle c = , so AP × BP = DP × CP.
DP BP
c ÒBAP = x°, circle theorem 1
14 a yes
14 ÒBAP = ÒBPY (alternate segment theorem)
ÒBPY = ÒDPX (vertically opposite angles)
b alternate segment theorem
c △BPC ||| △CPA (AAA)
2I
ÒDPX = ÒDCP (alternate segment theorem)
BP CP
ÂÒBAP = ÒDCP, so AB ∥ DC (alternate angles are equal). d = , so CP2 = AP × BP.
CP AP
15 AP = TP and TP = BP, hence AP = BP. √ √
16 a Let ÒACB = x°, therefore ÒABC = 90° - x°. 15 d = (4r1 r2 ) = 2 r1 r2
Construct OP. OP ⊥ PM (tangent). ÒOPC = x° (△OPC
is isosceles). Construct OM.
Problems and challenges
△OAM Ã △OPM (RHS), therefore AM = PM. 1 21 units2
ÒBPM = 180° - 90° - x° = 90° - x°. Therefore, △BPM 2 BD = 5 cm, CE = 19 cm
is isosceles with PM = BM. 3 ÒADE = ÒABE, ÒEFD = ÒBFA, ÒDEB = ÒDAB,
Therefore, AM = BM. ÒDFB = ÒEFA, ÒCDB = ÒCAE, ÒDAE = ÒDBE,
b Answers may vary ÒADB = ÒAEB, ÒABD = ÒAED = ÒCBD = ÒCEA
4 42.5%
5 Check with your teacher.
Exercise 2J 6 a ÒFDE = ÒDFC = ÒABC (alternate and
1 a 3 b 6 c 7 d 8 corresponding angles in parallel lines)
21 5 33 27 ÒFED = ÒEFB = ÒACB (alternate and corresponding
2 a b c d
2 2 7 7 angles in parallel lines)
3 a AP × CP = BP × DP b AP × BP = DP × CP
ÒDFE = ÒBAC (angle sum of a triangle)
c AP × BP = CP2
112 △ABC ||| △FDE (AAA)
4 a 5 b 10 c b i 4:1 ii 16 : 1
15
143 178 161 c 4n-1 : 1
5 a b c
8 9 9
801
Multiple-choice questions 6 a 65 (chord theorem 1)
Answers
b 7 (chord theorem 2)
1 C 2B 3B 4C 5B
c 6 (chord theorem 3)
6A 7 E 8C 9D 10 B
7 a a = 25 b a = 50, b = 40 c a = 70
d b = 54 e a = 115 f a = 30, b = 120
Short-answer questions
8 a x = 26, y = 58, z = 64
1 a 65 b 120 c x = 62, y = 118 b a = 65, b = 130, c = 50, d = 8
d 46 c t = 63
2 a 148 b 112 40
9 a 5 b 6 c
3 a AB = DE (given) 3
ÒABC = ÒDEF (given) Extended-response questions

ÒBAC = ÒEDF (given)
1 a ÒBAC = ÒBDE = 90°
Â △ABC Ã △DEF (AAS). ÒB is common.
b AB = AD (given) Â△ABC ||| △DBE (AAA).
ÒBAC = ÒDAC (given) b 1.2 km
AC 3
AC is common. c i =
DE 2
Â △ABC Ã △ADC (SAS). AB 3
Â = (ratio of corresponding sides in similar
c AB = CD (given) DB 2
triangles)
AD = CB (given) x+1 3
=
BD is common. x 2
Â △ABD Ã △CDB (SSS). Â 2(x + 1) = 3x

4 a AB = CD (given) ii 2
ÒBAC = ÒDCA (alternate angles) d 44.4%
AC is common. 2 a i 106.26° ii 73.74°
Â△ABC Ã △CDA (SAS). b 12 cm
b ÒBCA = ÒDAC (alternate angles), therefore AD ∥ BC c 25 cm
(alternate angles are equal). d 70 cm
DE 10.5
5 a = = 1.5
AB 7
Chapter 3
EF 14.7
= = 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides)
BC 9.8
ÒABC = ÒDEF (given)
Exercise 3A
Â △ABC ||| △DEF (SAS) 1 a irrational b root c non recurring
d rational
x = 19.5
2 a 4 b 9 c 25 d 4
b ÒEAB = ÒDAC (common)
e 16 f 16 g 36 h 36
ÒEBA = ÒDCA (corresponding with EB ∥ DC) 3 a irrational b rational c rational d rational
Â △ABE ||| △ACD (AAA) e rational f irrational g irrational h irrational
x = 6.25 −1.24 0.18 √5 2√3
c ÒBAC = ÒEDC (given) −2 −1 0 2 3 4
ÒACB = ÒDCE (vertically opposite) −√2 2
1 57 π
5
Â △ABC ||| △DEC (AAA) 4 a yes b yes c no d no e no
f yes g yes h no
x = 8.82 √ √ √ √
5 a 2 3 b 3 5 c 2 6 d 4 3
d ÒABD = ÒDBC (given) √ √ √ √
e 5 3 f 10 5 g 7 2 h 3 10
√ √ √ √
ÒDAB = ÒCDB = 35° (angle sum of triangle) i 8 2 j 6 10 k 9 2 l 4 5
√ √ √ √
Â △ABD ||| △DBC (AAA) 6 a 6 2 b 6 5 c 16 3 d 6 7
√ √ √ √
e√21 2 f √
20 5 g √5 h √7
100
x= 6 6 5 11
7 i j k l
2 4 5 6
802
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ √ √ 2 17
m 3 11 n 2 2 o 2 2 p 6 a 3+5 2 b 3 6 + 7 11 c 4 5-7 2
√ √ √
√ √ √7
Answers
d -2 2 + 5 e 4 3 f 0
3 3 √ 2 3 3 3 √ √ √ √
q r 4 6 s t g -3 2 - 3 10 h -2 5 + 3 15
√2 √ √3 √2 √ √ √ √
7 a 2 b 5 2 c 4 3 d 5
7 a
2 2
b
2 3
c
3 2
d
11 √ √ √ √
3 7 5 5 e 7 2 f 12 3 g 8 11 h 3 2
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
10 21 13 14 i 5 6 j 5 k 32 2 l 20 2
e f g h √ √ √ √
8 a 13 2 b 9 6 c 2 5- 7
√3 12
√ √
4
√
5
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
5 3 3 d 5 5+6 7 e 6-3 2 f 2 3 + 11 5 - 5 2
i j k √5 l √14 √ √ √ √
3 2 2 2 19 g 9 3 + 2 2 h 11 - 9 3 i 9 + 18 2
√ √ √ √ √ √
8 a 12 b 32 c 50 d 27 j -9 2 + 15 5
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
e 45 f 108 g 128 h 700 5 3 7 5 2 7
√ √ √ √ 9 a b c d
i 810 j 125 k 245 l 363 √6 12√ 30√ 6 √
√ √ √ √
9 a 15 3 b 13 7 c 19 5 d 31 3 - 2 13 3 13 5 -7 3
√ √ √ e f g h
10 a 4 2m b 2 30 cm c 4 15 mm 10 √ 14 18 30
√ √ -11 10
11 a radius = 2 6 cm, diameter = 4 6 cm i
√ √
b radius = 3 6 m, diameter = 6 6 m √24 √ √ √ √
√ √ 10 a 4 3 + 2 5 cm b 14 2 cm c 10 + 3 2 cm
c radius = 8 2 m, diameter = 16 2 m √ √ √ √
√ √ √ √ d 2 10 + 4 5 cm e 4 3 + 30 cm
12 a 2 5 cm b 3 5 m c 145 mm d 11 m √
√ √ f 12 3 cm
e 11 mm f 2 21 cm √ √
√ √ 11 a 20 = 2 5
13 72 = 36 × 2 (i.e. 36 is highest square factor of 72) √ √ √ √
√ b 3 72 = 18 2, 338 = 13 2
√ √ √
=6 2 12 a 5 3 - 6 3 + 3 = 0
√ √ √ √
14 a 9, 25, 225 b 15 2 b 6+2 6-3 6=0
√ √ √
15 a Draw triangle with shorter sides length 1 cm and 3 cm. c 6 2-8 2+2 2=0
√ √ √
b Draw triangle with shorter sides length 2 cm and 5 cm. d 2 2-3 2+ 2=0
√ √ √
c d e 4 5-7 5+3 5=0
1 2 √ √ √ √ √
f 3 2-6 3-5 2+6 3+2 2=0
√ √
√6 √22 1 13 a 6 3 - 3 2, unlike surds
√ √
1
b 8 2 + 2 5, unlike surds
√ √
c 5 2 - 6 5, unlike surds
3B
1 √ √
2 d 10 10 + 10 3, unlike surds
4 √ √
e 20 2 + 30 3, unlike surds
16 Check with your teacher √ √
f 4√ 5 - 6 6, unlike
√ surds √ √
Exercise 3B 14 a
7 2
b
2 3
c
5
d
-3 2
√15 3√ 12 4
√
1 a yes b no c no 3 -7 7 √ 29 6
d yes e yes f no e f g - 2 h i 0
2 √15 √ 28
g yes h yes √ 6 6 29 5
j 8 3 k l
2 a 6x b 7y c -5x 35 42
d -2b e 17a f -5x
g t h -2y Exercise 3C
√ √ √
3 a 4 3
√ √ √ 15 √ 42 √ √ √
1 a = 5b = 6 c 6 × 5 = 30
b i 5 3 ii -3 3 iii 17 3 3 7
√ √ √
4 a 10 2 d 11 × 2 = 22
√ √ √ √ √ √
b i 5 2 ii -16 2 iii 0 2 a 15 b 21 c 26 d 35
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
5 a 6 5 b 3 3 c 4 2 e - 30 f - 30 g 66 h 6
√ √ √ √
d 3 2 e 11 5 f 3 i 70
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
g 6 10 h 5 2 i -2 21 3 a 10 b 6 c - 3 d 5
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
j -6 11 k - 13 l -7 30 e 3 f 10 g 5 h - 13
√
i - 5
803
√ √ √
4 a 21 b 10 c 30 Exercise 3D
√ √ √
Answers
d 3 e 5 f 9
√ √ √ 1 a 21 b - 10 c 6 6 d 11
g 7 2 h 2 11 i 3 6
√ √ e 13 f 12 g 125 h 147
j 5 2 k 4 6 l 10
√ √ √ i 162
5 a 10 3 b 21 2 c 12 14
√ √ √ 2 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 0
d -50 3 e -18 3 f 15 5 √ √
√ √ √ e 2 3 f 6 3
g 42 6 h -60 10i -20 10
√ √ √ 3 a x2 + 5x + 6 b x2 - 4x - 5 c x2 + x - 12
j 42 2 k 24 30 l 216 7
√ √ √ d 2x2 - 9x - 5 e 6x2 - 11x - 10
6 a 2 2 b 3 6 c 5 f 6x2 - 17x - 28 g x2 - 16
2
√ h 4x2 - 9 i 25x2 - 36 j x2 + 4x + 4
- 4 - 1 2 5
d√ e √ f k 4x2 - 4x + 1 l 9x2 - 42x + 49
13 3 7 3 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ 4 a - 2-4 b 2 5-3 c 4+ 6
7 a 6 + 15 b 14 - 10 c - 55 - 65 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ d 7+3 3 e 5+ 7 f -13 - 2 2
d -2 15 - 2 21 e 6 26 - 3 22 f 20 - 20 2 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ g 6 5 - 13 h 30 - 9 10 i 23 - 8 7
g 30 2 + 15 30 h -12 3 + 12 2 i 42 + 63 2 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ 5 a 27 + 12 2 b 21 + 2 3 c 25 + 32 5
j 90 3 - 24 10 k -16 + 24 10 l 42 2 + 30 √ √ √
d 2 6 - 118 e 35 - 13 10 f 18 7 - 65
8 a 28 b 18 c -75 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ g 23 3 - 46 h 43 - 19 2 i 24 5 - 89
d 2- 6 e 3 3+4 f - 10 + 5 √ √ √
√ √ 6 a 14 - 6 5 b 10 - 4 6 c 23 + 8 7
g 2 h 8 2 i 2-6 √ √ √
√ √ d 15 + 4 11 e 28 + 10 3 f 54 - 14 5
9 a 2 6 b 30 c 6 √ √ √
3 √ g 9 + 2 14 h 16 - 2 55 i 13 - 2 30
10 a cm2 b 2 6 cm √ √ √
4√ √ √ j 32 + 2 247 k 40 + 2 391 l 60 - 2 899
√
11 a 6 × 6 = 6 × 6 = 36 = 6 7 a 7 b 19 c 13 d 6
√ √ √ √
b - 8 × 8 = - 8 × 8 = - 64 = -8 e 4 f -6 g 3 h 6
√ √ √ √
c - 5 × - 5 = + 5 × 5 = 25 = 5 i -4
√ √
12 a Simplify each surd before multiplying. 8 a 118 + 28 10 b 139 + 24 21
√ √
b Allows for the multiplication of smaller surds, which is c 195 + 30 30 d 176 - 64 6
√ √
simpler. e 207 - 36 33 f 87 - 12 42
√ √ √ √ √
c i 3 2×3 3=9 6 g 66 + 36 2 h 140 + 60 5
√ √ √ √
ii 2 6 × 2 5 = 4 30 i 107 - 40 6
√ √ √
iii 5 2 × 3 5 = 15 10 9 a 97 b 17 c 41 d 163
√ √ √
iv 3 6 × 5 3 = 45 2 e 26 f 10 g 0 h -33
√ √ √
v 6 2 × 4 3 = 24 6 i -40 j -90
√ √ √ √
vi 6 3 × -10 5 = -60 15 10 a 7 + 4 3 cm2 b 2 m2
√ √ √ √ √ √
vii -12 3 × -2 7 = 24 21 c 15 6 - 5 2 - 18 + 2 3 mm2
√ √ √ √ 2
viii 7 2 × 10 3 = 70 6 d 5√+ 6 5√m √
√ √ √
ix 12 2 × 12 5 = 144 10 7 6-7 2- 3+1 2
e cm
13 a 3 b 2 c -9 √2
f 81 - 30 2 mm 2
1 2
d - e f 3
5√ 5 √ √ 11 a -5 b 7 c 128
√ √ √ √
14 a 54 2 b 375 3 c 162 3 12 a 11 21 - 26 3 b 2 5 + 30
√ √ √ √ √
d 25 e 9 f 128 2 c 5 35 + 31 7 d 19 7 + 2
√ √ √ √ √ √
g -120 5 h -108
√ 2 i 720 e 2-2 6 f 10 + 3 5
√ 27 2 √ √
j 14 7 k l 81 13 Yes. Possible example a = 12, b = 3
2 √
√ √ 14 a 19 - 2 6 b 16
m 100√ 3 n 144 o -96
√ 15 √ √
c 2 15 - 85 d 10 3 - 37
p
81 3
q √ 5 r
9 6 √
25 3 3 2 e 30 - 10 2 f 0
√ √ √
g 4 3 - 14 h 47 2 - 10 30 + 11
804
√ √ √ √ √ √
Exercise 3E 21 + 7a 30 + 5a 2 3 + 6a
12 a b c
√7 √5 √6
Answers
1 1
1 a 1 b 1 c d - d - 3a √
1√ e√1 - 5a √ f 1 -
√ 7a √
2 2 4 10a + 5 2 6a + 2 2 14a + 7 2
e -2 f -9 g 6 h -1 g h i
√ √ √ √ 10 √ 2 14
2 a 3 b 5 c√10 d √5 3 5 - 30a
√ √ j
e 3 f 7 g √3 h √7 15
3 7 13 a i 14 ii 2 iii 47
√
i √13 b Each question is a difference of perfect squares, and each
13 answer
√ is an integer.
3 a 0.377… b 2.886… c 16.31… 4+ 2
c √
All√pairs of numbers
√ are equal. √ √ 4+ 2 √ √
2 7 3 11 4 5 12 + 3 2 -3 3-3 √ √
4 a b c d d i ii iii 2 2 + 6
2√ 7 √11 √5 14 √ 2
5 3 √ 15 14
e f 4 2 g h -(6 + 2 30)
iv
√ 3 √ √ 3 √7 7
6 35 66 10 √
5 a b c d 5 3-5 √ √
√3 √7 √11 √5 14 a
2
b 2 3+2 c 3 5+6
21 42 30 34 √ √
e f g h √ -3 - 3 3 42 + 7 7
3
√ 7
√ √3 2
√ d -4 - 4 2 e f
4 14 5 6 3 10 3 42 2 √ 29 √
6 a b c d √ √ 2 11 + 2 2
√7 √3 2 7 g -12 - 4 10 h -14 - 7 5 i
9
e
7 30
f
2 105
√ √ √ √ √ √
10 14 - 2
√ √ 15 √ √ j 2 5-2 2 k 7- 3 l
6
4 21 6 35 2 2 √
7 a b c d √ √ √
15
√ 3 √3 5
√ m6+ 6 n 14 + 2 2 o 10 - 4 5
2 5 10 9 2 3 7 5
e f g h √ √ √ √ √
√15 √ 9 √ 2√ 2 b a-b b a a+a b a + b - 2 ab
p q r
3+ 6 3 7 + 35 a√- b √a - b√ a-b
8 a b
a - ab a b+b a
√3 √ √ √ 7 s t
2 5 - 15 6 - 10 a-b a-b
c
√ 5√
35 + 14
d
√ 2√
30 - 21 Exercise 3F
3E
e f
√ 7√ √ 3 √ 1 a 34 b 76 c 83 d 6x3
2 3 + 42 5 2+2 5
g h e 15y4 f 8a3 b2
√ 6 √ √ 10 √
30 - 5 2 8 3 - 15 2 2
i j x 4 3 2 1 0
√ 5 √ √ 6 √ 2x 24 = 16 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
3 2+2 5 6 5+5 6
k l
√ 2 2 3 a 22 × 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
5 3 2
9 a cm2 b m2 = 25
√3 √ 3
x5 x × x × x × x × x
10 + 15 2 b 3 =
c mm x x×x×x
√ 10 √ √ √
2 3+3 2 6 5+5 2 = x2
10 a b
2 3
√ 6 √ √ 10 √ c (a ) = a × a × a × a × a × a
9 7 - 14 3 5 3-2 2
c d = a6
√ 21 √ √ 6 √
2 2+5 3 9 5+4 3 d (2x) × 2x0 = 1 × 2
0
e f
√12 √ 30 √ =2
-2 14 6 30 + 4 6 4 a a9 b x5 c b6
g h
√15 √ 9 d 14m5 e 6s7 f 2t16
3 10 - 2 42 p3 c7 9 2
i g h i s
√ 9 5 6 25
x j 6x3 y3 k 15a3 b6 l 18v9 w2
11 As √ is equal to 1.
x m 150x5 y6 n 12r7 s6 o 20m8 n10
805
5 a x3 b a c q3 d b4 e y5 6 a x b a3 c 24 d 33
b y
Answers
f d5 g j h m6 i 2xy3
12
j 3r2 s k 2p2 l 2m4 x m 5b3 e 62 f g -10 h -18
1 1 x a x m6 a10
n 4st o v2 p a q - 2 2
2x 1
4 2 3 i j 7d k l 3b
y2 3 10 2 4
r -
2
m 53 n 42 o 12 p 52
6 a x10 b t6 c 4a6 d 5y15 3s 3f 2d 6t
4
e 64t6 f 4u4 g 27r9 h 81p16 i a6 7 a 164 b 1 c 221 d 46
b x 64m6 x d
9 x4 y6 16 8 27f 6
j x12 k l u 8w m e 98 f 54 g 81 h -8
y z8 v 125g3 t x x20 x15
4 2 3 9 256p q8 12
n 9a2 b6 o a t12 y4 12
p
81r 4 i j h k 7j8 l 2t6
4p q 27g 16 81
7 a 8 b 3 c 1 d 1 e 5 4y2 4
1 6
f 3 g -5 h 3 8 a b 3 c d 18b2
xy a a5 b2 a
8 a x8 b x2 y2 c x6 n8 d xy2 e m q 2 2
9x8 y2 e a3 f 5 g a2 h m
f r4 s7 g h 2y4 i 2a2 b2 b p b n
2
p 3 7
j 27m7 n14 k -45a8 b5 l
16 3
f m 2m6 n3 i 2 j x k 4m3 l 4r s
3 q r 2y 7n 3
n 21y3 z2 o 1 p -6m2 n7 f5 5 5 4
m n 61 2 o wx p 5c d
9 a -27 b -27 c 81 d -81 g5 r s 2 4
a30 16p4
10 a x12 b a105 c 9 a a7 b2 b c 54x7 y10
b15 9q2
11 a 13 b 18 c 81 d 64 e 1
11 2y14
f 1 g 9 h 8 d 4a8 b3 e 324r f
s x3
12 He has not included the minus sign inside the brackets,
14 27x
i.e. has only applied it afterwards. Need (-2)4 not -24 . g a2 b18 h m8 i
n 2y
13 a 3 b 4 c 1 d 3
1 1 2
e 4 f 1 10 a b c
25 64 49
14 a 9 b 2 c 162 d -18
-5 1
7 d e f 1
15 a ± 2 b 5 c 2 d 81 9
2
16 a x = 2, y = 4 or x = 4, y = 2 or x = 16, y = 1 9
g 98 h -48 i
b x = 8, y = 2 or x = 4, y = 3 or x = 64, y = 1, 4
-64 1
or x = 2, y = 6 j k l 100
125 16
c x = 9, y = 2, or x = 3, y = 4 or x = 81, y = 1 11 0.0041 cm
d x = 1, y = any positive integer 3 7
12 a i ii iii y
2 5 2x
Exercise 3G b
b
1 a 2-2 , 2-3 , 2-4 b x-1 , x-2 , x-3 a
13 The negative index should only be applied to x not to 2:
c 3x-1 , 3x-2 , 3x-3 2
2x-2 = 2
2 a 12 b 12 c 52 or 54 d -23 x
3 5 4 2 3 5 5 1 7
14 a b c d -
1 6 18 3 12
3 a b b ab
a 71 106
e f
48 ( ) 9
4 a 15 b 14 c 24 d 37 1
x
x a m y 15 Proof: = (2-1 )x = 2-1×x = 2-x
2 3 10y5 z 3 2
e 3a3 f 4m3 g h 3z 16 a -2 b -5 c -3 d -1
b n x2 x y2
4
e -2 f -3 g -3 h -4
q3 r d2 f5 2 7 2b3
i j k 3u w l i 0 j 0 k 1 l 2
3p2 5e4 8v6 5c5 d2
m -2 n 1 o -2 p 2
5 a x2 b 2y3 c 4m7 d 3b5
4 3 3 3
e 2b4 d3 f 3m2 n4 g 4b a h 5h g
3 2
806
Exercise 3H 16 a i 9 × 1017 J ii 2.34 × 1021 J iii 2.7 × 1015 J
Answers
iv 9 × 1011 J
1 a 3 b 4 c 3 d 2 e 3
b i 1.11 × 108 kg ii 4.22 × 10-1 kg
f 2 g 1 h 3
iii 9.69 × 10-13 kg iv 1.89 × 10-19 kg
2 a 103 b 107 c 10-6 d 10-3
c 5.4 × 1041 J
3 a 4.3 × 104
b 7.12 × 105 c 9.012 × 105
d 1.001 × 104 e 7.8 × 10-4 f 1.01 × 10-3 Progress quiz
g 3 × 10-5 h 3.00401 × 10-2
4 a 3120 b 54 293 c 710 500 1 a 3.16227766 irrational b 3.142857 rational
c 3.141592654 irrational d 3.15 rational
d 8 213 000 e 59 500 f -800 200
g -10 120 h 9 990 000 i 210 500 000 22
7 315% √10
j -55 000 k 2 350 000 000 l 1 237 000 000 000 π
5 a 0.0045 b 0.0272 c 0.0003085
d 0.00783 e -0.000092 f 0.265
3.14 3.15 3.16
√ 3.17
√
g 0.0001002 h -0.000006235 i 0.98 √ √ 5 2 5 5
j -0.000000000545 k 0.000000000003285 l 0.000000875 2 a 7 2 b 10 3 c d
√ 2 4
6 a 6.24 × 103 b -5.73 × 105 c 3.02 × 104 3 192
√ √ √ √
d 4.24 × 105 e -1.01 × 104 f 3.50 × 107 4 a 3 3 b 6 2+2 5 c 16 3
√ √
g 7.25 × 104 h 3.56 × 105 i 1.10 × 108 d 17 5 - 6 3
j 9.09 × 105 k -4.56 × 106 l 9.83 × 109 √ √ 2
5 a - 15 b 35 6 c √
7 a 2.42 × 10-3 b -1.88 × 10-2 √ 3 5
6 66 2
c 1.25 × 10-4 d 7.87 × 10-3 √ √
7 a 26√- 18 3b 5√-2 6 c -4
√ √
e -7.08 × 10-4 f 1.14 × 10-1
3 7 2 15 2 3 - 3 10
g 6.40 × 10-6 h 7.89 × 10-5 8 a b c
7 5 2
i 1.30 × 10-4 j 7.01 × 10-7 1 6 3
9 a a5 b 12x3 y4 c h4 d m n
k 9.89 × 10-9 l -5.00 × 10-4 2
8 a -2.4 × 104 b 5.71 × 106 4p8 q6
e a6 f 9m10 g h 6
c 7.0 × 108 d 4.88 × 103 49r2 t4
e 1.9 × 10-3 f -7.05 × 10-4 10 a 13
x
b 2b
4
a2 c3
c 7m2 d 42
5d
3H
g 9.8 × 10-6 h -3.571 × 10-1
6 5
i 5.00 × 10-5 e 168 f a g 12m h 4d2
k 8 a5 3c
9 a 7.7 × 106 km2 b 2.5 × 106
11 a i 7 012 000 ii 0.009206
c 7.4 × 109 km d 1 × 10-2 cm
b i 3.52 × 108 ii 2.10 × 10-4
e 1.675 × 10-27 kg f 9.5 × 10-13 g 4 10 9
12 a a 5 b 9x 13d
10 a 2.85 × 10-3 b 1.55 × 10-3 5b 8c
c 4.41 × 10-8 d 6.38 × 10-3
e 8.00 × 107 f 3.63 × 108
g 1.80 × 10-3 h 3.42 × 1015 Exercise 3I
i 8.31 × 10-2 1 a 3, 2 b 2, 3 c 3, 5 d 5, 5
11 328 minutes e 4, 4 f 5, 5
12 38 is larger than 10. 2 a 3 b 5 c 11 d 25 e 2
13 a 2.1 × 104 b 3.94 × 109 c 6.004 × 101 f 3 g 5 h 4 i 2 j 3
d 1.79 × 10-4 e 2 × 103 f 7 × 10-1 k 2 l 10
g 1 × 107 h 6 × 106 i 4 × 10-3 3 a 1.91, 1.91 b 1.58, 1.58 c 1.43, 1.43
j 3.1 × 10-14 k 2.103 × 10-4 l 9.164 × 10-21 1 1 2 3
14 a 9 × 104 b 8 × 109 c 6.4 × 109 4 a 29 2 b 35 3 c x5 d b4
1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1
d 1.44 × 10-8 e 4 × 104 f 6.25 × 10-12 e 22 a2 f 43 t3 g 10 5 t 5 h 88 m2
g 2.25 × 10-6 h 1.25 × 107 i 1 × 10-5 5 7 2 1
j 1.275 × 10-4 k 1.8 × 10-1 l 2 × 102 5 a 7x 2 b 6n 3 c 3y3 d 5p 3 r 3
4 2 3 5 3 1
m 8 × 10-1 n 4 × 10-14 o 2.5 × 104 e 2a 3 b 3 f 2g 4 h 4 g 5 2 or 125 2
15 3 × 10-4 = 3 ÷ 10000 3 1 4 1
h 7 2 or 343 2 i 4 3 or 256 3
807
√
5
√7
√
3
√
10
6 a 2 b 8 c 6 d 11 d A = population at any time, n = number of years since initial
√ √ √ √
Answers
3 3 5 7
e 9 f 49 g 8 h 81 census
7 a 6 b 3 c 4 d 7 A = 172 500 × 1.15n
1 1 e A = litres in tank at any time, n = number of hours elapsed
e 2 f 5 g h
3 2
A = 1200 × 0.9n
1 1 1 1
i j k l f A = cell area at any time, n = number of minutes elapsed
3 10 20 10
A = 0.01 × 2n
8 a 4 b 8 c 216 d 32
1 1 1 1 g A = Size of oil spill at any time, n = number of minutes e-
e f g h lapsed
8 9 16 125
1 1 1 A = 2 × 1.05n
i 125 j k l
16 81 100 h A = mass of substance at any time, n = number of hours
1
9 a a2 b m3 c x d b2 elapsed
1 A = 30 × 0.92n
6 1 a2
e s7 f y9 g 1 h 5 a 1.1
b
b i $665 500 ii $1 296 871.23 iii $3 363 749.97
10 a 5s2 b 3t2 c 2t2 d 5t4
c 7.3 years
e x f b4 g t3 h m2
6 a 300 000
i 4ab4 j 6m2 n k 2x2 y3 l 7r3 t2
b i $216 750 ii $96 173.13 iii $42 672.53
5 2x 2
m n o 2 p 10x c 3.1 years
7 3 x
11 a method B 7 a V = 15 000 × 0.94t
b i 32 ii 216 iii 128 b i 12 459 L ii 9727 L
1 c 769.53 L
iv 81 v 625 vi
27 d 55.0 hours
32 81
vii viii 8 a V = 50 000 × 1.11n
3125 10000
b i $75 903.52 ii $403 115.58
12 It equals 2 since 26 = 64.
c 6.64 years
13 a i -3 ii -10
9 a 3000
iii -2 iv -3
b i 7800 ii 20 280 iii 243 220
b i no ii yes
c 10 hours 11 minutes
iii yes iv no
10 a D = 10 × 0.875t , where t = number of 10 000 km
c y is a real number when n is odd, for x < 0.
travelled
b 90 000 c yes
Exercise 3J
11 a T = 90 × 0.92t
1 a $50 b $1050 c $52.50 d $55.13 b i 79.4°C ii 76.2°C
e $1276.28 c 3.2 minutes = 3 minutes 12 seconds
2
2 a 4.9 kg b , 0.98 c 4.52 kg 12 a i $1610.51 ii $2143.59 iii $4177.25
100
3 a growth b growth c decay d decay b i $1645.31 ii $2218.18 iii $4453.92
e growth f decay 13 a $2805.10 b $2835.25 c $2837.47
4 a A = amount of money at any time, n = number of years of 14 a i 90 g ii 72.9 g iii 53.1 g
investment b 66 years
A = 200 000 × 1.17n 15 a 60 L b 22.8 minutes
b A = house value at any time, n = number of years since 16 0.7%
initial valuation
A = 530 000 × 0.95n Exercise 3K
c A = car value at any time, n = number of years since pur- 1 a $50 b $550 c $55 d $605 e $605
chase 2 a $1102.50 b $1102.50 c $1157.63 d $1157.63
A = 14 200 × 0.97n 3 a 700(1.08)2 b 1000(1.15)6 c 850(1.06)4
4 a 6, 3% b 60, 1% c 52, 0.173%
d 14, 2.625% e 32, 3.75% f 120, 0.8%
808
5 2 4200 210 4410 7 a Principal Rate Overall time Interest Amount
Answers
3 4410 220.50 4630.50 $7000 5% 5 years $1750 $8750
4 4630.50 231.53 4862.03 $7000 10% 5 years $3500 $10 500
5 4862.03 243.10 5105.13 $3300 10% 3 years $990 $4290
$8000 10% 3 years $2400 $10 400
6 a $5105.13 b $11 946.33
$9000 8% 2 years $1440 $10 440
c $13 652.22 d $9550.63
$18 000 8% 2 years $2880 $20 880
7 a $106 000 b $112 360 c $119 101.60
d $133 822.56 e $179 084.77 f $239 655.82 b i interest is doubled ii no change
8 a $2254.32 b $87 960.39 c $1461.53 iii interest is doubled
d $789.84 e $591.63 f $1407.76 8 Overall
9 $11 651.92 Principal Rate Period time Interest Amount
10 a $5075 b $5228.39 c $5386.42 $7000 4.56% annually 5 years $1750 $8750
11 a i $3239.42 ii $3348.15 iii $3446.15 $7000 8.45% annually 5 years $3500 $10 500
iv $3461.88 v $3465.96 $9000 8% fornightly 2 years $1559.00 $10 559.00
b $226.54 $18 000 8% fornightly 2 years $2880 $21 118.01
12 a P = 300, n = 12, r = 7%, R = 14%, t = 6 years
9 a 8.45% b 8.19% c 8.12%
b P = 5000, n = 24, r = 2.5%, R = 30%, t = 2 years
The more than interest is calculated, the lower the required
c P = 1000, n = 65, r = 0.036%, R = 0.936%,
rate.
t = 2.5 years
10 a i 4.2% ii 8.7%
d P = 3500, n = 30, r = 0.0053%, R = 1.9345%,
b it increases by more than the factor.
t = 30 days
e P = 10 000, n = 10, r = 7.8%, R = 7.8%,
t = 10 years
Exercise 3M
f P = $6000, n = 91, r = 0.22%, R = 5.72%, 1 a i 4 ii 8 iii 16 iv 32
t = 1.75 years b i 3 ii 5 iii 6
13 5.3% compounded bi-annually 2 a 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 b 81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561
14 a i approx. 6 years
iii approx. 9 years
ii approx. 12 years
iv approx. 5 years
c 64, 256, 1024, 4096
e 216, 1296
d 125, 625, 3125
3L
v approx. 7 years vi approx. 4 years 3 a 32 b53 c 35 d 27 e 36
b Same answer as part a 4 a 3 b 3 c 2 d 2 e 3
c yes f 3 g 4 h 3 i 4 j 5
k 4 l 3
Exercise 3L 5 a -2 b -2 c -2 d -4
e -5 f 3 g 2 h 6 i 3
1 B 3 4 3 3
6 a b c d
2 P = 750, r = 7.5, n = 5 2 3 2 2
3 I = 225P = 300 r = 3 t = 25 1 1 1 1
e f g h
4 a i $7146.10 ii $6955.64 iii $6858.57 2 3 5 4
iv $7260 v $7916.37 3 3
i -2 j -4 k - l -
2 2
b $6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years
7 a 1
5 a i $7080 ii $7080 iii $7428 iv $7200
b i 2 ii 32 iii 260 iv 21440
v $7710
c i 3 min ii 8 min iii 10 min
b 6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years 1
8 a b 1 c 3 d 1
6 a i I $240, $240 II $480, $494.40 2
III $1200, $1352.90 IV $2400, $3163.39 3 6
e f 2 g 9 h
ii I $240, $243.60 II $480, $502.04 4 7
15 11 3
III $1200, $1375.67 IV $2400, $3224.44 i j - k 4 l -
4 2 2
iii I $240, $246.71 II $480, $508.64
III $1200, $1395.40 IV $2400, $3277.59
b compound interest
c compound interest
809
√
6 √ √ √
9 1 cent doubled every second for 30 seconds. Receive 230 4 a b 5 2 c 3 6 d 2 14
6√ √ √ √
Answers
cents, which is more than 1 million dollars.
3 2 5 2 10 + 2 2
10 a i 1 ii 1 iii 1 e f g
4
√ 8 2
b No solutions. If a = 1, then ax = 1 for all values of x. 4 6-3
2 3 5 h
11 a 2 b 1 c d e 3
3 4 4 3x2
1 3 1 5 a 25y6 b 6 c 20x7 y10 d
f g h - y4
3 10 2 3y4 27
12 a i 0.25 ii 0.125 iii 0.001 iv 0.0016 e f
2x3 4b8
b i 5-2 ii 2-4 iii 2-1 iv 5-4 1 1 5 2
1 6 a 21 2 b x3 c m3 d a5
13 a -4 b -6 c -5 d
2 1 3 1 1 3 4
e 10 2 x 2 f 2 3 a3 b 3 g 72 h 43
3
e -1.5 f - 1 1
4 7 a 5 b 4 c d
2 7
3
14 a 1 b -1 c 8 d - 1 1
2 e f
10 5
5 2 8 a i 3210 ii 4 024 000
e - f -2 g 3 h
2 3
iii 0.00759 iv 0.0000981
1
i j 2 k 0 l -2 b i 3.08 × 10-4 ii 7.18 × 10-6
5
iii 5.68 × 106 iv 1.20 × 108
Problems and challenges 9 a V = 800 × 1.07t b V = 3000 × 0.82t
10 a $1215.51 b $3519.60 c $5673.46
1 3n ( )x 11 a 3 b 2 c 1 d 6
4
2 a 5 b 3 2
9 e -2 f -3 g h
2 3
1 i 4 j 3 k -4 l 0
3
5
4 a -8 b 22-a Extended-response questions
√
5 length = 10 2 cm, width = 10 cm √ √ √ √
√ √ 1 a 36 15 + 3 45 = 36 15 + 9 5 cm2
-3 - 2 + 7 3 √ √ √
6 b 360 3 + 144 15 + 90 + 36 5 cm3
7 √
c 4 3+1
x-y √
7 a b xy(x - y) d i 10 000 cm2 ii 1.6%
xy
√ 2 a V = 10 000 × 1.065n
8 12 + 8 2
b i $11 342.25 ii $13 700.87
9 x = 3.5
c 11.0 years
d i $14 591 ii V = 14 591 × 0.97t
Multiple-choice questions iii $12 917; profit of $2917
1 C 2D 3B 4E 5A
6D 7 D 8C 9B 10D Chapter 4
11 C 12D
Exercise 4A
1 a 0.799 b 0.951 c 1.192 d 0.931
√ √ √ √ 2
1 a 2 6 b 6 2 c 30 2 d 12 6 e e 0.274 f 11.664 g 0.201 h 0.999
√ √ 7 2 a sin h b cos h c tan h
2 2 √ 2 5
f g 5 7 h 3 a 1.80 b 2.94 c 3.42 d 2.38
3 √ √ √ 5 √ e 22.33 f 12.47
2 a 4+7 3 b 2 5+2 7 c 5 2
√ √ √ √ 4 a 1.15 b 3.86 c 13.74 d 5.07
d 4 3+2 2 √ e 2 30 f -12 5
√ 7 e 2.25 f 2.79 g 1.97 h 13.52
g 2 5 h i 0
i 37.02 j 9.30 k 10.17 l 13.11
√ √ 3 √ √
3 a 2 6+4 2 b 12 5 - 6 c 12 3 - 4 5 a 8.55 b 4.26 c 13.06 d 10.04
√ √
d 6 5 e 6 f -9 g 16 + 6 7 e 5.55 f 1.52 g 22.38 h 6.28
√
h 56 - 16 6 i 0.06 j 12.12 k 9.80 l 15.20
810
6 a x = 2.5 cm, y = 4.33 cm 14 a h = 30°
Answers
b x = 12.26 cm, y = 6.11 cm b a = 60°
√
c x = 0.20 m, y = 0.11 m c 3 √ √
7 a 125 m b 327 m 1 1 3 3
d i ii iii iv
8 1.85 m 2
√ 2 2 2
3 √
9 22.3 m v vi 3
3 √ (√ )
10 7.54 m
1 3 3+1
11 28.5 m e AB = x + x= x
2 2 2
12 26.4 cm
Exercise 4C
13 a 4.5 cm b 8.5 mm
14 The student rounded tan 65° too early. 1 1866.03 m
15 a 3.7 b 6.5 c 7.7 2 39 m
a 3 28.31 m
16 a i a = c sin h ii b = c cos h iii tan h =
b
4 4.3°
c sin h sin h
iv tan h = = 5 320 m
c cos h cos h
v Answers may vary 6 1509.53 m
b i a = c sin h ii b = c cos h iii c2 = a2 + b2 7 32°
iv c2 = (c sin h)2 + (c cos h)2 8 a 1.17 m b 1.50 m
c2= c2 (sin h)2
+ c2 (cos h)2 9 8.69 cm
Â 1 = (sin h)2 + (cos h)2 10 299 m
11 a 1.45° b 3.44° c 1.99°
Exercise 4B 12 Yes
1 13 89.12 m
1 a 60° b c 0.75
2 14 a i 8.7 cm ii 5 cm
2 a 23.58° b 60° c 11.31° d 5.74°
b i 17.3 cm ii 20 cm
e 25.84° f 45° g 14.48° h 31.79°
c Answers may vary.
3 a tangent b cosine c sine
15 321.1 km/h
4 a 60° b 45° c 48.59° d 30°
e 52.12° f 32.74°
16 a i 18°
b i 0.77 m
ii 72°
ii 2.38 m
iii 36°
iii 2.02 m
iv 54°
iv 1.47 m
4B
5 a a = 60°, h = 30° b a = 45°, h = 45°
c 3.85 m
c a = 53.1°, h = 36.9° d a = 22.6°, h = 67.4°
d 4.05 m
e a = 28.1°, h = 61.9° f a = 53.1°, h = 36.9°
e Proof
6 a 44.4°, 45.6° b 74.7°, 15.3°
c 58.3°, 31.7° d 23.9°, 66.1° Exercise 4D
e 82.9°, 7.1° f 42.4°, 47.6°
1 a 0° b 45° c 90° d 135°
7 70.02°
e 180° f 225° g 270° h 315°
8 31.1°
2 a 050° b 060° c 139° d 162°
9 47.1°
e 227° f 289°
10 a 66.4° b 114.1° c 32.0°
3 a 200° b 082° c 335° d 164°
11 a i 45° ii 33.7°
4 a 220°T b 305°T c 075°T d 150°T
b 11.3°
5 a 1.7 km b 3.6 km
12 a Once one angle is known, the other can be determined by
6 a 121° b 301°
subtracting the known angle from 90°.
7 a 3.83 km b 6.21 km
b a = 63.4°, b = 26.6°
8 a 14.77 cm b 2.6 cm
x
13 a b tan 45° = = 1 9 a 217° b 37°
x
45° 10 a 1.414 km b 1.414 km c 2.914 km
11 a 1.62 km b 5.92 km c 2.16 km
45° 12 10.032 km
√ 13 a i 045° ii 236.3° iii 26.6° iv 315°
c 2x
b i 296.6° ii 116.6° iii 101.3° iv 246.8°
d sin 45° = √x = √1 cos 45° also equals √1 .
2x 2 2
811
14 a i 2.5 km ii 2.82 km iii 5.32 km 8 131.0 m
Answers
b i 4.33 km ii 1.03 km iii 5.36 km 9 a ÒABC = 80°, ÒACB = 40° b 122 km
c i 45.2° ii 7.6 km 10 a ÒABC = 80° b 61.3 km c 53.9 km
15 a 229.7°, 18.2 km b 55.1°, 12.3 km 11 a 147.5° b 102.8° c 126.1° d 100.5°
16 a 212.98 m e 123.9° f 137.7°
b i 99.32 m ii 69.20 m iii 30.11 m 12 Impossible to find h as such a triangle does not exist.
17 a 38.30 km b 57.86 km c 33.50° 13 37.6° or 142.4°
18 a 4.34 km b 2.07 km c 4.81 km 14 a 59.4° or 120.6°
b B B
Exercise 4E
35° 3 35°
1 a C 3
120.6°
2√2 59.4° C
2 A 2 C A 2
c 31.3° d A triangle can only have one obtuse angle.
A 2 B e C
b D c 35.3°
31.3°
2√3 10
2
120°
B
A 6
A C
2√2
d 45° Exercise 4G
2 61.4° 1 a c2 = 32 + 42 - 2 × 3 × 4 × cos 105°
3 a 37.609 m b 45.47° b 72 = 52 + 92 - 2 × 5 × 9 × cos h
4 a 57.409 m b 57.91° 2 a 9.6 b 1.5 c 100.3° d 36.2°
5 a i 26.57° ii 11.18 cm 3 a 16.07 cm b 8.85 m c 14.78 cm d 4.56 m
b 10.14° e 2.86 km f 8.14 m
6 a 7.31 m b 6.87 m 4 a 81.79° b 104.48° c 64.62° d 61.20°
7 138.56 m e 92.20° f 46.83°
8 a i 2.25 m ii 2.59 m 5 310 m
b 40.97° 6 32.2°, 49.6°, 98.2°
c 3.43 m 7 a 145.9° b 208.2°
9 a i 1.331 km ii 1.677 km 8 383 km
b 0.346 km 9 7.76 m
10 a camera C b 609.07 m 10 a cosine rule b sine rule c sine rule d cosine rule
11 a 5.5 m b 34.5° c 34.7° d 0.2° e sine rule f cosine rule
12 a 45° b 1.41 units c 35.26° d 1.73 units 11 Obtuse, as cos of an obtuse angle gives a negative result.
13 a i 1.55 ii 1.27 iii 2.82 a2 + b2 - c2
12 a cos c = b 121.9°
b 34.34° 2ab
13 a AP = b - x b a2 = x2 + h2
14 22°
c c2 = h2 + (b - x)2
Exercise 4F d c2 = a2 - x2 + (b - x)2 = a2 + b2 - 2bx
a b c x
1 = = e cos C =
sin A sin B sin C a
f x = a cos C substitute into part d.
2 a 1.9 b 3.6 c 2.5
3 a 50.3° b 39.5° c 29.2° Progress quiz
4 a 7.9 b 16.5 c 19.1 d 9.2
1 a 12.58 b 38.14 c 15.44 d 6.59
e 8.4 f 22.7
2 a 39° b 58° c 52° √
5 a 38.0° b 51.5° c 28.8° d 44.3° √ √ 8 2 5
3 a i 80 or 4 5 ii √ or
e 47.5° f 48.1° 80 5
√
6 a 1.367 km b 74° c 2.089 km 4 5
iii √ or
7 27.0° 80 5
b 26.6°
812
4 63° 4 a 0.139 b 0.995 c -0.530 d -0.574
Answers
5 23.84 m e -0.799 f -0.259 g 0.777 h -0.087
6 A 060° B 150° C 288° i 0.900 j -1.036 k 0.900 l -0.424
7 a 13.65 km b 048.4° 5 a 140° b 115° c 155° d 99°
8 a 36.77 m b 61° e 143° f 172°
√
9 a 8 cm b 35° 6 a 30° b 86° c 70° d 9°
10 a 8.7 b 66.7° e 21° f 37°
11 9.5 7 a quadrant 2, sin h positive, cos h negative, tan h negative
b quadrant 4, sin h negative, cos h positive, tan h negative
Exercise 4H c quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
d quadrant 1, sin h positive, cos h positive, tan h positive
1 a 3.7 b 28.8 c 48.0 e quadrant 4, sin h negative, cos h positive, tan h negative
2 a a b h c b f quadrant 2, sin h positive, cos h negative, tan h negative
3 a 56.44° or 123.56° b 45.58° or 134.42° g quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
c 58.05° or 121.95° h quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
4 a 4.4 cm2 b 26.4 m2 c 0.9 km2 d 13.7 m2 i quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
e 318.4 m2 f 76.2 cm2 j quadrant 1, sin h positive, cos h positive, tan h positive
5 a 11.9 cm2 b 105.6 m2 c 1.6 km2 k quadrant 4, sin h negative, cos h positive, tan h negative
6 a x = 5.7 b x = 7.9 c x = 9.1 d x = 18.2 l quadrant 2, sin h positive, cos h negative, tan h negative
e x = 10.6 f x = 1.3 8 a -sin 80° b cos 60° c tan 40° d sin 40°
7 a 59.09 cm2 b 1.56 mm2 c 361.25 km2 e -cos 55° f -tan 45° g -sin 15° h -cos 58°
8 a 35.03 cm2 b 51.68 m2 c 6.37 km2 i tan 47° j sin 68° k cos 66° l -tan 57°
9 a 965.88 m2 b 214.66 m2 c 0.72 km2 9 a 30° b 60° c 24° d 40°
10 a 17.3 m2 b 47.2 cm2 c 151.4 km2 √ e 71° f 76° g 50° h 25°
1 3 2
11 a Area = ab sin h b Area = a2 sin 60° = a i 82°
2 4
1 1 10 a 42° b 47° c 34° d 9°
c Area = a2 sin(180° - 2h) = a2 sin 2h e 33° f 62° g 14° h 58°
2 2
12 a i 129.9 cm2 ii 129.9 cm2
b They are equal because sin 60° and sin 120° are equal.
11 a 0 < h < 90°
c 270° < h < 360°
b 90° < h < 180°
d 180° < h < 270°
4H
c Same side lengths with included angle 140°. 12 h 150° 315° 350° 195° 235° 140° 100° 35° 55°
2
13 a 65.4°, 114.6° 13 a quadrant 4 b quadrant 1 c quadrant 2
b B B d quadrant 2 e quadrant 1 f quadrant 3
sin h
11 m 14 As tan h = and both sin h and cos h are negative over
cos h
11 m this range, tan h is positive in the third quadrant.
65.4° 114.6°
A 8m C sin h
15 As tan h = and cos h = 0 at 90° and 270°, the value of
A 8m C cos h
14 a i 540° ii 108° iii 11.89 cm2 sin h
and, hence, tan h is undefined at these values.
iv 8.09 cm v 72°, 36° vi 19.24 cm2 vii 43.0 cm2 cos h
b 65.0 cm2 16 a true b true c false d true
c Answers may vary. e true f false g true h false
i false j true k true l false
Exercise 4I 17 a i 0.17 ii 0.17 iii 0.59 iv 0.59 v 0.99
vi 0.99 vii 0.37 viii 0.37
1 a quadrant 1 b quadrant 3 c quadrant 4 d quadrant 2
b sin a = cos b when a + b = 90°.
2 a quadrants 1 and 2 b quadrants 2 and 4
c i 90° - h ii 90° - h
c quadrants 2 and 3 d quadrants 1 and 4
d i 70° ii 5° iii 19° iv 38°
e quadrants 1 and 3 f quadrants 3 and 4 b b
e i 90° - h ii iii
3 c c
h 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° √
2 5
sin h 0 1 0 -1 0 f
5
cos h 1 0 -1 0 1
tan h 0 undefined 0 undefined 0
813
18 a i Proof ii True for these values. m0 n undefined o 1 p -1
c c c c c c
Answers
b i sin 60° = cos 30° = 0.866, π π π π π π
9 a b c d e f
sin 80° = cos 10° = 0.985, 3 4 6 3 3 6
c c
sin 110° = cos(-20°) = 0.940, π π
g h
sin 195° = cos(-105°) = -0.259 12
√ 12√ √
ii Their values are the same. 3 2 1 2 1 1
10 a b - c - d - e - f
iii They add to 90°. 2√ 2 2 2 2 2
3 √
iv sin h = cos(90° - h) g - h 3
3 √
v True for these values. √ √ 20 3
c Answers may vary 11 a 3 2 b 3 2 c d 14
√ 3
e 5 3 f 3
Exercise 4J
12 a 45° b 30° c 60°
1 π 5π
Degrees 360° 180° 90° 60° 45° 30° 15° 13 a is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with sin h
6 6
πc πc πc πc π c positive.
Radians 2π c πc
2 3 4 6 12 π 2π
π 180 b is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with cos h
2 a b 3 3
180 π negative.
√
1 1 1 11π
d 3
π
3 a√ b√ c 1 e c is the reference angle and is in quadrant 4 with cos
2 2 2 2 6 6
√ √ h positive.
1
f √1 g 3 h i 3 π 3π
3 2 2 d is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with tan h
4 4
4
negative.
h° 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360 π 3π
e is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with tan h
π π π π 3π 4 4
hc 0 π 2π negative
6 √4 √3 2 2
1 2 3 π 4π
sin h 0 1 0 -1 0 f is the reference angle and is in quadrant 3 with sin h
3 3
√2 √2 2
3 2 1 negative.
cos h 1 0 -1 0 1
√2 2 2 14 a 13
3 √ 5 12 5
tan h 0 1 3 undefined 0 undefined 0 b i ii iii
3 13 13 12
c c c c 15 a i 60°, 120° ii 45°, 135° iii 60°, 300° iv 150°, 210°
π 5π 5π 11π v 45°, 225° vi 120°, 300°
5 a b c d e 135° f 210°
3 6 4 6 c c c c c c c c
π 2π 5π 7π 3π 5π π 11π
g√300° h 165°
√ √ b i , ii , iii , iv ,
3 2 √ 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 6
6 a b c 3 d c c c c
2√ 2 2√ π 7π 3π 7π
√ v , vi ,
3 √ 2 2 6 6 4 4
e - f - 3 g h -
√2 √ 2 2
3 3 1 1 Exercise 4K
i j - k - l
2 3 2 2 1 a
m -1 n 1 o 0 p undefined h 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
7 a 45° √ √ sinh 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5
2 2
b i - ii - iii 1
2 2 h 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
c 30° √ √
1 3 3 sinh 0 -0.5 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5 0
d i - ii iii -
2 2 3 b sin θ
e 60°√
3 1 √ 1
f i ii - iii - 3
√ 2 2
√ √
2 3 3
8 a b 0 c - d -
2 √ 2 2 θ
√ O 90° 180° 270° 360°
3 1
e -1 f - g - h - 3
√ 2 √2
2 3 1 −1
i - j -1 k - l
2 3 2
814
√ √
2 a 3 1 2 1
ix - x - xi - xii-
h 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° √2 √2 √2 √2
Answers
cos h 1 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.87 2 3 3 3
xiii - xiv xv - xvi
2 2 2 2
h 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° 13 a 45°, 315° b 60°, 120° c 30°, 150° d 210°, 330°
cos h -1 -0.87 -0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1 e 120°, 240° f 150°, 210°
b cos θ 14 a Graph is reflected in the x-axis.
b Graph is reflected in the x-axis.
1
c Graph is dilated and constricted from the x-axis.
d Graph is dilated and constricted from the y-axis.
e Graph is translated up and down from the x-axis.
θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360° f Graph is translated left and right from the y-axis.
−1 Problems and Challenges

3 a i maximum = 1, minimum = -1
1 a 120°, 60° b 8.7 cm
ii 0°, 180°, 360°
2 225°
b i maximum = 1, minimum = -1 ii 90°, 270°
3 Use the cosine rule.
c i 90° < h < 270° ii 180° < h < 360°
4 514 m
4 a i 0.82 ii -0.98 iii 0.87 iv -0.77
5 a 2 hours 9 minutes b 308°
v -0.17 vi 0.26 vii -0.42 viii 0.57
6 17.93°
b i 37°, 323° ii 53°, 307° iii 73°, 287° iv 84°, 276°
7 4.33 cm
v 114°, 246° vi 102°, 258° vii 143°, 217°
viii 127°, 233° Multiple-choice questions
5 a i 0.42 ii 0.91 iii -0.64 iv -0.77
1 D 2B 3E 4D 5A
v 0.34 vi -0.82 vii -0.64 viii 0.94
6C 7 A 8D 9C 10C
b i 37°, 143° ii 12°, 168° iii 17°, 163° iv 64°, 116°
v 204°, 336° vi 233°, 307° vii 224°, 316°
viii 186°, 354°
6 a true b false c false d true 1 a 14.74 b 13.17 c x = 11.55, y = 5.42
e false f true g true h true 2 a 45.6° b 64.8°
i true j false k true l true 3 6.1 m
7 a 110° b 60° c 350° d 260° 4 a A = 115°, B = 315°, C = 250°, D = 030°
e 27° f 326° g 233° h 357° b i 295° ii 070°
8 a 280° b 350° c 195° d 75° 5 a 98.3 km b 228.8 km c 336.8°
e 136° f 213° g 24° h 161° 6 a 15.43 m b 52°
9 a 30° b 60° c 15° d 70° 7 a i 15.5 cm ii 135.0 cm2
e 55° f 80° g 55° h 25° b i 14.9 cm ii 111.3 cm2
i 36° j 72° k 63° l 14° 8 28.1 m
10 a 17.5°, 162.5° b 44.4°, 135.6° 9 a 52.6° b 105.4°
c 53.1°, 306.9° d 36.9°, 323.1° 10 a 12.5 b 42.8°
e 191.5°, 348.5° f 233.1°, 306.9° 11 a i √ sin 60° ii -cos
√ 30° iii -tan 45° iv -sin
√ 45°
3 3 2
g 113.6°, 246.4° h 49.5°, 310.5° b i ii - iii -1 iv -
2 2 2
i 28.7°, 151.3° c i negative ii positive iii negative iv positive
11 a 0, the maximum value of sin h is 1. c c
π 5π
12 a b c 150° d 300°
b 0, the minimum value of cos h is -1. 3 4√
12 a 13 a 4 b 5 3
h 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 14 a i 0.77 ii -0.97
√ √
sin h 0 1 2 3 1 b i 53°, 127 ii 197°, 343° iii no value
2 2 2
√ √ c i true ii true iii false
cos h 1 3 2 1 0
2 2 2
√
1 1 2
b i ii - iii - iv 0
2 √2 2 √
1 3 2
v vi - vii0 viii
2 2 2
815
Extended-response questions 8 a 6x2 + 13x + 5 b 12x2 + 23x + 10
Answers
c 10x2 + 41x + 21 d 9x2 - 9x - 10
1 a waterfall
e 20x2 + 2x - 6 f 6x2 + 5x - 25
3 km N g 16x2 - 25 h 4x2 - 81 i 25x2 - 49
j 14x2 - 34x + 12 k 25x2 - 45x + 18
l 56x2 - 30x + 4 m 4x2 + 20x + 25
n 25x2 + 60x + 36 o 49x2 - 14x + 1
9 a 3 b 3 c 3 d 8 e 1 f 2
5 km
10 a 2x2 + 14x + 24 b 3x2 + 27x + 42
c -2x2 - 20x - 32 d -4x2 - 44x - 72
e 5x2 + 5x - 60 f 3x2 + 6x - 45
entrance g -3a2 + 15a + 42 h -5a2 + 30a + 80
i 4a2 - 36a + 72 j 3y2 - 27y + 60
325° k -2y2 + 22y - 48 l -6y2 + 42y - 72
m 12x2 + 48x + 45 n 18x2 + 12x - 48
b 2.9 km west c 7.7 km o -6x2 - 10x + 56 p 2x2 + 12x + 18
d i 21.9 m ii 38.0° q 4m2 + 40m + 100 r 2a2 - 28a + 98
2 a 33.646° b 3177.54 m2 c 41.00 m d 61.60 m s -3y2 + 30y - 75 t 12b2 - 12b + 3
e i 65.66°, 114.34° ii 80.1 m, 43.1 m u -12y2 + 72y - 108
11 a 2x2 + 10x + 11 b 2x2 + 20x + 44
Chapter 5
c 2y2- 4y + 5 d 2y2 - y - 43
e -24a - 45 f b2 + 54b + 5
Exercise 5A g x2 + 10x + 18 h x2 - 14x + 40
1 a x2 + 2x b x2 + 4x + 3 c x2 + 8x + 16 i -4x2 + 36x - 78 j -25x2 - 30x + 5
2 a a2 + ab b 2x - 5 c a2 - b2 12 a x2 - 12x + 36 cm2 b x2 + 10x - 200 cm2
a-b 13 a (a + b)(a - b) = - ab + ba - b2 = a2 - b2
a2
d (y + x)2 e
2 b (a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a2 + ab + ba + b2
3 a 6x b -20x c 2x2 d -4x2
x x = a2 + 2ab + b2
e f g -4x h -3x
2 3 c (a - b) = (a - b)(a - b) = a2 - ab - ba + b2
2
i -18x j 7x k 5x l -13x
= a2 - 2ab + b2
4 a 2x + 10 b 3x - 12 c -5x - 15 d (a + b) - (a - b)2 =
2
d -4x + 8 e 6x - 3 f 12x + 4
a2 + ab + ba + b2 - (a2 - ab - ba + b2 ) =
g -10x + 6 h -20x - 15 i 2x2 + 5x
j 3x2 - x k 2x - 2x2 l 6x - 3x2 2ab + 2ab = 4ab
14 a 618 b 220 c 567 d 1664
m -6x2 - 4x n -18x2 + 6x o -10x + 10x2
8 15 e 1386 f 891 g 3960 h 3480
p -4x + 16x2 q 4x + r 6x -
5 4 15 a -x2 + 7x b 10a - 28 c 4x2 + 12x + 9
1 3 3 d 4x + 8
s -2x - t -2x + u -9x +
3 2 8 16 a x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 b x3 + 11x2 + 38x + 40
14 9 2 14 6 c x3+ 2x2
- 15x - 36 d 2x3 - 13x2 + 17x + 12
v -2x - w x + 6x x x - x2
9 4 5 5 e 2x3 - x2 - 63x + 90 f 6x3 - 35x2 - 47x - 12
5 a 2x2 + 3x b 6x2 - 3x c 2x2 + 7x
17 a 2ab b (a + b)2 - c2
d 8x2 + 7x e 2x2 - 2x f 25x - 12x2
2 2
c (a + b) - c2 = 2ab
2
6 a x + 10x + 16 b x + 7x + 12
c x2 + 12x + 35 d x2 + 5x - 24 c2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 - 2ab
e x + x - 30f x + x - 6 g x2 - 4x - 21
2 2 c2 = a2 + b2
h x2
- 10x + 24 i x2 - 13x + 40
7 a x2 + 10x + 25 b x2 + 14x + 49 Exercise 5B
c x2+ 12x + 36 d x2 - 6x + 9
1 a 7 b 6 c 8 d -5
e x2 - 16x + 64 f x2 - 20x + 100
e 2a f 3a g -5a h -3xy
g x2 - 16 h x2 - 81
i 4x2 - 9 j 9x2 - 16
k 16x2 - 25 l 64x2 - 49
816
√ √
2 a 3(x - 6) b 4(x + 5) c 7(a + b) f (x + 4 + 3 3)(x + 4 - 3 3)
√ √
Answers
d 3(3a - 5) e -5(x + 6) f -2(2y + 1) g (x + 1 + 5 3)(x + 1 - 5 3)
√ √
g -3(4a + 1) h -b(2a + c) i x(4x + 1) h (x - 7 + 2 10)(x - 7 - 2 10)
√ √
j x(5x - 2) k 6b(b - 3) l 7a(2a - 3) i ( 3x + 2)( 3x - 2)
√ √
m 5a(2 - a) n 6x(2 - 5x) o -x(2 + x) j ( 5x + 3)( 5x - 3)
√ √ √ √
p -4y(1 + 2y) q ab(b - a) r 2xy(xz - 2) k ( 7x + 5)( 7x - 5)
√ √ √ √
s -12mn(m + n) t 3z2 (2xy - 1) l ( 6x + 11)( 6x - 11)
√ √
3 a (x - 1)(5 - a) b (x + 2)(b + 3) m ( 2x + 3)( 2x - 3)
√ √
c (x + 5)(a - 4) d (x + 2)(x + 5) n ( 5x + 4)( 5x - 4)
√ √ √ √
e (x - 4)(x - 2) f (x + 1)(3 - x) o ( 3x + 10)( 3x - 10)
√ √ √ √
g (x + 3)(a + 1) h (x - 2)(x - 1) p ( 13x + 7)( 13x - 7)
i (x - 6)(1 - x) 9 a (x + 2)(y - 3) b (a - 4)(x + 3)
4 a (x + 3)(x - 3) b (x + 5)(x - 5) c (a + 5)(x - 2) d (y - 4)(x - 3)
c (y + 7)(y - 7) d (y + 1)(y - 1) e (a - 3)(2x - 1) f (2a - 5)(x + 4)
√ √
e (2x - 3)(2x + 3) f (6a - 5)(6a + 5) 10 a 5(x + 2 6)(x - 2 6)
√ √
g (1 + 9y)(1 - 9y) h (10 - 3x)(10 + 3x) b 3(x + 3 6)(x - 3 6)
√ √
i (5x - 2y)(5x + 2y) j (8x - 5y)(8x + 5y) c 7(x + 3 2)(x - 3 2)
√ √
k (3a + 7b)(3a - 7b) l (12a - 7b)(12a + 7b) d 2(x + 4 3)(x - 4 3)
√ √
5 a 2(x + 4)(x - 4) b 5(x + 3)(x - 3) e 2(x + 3 + 5)(x + 3 - 5)
√ √
c 6(y + 2)(y - 2) d 3(y + 4)(y - 4) f 3(x - 1 + 7)(x - 1 - 7)
√ √
e 3(x + 5y)(x - 5y) f 3(a + 10b)(a - 10b) g 4(x - 4 + 2 3)(x - 4 - 2 3)
√ √
g 3(2x + 3y)(2x - 3y) h 7(3a + 4b)(3a - 4b) h 5(x + 6 + 3 2)(x + 6 - 3 2)
i (x + 9)(x + 1) j (x - 7)(x - 1) 11 a 60 b 35 c 69 d 104
k (a + 5)(a - 11) l (a - 8)(a - 6) e 64 f 40 g 153 h 1260
m (4x + 5)(2x + 5) n (y + 7)(3y + 7) 12 a 4 - (x + 2)2 = (2 - (x + 2))
o (3x + 11)(7x + 11) p 3x(3x - 10y) (2 + (x + 2)) = -x(x + 4)
√ √ √ √
6 a (x + 7)(x - 7) b (x + 5)(x - 5) b i -x(x + 6) ii -x(x + 8) iii x(10 - x) iv (3 - x)(7 + x)
√ √ √ √
c (x + 19)(x - 19)
√ √
e (x + 14)(x - 14)
d (x + 21)(x - 21)
√ √
f (x + 30)(x - 30)
v (8 - x)(6 + x) vi (6 - x)(14 + x)
13 a (x + a)2 = x2 + 2ax + a2 ¢ x2 + a2
5B
√ √ √ √
g (x + 15)(x - 15) h (x + 11)(x - 11) b If x = 0, then (x + a)2 = x2 + a2 . Or if a = 0, then
√ √ √ √
i (x + 2 2)(x - 2 2) j (x + 3 2)(x - 3 2) (x + a)2 = x2 + a2 is true for all real values of x.
√ √ √ √
k (x + 3 5)(x - 3 5) l (x + 2 5)(x - 2 5) 4 1 1
√ √ √ √ x2
14 - = (9x2 - 4) = (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
m (x + 4 2)(x - 4 2) n (x + 4 3)(x - 4 3) 9 9 ( )(9 )
√ √ √ √ 4 2 2
o (x + 5 2)(x - 5 2) p (x + 10 2)(x - 10 2) or: x2 - = x + x-
√ √ 9 3 3
q (x + 2 + 6)(x + 2 - 6)
√ √
r (x + 5 + 10)(x + 5 - 10) 1 1
√ √ = (3x + 2) (3x - 2)
s (x - 3 + 11)(x - 3 - 11) 3 3
√ √
t (x - 1 + 7)(x - 1 - 7) 1
√ √ = (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
u (x - 6 + 15)(x - 6 - 15) 9
√ √ 15 a -(2x + 5) b -11(2y - 3)
v (x + 4 + 21)(x + 4 - 21)
√ √ c 16(a - 1) d 20b
w (x + 1 + 19)(x + 1 - 19)
√ √ e -12s f -28y
x (x - 7 + 26)(x - 7 - 26)
g (5w + 7x)(-w - x) h (4d + 3e)(-2d + 7e)
7 a (x + 4)(x + a) b (x + 7)(x + b)
i 6f(2f + 6j) j 0
c (x - 3)(x + a) d (x + 2)(x - a)
16 a x2 + 5y - y2 + 5x
e (x + 5)(x - b) f (x + 3)(x - 4a)
g (x - a)(x - 4) h (x - 2b)(x - 5) = x2 - y2 + 5x + 5y
i (x - 2a)(3x
( √ )( √ ) - 7) ( √ )( √ ) = (x - y)(x + y) + 5(x + y)
2 2 3 3
8 a x+ x- b x+ x- = (x + y)(x - y + 5)
3
( √ )( √ ) 3 2
( √ )( √ ) 2
b i (x + y)(x - y + 7) ii (x + y)(x - y - 2)
7 7 5 5
c x+ x- d x+ x- iii (2x + 3y)(2x - 3y + 2) iv (5y + 2x)(5y - 2x + 3)
4 √ 4 √ 6 6
e (x - 2 + 2 5)(x - 2 - 2 5)
817
√ √ √
Exercise 5C 9 a x- 7 b x + 10 c x-2 3
√ √
Answers
1 a 9, 2 b 10, 2 c 5, -3 d 4, -3 d√ 1 e√ 1 f 7x - 5
5x - 3 3x + 4
e -8, 3 f -10, 3 g -2, -5 h -12, -3 √ √ √
g x+1- 2 h x-3+ 5 i x-6- 6
x - 10 2(x + 3) x-3 3
2 a Possible answer: =1 10 a b c
x - 10 3(x - 5) 4 x-3
3(x - 7) 3 x-2 x+3
b Possible answer: =3 d e f
x-7 2 x+3 x-1
-5(x + 3) 2
t - 49 2
t - 5t - 24
c Possible answer: = -5
x+3 11 × =
5t - 40 2t2 - 8t - 42
t - t - t +
x+4 1
d Possible answer: = ( 7 )(t + 7) ( 8 )( 3) t + 7
× =
t - t - t +
3(x + 4) 3
5( 8) 2( 7 )( 3) 10
x x 1 12 a x - 3 b x+1 c x-8
3 a b c 3 d
2 3 5 6 4 x-7
d e f
1 1 2 x-2 x+5 5
e f g 5 h
3 4 3 a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 - ab
13 a × 2
x-3 2
a + ab a - b2
i x+1 j x-2 k l 1 - 2x
2 (a +
b) 2
a(a - b)
= ×
4 a (x + 6)(x + 1) b (x + 3)(x + 2)
a (a + b) (a + b) (a -
b)
c (x + 3)2 d (x + 5)(x + 2)
=1
e (x + 4)(x + 3) f (x + 9)(x + 2)
b Answers will vary.
g (x - 1)(x + 6) h (x + 3)(x - 2) a-b
i (x + 4)(x - 2) j (x - 1)(x + 4) 14 a b 1
a
k (x + 10)(x - 3) l (x + 11)(x - 2) 2
c + b)2
(a d (a + b)(a - b)
m (x - 2)(x - 5) n (x - 4)(x - 2) (a - b) a2
o (x - 4)(x - 3) p (x - 1)2 q (x - 6)(x - 3) 3x - 8 7x - 36
15 a b
r (x - 2)(x - 9) s (x - 6)(x + 2) (x + 3)(x - 4) (x + 2)(x - 9)
t (x - 5)(x + 4) u (x - 7)(x + 2) x - 12 3x - 23
c d
v (x - 4)(x + 3) w (x + 8)(x - 4) (x + 4)(x - 4) (x + 3)(x - 3)(x - 5)
x (x - 5)(x + 2) x - 14 14x + 9
e f
5 a 2(x + 5)(x + 2) b 3(x + 4)(x + 3) (x - 3)(x + 2)(x - 6) (x + 3)(x + 4)(x - 8)
c 2(x + 9)(x + 2) d 5(x - 2)(x + 1) g 9 - 3x h 4x + 11
e 4(x - 5)(x + 1) f 3(x - 5)(x + 2) (x + 5)(x - 5)(x - 1) (x - 1)2 (x + 4)
g -2(x + 4)(x + 3) h -3(x - 2)(x - 1)
i -2(x - 7)(x + 2) j -4(x - 2)(x + 1) Exercise 5D
k -5(x + 3)(x + 1) l -7(x - 6)(x - 1) 1 Two numbers which multiply
6 a (x - 2)2 b (x + 3)2 c (x + 6)2
ax 2 + bx + c a × c to give a × c and add to give b
d (x - 7)2 e (x - 9)2 f (x - 10)2
6x2 + 13x + 6 36 9 and 4
g 2(x + 11)2 h 3(x - 4)2 i 5(x - 5)2
8x2 + 18x + 4 32 16 and 2
j -3(x - 6)2 k -2(x - 7)2 l -4(x + 9)2
12x2 + x - 6 -72 -8 and 9
7 a x+6 b x-3 c x-3
1 1 1 10x2 - 11x - 6 -60 -15 and 4
d e f 21x2 - 20x + 4 84 -6 and -14
x+7 x-5 x-6
2 x+4 x-7 15x2 - 13x + 2 30 -3 and -10
g h i
x-8 3 5
5 x-3 2(x - 1) 2 a (x + 2)(x + 5) b (x + 4)(x + 6)
8 a b c c (x + 3)(x + 7) d (x - 7)(x - 2)
x+6 3 x+5
4 4 6 e (x - 3)(x - 4) f (x - 5)(x + 3)
d e f
x+5 x+7 x-2 g (3x - 4)(2x + 1) h (x - 4)(3x + 2)
x+2 x-4 i (2x - 1)(4x + 3) j (x + 4)(5x - 2)
g h
x-1 x+6 k (5x + 6)(2x - 3) l (2x - 1)(6x - 5)
818
3 a (3x + 1)(x + 3) b (2x + 1)(x + 1) 11 - 3x 2
f g
(3x + 5)(3x - 5)(3x - 2) (2x - 5)(3x - 2)
Answers
c (3x + 2)(x + 2) d (3x - 2)(x - 1)
12x + 3
e (2x - 1)(x - 5) f (5x - 3)(x + 1) h
(5x - 2)(2x - 3)(2x + 7)
g (3x + 1)(x - 4) h (3x + 1)(x - 1)
i (7x - 5)(x + 1) j (2x - 7)(x - 1) Exercise 5E
k (3x - 4)(x + 2) l (2x - 3)(x + 4)
1 a 9 b 36 c 1 d 4
m (2x + 1)(x - 5) n (13x + 6)(x - 1)
25 9
o (5x - 2)(x - 4) p (4x - 5)(2x - 1) e 16 f 25 g h
4 4
q (3x - 4)(2x + 3) r (5x - 2)(2x + 3) 81
i
s (3x + 2)(2x + 3) t (4x - 1)(x - 1) 4
u (4x - 5)(2x - 1) v (2x - 5)(4x - 3)
2 a (x + 2)2 b (x + 4)2 c (x + 5)2
w (3x - 2)(2x - 3) x (3x - 2)(3x + 5)
d (x - 6)2 e (x - 3)2 f (x - 9)2
4 a (6x + 5)(3x + 2) b (4x + 3)(5x + 6) √ √
3 a (x + 1 + 5)(x + 1 - 5)
c (7x - 2)(3x + 4) d (5x - 2)(6x + 5) √ √
b (x + 2 + 7)(x + 2 - 7)
e (8x + 3)(5x - 2) f (7x + 2)(4x - 3) √ √
c (x + 4 + 10)(x + 4 - 10)
g (6x - 5)(4x - 3) h (9x - 2)(5x - 4) √ √
d (x - 3 + 11)(x - 3 - 11)
i (5x - 2)(5x - 8) √ √
e (x - 6 + 22)(x - 6 - 22)
5 a 2(3x + 4)(x + 5) b 3(2x + 3)(x - 4) √ √
f (x - 5 + 3)(x - 5 - 3)
c 3(8x + 1)(2x - 1) d 4(4x - 5)(2x - 3)
e 8(2x - 1)(x - 1) f 10(3x - 2)(3x + 5) 4 a 9, (x + 3)2 b 36, (x + 6)2
g -5(5x + 4)(2x + 3) h 3(2x - 3)2 i 5(4x - 1)(x - 1) c 4, (x + 2)2 d 16, (x + 4)2
6 a 2x - 5 b 4x - 1 c 3x - 2 e 25, (x - 5)2 f 1, (x - 1)2
2 2 4 g 16, (x - 4)2 h 36, (x - 6)2
d e f ( )2 ( )2
3x + 2 7x - 2 2x - 3 25 5 81 9
i , x+ j , x+
x+4 3x - 1 5x + 4 4 2 4 2
g h i ( )2 ( )2
3x + 1 2x + 3 7x - 2 49 7 121 11
3x - 2 2x + 3 2x - 3 k , x+ l , x+
j k l 4 2 4 2
5x - 2 7x + 1 4x - 5 ( )2 ( )2
7 a (3x - 4)(x - 5)
9
m , x-
4
(
3
2
)2
49
n , x-
4
(
7
2
)2
5E
b -10 m; the cable is 10 m below the water. 1 1 81 9
4 o , x- p , x-
c x = or x = 5 4 2 4 2
3 √ √
3x + 4 3x + 2 1-x 5 a (x + 2 + 3)(x + 2 - 3)
8 a b c √ √
x-3 4 3 b (x + 3 + 7)(x + 3 - 7)
√ √
4x - 3 x+2 c (x + 1 + 5)(x + 1 - 5)
d e 125 f √ √
5x + 1 5 d (x + 5 + 29)(x + 5 - 29)
2 √ √
g 1 h (4x - 5) e (x - 4 + 3)(x - 4 - 3)
(x - 3)2 √ √
f (x - 6 + 26)(x - 6 - 26)
√ √
9 -12x2 - 5x + 3 g (x - 2 + 7)(x - 2 - 7)
√ √
= -(12x2 + 5x - 3) h (x - 4 + 21)(x - 4 - 21)
= -(3x - 1)(4x + 3) 6 a not possible
= (1 - 3x)(4x + 3) b not possible
√ √
a (3 - 2x)(4x + 5) b (5 - 2x)(3x + 2) c (x + 4 + 15)(x + 4 - 15)
√ √
c (4 - 3x)(4x + 1) d (3 - 4x)(2x - 3) d (x + 2 + 2)(x + 2 - 2)
√ √
e (2 - 7x)(2x - 5) f (3 - 5x)(3x + 2) e (x + 5 + 22)(x + 5 - 22)
√ √
10 Answers will vary. f (x + 2 + 10)(x + 2 - 10)
9x + 2 5x + 15 g not possible
11 a b √ √
(2x - 3)(4x + 1) (3x - 1)(2x + 5) h (x - 3 + 3)(x - 3 - 3)
16x2 + 5x 7x - 12x2 √ √
c d i (x - 6 + 34)(x - 6 - 34)
(2x - 5)(4x + 1) (3x - 2)(4x - 1)
j not possible
8x - 5 √ √
e k (x - 4 + 17)(x - 4 - 17)
(2x + 1)(2x - 1)(3x - 2)
l not possible
819
( √ )( √ )
3+ 5 3- 5 b i yes ii yes iii no iv no
7 a x+ x+
( 2√ ) ( 2√ )
Answers
v no vi yes vii yes viii no
7 + 41 7 - 41
b x+ x+ c i mÄ4 ii m Ä 9 iii m Ä 25
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ ( )
( 3
5 + 33 5 - 33 12 a 2(x + 4) x -
c x+ x+ 2
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ ( √ )( √ )
9 + 93 9 - 93 2 + 13 2 - 13
d x+ x+ b 3 x+ x+
2 )( 3 3
( √ √2 ) ( √ )( √ )
3+ 7 3- 7 7 + 305 7 - 305
e x- x- c 4 x- x-
( 2√ ) ( 2√ ) 8 8
5 + 23 5 - 23 d Unable to be √
factorised.
f x- x- ( )( √ )
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ 3 + 41 3 - 41
( e -2 x + x+
5 + 31 5 - 31 4 4
g x- x- ( √ )( √ )
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ 7 + 13 7 - 13
9 + 91 9 - 91 f -3 x + x+
h x- x- 6 6
2 2 g Unable to be factorised.
√ √ ( √ )( √ )
8 a 2(x + 3 + 5)(x + 3 - 5) 3 + 41 3 - 41
√ √ h -2 x - x-
b 3(x + 2 + 5)(x + 2 - 5) ( 4 ) 4
√ √
c 4(x - 1 + 5)(x - 1 - 5) 7
√ √ i 2(x - 1) x +
d 3(x - 4 + 14)(x - 4 - 14) ( √2 )( √ )
√ √ 2 + 19 2 - 19
e -2(x + 1 + 6)(x + 1 - 6) j 3 x+ x+
√ √
f -3(x + 5 + 2 6)(x + 5 - 2 6) ( )3 3
√ √ 5
g -4(x + 2 + 7)(x + 2 - 7) k -2 x + (x - 1)
√ √ ( 2)
h -2(x - 4 + 3 2)(x - 4 - 3 2) 4
√ √ l -3 x + (x + 1)
i -3(x - 4 + 11)(x - 4 - 11) 3
( √ )( √ )
3+ 5 3- 5 Exercise 5F
9 a 3 x+ x+
( 2√ ) ( 2√ )
3 + 37 3 - 37 1 a 0, -1 b 0, 5 c 0, 4 d 3, -2
b 5 x+ x+ √ √ √ √
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ e -5, 4 f 1, -1 g 3, - 3 h 5, - 5
( √ √
5 + 17 5 - 17 1 7 5 2
c 2 x- x- i 2 2, -2 2 j ,- k ,-
2 )( 2 ) 2 3 4 5
( √ √
7 + 37 7 - 37 3 3
d 4 x- x- l - ,-
2√ ) ( 2√ ) 8 4
(
7 + 57 7 - 57 2 a x2 + 2x - 3 = 0 b x2 - 3x - 10 = 0
e -3 x + x+
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ c x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 d 5x2 - 2x - 7 = 0
(
7 + 65 7 - 65 e 3x2 - 14x + 8 = 0 f 4x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
f -2 x + x+
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ g x2 + x - 4 = 0 h 2x2 - 6x - 5 = 0
3 + 29 3 - 29 i -x2 - 4x + 12 = 0 j x2 - 3x - 2 = 0
g -4 x - x-
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ k 3x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 l x2 + 3x - 6 = 0
3 + 17 3 - 17
h -3 x - x- 3 a 2 b 2 c 1 d 1 e 2
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√
5 + 41 5 - 41 f 2 g 1 h 1 i 1
i -2 x - x- 4 a x = 0, 4 b x = 0, 3 c x = 0, -2
2 2
d x = 0, 4 e x = 0, 5 f x = 0, -2
10 a x2 - 2x - 24 √ √ √ √ √ √
g x = 7, - 7 h x = 11, - 11 i x = 5, - 5
= x2 - 2x + (-1)2 - (-1)2 - 24 1
j x = 0, 2 k x = 0, -5 l x = 0, -
= (x - 1)2 - 25 7
m x = 2, -2 n x = 3, -3 o x = 6, -6
= (x - 1 + 5)(x - 1 - 5) 5 a x = -2, -1 b x = -3, -2 c x = 2, 4
= (x + 4)(x - 6) d x = 5, 2 e x = -6, 2 f x = -5, 3
b Using a quadratic trinomial and finding two numbers that g x = 5, -4 h x = 8, -3 i x = 4, 8
multiply to -24 and add to -2. j x = -2 k x = -5 l x=4
11 a If the difference of perfect squares is taken, it involves the mx = 7 n x = 12 o x = -9
square root of a negative number.
820
3 1 7 7 x+5
6 a x = - , -4 b x = - ,- c x = 5, 4 a x-3 b
2 2 2 2 √ √ 2
Answers
1 5 3 5 a (x + 4 + 13)(x + 4 - 13)
d x = , 11 e x = - ,3 f x = - ,2 √ √
2 3 5 b (x √ )-(
( - 6 + 10)(x 6 - 10) √ ) c not possible
4 5 3 5 2 5+3 3 5-3 3
g x = ,- h x = , -4 i x= , d x+ x+
3 2 7 4 5 2 2 √ √
7 a x = -2, -6 b x = -1, 11 c x=3 6 a x = 0 or x = 5 b x = 10 or x = - 10
3 2 5
d x=2 e x = , -2 f x= , c x = 4 or x = -4 d x = 3 or x = 4
2 3 2
8 a x = 6, -4 b x = 8, -4 c x=3 e x = -3 f x = -5 or x = 11
d x = -2, -5 e x = 5, 3 f x = 3, -3 g x = 4 or x = -8 h x = 2 or x = -2
g x = 4, -4 h x = -1, -9 i x = 5, -1 i x = 2 or x = 5
j x = -5 k x=8 l x = 8, -8 7 a (3a + 2)(2a + 5) b (2m - 3)(4m + 3)
2 1 3 c (3x - 2)(5x - 4) d (2k - 7)(3k + 5)
m x = 3, -1 n x = - , -4 o x = - ,- 2x + 5
3 4 2 8
9 a x = 12, -7 b x = -5, 14 c x = -9, 2 2x - 3
5 4 5 5 7 7
d x = , -4 e x = - ,2 f x = 2, - 9 a x = or x = - b x = -5 or x =
2 5 6 2 3 2
1 4 1
g x = -3, 1 h x = 1, i x = 3, -2 c x = or x = -
2 5 6
10 a i x = 1, -2 ii x = 1, -2
b no difference Exercise 5G
c 3x2 - 15x - 18 = 3(x2 - 5x - 6) and, as seen in part a, the 1 b x+5 c x(x + 5) = 24
coefficient of 3 makes no difference when solving. d x2 + 5x - 24 = 0, x = -8, 3
11 This is a perfect square (x + 8)2 , which only has 1 solution; i.e. e width = 3 m, length = 8 m
x = -8. 2 a width = 6 m, length = 10 m
12 The student has applied the null factor law incorrectly; i.e. b width = 9 m, length = 7 m
when the product does not equal zero. Correct solution is: c width = 14 mm, length = 11 mm
x2 - 2x - 8 = 7 3 height = 8 cm, base = 6 cm
x2 - 2x - 15 = 0 4 height = 2 m, base = 7 m
(x - 5)(x + 3) = 0
x = 5 or x = -3
5 8 and 9 or -9 and -8 5G
6 12 and 14
1
13 a x = -2, -1 b x=1 c x = ,5 7 15 m
2
3 8 a 6 b 13 c 14
d x = 8, -6 e x = -6, -2 f x = , -4
2 9 1m
g x = 8, -3 h x = 5, -3 i x=2 10 father 64, son 8
j x = 4, -3 k x = 5, -2 l x = -5, 3 11 5 cm
12 a 55
Progress quiz b i 7 ii 13 iii 23
10x 13 a 3.75 m b t = 1 second, 3 seconds
1 a -8x2 + b 4a2 - 7a c m2 + 7m + 10 c The ball will reach this height both on the way up and on the
3
d k2 - 6k + 9 e 9m2 - 4 f 8h2 - 6h - 35 way down.
g 5x2 - 35x + 60 h 19p + 4 d t = 0 seconds, 4 seconds e t = 2 seconds
2 a 4(a - 5) b -6m(2m - 3) f The ball reaches a maximum height of 4 m.
c (x + 5)(4 - x) d (a - 9)(a + 9) g No, 4 metres is the maximum height. When h = 5, there is no
e (4a - 11b)(4a + 11b) f 5(m - 5)(m + 5) solution.
g (k - 5)(k + 9) h (x - 3)(x + 1) 14 a x = 0, 100
√ √ √ √
i (x - 2 5)(x + 2 5) j (h + 3 - 7)(h + 3 + 7) b The ball starts at the tee (i.e. at ground level) and hits the
k (x + 5)(x + a) l (x - 2m)(4x - 5) ground again 100 metres from the tee.
3 a (x - 4)(x + 5) b (a - 3)(a - 7) c x = 2 m or 98 m
c 3(k - 9)(k + 2) d (m - 6)2 15 5 m × 45 m
16 150 m × 200 m
821
√ √
Exercise 5H 1 + 13 1 - 13
e x= ,
2√ 2 √
Answers
1 a 1 b 9 c 100 d 625 e 4 -5 + 33 -5 - 33
25 9 f x= ,
f 25 g h √2 √2
√ √4 4 7 + 41 7 - 41
2 a (x + 3)(x - 3) = 0 g x= ,
√ √ 2
√ 2
√
b (x + 7)(x - 7) = 0 9 + 61 9 - 61
√ √ h x= ,
c (x + 10)(x - 10) = 0 2√ 2 √
√ √
d (x + 1 + 5)(x + 1 - 5) = 0 -1 + 17 -1 - 17
√ √ i x= ,
e (x + 3 + 11)(x + 3 - 11) = 0 2 √ 2 √
√ √
f (x - 1 + 2)(x - 1 - 2) = 0 -9 + 3 5 -9 - 3 5
√ √ j x= ,
3 a x = 2, - 2 2 2
√ √ 3 √ 3 √
b x = 7, - 7 k x = + 3, - 3
√ √ 2 2
c x = 10, - 10
√ √ 5 √ 5 √
d x = 3 - 5, 3 + 5 l x = - + 5, - - 5
√ √ 2 2 √
e x = 4 - 6, 4 + 6 -5 ± 17
√ √ 8 a No real solution. b x=
f x = -5 - 14, -5 + 14 2√
√ √ √
4 a x = -3 - 6, -3 + 6 5 ± 17 -9 ± 69
√ √ c x= d x=
b x = -2 - 2, -2 + 2 2√ 2
√ √ -5 ± 21 √
c x = -5 - 10, -5 + 10 e x= f x=3± 5
√ √ 2√
d x = -2 - 6, -2 + 6 √
√ √ -3 ± 29 -5 ± 61
e x = -4 - 19, -4 + 19 9 a x= b x=
√ √ 2 2
f x = -3 - 14, -3 + 14 √
√ √ c No real solutions. d x=4± 5
g x = 4 - 17, 4 + 17 √
√ √ e x = -5 ± 2 5 f No real solutions.
h x = 6 - 39, 6 + 39 √ √
√ √ -3 + 89 3 + 89
i x = 1 - 17, 1 + 17 10 width = cm, length = cm
√ √ 2 2
j x = 5 - 7, 5 + 7
√ √ 11 a i 1.5 km ii 1.5 km
k x = 3 - 5, 3 + 5
√ √ b i 0 km or 400 km ii 200 km
l x = 4 - 7, 4 + 7 √
√ √ c 200 ± 100 2 km
m x = -3 - 13, -3 + 13
√ √ 12 a x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
n x = -10 - 87, -10 + 87
√ √ (x + 2)2 + 1 = 0, no real solutions
o x = 7 - 55, 7 + 55 ( )2
√ √ 3 3
5 a x = -4 - 2 3, -4 + 2 3 b x- + = 0, no real solutions
√ √ 2 4
b x = -3 - 2 2, -3 + 2 2
√ √ 13 Factorise by quadratic trinomial; i.e. (x + 6)(x - 5) = 0, 6 ×
c x = 5 - 2 5, 5 + 2 5
√ √ (-5) = -30, and 6 + (-5) = -1.
d x = 2 - 3 2, 2 + 3 2
√ √ Therefore, x = -6, 5.
e x = 5 - 2 7, 5 + 2 7 √ √
√ √ 14 a x = 3 ± 7 b x = -4 ± 10
f x = -4 - 2 6, -4 + 2 6 √ √
√ √ c x = -2 ± 11 d x=1± 6
g x = 1 - 4 2, 1 + 4 2 √ √
√ √ e x=4±2 3 f x = -5 ± 2 6
h x = -6 - 3 6, -6 + 3 6
√ √ 15 a Use the dimensions of rectangle BCDE and ACDF
i x = -3 - 5 2, -3 + 5 2
and the √
corresponding side lengths in similar rectangles.
6 a 2 b 2 c 0 d 0 e 0 1+ 5
f 2 g 2 h 0 i 0 j 2 b a=
2√
k 2 l 0 6 √
√ √ 16 a x = -1 ± b x = -1 ± 5
-5 + 17 -5 - 17 2 √
7 a x= , √
2√ 2 3± 5
√ c x = 4 ± 11 d x=
-3 + 5 -3 - 5 √ 2√
b x= ,
2√ 2 √ -5 ± 17 -1 ± 13
e x= f x=
-7 + 29 -7 - 29 2 2
c x= ,
√2 √2
3 + 17 3 - 17
d x= ,
2 2
822
Exercise 5I c i -2 < k < 2 ii ± 2 iii k > 2, k < -2
Answers
d i no values ii no values iii All values of k.
1 a a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 b a = 2, b = 1, c = 4
c a = 5, b = 3, c = -2 d a = 4, b = -3, c = 2
e a = 2, b = -1, c = -5 f a = -3, b = 4, c = -5 Problems and challenges
2 a -8 b -31 c 49 d -23 1 b = -4, c = 1
e 41 f -44 2 47
3 a 1 b 0 c 2 3 a ± 2, ± 1 b ±3
4 a 2 b 0 c 1 d 2 e 2 4 a x = 0, 1 b x = 1, -2
f 2 g 0 h 0 i 2 j 1 5 144 cm2
k 0 √l 2 √ 6 25 km/h
-3 ± 17 -7 ± 65
5 a x= b x= 7 1.6
√2 2
7 ± 29 8 x2 - 2x + 2 = (x - 1)2 + 1, as (x - 1)2 Å 0,
c x= d x=4
2 (x - 1)2 + 1 > 0
e x = -1, -4√ f x = -1, -7√ (x - y)2
9 Square area - rectangle area = > 0 for all
-7 ± 65 -5 ± 37 4
g x= h x=
8 6 x and y; hence, square area is greater than rectangle area.
√ √
2 ± 22 5 ± 65 10 w : p = 1 : 3; t : q = 1 : 9
i x= j x=
3 4√
4 -3 ± 19 Multiple-choice questions
k x = - ,1 l x=
3 √ 5
√
6 a x = -2 ± 3 b x = 3 ± 5√ 1 D 2B 3C 4A 5B
√ -3 ± 3 5 6D 7 C 8C 9E 10C
c x = -3 ± 11 d x=
√2 11 A 12B
√ 4 ± 10
e x=2±2 2 f x=
√ 3√ Short-answer questions
1± 7 3±2 3
g x= h x=
2√ 3 1 a -2x + 26 b 3x2 + 11x - 20
4 ± 31 c 25x2
-4 d x2 - 12x + 36
i x=
7
√ 5
-5 + 105
e 7x + 22
2 a x2 + 4x + 4
f 12x2 - 23x + 10
b 4x2 + 18x
5I
2 √ √ c x2 + 3x + 21
3±2 3 -2 ± 10
8 a x= b x= 3 a (x + 7)(x - 7) b (3x + 4)(3x - 4)
3√ √2
c (2x + 1)(2x - 1) d 3(x + 5)(x - 5)
-5 ± 57 5 ± 17 √ √
c x= d x= e 2(x + 3)(x - 3) f (x + 11)(x - 11)
8√ 4 √ √
-2 ± 13 √ g -2(x + 2 5)(x - 2 5) h (x + 5)(x - 3)
e x= f x=1± 6 √ √
3 i (x - 3 + 10)(x - 3 - 10)
√ √
1 ± 11 3 ± 41 4 a (x - 6)(x - 2) b (x + 12)(x - 2)
g x= h x=
5√ 4 c -3(x - 6)(x - 1)
5 ± 19 5 a (3x + 2)(x + 5) b (2x - 3)(2x + 5)
i x=
√ 6 √ c (6x + 1)(2x - 3) d (3x - 2)(4x - 5)
3 + 53 -3 + 53 2x x-4
9 , 6 a b
√2 2 x+3 √
√
4 √ √
10 6 2 + 10 units 7 a (x + 4 + 6)(x + 4 - 6) b (x + 5 + 29)(x + 5 - 29)
11 63 cm √ √
-b ( - 3 + 2√ 3)(x
c (x )(-3-2 √ 3) )
12 When b2 - 4ac = 0, the solution reduces to x = ; i.e. a 3 + 17 3 - 17
2a d x+ x+
single solution. ( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√
5 + 13 5 - 13
13 Answers will vary. e x+ x+
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√
14 k = 6 or -6
7 + 31 7 - 31
15 a i k > 4 ii k = 4 iii k < 4 f x+ x+
2 2
9 9 9
b i k> ii k = iii k <
8 8 8
823
8 a x = 0, -4 b x = 0, 3 4
3 a i m = 3, c = -2 ii m = - , c = 2
3
Answers
c x = 5, -5 d x = 3, 7
y
e x=4 f x = -9, 4 y
1 2 5
g x = -2, h x = ,-
2 3 2 1 (1, 1)
2
1 3
i x = ,- x
9 2 O 1
9 a x = 3, -3 b x = 5, -1 x
−2 O 3
c x = 4, -7 d x = -3, 6
10 length = 8 m, width = 6 m −2 (3,−2)
√ √
11 a x = -2 ±√ 7 b x=3±2 √ 2 b
3 ± 17 -5 ± 3 5
c x= d x= i y ii y
2 2
12 a 1 solution b 2 solutions
c 0 solutions√ d 2 solutions x
-3 ± 33 √ O 3
13 a x = b x=1± 5 3
√2 √ x
2 ± 14 1 ± 37 O 5
c x= d x= −6
2 6
Extended-response questions iii y iv y

1 a i 15 + 2x m ii 12 + 2x m
b area = 4x2 + 54x + 180 m2 x
O 1
c trench = 4x2 + 54x m2 x
O 3
d Minimum width is 1 m. −2 (1, −2)
2 a S = 63π m2
b 0.46 m
8 9
c i 420 = 3πr2 + 12πr 4 a y = -x + 3 b y = x -
5 5
ii 3πr2 + 12πr - 420 = 0 5 a a = -3 b a = -4 c a = 1 or a = 7
iii r = 4.97 m; i.e. πr2 + 4πr - 140 = 0. d a = -4
6 a x = -3, y = -7 b x = -2, y = -4
Semester review 1 c x = -1, y = 4 d x = 3, y = -5
7 A hot dog costs $3.50 and a soft drink $2.
Linear relations 8 a y b y
Multiple-choice questions
1 A 2C 3D 4E 5C 3 x
O 3
−4.5
3a - 8 9x - 2 x
1 a 3 - 2x b 20 c d O 3
4a (x + 2)(x - 3) 2
2 a i x = -4 ii x = 2 iii x = 13 iv x = 2
c y
b i x Ä 6, x
3 4 5 6 7 x
ii x < 3, x O
0 1 2 3 4
−3
824
Extended-response question Extended-response question
Answers
a x = 3, y = 4 a CD = 6 cm, chord theorem 2
b, c y b OA = OD (radii of circle)
intersecting OB = OC (radii of circle)
8.5 region AB = DC (chord theorem 2)
y = 4x − 8
Â△OAB Ã △OCD (SSS).
(3, 4) c OM = 4 cm, area = 12 cm2
d 30.6%
x e ÒBOD = 106.2°
O 2 17
3
3x + 2y = 17 Indices and surds
−8
1 B 2D 3E 4E 5C
d 167 500 m2 Short-answer questions

√ √ √ √
1 a 3 6 b 20 3 c 3 6 d √10
√ √ 5
Geometry e 21 f 48 3 g 3 h
3
√
Multiple-choice questions 10 2
i
1 D 2B 3C 4E 5C √7 √ √
2 a 7 5- 7 b 0 c - 2-4
√ √ √
3 a 2 15 - 4 3 b 11 5 - 62c 4
Short-answer questions √
d 59√+ 24 6 √ √
1 a AB = DE (given) AC = DF (given) 3 2 2 2 5-5
4 a b c
ÒBAC = 60° = ÒEDF (given). 2 5 5
3b2 2x2
Â△ABC Ã △DEF (SAS). 10
5 a 24x y 2 2
b 3a b 2 c 5 d
a 5y3
a = 35 (corresponding angles in congruent triangles) 6 a i 37 200 ii 0.0000049
b BC = DC (given)
AC is common.
b i 7.30 × 10-5
1 1
3
ii 4.73 × 109
3
SR1
7 a i 10 2 ii 7 x , when x > 0
2 iii 4x 5
ÒABC = 90° = ÒADC (given) 3
iv 15 2
Â△ABC Ã △ADC (RHS). √ √5
√
4 √4
b i 6 ii 20 iii73 or ( 7)3
x = 3 (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) 1 1 1
8 a b c 3 d
2 A D 5 16 2
3 1
9 a x=3 b x=2 c x= d -
2 2
10 a $2382.03 b $7658.36
B C
ÒDBC = ÒBDA (alternate angles in parallel lines) Extended-response question
ÒBDC = ÒDBA (alternate angles in parallel lines) a V = 80 000(1.08)n
BD is common. b i $86 400 ii $108 839
Â△BAD Ã △DCB (AAS). c 11.91 years
Using congruence, BC = AD and AB = DC, corresponding d 6% per year
sides in congruent triangles.
3 a x = 6.75 b x = 2 Trigonometry
4 a x=8 b x=5 c a = 32, b = 65 Multiple-choice questions
d x = 40 e a = 55 f a = 90, b = 60, c = 70
1 E 2B 3A 4D 5C
5 a x = 20 b x=8 c a = 63, b = 55
47 29 39
6 a x= b x= c x= Short-answer questions
5 3 5
1 a x = 19.5 b h = 43.8, y = 9.4
2 a i 150°T ii 330°T
b i 310°T ii 130°T
825
3 a 32.174 m b 52.2°
Chapter 6
Answers
4 a x = 9.8 b h = 125.3
5 95.1°
c
6 a 5π b 135° Exercise 6A
18
7 a tan h 1 a 40 mm b 9.6 cm c 1m
b i h = 155° ii √
h = 35° iii h√ = 42° d 0.3 km e 8m f 0.297 km
1 2 3
c i ii iii - g 1.27 cm h 510.2 cm i 3.2 m
2 2 3
8 a ¥ 0.34 b h ¥ 233°, 307 c yes 1 1 3
2 a b c
4 2 4
Extended-response question 1 7 11
d e f
9 24 12
a 104.3 m b 8 km 3 a 810 m b 9.4 km c 180 cm
20° 4 a 36.6 cm b 5.1 cm c x = P - 28.6
108° 5 a 21.8 m b 3.2 m c x = P - 16.8
6 a 43.98 cm b 7.54 m c 89.22 mm
13 km d 3.46 km
52° C
7 a 75.40 m b r= c 5.57 m
2π
Start
8 a i 8 + 4π m ii 20.6 m
c 17.242 km d 206° T b i 4+π m ii 7.1 m
π
c i 2 + km ii 3.0 km
3
Quadratic equations d i 12 + 10π cm ii 43.4 cm
Multiple-choice questions e i 10 +
70π
mm ii 34.4 mm
9
1 C 2B 3D 4B 5D
31π
f i 6+ cm ii 14.1 cm
12
Short-answer questions 9 a 3 b 8.8 c 0.009 d 2.65
1 a 9x2 - 1 b 4x2 - 20x + 25 e 3.87 f 2.4
2
c -x + 30x - 5 10 57.6 m
√ √
2 a (2x - y)(2x + y) b (x + 2 + 7)(x + 2 - 7) 11 a 12.25 b 53.03 c 1.37 d 62.83
c 3(x - 4)(x + 4) d (x - 2)(x + 7) e 19.77 f 61.70
e (x - 5)2 f 2(x - 6)(x - 2) 5π
12 a 6π m b 10 + m c π + 1 km
3 a (3x + 4)(x - 2) b (3x - 1)(2x + 3) 2
c (5x - 4)(2x - 3) 13 a i 201 cm ii 1005 cm
1 b 4974
4 a x = 0, 3 b x = -4, c x = 0, -5
√ 2√ c
1 000 000
d x = 4, -4 e x = 7, - 7 f x=2 πd
1 2n
g x = 8, -3 h x = -2, 14 r =
3
5 a x = -8, 5 b x = 3, 7 c x = -4, 5 √π
√ √ 15 π 2x
6 a i (x - 3 + 5)(x - 3 - 5) P - 2w 1
2 3, does not factorise further
16 a l = or P - w b l = 5 - w c 0 < w < 5
( + 2) +√
ii (x )( √ ) 2 2
3 5 3 5 d 0<l<5
iii x + - x+ +
2 √2 2 2 17 a 720° b 1080° c 540° d 1440°
b i x=3± √ 5 ii no solutions
-3 ± 5
iii x = Exercise 6B
√2 √ √ √
-3 ± 57 √ 1 a 55 b 11 c 77
7 a x= b x = 2 ± 10 √ √ √ √ √
4 d 2 e 8=2 2 f 50 = 5 2
Extended-response question 2 a x2 + y2 = z2 b a2 + d2 = b2
c 2x2 = c2
a 4x2 + 40x b 44 m2
c x=3 d x = 2.2
826
3 a 5 cm b 11.18 m c 16.55 km 49 26
c π m2 , 51.31 m2 d π m2 , 9.08 m2
3 9
Answers
d 1.81 mm e 0.43 km f 77.10 cm
7
4 a 4.58 m b 7.94 m c 0.63 m e 21π km2 , 65.97 km2 f π mm2 , 2.75 mm2
8
d 1.11 cm e 14.60 cm f 0.09 cm 6 43.2 m2
√
5 a i 34 ii 6.16
√ √ 25
b i 80(or 4 5) ii 16.61 7 a π + 25 cm2 , 34.82 cm2 b 49 m2
√ 8
c i 10 ii 7.68 289 104 2
√ c π+ m , 8.70 m2
d i 89 ii 13.04 200 25
6 a no b yes c no (3969 - 441π)
d mm2 , 103.34 mm2
d no e yes f yes 25
7 a 2.86 m b 2.11 cm c 26.38 m e 81π + 324 km2 , 578.47 km2
49 99 2
d 4.59 cm e 0.58 km f 1.81 km f π- m , 0.52 m2
200 400
8 8.3 cm
9 a 13.19 mm b 13.62 m c 4.53 cm 8 a 66 m2 b 27 bags
d 2.61 m e 12.27 km f 5.23 cm 9 a 100 ha b 200 000 m2 c 0.4 ha
√ √ √ d 2.5 acres
10 a 2 13 b 4 2 c 181
2A
11 a i 22.4 cm ii 24.5 cm 10 a a = -b
h
b
√ Investigation required. 1
5 b i 3 ii 4.7 iii 0
12 cm, using Pythagoras’ theorem given that an angle in a 3
2 c a triangle
semicircle is 90°.
√ √ √ √
13 a √4 5 cm by 2 5√ cm b 3 10 cm by 10 cm
100 100
c cm by 10 cm 11 a
101 101
14 a i 5.41 m ii 4.61 m iii 5.70 m iv 8.70 m
v 8.91 m vi 6.44 m
h
b 7.91 m
15 Research
Exercise 6C b
6C
Let x be the base of each triangle.
h
1 a πr2 b × πr2 c l2 d l×w 1 1
360° A = (b - x) × h + xh + xh
2 2
1 1
e xy, where x and y are the diagonals. f (b + l)h (i.e. rectangle and two triangles)
2 2
1 1 A = bh - xh + xh
g bh h xy i bh
2 2
A = bh
1 1
j πr2 k πr2 b C
2 4
2 a 30 cm2 b 2.98 m2
c 0.205 km2 d 5000 cm2
e 5 000 000 m2 f 100 m2 D B
g 230 cm2 h 53 700 mm2 E
i 2700 m2 j 10 000 000 mm2
k 2 200 000 cm2 l 0.000 145 km2
3 a 25 cm2 b 54.60 m2 c 1.82 km2
d 0.03 mm2 e 153.94 m2 f 75 cm2
A
g 1472 m2 h 0.05 mm2 i 0.17 km2 Let x = AC and y = BD.
j 2.36 km2 k 1.12 m2 l 3.97 cm2 1
AC bisects BD, hence DE = EB = y.
4 a 2.88 b 14.35 c 1.44 2
d 1.05 e 1.91 f 8.89
g 1.26 h 0.52 i 5753.63
25
5 a 9π cm2 , 28.27 cm2 b π m2 , 39.27 m2
2
827
1 1 1 1 b
A= ×x× y+ ×x× y
2 2 2 2
Answers
2 cm
(i.e. area of △ACD plus area of △ABC)
1 1
A = xy + xy
4 4
1
A = xy
2
c Consider the following trapezium.
b
1
2 c
a
A = Area 1 + Area 2
1 1
A= ×a×h+ ×a×h
2 2
1
A = (a + b)h
2
3 cm
12 a 63.7% b 78.5% c 50% d 53.9%
Exercise 6D 1 cm
1 a 2 cm
3 a 90 cm2 b 47.82 mm2 c 111.3 cm2
d 920 m2 e 502.91 m2 f 168.89 m2
4 a 8.64 cm2 b 96 mm2 c 836.6 m2
d 688 mm2 e 4.74 cm2 f 43.99 m2
b
5 24.03 m2
6 3880 cm2
7 a 121.3 cm2 b 10.2 m2
c 236.5 m2 d 2437.8 cm2
c 8 a 66.2 b 17.9 c 243.1 d 207.3
e 2308.7 f 65.0
9 a 144.5 cm2 b 851.3 m2
c 1192.7 cm2 d 4170.8 m2
10 33.5 m2
11 a 6x2 b 2(ab + ac + bc)
( )2
1 1 1 1
c π d + πdh + dh d πr2 + 2rh + πrh
2 2 2 2
2 a 1
12 a 6π b 5 π
2
13 a 0.79 m b 7.71 m
14 1 cm
15 a 4πr2 b 2x(x + 2y)
4 cm c 2rh + πr(h + r) d 2rh +
h
πr(h + r)
180°
10 cm
Exercise 6E
1
1 a bh b πr2 c πrs
2
√ √ √
2 a 29 cm b 221 m c 109 cm
828
3 a √ h = r into the √
14 Substitute equation given in Question 13.
Answers
πr(r + r2 + h2 ) = πr(r + r2 + r2 )
√
= πr(r + 2r2 )
√
= πr(r + 2r)
√
= πr2 (1 + 2) as required
15 182.3 cm2
√ √
16 a 4 26 cm b 306.57 cm2 c 4 2 cm
2 cm
d 20.199 cm e 260.53 cm2 f 85%
Progress quiz
1 a 36 cm b 26.85 cm c 30 cm
2 a i 5 ii 30 cm iii 30 cm2
b
b i 41 ii 90 cm iii 180 cm2
√
c i 41 ii 31.40 cm iii 50 cm2
3 a C = 25.13 mm A = 50.27 mm2
b C = 55.29 mm A = 243.28 mm2
4 a 17.45 cm2 b 29.32 cm2
2 cm 5 a 450 b 0.00045
4 cm 6 a 9.86 cm2 b 42.06 cm2 c 28.54 cm2
7 a 158 cm2 b 2.12 m c 434.29 cm2
2
d 175.18 cm2
8 a 58.90 cm2 b 2.5 cm c 7.07 cm
9 13.75 cm
c
Exercise 6F
1 a 80 cm3 b 32 m3 c 108 mm3
2 a 2000 mm3 b 200 000 cm3 c 15 000 000 m3
d 5.7 cm3 e 0.0283 km3 f 0.762 m3 6F
g 130 000 cm3 h 1000 m3 i 2094 mm3
j 2700 mL k 0.342 ML l 0.035 kL
3 cm
m 5720 kL n 74.25 L o 18 440 L
3 a 40 cm3 b 10 500 m3 c 259.7 mm3
4 a 785.40 m3 b 18.85 cm3 c 1583.36 m3
5 a 12 cm3 b 1570.8 m3 c 2.448 mm3
4 a 593.76 mm2 b 0.82 m2 c 435.90 km2
6 a 30 km3 b 196 cm3 c 30 m3
5 a 64 m2 b 105 cm2 c 0.16 m2
d 10 cm3 e 0.002 m3 f 4752.51 cm3
6 a 62.83 m2 b 5.18 cm2 c 1960.35 mm2
g 0.157 m3 h 1357.168 cm3 i 24 m3
7 a 10.44 cm b 126.7 cm2
7 1000
8 a 25.5 cm b 25.0 cm
8 480 L
9 a 18.9 cm b 17.8 cm
9 a 379.33 cm3 b 223.17 m3 c 6.81 m3
10 a 6.3 m b 66.6 m2
d 716.46 mm3 e 142.36 cm3 f 42.85 cm3
11 hat B √
10 a 27 cm3 b 3 3 m3
12 a 105 cm2 b 63 cm2
11 0.5 cm
c 163.3 cm2 d 299.4 m2
12 He needs to use the perpendicular height of the oblique prism
e 502.8 mm2 f 76.6 m2
√ instead of 5.
13 Slant height, s = r + h2 ,
2
√ h
so πr(r + s) = πr(r + r2 + h2 ) 13 V = πr2 h
360°
14 yes; 69.3 m3
15 a √1 m b 5.8 m3
2
829
Exercise 6G c 688.13 m2 , 1697.40 m3
Answers
d 15.71 mm2 , 5.85 mm3
1 4 cm3
e 21.99 m2 , 9.70 m3
2 15 m3
8 1 f 15.21 km2 , 5.58 km3
3 a 10 m3 b cm3 c 58 mm3
3 3 7 a i 1.53 cm ii 3.50 cm iii 0.50 km
4 a 4 cm3 b 585 m3 c 50 km3 b i 0.89 m ii 3.09 cm iii 0.18 mm
8
d cm3 e 8 cm3 f 0.336 mm3 8 a 113.10 cm3 b 5654.9 cm3
3
c 21 345.1 cm3
5 a 0.82 m3 b 9.38 mm3 c 25 132.74 m3
9 11.5 cm
d 25.13 m3 e 0.12 m3 f 523.60 cm3
10 52%
6 47 mL
11 a 32.72 cm3 b 67.02 cm3 c 0.52 m3
7 a 282.74 m3 b 276 cm3 c 48 m3
12 1570.8 cm2
d 56.88 mm3 e 10.35 m3 f 70.79 m3
13 a 4 m b 234.6 m3
8 4.76 cm
14 a 235.62 m2 b 5.94 cm2 c 138.23 mm2
2
9 d 94.25 m2 e 27.14 m2 f 26.85 cm2
3
Wood wasted = volume of cylinder - volume of cone 15 a 5.24 m3 b 942.48 m3 c 10.09 cm3
1 d 1273.39 cm3 e 4.76 m3 f 0.74 cm3
Wood wasted = πr2 h - πr2 h
3 16 a i 523.60 cm3 ii 4188.79 cm3
2 2 iii 14 137.17 cm3
Wood wasted = πr h
3 b 61.2 cm
2 √
Wood wasted = of the volume of cylinder
3 17 a 5 cm b 5 5 cm c 332.7 cm2
1 1 √ √
10 a i V = x2 h ii V = πx2 h S 3V
3 12 18 a r = b r= 3
4π 4π
π 19 a 4 times b 8 times
b
4 4
20 V = × πr3
11 a 3.7 cm √ 3
3V
b i h = 3V2 ii r = d
Substitute into r, giving:
πr πh 2
( )3
12 a Similar triangles are formed so corresponding sides are in 4 d
V= ×π
the same ratio. 3 2
1 3
b π(r21 h1 - r22 h2 ) 4 πd 1 πd3
3 V= × = ×
3 8 3 2
c i 18.3 cm3 ii 14.7 cm3
1
V = πd3
6
Exercise 6H 4
21 h = r
1 a 314.16 b 60.82 c 3.14 d 33.51 3√
3 √
3
e 91.95
√ f 1436.76 22 a i 3 ii 36π iii 1
4π
3
2 r= iv 6 units2 v 80.6%
√ ( )2
π 4π 4π 3 2
√ b i 4πr2 ii x = 3
r iii 6 r
6 3 3
3 r= 3
π c Proof required. Example:
1 √
1 1 1 4πr2 2π 2π 3 π
4 a b c ( )2 = = = 3
, as
2 8 4 1 2 1 1 6
4π 3 r2
6 3 3 (4π)3 83 × 63
5 a 50.27 cm2 , 33.51 cm3 3
b 3.14 m2 , 0.52 m3 required.

c 18145.84 mm2 , 229 847.30 mm3 d They are the same.
d 1017.88 cm2 , 3053.63 cm3
e 2.66 km2 , 0.41 km3 Exercise 6I
f 5.81 m2 , 1.32 m3 1 Some examples are 3.35, 3.37, 3.40 and 3.42.
6 a 113.10 cm2 , 113.10 cm3 2 a 347 cm b 3m
b 201.06 m2 , 268.08 m3 3 6.65
830
4 a i 1 cm ii 44.5 cm to 45.5 cm Problems and challenges
Answers
b i 0.1 mm ii 6.75 mm to 6.85 mm
1 6
c i 1m ii 11.5 m to 12.5 m
2 1.3 m
d i 0.1 kg ii 15.55 kg to 15.65 kg
3 a As the sphere touches the top, bottom and curved surface,
e i 0.1 g ii 56.75 g to 56.85 g
the height of the cylinder is 2r, and the radius of the base is
f i 1m ii 9.5 m to 10.5 m
r. So the curved surface area = 2 × π × r × h and h = 2r,
g i 1h ii 672.5 h to 673.5 h
therefore this equals 4πr2 , which is equal to the surface
h i 0.01 m ii 9.835 m to 9.845 m
area of the sphere.
i i 0.01 km ii 12.335 km to 12.345 km
b 67%
j i 0.001 km ii 0.9865 km to 0.9875 km
4 h = 4r
k i 0.01 L ii 1.645L to 1.655 L
5 (4 - π)r2
l i 0.01 mL ii 9.025 mL to 9.035 mL √
6 2:1
5 a 4.5 m to 5.5 m b 7.5 cm to 8.5 cm
c 77.5 mm to 78.5 mm d 4.5 mL to 5.5 mL
e 1.5 km to 2.5 km f 34.15 cm to 34.25 cm
g 3.85 kg to 3.95 kg h 19.35 kg to 19.45 kg
i 457.85 L to 457.95 L j 18.645 m to 18.655 m 1 D 2E 3A 4D 5C 6A
k 7.875 km to 7.885 km l 5.045 s to 5.055 s 7 B 8E 9E 10C 11 D 12E
6 a $4450 to $4550
b $4495 to $4505 Short-answer questions
c $4499.50 to $4500.50
1 a 23 cm b 2.7 cm2 c 2 600 000 cm3
7 a 30 m b 15 g c 4.6 km
d 8372 mL e 0.63825 m2 f 3 000 000 cm2
d 9.0 km e 990 g f 990 g (nearest whole)
2 a 32 m b 28.6 m c 20.4 cm
8 a 149.5 cm to 150.5 cm b 145 cm to 155 cm 7
3 a m b 15.60 m2
c 149.95 cm to 150.05 cm π
√
9 a 24.5 cm to 25.5 cm b 245 cm c 255 cm 4 a 65 b 8.31
10 a 9.15 cm b 9.25 cm c 36.6 cm to 37 cm 5 a 16.12 m2 b 216 m2 c 38.5 m2
d 83.7225
11 a 9.195 cm
cm2 to 85.5625 cm2 d 78.54 cm2
6 a 4.8 m
e 100.43 m2
b 25.48 m
f 46.69 m2
6I
b 9.205 cm 7 a i 236 m2 ii 240 m3
c 36.78 cm to 36.82 cm b i 184 cm2 ii 120 cm3
d 84.548025 cm2 to 84.732025 cm2 c i 1407.43 cm ii 4021.24 cm3
2
e Increasing the level of accuracy lowers the difference d i 360 cm2 ii 400 cm3
between the upper and lower limits of any subsequent e i 201.06 m2 ii 268.08 m3
working. f i 282.74 cm2 ii 314.16 cm3
175
12 a Different rounding (level of accuracy being used) 8 a cm b 17.6 cm
3π √
b Cody used to the nearest kg, Jacinta used to the nearest
9 a 18 cm b 3 61 cm c 2305.8 cm2
100 g and Luke used to the nearest 10 g.
10 12 m
c yes
11 a i 414.25 cm2 ii 535.62 cm3
13 a Distances on rural outback properties, distances between
b i 124 m2 ii 88 m3
towns, length of wires and pipes along roadways
c i 19.67 mm2 ii 6.11 mm3
b building plans, measuring carpet and wood
12 a i 117.27 cm2 ii 84.94 cm3
c giving medicine at home to children, paint mixtures, chem-
b i 104 cm2 ii 75 cm3
ical mixtures by students
c i 25.73 cm2 ii 9.67 cm3
d buying paint, filling a pool, recording water use
13 a 4950π cm3 b 1035π cm2
14 a ± 1.8% b ± 5.6% c ± 0.56%
14 a 7.5 m to 8.5 m b 10.25 kg to 10.35 kg
d ± 0.056% e ± 0.28% f ± 0.056%
c 4.745 L to 4.755 L
g ± 0.12% h ± 0.071%
831
Extended-response questions y
Answers
1 a 72 m3 10
√
b 37 m 9
c 138.7 m2 8
d 6 L, $120 7
2 a 100 m 6
√
b 50 2 m 5
c 5000 m2 4
d 36% 3
2
e athlete A, 0.01 seconds
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
Chapter 7
2 a maximum b (-2, 4) c 2
d -5, 1 e x = -2
Exercise 7A 3 a i (2, -5), min ii x = 2 iii -1, 5 iv -3
1 x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 b i (2, 0), max ii x = 2 iii 2 iv -1
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 c i (2, 5), min ii x = 2 iii no x-intercept iv 7
d i (-3, 0), min ii x = -3 iii -3 iv 4
e i (2, -2), min ii x = 2 iii 1, 3 iv 6
f i (0, 3), max ii x = 0 iii -3, 3 iv 3
Reflected in the Turning Wider or narrower

4 Formula Max or min y value when x = 1
x-axis (yes/no) point than y = x 2
a y = 3x2 min no (0, 0) y=3 narrower
b y = 1 x2 min no (0, 0) y=1 wider

2 2
c y = 2x2 min no (0, 0) y=2 narrower
d y = -4x2 max yes (0, 0) y = -4 narrower
e y = - 1 x2 max yes (0, 0) y = -1 wider

3 3
f y = -2x2 max yes (0, 0) y = -2 narrower
5 Formula Turning point Axis of symmetry y value x value

a y = (x + 3)2 (-3, 0) x = -3 9 -3
b y = (x - 1)2 (1, 0) x=1 1 1
c y = (x - 2)2 (2, 0) x=2 4 2
d y = (x + 4)2 (-4, 0) x = -4 16 -4
6 Formula Turning point y value y value when x = 1

a y = x2 + 3 (0, 3) 3 y=4
b y = x2 - 1 (0, -1) -1 y=0
c y = x2 + 2 (0, 2) 2 y=3
d y = x2 - 4 (0, -4) -4 y = -3
832
7 a x=0 b x=0 c x=0 iii y
Answers
d x=0 e x=0 f x=2
22
g x = -1 h x = -3 i x=0
20
j x=0 k x=0 l x = -4
18
8 a (0, 0) b (0, 7) c (0, 0)
16
d (0, 0) e (0, -4) f (2, 0)
14
g (-1, 0) h (-3, 0) i (0, -3) 12
j (0, 2) k (0, -16) l (-4, 0) 10
9 a 0 b 7 c 0 8
d 0 e -4 f 4 6
g 1 h -9 i -3 4
j 2 k -16 l -16 2
10 a viii b iii c vii x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
d iv e i f v
g ii h vi
11 a i y
iv y
22
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
x 7A
ii y
v y
22
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
x 2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
833
vi y 13 a i y
Answers
22 11
20 10
18 9
16 8
14 7
12 6
10 5
8 4
6 3
4 2
2 1
x x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
ii y
b The constant a determines the narrowness of the graph.
12 a i y 8
7
20
6
18
5
16
4
14
3
12
2
10
1
8 x
6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
4 −2
2 −3
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 −4
−5
ii y
b The constant k determines whether the graph moves up or
20 down from y = x2 .
18
14 Answers could be:
16
a y = x2 - 4 b y = (x - 5)2 c y = x2 + 3
14
15 a y = x2 + 2 b y = -x2 + 2 c y = (x + 1)2
12
d y = (x - 2)2 e y = 2x2 f y = -3x2
10
2 1 2
8 g y = (x + 1) + 2 h y = (x - 4) - 2
8
6 16 parabola on its side
4
y
2
x 4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 3
2
b The constant h determines whether the graph moves left or 1
right from y = x2 . x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
834
Exercise 7B d y
Answers
1 a (0, 0) b (0, 0) c (0, 3) d (0, -3) 1 (1, − 1)
3
e (0, 7) f (2, 0) g (-5, 0) h (0, 0) x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
i (0, 0) −1
2 a 3 b -3 c -3 d -1 e 1 −2
f 4 g -16 h -25 i -2 j 2 −3
k 6 l -63 −4
3 a up b right c left d down −5
e down f left g right h up −6
−7
4 a y
−8
7 −9
6 −10
5
4
e y
3 10
2 (1, 2) 9
1 8
x 7
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
6
−2 5
4
b y
3 (1, 3)
1 2
O x 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
−2
−3 (1, 3)
f y
−4
−5 8
7B
−6 7
−7 6
−8 5
−9 4
3
c y
2
10 1
9 x
8 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
7 −2
6 −3 (1, −3)
5 −4
4
3
2
1 (1, 1 )
2
x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
835
g y j y
Answers
1 10
O (1, 0)
x 9
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 8
−2 7
−3 6
−4 5
−5 4
−6 3
−7 2
−8 1
−9 x
O
−3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 5
−10
h y k y
1 1
O x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
−1
−2 −2
−3 −3
(1, −4)
−4 −4
−5 −5
−6 −6
−7 −7
−8 −8
−9 −9
−10 −10
i y l y
10 1
9 x
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6
8
7 −2
6 −3
5 −4
4 −5
3 −6
2 −7
1 −8
x −9
O
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1
5 a (-3, 1) b (-2, -4) c (1, 3)

d (4, -2) e (3, -5) f (2, 2)
g (3, 3) h (2, 6) i (-1, 4)
j (2, -5) k (-1, -1) l (4, -10)
836
6 a y d y
Answers
10 11
9 10
8 9
7 8
6 7
5 6
4 5
3 4
2 3
1 2
(−1, 1) (1, 2)
x 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
b y
e y
9
8 18
7 16
6 14
5 12
4 10
3 8
2 6
1 4
(4, 1)
x 2
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 x
(−2, −1) −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c y
f y
11 7
7B
10 6
9 5
8 4
7 3
6 2
5 1
4 x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
3
2 −2
(−3, 2) −3
1
x −4
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 (1, − 4)
837
g y j y
(1, 3) (2, 1)
Answers
3 1
2 x
1 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
x −2
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −3
−2 −4
−3 −5
−4 −6
−5 −7
−6 −8
−7 −9
h y k y
(2, 1)
1
x x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2 −4 (4, −2)
−3 −6
−4 −8
−5 −10
−6 −12
−7 −14
−8 −16
−9 −18
−20
i y
1
l y
x (−2, 2)
2
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
(−3, −2) x
−2 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2 O 1 2
−3 −4
−4 −6
−5 −8
−6 −10
−7 −12
−8 −14
−9
−10 7 a y = -x2
−11
b y = (x + 2)2
c y = x2 - 5
d y = x2 + 4
e y = (x - 1)2
f y = -x2 + 2
g y = -(x + 3)2
h y = (x + 5)2 - 3
i y = (x - 6)2 + 1
8 a y = 6x2
b y = x2 + 4
c y = (x - 3)2
d y = -(x + 2)2
1
e y = x2
2
838
f y = -x2 + 2 b y
Answers
g y = x2 - 1
24
h y = (x - 1)2
22
i y = -7x2
20
9 a maximum
18
b (5, 25) 17
16
c 0 14
d 25 m 12
e i 21 m ii 21 m iii 0 m 10
10 a (1, 0) b (-2, 0) c (-3, 0) 8
d (0, -4) e (0, -2) f (0, 5) 6
g (-4, -1) h (-2, 3) i (5, 4) (−2, 5) 4
j (-2, 3) k (-3, -5) l (3, -3) 2
11 a translate 3 units right x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1
b translate 2 units left
c translate 3 units down c y
d translate 7 units up (3, 4)
e reflect in x-axis 4
f translate 2 units left and 4 units down 2
x
g translate 5 units right and 8 units up −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
h reflect in x-axis, translate 3 units left
−4
i reflect in x-axis, translate 6 units up
−6
12 a (h, k) b ah2 + k
−8
13 a y −10
24 −12
22 −14
20 −16
18
16
−18 7B
d y
14
12 2
10 x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2
8 (−3,−4)
6 −4
4 −6
(3, 4) −8
2
x −10
−1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 −12
−14
−16
−18
−20
−22
839
e y i y
Answers
20 6
5
18 4
(1, 3)
16 2
14 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
12 −2
10 −4
8 8.5 −6
6 −8
4 −10
(3, 4)
2 −12
x −14
−3 −2−2O 2 4 6 8
j y
f y
(3, 4) 18
4 16
2 14
x 12
O
−4 −2−2 2 4 6 8 10
10
−4 −0.5 8
−6 6
−8 4 2.5
−10 2
(1, 2)
−12 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−14 −2
g y k y
4 (−2, 1) 2
(1, 3)
2 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1O 1 2 3
x −2
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
−2 −4
−4 −6
−7
−6 −8
−8 −10
−10 −12
−12 −14
h y l y
x 4 (2, 3)
−4 −3 −2 −1 O
−2 −3 1 2 3 4 2
−4 (1, −4) x
−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−6 −2
−8 −4
−10 −6
−12 −8
−14 −10
−16 −12
−13
−18 −14
840
Exercise 7C d y
Answers
1 a x = -1, x = 2 b x = 3, x = 4
c x = -1, x = -5 d x = 0, x = 3
e x = 0, x = 5 f x = 0, x = -2
√ √ √
g x =± 5 h x =± 7 i x =± 2 2 x
−2 O 8
2 a x = -2, x = -1 b x = -4, x = 2
c x=4 d x = 0, x = 4
−16
e x = 0, x = 6 f x = 0, x = -5
g x =± 3 h x =± 5
√
i x = ± 10 (3, −25)
3 a 2 b -8 c 16 d 0 e 0 e y
f 0 g -9 h -25 i -10
4 a (x + 6)(x - 8) b x = -6, x = 8
c x=1 d (1, -49)
5 a y
x
−2 O 4
8
−8
x (1, −9)
O 2 4
(3, −1) f y
b y
12
−3 O 7
x
7C
−21
x (2, −25)
O 2 6
g y
(4, −4)
c y
7
15
x
−7 −1 O
(−4, −9)
x
−5 −3 O
(−4, −1)
841
h y d y
Answers
20 30
x
O 2 10
x
−6 −5 O
(6, −16) (−5.5, −0.25)
6 a y e y
20 4
x x
O 4 5 −4 −1 O
(4.5, −0.25)
(−2.5, −2.25)
b y
f y
6
12
x
−12 −1 O
x
O 2 3
(2.5, −0.25)
c y
(−6.5, −30.25)
g y
12
x
O1 12
x
−2 O 6
−12
(6.5, −30.25) (2, −16)
842
h y l y
Answers
x
−11 O 2
−22
x
−1 O 2
−2
(0.5, −2.25) (−4.5, −42.25)
i y
7 a y
x
−2 O 7
−14
x
−2 O
(2.5, −20.25) (−1, −1)
j y
b y
7C
x
−6 O
O x
−4 −4 1
(−1.5, −6.25)
k y
(−3, −9)
x c y
−10 O 3
−30
x
O 4
(−3.5, −42.25) (2, −4)
843
d y c y
Answers
25
x
O 5
x
(2.5, −6.25) O 5
e y
d y
100
x
−3 O
x
(−1.5, −2.25) −10 O
f y
9 a y
x
−7 O
x
−3 O 3
(−3.5, −12.25) −9
8 a y
b y
4 x
−4 O 4
x
−2 O
b y
16
−16
x
−4 O
844
c y d y
Answers
(1.5, 2.25)
x x
−2 O 2 O 3
−4
10 a (3.5, -4.5) b (3.5, -6.75)c (-3, -3) d (-3, -4)

e (0, -196) f (0, 196) g (1, 0) h (1, 0) e y
i (1, 8)
(1, 9)
11 a a = -1, b = -3, TP (2, -1) 8
b a = 5, b = -1, TP (-2, -9)
c a = 2, b = -6, TP (2, -16)
√ √
12 a x-intercepts: 2, - 2; TP (0, -2)
√ √
b x-intercepts: 11, - 11; TP (0, -11) x
√ √
c x-intercepts: 5 2, -5 2; TP (0, -50) −2 O 4
13 a y
f y
(4, 25)
x
−3 O 3
9
−1 O 9
x
7C
b y
1
x
−1 O 1
14 a = -2, TP (1, 18)
15 Coefficient does not change the x-intercept.
16 a y = x2 - 2x + 1 = (x - 1)2
Only one x-intercept, which is the turning point.
b Graph has a minimum (0, 2), therefore its lowest point is 2
units above the x-axis.
c y
(2, 4) 17 a x = 4, x = -2 b (1, -9), (1, 9)
c Same x-coordinate, y-coordinate is reflected in the x-axis.
( )
b b2
18 a 0 b 0, -b c - ,-
x 2 4
O 4
19 a y = x(x - 4) b y = x(x - 2)
c y = x(x + 6) d y = (x + 3)(x - 3)
√ √
e y = (x + 2)(x - 2) f y = (x + 5)(x - 5)
g y = (x + 4)(x - 2) h y = (x - 1)(x - 5)
i y = (x + 1)(x - 3) j y = -x(x - 4)
√ √
k y = -(x + 2)(x - 6) l y = -(x - 10)(x + 10)
845
Exercise 7D b y
Answers
2
1 a y = x + 2x - 5
( )2 ( )2 7
2 2
= x2 + 2x + - -5
2 2
= (x + 1)2 - 6
TP (-1, -6) x
−7 −1 O
b y = x2 + 4x - 1
( )2 ( )2
4 4
= x2 + 4x + - -1
2 2
= (x + 2)2 - 5
TP (-2, -5) (−4, −9)
c y = x2 - 6x + 10
( )2 ( )2 c y
6 6
= x2 - 6x + - + 10
2 2 15
= (x - 3)2 + 1
TP (3, 1)
d y = x2 - 3x - 7
( )2 ( )2
3 3
= x2 - 3x + - -7 x
2 2 −5 −3 O
( )2 (−4, −1)
3 37
= x- -
2 4 d y
3 37
TP ( , - )
2 4 √
2 a x =± 3 b x =± 3 c x = 3, x = -1
√ √ 5
d x = -5, x = 3 e x =± 2 - 4 f x=6± 5
3 a min (3, 5) b max (1, 3) c max (-1, -2)
d min (-2, -5) e min (-5, 10) f max (7, 2) x
O1 5
g max (3, 8) h min (3, -7)
4 a 6 b -2 c 7 d 9 (3, −4)
e -16 f -55 g 3 h 1
i -5 j -8 k 13 l -5 e y
5 a x = 5, x = 1 b x = -7, x = -1
√ 80
c x = 9, x = -3 d x = -2 ± 5
√ √
e x = 1 ± 10 f x=5± 3
g x=4 h x = -6
i no x-intercept j no x-intercept
√ √ (−8, 16)
k x=2± 5 l x = 3 ± 10 x
√ O
6 a x = -1, x = -5 b x =± 7 - 3
√ √ f y
c x = -4 ± 21 d x = -1 ± 7
√
e no x-intercept f x = 6 ± 41 51
7 a y
x
(−7, 2) O
x
O 4
(2, −4)
846
g y 8 a y
Answers
5
3
O x
(2, 1) −3 −1
x
O (−2, −1)
b y
h y
15 x
−1 O 3
(3, 6)
x
O −3
(1, −4)
i y c y
O 9
x
(5, −4)
−29
x
−3 O
d y
j y
16
O
(−4, −9)
x
7D
x
−25 O 4
e y
k (−9, 25) y
x
−2 O 4
x
−14 −4 O
−8
−56 (1, −9)
f y
l y
(2, 4)
x
−3 O 5
x −15
O 4 (1, −16)
847
g y d y
Answers
20
7
(4, 4)
x x
−7 −1 O O
e y
(−4, −9)
h y x
O
−2 − 2√2 −2 + 2√2
−4
5
(−2, −8)
x f y
−5 −1 O
(−3, −4)
i y
1 3 − √5 3 + √5
x 2 2
O x
−12 O
3,−5
2 4
g y
(−6, −36)
9 a y
−5 + √17 2
2
x
−5 − √17 O
2
1 5 , − 17
x −
2 4
−2 − √3 O −2 + √3
h y
(−2, −3)
b y
x
O x −1 O 2
−3 − √14 −3 + √14 −2 1
−5 ,−9
2 4
i y
(−3, −14)
c y 3, 3
− 3
2 4
x
6 O
(1, 5)
10 a 2 b 1 c 1 d 0 e 0
x f 2
O √
11 a x = -1 ± 6 b x = 3, 1 c x = 7, x = -1
√ √
d x = -2 ± 10 e x = -2 ± 11
848
√ ( )2
3± 5 5 33
f x= f y=- x+ +
2 2 4
Answers
12 a y = -(x - 12)2 + 7 5 33 y
− ,
2 4
y
(−2, 7)
−5 − √33 2 −5 + √33
3 2 2
x
−2 − √7 −2 + √7 O
x
O
b y = -(x - 1)2 + 3 13 a k > 0 b k=0 c k<0

y ( )2 ( )2
b b
14 x2 + bx + c = x2 + bx + - +c
(1, 3) 2 2
( )2
2 b b2 4c
= x+ - +
2 4 4
x ( )2 2 - 4c
O b b
1 − √3 1 + √3 = x+ -
2 4
15 a y = 4(x + 1)2 - 1
c y = -(x - 3)2 + 5
y
y
(3, 5)
x −1
O 3 − √5 3 + √5 −3 2
2
x
−4
(−1, −1)
O
7D
d y = -(x - 4)2 + 8
b y = 3(x - 2)2 - 2
y
(4, 8) y
10
4 + 2√2
4 − 2√2
x 2
2 + √3
O
x
O
(2, −2)
−8 2 −√ 23
( )2
3 11
e y=- x+ -
2 4
y
x
(− 32 , − 114) O
−5
849
( )2
c y = 2(x + 3)2 - 17 5 191
g y=6 x+ +
12 24
Answers
y
y
17
−3, −√ 2 17
−3 + √ 2
1
9
x
O
− 5 , 191
12 24
x
O
( )2
3 131
h y=5 x- +
(−3, −17) 10 20
( )2 y
1 25
d y=2 x+ -
4 8
y
7
(103 , 131
20 )
x x
−3 O 1 O
2
( )2
− 1 , − 25 6 36
4 8
i 5 x+ -
5 5
( )2 y
7 25
e y=2 x- -
4 8
y
3 x
− 12 O
5
x
O 1 3
2 − 6 , − 36
5 5
( )2
5 25
j y=7 x+ -
(74 , − 258) y
7 7
f y = 4(x - 1)2 + 16
y
− 10
7
x
O
20
(1, 16)
− 5 , − 25
7 7
x
O
850
( )2
3 35 7 a y
k y = -3 x + +
2 4
Answers
y x
− 3 , 35 O 0.55
2 4 − 4.55
−5
3 √105 3 √105 (−2, −13)

− − − +
2 6 2 6
2 b y
x
O
O 0.29
x
−2.29
−2
(−1, −5)
( )2
5 21 c y
l y = -4 x - +
4 4
y 5 21
4 4
O x
−0.65 1.15
−3
(0.25, −3.25)
d y
5 − √21 5 + √21
4 4
x
O
−1 x
−1.35 O 3.35
−9
Exercise 7E
1 a 2 intercepts b 0 intercepts c 1 intercept
√ e y
(1, −11) 7E
√ -1 ± 17
2 a -1 ± 2 b 2.5, -1 c
√ 4
-3 ± 15 x
d
3 −1.08 O 5.08
3 a zero b positive c negative
4 a 1 intercept b no intercepts c 2 intercepts −11
d 2 intercepts e no intercepts f 1 intercept
g 2 intercepts h 2 intercepts i 2 intercepts
(2, −19)
j 0 intercepts k 2 intercepts l 2 intercepts
5 a 3 b 5 c -2 d -4 e 8
f y
f -10 g 0 h 0 i -7
6 a (-1, 3) ( -5) )
b (-2, ( -1) )
c (2, x
3 1 7 1 −3.86 O 0.86
d (1, -5) e - ,6 f ,5
( ) ( 2 4) 2 4
3 1 3 9 −10
g - , -5 h ,- i (0, -9)
( 4 8
) ( 8 16
)
1 3 1 1 (−1.5, −16.75)
j , -2 k - , l (0, 2)
4 4 3 3 g y
(1, 11)
x
−0.91 O 2.91
851
h y b y
(−1, 9)
Answers
x
−3.12 O 1.12 1
x
O 1
3
i y
(1, 7)
c y
x
3 −
5 O
2
x
−0.32 O 2.32
j y
−25
(−0.25, 12.13) d y
12
x
O 5
3
x −25
−2.71 O 2.21
e y
k y
x
−
1, 1 O (2, −3)
3 3
x
−0.67 O −11
f y
x
l y O (2, −4)
(−1, 1)
O
x
−1.45 −0.55 −16
g y
−4
3
1, 2
8 a y −
2
x
O
9
h y
x −
2, 2 2
3 O 3 3
−
2 x
O
852
√
2 3
9 a x=1± 2 a h
√3
Answers
10 (10, 9)
b x = -1 ±
√ 2
10
c x=1±
√2
-3 ± 15 2.75
d x=
√2 d
6 O 22
e x=2±
√ 2
30 b 9m
f x=1±
5 c 22 m
10 y = (x + 1)2 - 6 = x2 + 2x - 5 3 a d
11 a anything with b2 - 4ac > 0
b anything with b2 - 4ac = 0
x
c anything with b2 - 4ac < 0 −9 O 9
-b
12 Number under square root = 0, therefore x =
2a
(one solution)
√
-b ± b2 - 4c
13 x =
2
b2
14 y = - +c
4a
( )
b c
15 x2 + x+ =0
a a −27
( )
b b2 b2 c
x2 + + 2 - 2 + =0 b 18 cm
a 4a 4a a
( ) c 27 cm
b 2 b2 c
x+ = 2 - 4 a (100, 20) b 0 and 200
2a 4a a
( )
b 2 b2 - 4ac c h
x+ =
b
2a √ 4a2
b2
- 4ac
(100, 20)
7F
x+ =±
2a 4a2
√
b b2 - 4ac
x+ =±
2a √ 2a x
-b ± b2 - 4ac O 200
x= as required
2a
d 200 m e 20 m
Exercise 7F 5 a 2 × length = 20 - 2x
1 a h length = 10 - x
(2, 20) b A = x(10 - x)
c 0 < x < 10
d y
(5, 25)
x
O 10
t
O 4 e 25 cm2
f 5 cm by 5 cm
b 20 m
c 4 seconds
853
6 a 100 - 2x b A = x(100 - 2x) c 0 < x < 50 11 a 1 m
Answers
d A b No, 1 metre is the minimum height the kite falls to.
12 P = x(64 - x) so maximum occurs at x = 32.
(25, 1250) Maximum product = 32(64 - 32) = 1024
13 a A = (20 - 2x)(10 - 2x) b min x = 0, max x = 5
c A
200
x
O 50
e 1250 m2 f width = 25 m, length = 50 m
7 a 20 - x
x
b P = x(20 - x) O 5
c P d Turning point occurs for an x value greater than 5.
e 1 cm
(10, 100) 14 a 6 m b No, the maximum height reached is 4.5 m.
15 a y
x x
0 20 O 100
d i x = 0 or 20 ii x = 10
e 100
8 a (20, 0)
b h
(50, −250)
x b i 2 ii none
O 20 40
c i (27.6, -200) and (72.4, -200)
−10
ii (1.0, -10) and (99.0, -10)
c 40 m d The highway meets the edge of the river (50 metres along).
d 10 m 1
√ 16 5 m
24
9 a 6 seconds
b h Exercise 7G
1 a one b zero, one or two
30 2 a (2, 12) b (-1, -3)
3 a y
t 5 y=x+2
O 4
√6
√
c 2 seconds 3
y = x2 − x − 1
10 a h 2
1
7 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
t
O1 7
b (-1, 1) and (3, 5)
c x2 - x - 1 = x - 2
x2 - 2x - 1 = 2
x2 - 2x - 3 = 0
(x - 3)(x + 1) = 0
(4, −9)
x - 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
b i 1 second ii 7 seconds iii 4 seconds
x = 3 or x = -1
c 9 m below sea level
When x = 3, y = 3 + 2 = 5
d at 3 and 5 seconds
When x = -1, y = -1 + 2 = 1
854
4 a x2 + 3x + 6 = 0 b x2 - 5x + 3 = 0 1 7
12 a x = -1, y = -2 and x = - , y = -
2 4
Answers
c x2 + 3x - 12 = 0
5 15
5 a b2 - 4ac < 0 b b2 - 4ac > 0 b x = , y = - and x = 2, y = -4
2 4
c b2 - 4ac = 0 c x = 1, y = 8 and x = 2, y = 7
6 a (-3, 6) and (2, 6) d x = -6, y =(-14 and) x = 2, y = 2
b (-2, 12) and (6, 12) 1 1
13 a (-1, 4) and ,5 b 212 m
c no solutions ( ) 2 2
1 14 a (3, -4)
d (-3, -2) and - , -2
2 b i c > -4 ii c = -4 iii c < -4
( )
3 15 a 1 + 4k
e - ,0
2 1 1 1
b i k>- ii k = - iii k < -
f no solutions 4 4 4
7 a x = 0, y = 0 and x = 3, y = 9 16 a Discriminant from resulting equation is less than 0.
b x = 0, y = 0 and x = -2, y = 4 b kÅ2
c x = -3, y = 9 and x = 6, y = 36 17 a m = 2 or m = -6
d x = 0, y = 5 and x = 3, y = 8 b The tangents are on different sides of the parabola, where
e x = -6, y = 34 and x = -2, y = 22 one has a positive gradient and the other has a negative
f x = -2, y = -3 and x = 3, y = 17 gradient.
g no solutions c m > 2 or m < -6
h no solutions
9 65 Progress quiz
i x = - , y = and x = -1, y = 8
2 2
5 25 1 a y
j x = - , y = - and x = 3, y = 1
3 3 5
k x = -3, y = 6
4
l x = -1, y = 2
3
8 a x = -4, y = 16 and x = 2, y = 4
2 (1, 2)
b x = -1, y = 1 and x = 2, y = 4
1
1 1
c x = -1, y = 1 and x = , y = x
3 9 (0, 0) 1 2
−2 −1−1
1 13
d x = -2, y = 7 and x = - , y =
2 4 b y
2 16
e x = -2, y = 0 and x = , y = 5
3 9
f x = -8, y = -55 and x = 2, y = 5 4
(0, 3)
9 a i no solutions 3
ii x = -0.7, y = 1.5 and x = 2.7, y = 8.5 2
iii x = -1.4, y = -2.1 and x = 0.4, y = 3.1 1
x
iv x = -2.6,√ y = 8.2 and x =√-0.4, y = 3.8 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
-1 ± 21 -1 ± 21
b i x= ,y = −2
√2 2
3± 5 √
ii x = ,y = 3 ± 5 c y
2√
-1 ± 13 √ 10
iii x = , y = 1 ± 13
2√ 9 (0, 9)
-1 ± 17 √ 8
iv x = , y = ± 17
2 7
10 a 2 b 0 c 2 d 0 6
e 1 f 2 5
11 Yes, the ball will hit the roof. This can be explained in a 4
number of ways. Using the discriminant, we can see that the 3
path of the ball intersects the equation of roof y = 10.6. 2
1 (3, 0)
x
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
855
d y b y = (x - 1)2 - 7
Answers
y
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 3
− −
−2 1 − √7 1 + √7 x
(−2, −1) −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−3
−3
−4
(0, −5)
−5 (0, −6) −6
−6
−9 (1, −7)
2 y= 3x2 +2 7
3 a y i x-intercepts ii y-intercept iii Turning point
a △ < 0; no x-intercepts (0, 5) (2, 1)
3
b △ > 0; two x-intercepts (0, -7) (-3, -16)
2
c △ = 0; one x-intercept (0, -16) (-4, 0)
1
(−1, 0) (3, 0)
x 8 y
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 6
−2 5 (0, 5)
(0, −3) 4
−3 3
−4 (1, −4) 2
−5 1
0.78 3.22 x
−1 O
b y −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
6 −3
(2, −3)
5 −4
4 (0, 4)
3 9 a A = x(44 - 2x) or A = 44x - 2x2
2 b A
(11, 242)
1 (2, 0)
x
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
4 a = 2, b = -4; y = (x + 2)(x - 4); Turning point

is at (1, -9). x
O 22
5 a Turning point is a maximum at (3, 8).
c 242 m2 ; 11 m by 22 m
b y-intercept is at (0, -10).
10 a x = 5, y = 25 and x = -3, y = 9
c x-intercepts at 5 and 1.
b x = 2, y = 3 and x = - 1, y = - 8
6 a y = (x - 2)2 - 1 3 9
y 11 0
5 Exercise 7H
4 2
1 a f(x) = 8x b f(x) = 9 - x2 c f(x) =
3 x
2 d f(x) = x(2x - 3) e f(x) = 2x + 1
1 f f(x) = (x - +14)2
x 2 a true b true c false d false e true
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 3 a yÅ0 b y>0 c y>9 d 0ÄyÄ1
(2, −1)
−2 e yÅ0
4 a function b function c function
d function e not a function f function
g not a function h function i not a function
1
5 a 4 b 10 c 28 d 5 e -2
2
f 3a + 4
856
6 a 0 b 2 c -4 d 230 e 0.176 c The y-axis is the axis of symmetry for the function.
Answers
f 2k3 - k2 + k 17 a i y
7 a f(0) = 0, f(2) = 8, f(-4) = -16, f(a) = 4a,
f(a + 1) = 4a + 4
(−1, 2) (1, 2)
b f(0) = 1, f(2) = -3, f(-4) = -15, f(a) = 1 - a2 ,
f(a + 1) = -a2 - 2a
x
1
c f(0) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(-4) = , f(a) = 2a , f(a + 1) = 2a+1 O
16
1 2
d f(0) = undefined, f(2) = 1, f(-4) = - f(a) = ,
2 a
2
f(a + 1) = ii y
(a + 1)
e f(0) = -12, f(2) = 0, f(-4) = -12, f(a) = a2 + 4a - 12, 4
f(a + 1) = a2 + 6a - 7
f f(0) = 9, f(2) = 25, f(-4) = 73, f(a) = 4a2 + 9, 2
f(a + 1) = 4a2 + 8a + 13
8 a all real x b all real x c all real x d all real x x
O
e all real x f all real x g all real x h x¢0 −2 2
9 a all real y b yÅ0 c yÅ0 d all real y −2
e y>0 f y>0 g yÄ2 h y¢0
10 a i 5 ii -2 iii 3 iv -15 v 5 iii y
vi -4
5 6 (1, 6)
b a = represents the x value of the point where the line
3
graphs intersect. 4
11 a i false ii false
b i false ii true 2
c i false ii false
12 4x + 2h - 3
13 a They all pass the vertical line test, as each x value has only −4 −2
O
2 4
x
7I
one y value.
−2
b vertical lines in the form x = a
c The y value of the vertex is the maximum or minimum value
−4
of the parabola and therefore is essential when finding the
range.
b iii
d i y Å -4 ii y Å -12 1 iii y Ä 1.125
4 c i yÅ0 ii 0 Ä y Ä 4 iii y Å -4
iv y Å 1 d i 8, 8, 2 ii 34, 18, -2
1
14 a x ¢ 1 b x ¢ - c x ¢ 1
2
15 a x Å 0 b x Å 2 c x Å -2 d x Ä 2 Exercise 7I
1
16 a f(a) = f(-a) = a2 + 2 1 y
a
b
2
y
6
x
−2 O 2
4
2 −2
x √ √
−4 −2 O 2 4 2 a x =± 5 b x =± 4 c x =± 3
√ √
d y = ± 11 e y = ± 57 f y =± 2
−2
857
3 a (0, 0) b r 12 y
√
Answers
4 a (0, 0) √ √b r = 3 c y =± 5
27 ±3 3 √10
d x =± = (1, 3)
2 2
e y
3 x
−√10 O √10
x
−3 O 3 (−1, −3)
−√10
−3 13 y
√
19 √6
5 a (0, 0) b r=5 c y =±
2
d x =± 3 e y −
2√6 √30
√5 5
x
5 −√6 O √6
2√6 − √30
x −√6 √5 5
−5 O 5
14 y
−5 √5
6 a r=6 b r=9
√ (2, 1)
c r = 12 d r= 5 x
√ √ √
e r = 14 f r = 20 = 2 5 −√5 O √5
7 a x2 + y2 = 4 b x2 + y2 = 49 (−1, −2)
c x2 + y2 = 10 000 d x2 + y2 = 2601 −√5
e x2 + y2 = 6 f x2 + y2 = 10 √
Chord length = 3 2 units
g x2 + y2 = 1.21 h x2 + y2 = 0.25 √
√ √ √ √ 15 a m = ± 3
8 a (1,
( √ 3), (1,)- (3) √ b ) (-1, 3), (-1, - 3) √ √
1 15 1 15 b m > 3 or m < - 3
c , , ,- √ √
2 2 2 2 c - 3<m< 3
(√ ) ( √ )
15 1 15 1 16 a D b A c E
d ,- , - ,- e (0, -2)
2 2 2 2 d C e F f B
f (2, 0), (-2, 0) √ √
17 a y = ± 16 - x2 = ±√ 42 - x2
9 a x-intercepts: ± 1, y-intercepts: ± 1 √ √
b x = ± 3 - y2 = ± ( 3)2 - y2
b x-intercepts: ± 4, y-intercepts: ± 4
√ √ 18 a Radius of graph is 2, so points are 2 units from (0, 0);
c x-intercepts: ± 3, y-intercepts: ± 3
√ √ i.e. < 2.
d x-intercepts: ± 11, y-intercepts: ± 11
√ b Radius of graph is 1, so points are 1 unit from (0, 0); i.e. -1
10 a r = 2 2 b r=2 c r=3
√ √ √ is the leftmost point, which is not as far as -2.
d r = 10 e r=2 3 f r=2 5
19 a i y
11 y
3 2
( 3
√2
, 3
√2 )
x
x −2 O 2
−3 O 3
− 3 ,− 3
√2 √2
−3
858
ii y ix y
Answers
5
2√3
x
−5 O 5
x
O
2√3
iii y
x −2√3
−1 O 1
√ √
b i y = 25 - x2 ii y = - 16 - x2
−1 √ √
iii x = 4 - y2 iv x = - 1 - y2
√ √
v y = 3 - x2 vi y = - 5 - x2
iv y √ √
vii x = 10 - y2 viii x = - 8 - y2
√
x ix y = - 18 - x2
O
−√10 √10
−√10 Exercise 7J
v y
1 a
4 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 1 1
4 2 1 2 4
x b y
−4 O 4
vi y 4
3 y = 2x
6
2
1
−6 O
x −2 −1 O 1 2
x
7J
2 a
x -2 -1 0 1 2
−6 y 1 1
9 3 1 3 9
vii y
b y
√7
10
8
6 y = 3x
x
O 4
−√7
2
x
−√7 −2 −1 O 1 2
viii y
3 a
x -2 -1 0 1 2
√5 x 1 1
y1 = 2 1 2 4
4 2
√5
x y2 = –2x -1 -1 -1 -2 -4
O 4 2
y3 = –2 x 1 1
4 2 1 2 4
−√5
859
b y 12 x = 2.322
y = 2−x y = 2x
Answers
13 a C b A c D d E e F
4
f B
3
2 14 Substitute (2, 5) into the equation y = 22 = 4 ¢ 5.
1 15 y = 1
x 16 It is the asymptote.
−2 −1 −1O 1 2 17 a y
−2
8
−3
y= −2x 6
−4
4
4 a a-2 =
1
¢ -a2 b False since 3-2 =
1
. 2
a2 32 x
c 5-3 , 3-2 , 2-1 d -9, -125, -
1 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
4 They are the same graph.
( )x ( )x ( )x
5 y 1 1 1
b i y= ii iii y =
c 3 5 10
(1, 5) c i y = 4-x ii y)= 7-x iii y = 11-x
( x
(1, 4) a 1 1
b d = a-1 , thus = (a-1 )x = a-x as required
a a
(1, 2) (or similar)
1
x Exercise 7K
O
1 a
x -2 -1 -1 1
1 2
6 y 2 2
y -1 -1 -2 2 1
1
2 2
O x
−1 b y
(1, −2)
2
(1, −3) a
1
c x
(1, −5)
b −2 −1−1O 1 2
7 y −2
b c
a
(1, 12 ) 2 a
x -3 -1 -1 1
1 3
1 (1, )
1
3
y -1 -3
3
-9
3
9 3 1
x
O
b y
(1, 16 )
9
( ) 6
1 3
8 a i (0, 1) ii -1, iii (0, 1)
3 x
iv (2, 9) ( ) −3 −2 −1−3O 1 2 3
1
b i (4, -16) ii -1, - iii (0, -1) −6
2
−9
( -4))
iv (2, ( )
1 1
c i 1, ii (-3, 64) iii (0, 1) iv 1,
4 4
9 a (2, 4) b (2, 9) c (1, -4) d (-3, 8)

10 a 1000
b i 2000 ii 8000
c i 2 years ii 4 years
11 a N = 2t b N = 210 = 1024 c 14 seconds
860
3 a d y
x -4 -2 -1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 4
Answers
2 4 4 2
y 1 1 2 4 8 -8 -4 -2 -1 - 1
2 2 (1, 4)
b y
x
O
8
6 (−1, −4)
4
2
x e y
−4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4
−4 (−1, 1)
−6
x
−8 O
(1, −1)
4 a 1 ÷ 0.1, 1 ÷ 0.01, 1 ÷ 0.001, 1 ÷ 0.00001

1
f y
b x=
100
c 0.099
d 998
5 a y (−1, 2)
x
O
(1, 1)
(1, −2)
x
O
(−1, −1)
g y
b y
7K
(−1, 3)
(1, 2) x
O
x (1, −3)
O
(−1, −2)
h y
c y
(−1, 4)
x
(1, 3) O
(1, −4)
x
O
(−1, −3) ( )
1
6 a (2, 1) b 4,
( 2 )
1
c (-1, -2) d -6, -
( ) ( )3
1 5
7 a 10, - b -4,
( 2
) ( 4 )
5 5
c -7, d 9, -
7 9
861
( )
3 c Increasing distance from home, positive constant gradient,
8 a (1, 3) b (3, 1) c - , -2
( ) 2
Answers
higher constant speed.
1
d - , -6 d Increasing distance from home, positive varying gradient,
2
9 a yes b yes c no d no increasing speed, accelerating.
( ) ( ) e Increasing distance from home, positive varying gradient,
1 1
10 a ,2 b ,6
2 decreasing speed, decelerating.
(6 )
1 f Decreasing distance from home, negative varying gradient,
c (-1, -1) d - , -10
( 10 ) ( ) decreasing speed, decelerating.
1 1 g Decreasing distance from home, negative varying gradient,
e (1, 1), (-1, -1) f - , -2 , ,2
( )( ) 2 2 increasing speed, accelerating.
1 √ 1 √
g √ , 2 -√ , - 2 4 a i p = 4q ii p = 60 iii q = 25
2 2
( ) ( ) b i p = 50q ii p = 750 iii q = 4
√ √ 72
h √1 , 5 , -√1 , - 5 5 a i k = 72, y = ii y = 2 iii x = 24
5 5 x
( ) ( )
2 1 50
11 a , -3 b - ,4 b i k = 50, y = ii y = 0.5 iii x = 0.5
x
(3 ) ( 2 ) 6 a Positive variable rate of change, increasing speed,
1 1
c 4, - d -6, accelerating.
2 ( 3) ( )
1 1 b Positive constant rate of change, constant speed.
e (1, -2), (-1, 2) f , -4 , - , 4
c Positive varying rate of change, decreasing speed,
√2 √ √2 √
g (2, -1), (-2, 1) h ( 2, - 2), (- 2, 2) decelerating.
12 a E b C c D d Zero rate of change, stationary.
d B e A f F e Negative varying rate of change, increasing speed,
13 Yes, x = 0 or y = 0. accelerating.
14 a zero b zero c infinity d infinity f Negative constant rate of change, constant speed.
15 Greater the coefficient, the closer the graph is to the g Negative varying rate of change, decreasing speed,
asymptote. √ √ decelerating.
1± 5 -1 ± 5 7 a y is increasing at an increasing rate.
16 a i x = ,y =
2√ 2√ b y is increasing at a decreasing rate.
ii x = 1 ± 2, y = -1 ± 2
√ √ c y is decreasing at an increasing rate.
iii x = -1 ± 2, y = 1 ± 2
d y is decreasing at a decreasing rate.
b No intersection, D < 0.
8 a k = $244/tonne b P = 244n c $33184
c y = -x + 2, y = -x - 2
d 1175 tonnes
74
9 a C= b $4.93 c $2.47
Exercise 7L s
10 a y (km/h)
1 a direct proportion
y=x (100, 100)
b indirect proportion 100
c indirect proportion
d direct proportion 80
e neither
60
f indirect proportion
2 a Straight line with y-intercept; neither direct nor inverse
40
(indirect) proportion.
b Straight line starting at (0, 0); direct proportion.
20
c Upward sloping curve so as x increases, y increases; nei-
ther direct nor inverse (indirect) proportion. x (km)
d Hyperbola shape so as x increases, y decreases; inverse 0 20 40 60 80 100
(indirect) proportion.
3 a Fixed distance from home, zero gradient, stationary.
b Decreasing distance from home, negative constant
gradient, lower constant speed.
862
b b P
320
200 y=
Answers
x
(2, 160)
150
Cost per person
100 t
c P
50
(8, 40)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of people
c y (lbs) t
d P
(100, 220)
200 y = 2.2x
150
t
100 13 a
50
Depth
x (kg)
0
20 40 60 80 100
d 800
y= x Time
80 (10, 80) b
7L
60
Time (min)
Depth
40
20
(80, 10) Time
c
0 20 40 60 80
Words/min
Depth
11 a decreasing at a decreasing rate

b increasing at an increasing rate
c increasing at a decreasing rate
d decreasing at an increasing rate Time
e decreasing at a constant rate d
f increasing at a constant rate
12 a P
Depth
Time
863
e Continuous motion means that no breaks in the curve are
Answers
possible.
Depth Final deceleration segment needs a curve becoming
flatter, showing a decreasing gradient.
15 A & d: School bus; distance increases at an increasing rate
(acceleration), then a constant rate (steady speed) and then a
Time decreasing rate (deceleration) becoming a zero rate (stopped).
f B & a: Soccer player; distance increases at a constant rate
(steady speed), then a zero rate (stopped) and then at an
increasing rate (acceleration).
Depth
C & c: Motor bike; distance increases at a constant rate

(steady speed), then at an increasing rate (acceleration), and
then at a decreasing rate (deceleration) becoming a zero rate
(stopped).
Time
D & b: Rocket booster; distance increases at an increasing
14 Corrected graphs are shown with a dashed line.
rate (upward acceleration), then a decreasing rate
a
(deceleration when detached) becoming zero (fleetingly
stopped). Distance then decreases at an increasing rate
Distance
(acceleration towards Earth) and finally distance decreases at

a constant rate (steady fall to Earth with parachute).
16 Various solutions; check with your teacher.
Time Exercise 7M
Vertical line incorrect. Can’t change distance
instantaneously. 1 a up b down c right d left
b e right f left g up h down
i right j left k down l up
2 a y
Distance
3 x
O
−1
(3, −1)
Time
Graph correct.
c b y
(−2, 3)
Distance
x
−2 O
Time
Can’t be in two places simultaneously. Curve must
c y
increase in gradient, turn, decrease in gradient. 2√6 − 3
x
d −3 O 5
(1, −3)
Distance
−2√6 − 3
Time
864
d y i y
Answers
6
(−3, 1)
(−3, 2) x
x
O −5 −1 O
−2
√21 − 3
−√21 − 3
e y 3 a y
1 + √5
(−2, 1) 2√2 − 2
x
O
x −1
O
−2 y = −2
−2√2 − 2 1 − √5
f y b y
10
2
y=1
1
4 x
O
x
−2√5 O 2√5
−2
g y c y
2√2
7M
x x
−4 −1 O 2 O
−2√2 −4
y = −5
h y
5 + 2√15 d y
2 − √39 (2, 5) 2 + √39 1

x 2
O
x
5 − 2√15 O y=0
865
e y 4 a y
Answers
2 y=2
x
O y=0 x
−1 O
2
f y
x=0
2 b y
x
O y=0
1
x
O
g y −1 y = −1
3 x=0
2
y=1
1 c x = −3 y
x
O
1
3
h y x
O y=0
1
x
O
d y
−3 y = −3
i y
O x
2 y=0
−1
2
x
O
−378
y = −4
x=2
4
866
e y i y
Answers
6
29 y=6
2 5
1 y=1
x
−2−1 O
x
O 29 5
6
x = −1
f y x=5
5 a y
y=1
4
3 x
x O
O
y = −3
−4
b y
x=1
g y x=3
x
O
−3
2
−4 y = −3
5 y=2
3
O 5 3
x
7M
2
c y
y=0
x
O
h x = −4 y
−8
3
−4 d y
x
− 4 −3 O
y = −1 y=0
O x
−1
4
867
1
e y 7 a y= -1
x-2
Answers
1
b y= +3
x x+1
O
1 3
y = −1 c y= +
( x - √ 2 √ ) (
1 √ √ )
−3 -3 - 5 1 - 5 -3 + 5 1 + 5
8 a , , ,
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √
b ( 5, 3 + 5), (- 5, 3 - 5)
( √ ) ( √ )
f y -1 - 11 √ -1 + 11 √
c , 11 , , - 11
2 2
5 y=5 ( )
3 6
d (1, 2), - , -
5 5
e (-6, 3), (-2, -1)
1 f (3, 0), (-3, -2)
x
O 9 a max x = 5, min x = 1 b max y = 0, min y = -4
10 a (x - 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 8 b (x + 2)2 + y2 = 25
1
c (x + 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 18 d y = +1
6 a x = −1 y x-1
1 -1
e y= -1 f y=
x+2 x+3
1
11 a Solving = -x would require x2 = -1, which is not
x
possible.
2 y=2 b Circle has centre (1, -2) and radius 2, so maximum
1 y value on the circle is 0, which is less than 1.
O x c Exponential graph rises more quickly than the straight line
−1 −1 and this line sits below the curve.
2
2 1
d Solving -1 = gives a quadaratic with △ < 0, thus
x+3 3x
no points of intersection.
b x = −2 y
12 a i (x + 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 4, C(-2, 1), r = 2
ii (x + 4)2 + (y + 5)2 = 36, C(-4, -5), r = 6
iii (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 16, C(3, 2), r = 4
√
iv (x - 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 15, C(1, -3), r = 15
√
v (x + 5)2 + (y + 4)2 = 24, C(-5, -4), r = 2 6
−4 √
x vi (x + 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 18, C(-3, -3), r = 3 2
−2 O y = −1 ( )2 ( ) √
−1 3 29 3 29
vii x + + (y - 3)2 = , C - , 3 , r =
−2 2 4 2 2
( )2 ( )
5 49 5 7
viii x + + (y - 2)2 = , C - , 2 , r =
2 4 2 2√
( )2 ( )2 ( )
c y 1 3 3 1 3 3
ix x - + y+ = ,C ,- ,r =
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )2 ( )2 ( )
3 5 25 3 5 5
x x- + y- = ,C , ,r = √
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 2
O 2 3 b (x + 2) + (y - 3) = -2; radius can’t be negative.
−4
3
y = −2 Problems and challenges
2
2 1 3 1
1 a - ÄxÄ b x > - or x <
3√ 2 √ 4 3
x=3 7 - 41 7 + 41
c <x<
2 2
868
2 (x - 2)2 + (y - 3)2 Ä 16 2 a minimum at (2, 0) b maximum at (0, 5)
Answers
y c maximum at (-1, -2) d minimum at (3, 4)
3 a y
3 + 2√3
(2, 3)
2 − √7
x
O
2 + √7 x
3 − 2√3 −2 O 2
−4
3 a b2 - 4ac < 0 b b2 - 4ac = 0 c b2 - 4ac > 0
4 (x - 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = -15 + 9 + 4 = -2, which is b y
impossible.
16
1 1 1
5 a k= b k< c k>
3 √ 3
√ 3
6 a k = ± 20 = ± 2 5
√ √
b k > 2 5 or k < -2 5
√ √ x
c -2 5 < k < 2 5 −4 O
7 a y = -(x + 1)(x - 3)
3
b y = (x + 2)2 - 3
c y
4
c y = x2 - 2x - 3
( )
3 73
8 a = 2, b = -3, c = -8; TP , -
4 8
9 20
√ x
10 4 3 −2 O 4
11 y
(0, 8) −8
(1, −9)
y5 = 8x − 8
4 a i maximum at (1, -3) ii -4
iii no x-intercepts
iv y
x
O (1, 0)
x
O
(1, −3)
−4
y5 = 8 − 8x
(0, −8)
b i minimum at (-3, -8) ii 10

iii -1 and -5
Multiple-choice questions iv y
1 B 2D 3E 4D 5A 10
6A 7 C 8D 9A 10 D
11 E 12 C 13 D 14 B 15 E
16 A 17 C
x
Short-answer questions −5 −1 O
1 a minimum at (1, -4) b x=1
c -1 and 3 d -3
(−3, −8)
869
5 a y c Only x = 1, All real y.
Answers
d All real x except x = 0, All real y except y = 0.
e All real x, y > -3.
f All real x, y > 0.
1 13 a y
x
O
5
2 − √3 2 + √3
(2, −3)
b y x
−5 O 5
x −5
O −3 + √17
−3 − √17 2 2
2 b y
− 3 , − 17
2 4
6 a 1 b 0 c 2 d 0 √7
7 a i 5 ii (2, -3) iii 0.8 and 3.2
iv y x
−√7 O √7
−√7
5
14 y
0.8 x
O 3.2
(2, −3)
( )
3
( 3
,
√5 √5
6
)
3 25
b i 4 ii , iii -1 and 4
2 4 x
iv y −3 O 3
3 , 25
2 4
− 3 ,− 6
4 √5 √5 −3
x
−1 O 4 15 a y
(1, 4)
8 a 100 - x b A = x(100 - x) c 0 < x < 100

d A 1
(50, 2500) x
O
b y
x x
O 100 O
e 2500 m2 f 50 m by 50 m −1
9 a x = 2, y = 10 and x = -6, y = 10
(1, −3)
b no solutions
1 10
c x = , y = and x = -1, y = 2
3 9
10 Show b2 - 4ac = 0.
11 a 9 b 24 c 3 d 2k2 - k + 3
12 a All real x, All real y.
b All real x, only y = 4.
870
c y c y
Answers
5
1 (1, 15 ) −
3
x x
O O
−2
16 a y −2.5
y = −3
−3
(1, 2) x = −2
x
O Extended-response questions
(−1, −2) 1 a (200, 30) b 0 Ä x Ä 400
c 30 Ä h Ä 80
d h
b y
(400, 80)
80
(−1, 3)
(200, 30) x
O 400
x e 400 m f 30 m
O
g 80 m
2 a 450 g
(1, −3) b i 150 g ii 5.6 g
( )
c after 2 years 8A
4 √ √ √ √ d A
17 a ,3 b ( 2, 2 2) and (- 2, -2 2)
3 450
720
18 a y = 5x b i k = 72 ii 18 iii
7
19 a y
t
O
2 + √3
(−1, 2) e 9.8 years

x
−1 O 2 − √3
Chapter 8
Exercise 8A
b y
1 a 2 b {H, T} c yes
1 1
d e f 1
2 2
3.5 2 a
1
b
1
c
1
y=3 4 6 4
3 2
d e f 0
8 3
x 1 2 5 3
O 3 a b c d
7 7 7 7
871
3 2 3 1 c d
4 a b c d
10 5 5 2 A B A B
Answers
1 1 1 1
5 a b c d
10 2 2 2
2 1 3 1
e f g h
5 5 10 10
6 a 0.09 b 0.43 c 0.47 d 0.91 e f
A B A B
7 a 0.62 b 0.03 c 0.97 d 0.38
1 3 49
8 a b c
50 10 50
1 3 1
9 a b c
2 8 4 g h
5 A B A B
d e 1 f 0
24
6 1 21
10 a b c
25 50 25
2 2 4
d e f i
5 25 25 A B
7 1 1 1
11 a i ii iii iv 0 v
10 5 20 20
1
b
10
12 a 59 2 a ∅ b AÈB c AÉB
41
b 4, as of 10 is closest to 4. d ∅ e EÈF f WÉZ
100
41 g AÉBÉC h AÈBÈC
c 8, as of 20 is closest to 8.
100 3 a no b yes c no
1 1 1 1 4 a A B
13 a b c d
4 13 52 2
2 4 12 9 4 3 3
e f g h
13 13 13 13
7 0
14 a
15
b 15; any multiple of 15 is a possibility as 3 and 5 must be b i A È B = {2, 5, 8}
factors. ii A É B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
15 a 625π 7 3
c i ii iii 1
b i 25π ii 200π iii 400π 10 10
1 8 16 9 d No, since A È B ¢ 0.
c i ii iii iv
25 25 25 25 5 a A B
24 17 17
v vi vii 1 viii
25 25 25 3 2 5
d No it doesn’t.
0
Exercise 8B
b i A È B = {2, 13}
1 a
A B ii A É B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
1 7 1
c i ii iii iv 1
2 10 5
6 a
F N
b 25 10 10
A B
5
b i 25 ii 5
2 1 1
c i ii iii
5 5 5
872
7 a 15 A B
F B
Answers
25 10 5
5 A ∩ B′ A ∩ B A′ ∩ B
b i 25 ii 5
7 2 8 2 1
c i ii iii iv v A′ ∩ B ′ (A ∪ B)′
9 9 9 9 9
8 a 16 a
A AÌ M E
B 2 6 8
w c n s v
BÌ 5 3 8
7 9 16 m
b i 2 ii 6 iii 5 iv 3 1 2 1 2 1
b i ii iii iv v
v 7 vi 8 vii 13 viii 16 3 3 6 3 3
1 9 5 17 a L
c i ii iii
8 16 16 5
9 a
A B S 1 1 I
2
1 4 2 2 2 1
3 1
b b 1
A AÌ 3 1 13 1
c i ii iii iv
B 4 2 6 5 3 15 15
BÌ 1 3 4 18 a L
5 5 10 L = Own State
18 − 2x
c i 2 ii 3 iii
2
iv
7 S = Interstate
S 2x I
5 10 2 2 I = Overseas
10 a 4
11 a
b 10, 12
C D
c a, c, e d nothing
3
7 x y 8C
b i 4 ii 10
3 6 1 5 1 7 35 25
c i ii iii iv v
19 19 38 38 38
3
Exercise 8C
9 6 10 4 3
b i ii iii iv v
13 13 13 13 13 1 a i {4, 5, 6} ii {2, 4, 6} iii {2, 4, 5, 6} iv {4, 6}
12 a b No, A È B ¢ 0.
A AÌ 2
B 3 3 6 c
3
BÌ 4 1 5 2 a 0.8 b 0.8 c 0.7 d 1
7 4 11 3 0.05
b 4 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1
A AÌ 1 3 1
b i ii iii
B 2 7 9 4 4 52
BÌ 2 1 3 4
c
4 8 12 13
13 3 3
d
14 a 1 - a b a+b c 0 52
5 a i {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 } ii {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 }
1 13
b i ii
20 20
7
c
20
873
1 5 7 a
6 a b
8 24 V P
Answers
7 a 0.1 b 0.2
8 a 0.3 b 0.1 3 2 6
3 5 4
9 a b
8 32
2 1
4 4 7 7 b 4 c d
10 a b c d 5 4
13 13 13 13 8 a
49 10 10 25 A C
e f g h
52 13 13 26
11 a 0.4 b 0.45 14 6 9
12 Because Pr(A È B) = 0 for mutually exclusive events. 1
13 a Pr(A) < Pr(A È B) b Pr(A) + Pr(B) < Pr(A É B)
A AÌ
14 Pr(A É B É C) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) + Pr(C)-
B 6 9 15
Pr(A È B) - Pr(A È C) - Pr(B È C) + Pr(A È B È C)
BÌ 14 1 15
3 1 3
15 a b c 20 10 30
10 4 20
13 9 3 3 7
d e f b i ii
20 20 5 10 15
1 71 33 2
16 a b c c
4 500 500 5
7 1 7 3
d e f d
100 25 500 10
9 a
A AÌ
Exercise 8D B 2 2 4
1 a i 2 ii 9 BÌ 3 1 4
2 5 3 8
b
9
2 1
2 a i 7 ii 10 i 1 ii iii
7 7 5 2
b c b
10 12 A AÌ
1 1 B 3 13 16
3 a b
3 2 BÌ 5 6 11
9 3 3 1 8 19 27
4 a i ii iii iv
13 13 7 3
3 3
14 4 4 2 i 6 ii iii
b i ii iii iv 8 16
17 17 7 7
1 1 1 1
3 5 5 5 10 a b c d
c i ii iii iv 13 13 4 2
4 8 7 6
1 1
7 1 1 2 11 a b
d i ii iii iv 3 2
16 8 4 7 12 Pr(A|B) = Pr(B|A) = 0 as Pr(A È B) = 0
7 1 1 2 1
5 a i ii iii iv 13 a 1 b
18 9 5 7 5
4 1 1 1 14 a Pr(A È B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B|A) b 0.18
b i ii iii iv
9 9 5 4 174 81
15 a 329 b c
8 7 7 7 329 329
c i ii iii iv
17 17 10 8 24 31 18
d e f
3 1 2 1 155 231 31
d i ii iii iv
4 4 3 3
6 a Progress quiz
A AÌ
B 9 6 15 1 1 1 2 3
1 a b c d e
BÌ 4 1 5 10 10 20 5 5
13 7 20 2 a 0.17 b 0.29 c 0.33 d 0.67
1 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 12
b c d 3 a b c d e f
5 5 13 13 26 52 13 13 13
874
4 a 3 a
Like tennis Dislike tennis Total 1st roll
Answers
Like squash 3 17 20 1 2 3 4
Dislike squash 29 1 30 1 (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1)
Total 32 18 50 2 (1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2)
2nd roll
3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3)
tennis squash
4 (1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4)
b 16
1
c
29 3 17 16
1 5 13
d i ii iii
4 8 16
1 4 a
1st toss
b 29 H T
1
c H (H, H) (T, H)
50 2nd toss
T (H, T) (T, T)
7
5 a 7 b 20 c 5 d b 4
33
1
13 28 c
e f 4
33 33
6 a 0.83 b 0.17 1 3
d i ii
1 1 1 1 2 4
7 a b c d e 250
2 6 4 3
8 a 5 a
1st
Like soft drink A Dislike soft drink AÌ Total S E T
Like water B 15 5 20 S X (E, S) (T, S)
Dislike water BÌ 20 0 20 2nd E (S, E) X (T, E)
Total 35 5 40 T (S, T) (E, T) X
1
b 1 2 2 1
4 b i
6
v 1
ii
3
iii
3
iv
3 8E
Exercise 8E 6 a
1st
1 a i
1st L E V E L
D O G L X (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) (L, L)
D (D, D) (O, D) (G, D) E (L, E) X (V, E) (E, E) (L, E)
2nd O (D, O) (O, O) (G, O) 2nd V (L, V) (E, V) X (E, V) (L, V)
G (D, G) (O, G) (G, G) E (L, E) (E, E) (V, E) X (L, E)
L (L, L) (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) X
ii
1st
b 20
D O G
c i 8 ii 12 iii 12
D X (O, D) (G, D) 2 3 3
2nd O (D, O) X (G, O) d i ii iii
5 5 5
G (D, G) (O, G) X 1
e
b i 9 ii 6 5
1 5 4 8 2
c i ii iii iv v
3 9 9 9 9
2 1 1
d i 0 ii iii iv 1 v
3 3 3
2 a 9 b 6
875
7 a Exercise 8F
Die 1
Answers
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 a i ii
5 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 b i ii
5 5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 3
Die 2 c i ii
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 a 3 3 ×3= 9
8 M M, M 8 8 64
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 M
8 3 5 15
b 36 5 F M, F × =
8 8 64
8
c i 2 ii 6 iii 15
3
1 1 35 1 5 × 3 = 15
d i ii iii iv 5
8 M F, M 8 8 64
6 6 36 12 8 F
1 5 F, F 5 × 5 = 25
e . Her guess is wrong. F 8 8 64
6 8
8 a b 2 3 2 3
1st 7 M M, M ×
8 7
= 28
O L D 3 M
3 5
C (O, C) (L,C) (D, C) 8 5 F M, F ×
8 7
= 15
56
7
O (O, O) (L, O) (D,O)
3 5 3
L (O, L) (L, L) (D, L) 5 7 M F, M ×
8 7
= 15
56
2nd L (O, L) (L, L) (D, L) 8 F
E (O, E) (L, E) (D, E) 4 5 4 5
7
F F, F ×
8 7
= 14
G (O, G) (L, G) (D, G)
E (O, E) (L, E) (D, E) 1 3
3 a b
4 4
1
b 21 c c Box Counter Outcome Probability
7
9 a i 100 ii 90 1 1 1 1
4 yellow (A, yellow) × =
2 4 8
1 1 4
b i ii iii 1 A
10 10 5 2 1 3 3
3 orange (A, orange) × =
2 4 8
19 4
c
100 3
1 3 3
1 5 1 4 yellow (B, yellow) × =
2 4 8
10 a i ii 2
4 8 B
1 1 1 1
2 1 2
4
orange (B, orange) × =
2 4 8
b i ii iii
5 10 3
11 a without b with c with d without 3 1
d e
12 a 30 8 2
1 1 2 4
b i ii iii iv
15 15 15 15
1
c
18
13 a
1st
2.5 5 10 20
2.5 5 7.5 12.5 22.5
5 7.5 10 15 25
2nd
10 12.5 15 20 30
20 22.5 25 30 40
b 16
c i 1 ii 8 iii 8
1 1 1 3
d i ii iii iv
16 8 4 16
7
e
16
876
4 a 1st toss 2nd toss Outcome 7 a Outcome Probability
Answers
1 3 3
1 1 (1, 1) 3 white (Falcon, white) × =
2 4 8
4
4 1
1 Falcon
4 2 (1, 2) 1 1 1
2 1 silver (Falcon, silver) × =
1 4 2 4 8
1
3 (1, 3)
2
1 4 1 2 1
1 3 white (Commodore,white) × =
4 4 (1, 4) 2
2 3 3
1 Commodore
4 1 1 (2, 1) 1 1 1 1
red (Commodore, red) × =
2 3 6
4 1 3
1
4 2 (2, 2) 3 1 17
2 b i ii iii
4
1
3 (2, 3) 8 6 24
1 4 7 5 1
4 4 (2, 4) iv v vi
24 6 3
1 1 (3, 1)
4 1
8 a Outcome
4 1 R (R, R)
1 2 (3, 2)
4
3 2
1 3 (3, 3) R
1
1 4 2
1 4 4 (3, 4)
1 W (R, W)
4 2
1 1 (4, 1) 1
4 1 2 R (W, R)
1
4 2 (4, 2) 2
4 W
3 (4, 3) 1
1
2
W (W, W)
1 4
4 4 (4, 4) 1 1 3 3
b 16 i ii iii iv
4 2 4 4
1 1
c i ii b Outcome Probability
16 4 1 R (R, R) 1 1 1
× =
1 1 5 3 2 3 6
d i ii iii
16 4 8 1 R
2 2 W (R, W) 1 2 1
5 a Outcome Probabilities 3
× =
2 3 3
3 R 2 3 2
2 R
5 (R, R) × =
3 5 5
1
2 W
2
3 R (W, R) 1 2 1
× =
2 3 3 8F
3 2 2 4
2 W (R, W) × =
3 5 15 1 1 1 1
5
3
W (W, W) × =
2 3 6
4
1 4 4 1 2 5 5
1 5 R (W, R) × =
3 5 15 i ii iii iv
3 W 6 3 6 6
1 1 1 1 1 4
5
W (W, W) × =
3 5 15
9 a i ii
5 5
4 2 8 b Outcome Probability
b i ii iii
15 5 15 1 U (U, U) 1 1 1
× =
9 5 9 45
2 4 4
c i ii iii 1 U
9 9 9 5 1 8 8
8 N (U, N) × =
6 a Outcome Probabilities 9 5 9 45
1 M 3 1 1 2
3 (M, M) × =
7 3 7 U (N, U)
4 2 8
× =
4 9 5 9 45
3 M 5 N
7 3 2 2
2 F (M, F) × = 7 4 7 28
3 7 3 7
9
N (N, N) × =
5 9 45
1
4 1 2 1 16 44
4 2 M (F, M) × =
7 2 7 i ii iii
7 F 45 45 45
4 1 2
c 62.2%
1
2
F (F, F) × =
7 2 7 10 a i 0.17 ii 0.11 iii 0.83
1 2 4 3 b i 0.1445 ii 0.0965 iii 0.8555
i ii iii iv 3 4
7 7 7 7 11 a b
9 16 24 25 7 7
b i ii iii iv
49 49 49 49
877
12 a Outcome Probability
3 1
b i ii
8 2
Answers
1 0 R (R, R, R) 0 c not independent
4 R 1
1 B (R, R, B) 10
5 a
R 1
R (R, B, R)
1 A B
2 3 10
5 3 B 1
4 2 B (R, B, B) 5
3 2 2 1
1 1
1 R (B, R, R)
3 2 R
3 10 1
1
5 2 B (B, R, B) 5
B 3 2 2 2
3 R (B, B, R)
1 b i ii
5 3 3
1 B 1
2 1 B (B, B, B) 10
c independent
3
3 1
6 a i , ii not independent
1 3 9 9 4 2
i ii iii 0 iv v
10 10 10 10 1 1
b i , ii independent
2 4 4
b i 1 ii
5 1 1
c i , ii independent
13 a Outcome Probability 3 3
1 1 1 1 2
4 P (A, P) × =
3 4 12 d i ,0 ii not independent
A 7
3 1 3 1 1 1
G (A, G) × =
3 4 4 7 a Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , independent
1 4 2 2
3 1 1 1 1
1 P (B, P) × = 3 1
2 3 2 6 b Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , not independent
3 10 4
B
1 1 1 1 5 3
G (B, G) × =
3 2 6 c Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , not independent
2 12 20
1
3 3 1 3 1
P (C, P) × = 1 1
4 3 4 4 d Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , independent
C 9 9
1 1 1 1 8 a
G (C, G) × =
3 4 12 T G
4
b 6
1 1 1 7 8 2
c i ii iii
12 6 4
1
d T TÌ
2
7 1 G 8 2 10
14 a i ii
8 8 GÌ 7 0 7
b $87.50 to player A, $12.50 to player B 15 2 17
c i A $68.75, B $31.25 ii A $50, B $50 15 7 4
i ii iii
iii A $81.25, B $18.75 iv A $34.38, B $65.62 17 17 5
b no
1 31 31
Exercise 8G 9 a b c
32 32 32
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 a i ii 10 a b c d
2 2 216 216 72 36
b yes
2
1 11 False; Pr(A | B) = 0 but Pr(A) = .
c 9
2 12 a 6 b 22 c 49 d 2
3 1
2 a i ii 13 a 0.24 b 0.76
10 3 5
b no 14
6
c no
3 a with b without Problems and challenges
4 a
A B 1 a 0.16 b 0.192 c 0.144
2 0.593 75
1 2 2 7 4
3 a b 1 c
3 8 7
1 1 3 2
4 a b c d
12 2 4 3
878
63 10 a
5
64 1st
Answers
1 H A P P Y
6
13 983 816 H (H, H) (A, H) (P, H) (P, H) (Y, H)
3 2nd E (H, E) (A, E) (P, E) (P, E) (Y, E)
7
5 Y (H, Y) (A, Y) (P, Y) (P, Y) (Y, Y)
1
8
12 b 15
9 true 1 2 13
c i ii iii
8 15 15 15
10
9 11 a 1st 2nd Total
1 1 2
Multiple-choice questions 4 1
4 2 3
1 A 2B 3C 4E 5A 1
1
3 4
6B 7 D 8C 9A 10E
1 4
4 4 5
1
Short-answer questions 4 1 1 3
4 1
1 a
1
b
1
c
3
d
5
e
1 1
4 2 4
2
8 4 8 8 2 4
1
3 5
5 1 5 1 4
2 a b c
8 2 8 4 4 6
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
3 a i ii iii iv v 4 1
5 4 5 10 20 4
1 2 5
3 17 4
3
b i ii
1 3 6
5 20 1 4
4 a 1 4 4 7
C H 4
1 1 5
4 1
12 6 5
4 2 6
13 4
1
3 7
1 4
b 4 4 8
C CÌ
1 1
H 6 5 11 b i ii iii 0 iv 1
16 4
HÌ 12 13 25 12 1 F
18 18 36 4
2 F
c 13 5
1 5 1
3 M
d i ii iii 4
6 36 2
1
5 a 6 b
6 3 2 F
13 5 M
6 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1 1
3 1 2
M
b i ii
4 52 2 3 3 3 7
4 a b c d e
c 5 4 10 5 10
13 13 a 0.12 b 0.58
10
d
13 Extended-response questions
7 a 0.1 b 0.5
2 1 7 1
8 a b 1 a 3 b i ii
5 5 15 15
c
4 5 1 R RÌ
9 a i ii iii
11 11 5
S 3 1 4
b No, Pr(A | B) ¢ Pr(A).
1 1 1 SÌ 3 8 11
c i ii iii
2 4 2 6 9 15
d Yes, Pr(A|B) = Pr(A). 1 3
d i ii
2 4
879
2 a 8 Check with your teacher.
1st
Answers
9 a small survey, misinterpreted their data
R S W
b Survey more companies and make it Australia-wide.
R (R, R) (S, R) (W, R)
c No, data suggest that profits had reduced, not necessarily
2nd S (R, S) (S, S) (W, S)
that they were not making a profit. Also, sample size is too
W (R, W) (S, W) (W, W)
small.
1 1 5 4
b i ii iii iv 10 a graph A b graph B
9 3 9 9
c The scale on graph A starts at 23, whereas on graph B
c 4
5 it starts at 5.
d
9 d Graph A because the scale expands the difference in
e Outcome
column heights.
1 R (R, R)
6 1 11 For example, showing only part of the scale, using different
3 column widths, including erroneous data values.
R S (R, S)
1 12–14 Research required.
2 2 W (R, W)
7
1 R (S, R) Exercise 9B
2 3 1
7 6 1 a 10 b 1.4 c 1 d 1 e 90%
S S (S, S)
1 2 a
2 W (S, W) Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
3 1
7
R (W, R) 0– 2 20
3 1
3 10– 1 10
W S (W, S)
1
20– 5 50
3 W (W, W) 30–40 2 20
1 10 6 16 Total 10 100
i ii iii iv
21 21 7 21
b
Chapter 9 Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
80– 8 16
85– 23 46
Exercise 9A
90– 13 26
1 a C b D c A d B e E 95–100 6 12
2 a B b E c C d D e F Total 50 100
f A 3 a
Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
3 a numerical b categorical
0– 5 25
c categorical d numerical
5– 9 45
4 D
10–15 6 30
5 a numerical and discrete
Total 20 100
b numerical and discrete
c categorical and nominal b Histogram of wins
d numerical and continuous 10 50
Percentage frequency
e categorical and ordinal 8 40

Frequency
6 a D 6 30
b D is the most representative sample. A may pick out the
4 20
keen students; B probably are good maths students who
2 10
like maths; and C will have different-sized classes.
7 a For example, likely to be train passengers.
0 5 10 15
b For example, email will pick up computer users only.
Wins
c For example, electoral roll will list only people aged 18 years c Stem Leaf
and over. 0 01344556778999
1 012235
d 7.5
880
4 a 14
Type of transport Frequency Percentage frequency Sensor B
Answers
12
Car 16 40 10
Frequency
Train 6 15 8
Tram 8 20 6
Walking 5 12.5 4
Bicycle 2 5 2
Bus 3 7.5 0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Total 40 100
12
b i 6 ii car iii 40% iv 17.5% 10 Sensor C
Frequency
v 42.5% 8
6
5 a symmetrical b negatively skewed
4
c positively skewed d symmetrical
2
6 a i 34.3 ii 38 iii 39
0
b i 19.4 ii 20 iii no mode 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
7 a c i insensitive ii very sensitive
iii moderately sensitive
9 a
0 1 2 3
Mass Frequency Percentage frequency
Nick’s goal scoring
b 10– 3 6
15– 6 12
20– 16 32
25– 21 42
1 0 2 3 4 5 30–35 4 8
Jack’s goal scoring Total 50 100
c Well spread performance.
d Irregular performance, positively skewed. b 50 c 32%
8 a
Sensor A Sensor B Sensor C
d At least 25 g but less than 30 g.
f 94%
e 42%
9B
frequency frequency frequency 10 a
0– 21 12 6 Section Frequency Percentage frequency
3– 0 1 11 Strings 21 52.5
6– 0 1 3 Woodwind 8 20
9– 0 1 1 Brass 7 17.5
12– 0 0 0 Percussion 4 10
15– 0 2 0 Total 40 100
18– 0 2 0 b 40 c 52.5% d 47.5% e 9.3%
21– 0 1 0 f 65.6%
24–26 0 1 0 11 8 students scored between 20 and 30 and there are 32 stu-
Total 21 21 21 dents all together, so this class interval makes up 25% of the
class.
b 25
12 No discrete information, only intervals are given and not indi-
20 Sensor A
Frequency
vidual values.
15
13 3 Ä a Ä 7, 0 Ä b Ä 4, c = 9
10
5
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
881
.
14 a 5 a i 5.3 ii 2.4
Percentage
Answers
b i 2.5 ii 2
Cumulative cumulative .
Bill ($) Frequency frequency frequency c i 2.93 ii 0.5
0– 2 2 5.4 6 a min = 0, max = 17 b median = 13
40– 1 3 8.1 c Q1 = 10, Q3 = 15 d IQR = 5 e 0
80– 12 15 40.5 f Road may have been closed that day.
120– 18 33 89.2 7 a i min = 4, max = 14 ii 7.5
160– 3 36 97.3 iii Q1 = 5, Q3 = 9 iv IQR = 4 v no outliers
200–240 1 37 100 b i min = 16, max = 31 ii 25
iii Q1 = 21, Q3 = 27 iv IQR = 6 v no outliers
b 15
8 a i min = 25, max = 128 ii 47
c 40
Percentage cummulative
100
iii Q1 = 38, Q3 = 52.5 iv IQR = 14.5
80 30 v yes; 128 vi 51.25
frequency
60
20 b Median as it is not affected dramatically by the outlier.
40
10 c A more advanced calculator was used.
20
9 a no outliers b Outlier is 2. c Outliers are 103, 182.
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 d Outliers are 2, 8.
Bill ($) 10 a IQR = 12 b No outliers. c 24
d i $130 ii $100 iii $150
d 22
e $180
11 1, 2, 3
f approx. 20%
12 a Increases by 5. b It is doubled.
c It is divided by 10.
Exercise 9C 13 a It stays the same. b It doubles.
1 a Min, lower quartile (Q1 ), median (Q2 ), upper quartile (Q3 ), c It is reduced by a scale factor of 10.
max 14 Answers may vary. Examples:
b Range is max – min; IQR is Q3 - Q1 . Range is the spread of a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
all the data, IQR is the spread of the middle 50% of data. b 2, 4, 6, 6, 6
c An outlier is a data point (element) outside the vicinity of the c 7, 7, 7, 10, 10
rest of the data. 15 It is not greatly affected by outliers.
d If the data point is greater than Q3 + 1.5 × IQR or less than 16 Answers will vary
Q1 - 1.5 × IQR.
2 a 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 8 Exercise 9D
b 2
1 a 15 b 5 c 25 d 20
c i 1 ii 3
e 10 f 20 g 10
d 2
e -2, 6 2 a 4 b 2 c 18 d 20
f yes; 8 e It is.
3 a i 10.5 ii 7.5 iii 12 3 a
b 4.5
c 0.75, 18.75 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d no b
4 a min = 3, Q1 = 4, median = 8, Q3 = 10, max = 13;
range = 10, IQR = 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
b min = 10, Q1 = 10.5, median = 14, Q3 = 15.5, 4 a i Q1 = 4, Q3 = 7; outlier is 13
max = 18; range = 8, IQR = 5 ii
c min = 1.2, Q1 = 1.85, median = 2.4, Q3 = 3.05,
max = 3.4; range = 2.2, IQR = 1.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
b i Q1 = 1.6, Q3 = 1.9; outlier is 1.1
d min = 41, Q1 = 53, median = 60.5, Q3 = 65,
ii
max = 68; range = 27, IQR = 12
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

c i Q1 = 19, Q3 = 23; outliers are 11 and 31
882
ii Exercise 9E
Answers
1 a larger b smaller
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
d i Q1 = 0.03, Q3 = 0.05; no outliers 2 a B b A
ii 3 a A
b The data values in A are spread farther from the mean than
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 the data values in B.
5 a 4 a Gum Heights
b Gum Heights
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 5 a mean = 6, s = 2.2 b mean = 3.6, s = 2.6
b c mean = 8, s = 3.8 d mean = 32.5, s = 3.6
6 a mean = 2.7, s = 0.9 b mean = 14.5, s = 6.6
36 40 44 48 52 60 64 7 a The outer-suburb school has more data values in the higher
c range.
b There is less spread. Data values are closer to the mean.
0 1 2 3 4 5 c Students at outer-suburb schools may live some distance
d from the school. Answers will vary.
8 a false
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 b true
6 a Same minimum of 1. c true
b B 9 a mean = 2, s = 1.0
c i 5 ii 10 b mean = 5.25, s = 0.7
d Data points for B are more evenly spread than those for A. 10 a no b no c yes
7 a Q1 = 14.6, Q2 = 15.3, Q3 = 15.8 d Yes, one of the deviations would be calculated using
b 19.7 kg the outlier.
c 11 a No, standard deviation reflects the spread of the data
Box plot of lemur weights
values from the mean not the size of the data values.
b No. As for part a.
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 The IQRs would be the same, making the data more 9E
Lemur weights comparable.
8 a They have the same median and upper quartile. 13 a i 85.16 ii 53.16 iii 101.16 iv 37.16
b B v 117.16 vi 21.16
c i 4 ii 5 b i 66% ii 96% iii 100%
d Set B is more spread out. c i Research required
ii One SD from the mean = 68%
9 a A b B c B
Two SDs from the mean = 95%
10 a Box plot of Set 1, Set 2 Three SDs from the mean = 99.7%
Set 2 Close to answers found.
Set 1
Progress quiz
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1 a numerical and discrete
Spelling errors
b categorical and nominal
b Yes, examiner 2 found more errors.
2 a
11 Answers may vary. Examples: Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
a i, ii Class results had a smaller spread in the top 25% and 0- 3 15
bottom 25% performed better. 10- 8 40
iii State results have a larger IQR. 20- 5 25
b The class did not have other results close to 0 but the school 30- 3 15
did. 40-50 1 5
12 Answers will vary
883
b Travel time from home to school 3 a
1000
Answers
8 100
900
Population
7 800
75 700
6
Relative frequency
600
Frequency
5 500
4 50 400
0
3 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
2 25 Year
b Generally linear in a positive direction.
1
c i 500 ii 950
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 4 a
1.45
Time (in minutes) 1.4
Price ($)
c Stem Leaf 1.35
0 689 1.3
1 24555689 1.25
2 03578 1.2
3 238 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
4 4
Month
2 | 3 means 23 b The share price generally increased until it peaked in
18 + 19 June and then continually decreased to a yearly low in
d Median = = 18.5
2
November before trending upwards again in the final month.
3 a Range = 32 - 4 = 28; Q2 = 17, Q1 = 12,
c $0.21
Q3 = 23, IQR = 11
b Range = 6.6 - 4.2 = 2.4; Q2 = 5.2, Q1 = 4.5, 5 a
100
Pass rate (%)
Q3 = 6.1, IQR = 1.6 90

4 a i min = 30, max = 69 80
ii median = 37.5 70
iii lower quartile = 34, upper quartile = 44 0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
iv IQR = 10
Year
v Q1 - 1.5 × IQR = 19; Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 59 b The pass rate for the examination has increased
The outlier is 69. marginally over the 10 years, with a peak in 2001.
b For example, school open day or grandparents day. c 2001 d 11%
5 a Q1 = 16, Q3 = 22, IQR = 6 6 a linear
Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 31 b i $650 000 ii $750 000
32 is an outlier. 7 a i $6000 ii $4000
b b 1
c
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 20
18 Southbank
6 2.7
16
14
Sales ($’000)
Exercise 9F
12
1 a linear b no trend c non-linear d linear 10
City Central
2 a i 28°C ii 33°C iii 33°C iv 35°C 8
b 36°C 6
c i 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. ii 3 p.m to 4 p.m. 4
d Temperature is increasing from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. in a 2
generally linear way. At 3 p.m. the temperature starts 0
Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
to drop.
Month
884
d i The sales trend for City Central for the 6 months is b i y Scatter plot
Answers
fairly constant.
10
ii Sales for Southbank peaked in August before taking
a downturn. 8
e about $5000 6
8 a i 5.8 km ii 1.7 km
4
b i Blue Crest slowly gets closer to the machine.
2
ii Green Tail starts near the machine and gets further from it.
c 8:30 p.m. 0
x
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
9 a The yearly temperature is cyclical and January is the next
ii y generally decreases as x increases.
month after December and both are in the same season.
b no
3 a y Scatter plot
c Northern hemisphere, as the seasons are opposite, June is 1.8
summer. 1.7
1.6
10 a Increases continually, rising more rapidly as the years 1.5
progress. 1.4
1.3
b Compound interest—exponential growth.
1.2
11 a Graphs may vary, but it should decrease from room 1.1
temperature to the temperature of the fridge. 1.0
0.9
b No. Drink cannot cool to a temperature lower than that of the x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
internal environment of the fridge. b positive c strong d (8, 1.0)
12 a 4 a y
Innings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Scatter plot
Score 26 38 5 10 52 103 75 21 33 0 4
Moving average 26 32 23 20 26 39 44 41 40 36
3
b
120
2
Number of runs
100
80
60
Score
Moving 1 9G
40 average
20 0
x
0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 b negative
Innings number
c Innings number. c strong
i The score fluctuates wildly. d (14, 4)
ii The graph is fairly constant with small increases and 5 a negative
decreases. y Scatter plot
d The moving average graph follows the trend of the score 24
graph but the fluctuations are much less significant. 22
20
Exercise 9G 18
16
1 a unlikely b likely c unlikely d likely
14
e likely f likely 12
2 a i y
Scatter plot 10
12 8 x
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
10
8
6
4
2
x
0 2 4 6 8 10
ii y generally increases as x increases.
885
b positive 10 a
Answers
y Scatter plot Scatter plot
150 4.5
4.0
140
Volume (dB)
3.5
130 3.0
120 2.5
2.0
110
1.5
100 0 200 400 600 800 1000120014001600
x Distance (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
c none b negative
c As d increases, v decreases.
y Scatter plot
11 a i Weak, negative correlation.
26 Scatter plot
24
22 35
20
Incidence of crime
18 30
16
14 25
12
10 20
8 x
15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 15
6 a none b weak negative c positive 5 10 15 20 25 30
d strong positive No. of police
ii no correlation
7 a yes
b decrease Scatter plot
c i yes ii car H 26
25
Incidence of crime
8 a
24
Scatter plot
23
8.5 E 22
Average diameter (cm)
21
8.0
20
7.5 C
B 19
7.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5
A
No. of police
6.5
b Survey 1, as this shows an increase in the number of police
D
6.0 has seen a decrease in the incidence of crime.
20 25 30 35 40 12 The positive correlation shows that as height increases ability
Fertiliser (grams per week) to play tennis increases.
b D
13 Each axis needs a better scale. All data are between 6 and
c Seems likely but small sample size does lead to doubt.
8 hours sleep and show only a minimal change in exam marks.
9 a
Also, very small sample size.
Scatter plot
14 a i students I, T ii students G, S
2250
b i students H, C ii students B, N
2000
No. of words
1750 c students C, G, H, S,
1500 d students B, I, N, T
1250 e no
1000
750
500
250
3 04 5 1 2 6 7
No. of photos
b Negative, weak correlation.
886
Exercise 9H 8 a y = 5x - 5 b 85 cm c 21 kg
Answers
9 a Data do not appear to have any correlation.
1 a y b y b Too few data points.
10 a Too few data points to determine a correlation.
b The data points suggest that the trend is not linear.
11 a i 50 ii 110
b It is possible to obtain scores of greater than 100%.
x 12 a Experiment 1
x
c y d y Scatter plot
200
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)

180
160
x 140
x 120
1 7 2 17 100
2 a y= x+ b y=- x+
2 2 3 3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Age (years)
23
3 a i 17 ii Experiment 2
4
Scatter plot
28 14
b i ii 220
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)
5 5
200
4 a y Scatter plot 180
6 160
5 140
4 120
3 100
2
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
9H
1
Age (years)
0
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b i ¥ 140 ii ¥ 125
b positive correlation c i ¥ 25 ii ¥ 22
c As above. d experiment 2
d All answers are approximate. e Research required.
i 3.2 ii 0.9 iii 1.8 iv 7.4
5 a ¥ 4.5 b ¥6 c ¥ 0.5 d ¥ 50 Exercise 9I
3 1 a i 12 ii 3.26
6 a y = x + 18
5 b i 7 ii 2
b i 42 ii 72 2 a There is no linear correlation.
c i 30 ii 100 b The correlation shown is not a linear shape.
7 a, b Scatter plot 3 A a y
90
8
80
70 7
Growth (cm)
60 6
50 5
40 4
30
3
20
2
400 500 600 700 800
Rainfall (mm)
1
c i ¥ 25 cm ii ¥ 85 cm 0 x
d i ¥ 520 mm ii ¥ 720 mm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
887
b y = 0.554762x + 3.45357 5 a, c Scatter plot
Answers
c y = 0.42x + 4.17667 160
Number of jackets
d Least squares is the black line, median–median is the 140
120
grey line.
100
e i 7.3 ii 10.1 80
f i 7.1 ii 9.2 60
B a y 40
20
0
4.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature (°C)
3.5
b y = -1.72461x + 190.569
3.0 d i 139 ii 130 iii 113
2.5 6 a, c Scatter plot
35
2.0
30
Number of breakdowns
1.5 25
1.0 20
0.5 15
10
0.0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5
b y = -0.077703x + 4.21014 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
c y = -0.086667x + 4.34333 −5
d Least squares is the blue line, median–median is the Number of copies (× 1000)
b y = 0.25x - 8
red line.
d 232 000 copies
e i 3.7 ii 3.3
e The regression line suggests that the photocopier will be
f i 3.7 ii 3.3
considered for scrap because of the number of copies
C a y
made, as it’s likely to reach 200 000 copies before breaking
down 50 times.
8 7 a Scatter plot
7 120
6 110
Record (m)
100
5
90
4
80
3 70
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2 Year
b y = 2.01053x - 3881.6
1
c i 139 m ii 180 m
0 x d No, records are not likely to continue to increase at this rate.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 8 a All deviations are used in the calculation of the least squares
b y = -3.45129x + 7.41988 regression.
c y = -2.85714x + 6.67381 b Outliers have little or no effect on the median values used
d Least squares is the blue line, median–median is the to calculate the median–median regression.
red line. 9 A, as it has been affected by the outlier.
e i -16.7 ii -34.0 10 Research required.
f i -13.3 ii -27.6
4 a i y = -3.54774x + 43.0398 Problems and challenges
ii y = -3.28571x + 40.8333 1 66 kg
b $32397 c $1405 d 8 years e 10 years 2 88%
888
3 19 3 a false b true c true d true
Answers
4 1.1 4 a y
Scatter plot
5 a larger by 3 b larger by 3 c no change d no change
25
e no change
6 y = x2 - 3x + 5 20
7 5.8 Ä a < 6.2
8 Physics, Biology. The number of standard deviations from the 15
mean shows the relative position of Emily’s mark within the
10
spread of all results from each class. This number gives a
meaningful comparison of results. Physics 1.67, Maths 1.11, 5
x
Biology 0. 1 2 3 4 5
b negative c weak d (3, 5)
3 7
5 a y= x+
1 D 2B 3D 4C 5A 5 5
6C 7 D 8E 9C 10B b i 3.8 ii 7.4
Short-answer questions c i 2
2
ii 17
2
3 3
1 a Class Percentage 6 a mean = 7, s = 2.5
interval Frequency frequency
b mean = 4, s = 3.0
0– 2 12.5
7 a The Cats b The Cats c The Cats d The Cats
5– 7 43.75
8 a non-linear
10– 5 31.25
b linear
15– 1 6.25
9 a y = -3.75x + 25.65
20–25 1 6.25
b y = -3.8333x + 25.1667
Total 16 100
b 8 50 Extended-response questions
% Frequency
6
Frequency
1 a i 14 ii 41
4 25 b i no outliers ii no outliers
2 c Tree 2
5 10 15 20 25
0 Tree 1
Number of hours of TV
c It is positively skewed. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
d Stem Leaf e 8.5 hours Number of flying foxes
0 135667889 d More flying foxes regularly take refuge in tree 1 than in
1 012346 tree 2, for which the spread is much greater.
2 4 2 a Scatter plot
2 a i 10 ii Q1 = 2.5, Q3 = 5.5 iii 3 1800
iv 12 1600
Number of shoppers
v
1400
2 4 6 8 10 12 1200
b i 17 ii Q1 = 15, Q3 = 24 iii 9 1000

iv none 800
v
600
25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5
10 15 20 25 30 Maximum daily temperature (°C)
c i 2.4 ii Q1 = 2.1, Q3 = 2.6 iii 0.50 positive correlation
iv 0.7 b y = 92.8571x - 1491.67
v c i 737 ii 32.2°C
d y = 74.5585x - 1010.06
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 e i 779 ii 33.7°C
889
Chapter 10 b log10P
Answers
5
Exercise 10A
4
1
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 3
2x 1 2 4 8 16 32
3x 1 3 9 27 81 243 2
4x 1 4 16 64 256 1024 1
5x 1 5 25 125 625 3125
10x 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 h
O 1 2 3 4 5
2 a 4 b 4 c 3 d 4 Graph is a straight line.
1 1 1 1
3 a b c d c log10 P = h
10 000 2 4 32
1 1 1 1 13 a i 10 ii 100 iii 10 000
e f g h b i 10 ii 6 iii 2
27 25 64 36
14 Yes. 0 < b < 1 Û loga b < 0, when a > 1;
4 a 24 = 16 b 102 = 100 c 33 = 27
1 1 1
d 2-2 = e 10-1 = 0.1 f 3-2 = e.g. log2 = -2.
4 9 4
5 a log2 8 = 3 b log3 81 = 4 c log2 32 = 5 1 1 1 1 1

15 a b c d e
1 1 4 5 2 3 2
d log4 16 = 2 e log10 = -1 f log5 = -3
10 125 1 2 4 1 1
f g h i j
3 3 3 2 2
6 a 4 b 2 c 6
6 4
d 3 e 1 f 2 k l
5 7
g 3 h 3 i 2
j 2 k 5 l 3 Exercise 10B
m0 n 0 o 0
1 a logb xy = logb x + logb y
p undefined
x
7 a -3 b -2 c -2 b logb = logb x - logb y
y
d -3 e -2 f -4 c loga bm = m × loga b
g -4 h -1 i -1 d loga a = 1
j -3 k -5 l -1 e logc 1 = 0
m -3 n -1 o -2 1
f logb = -loga b
p -2 b
8 a 0.699 b 1.672 c 2.210 2 a 2 b 1 c 2 d 4
d -0.097 e -0.770 f -1.431 e 12 f 3 g 4 h -1
9 a 3 b 5 c 6 i -1
d 4 e 3 f 2 3 a 2 b 5 c 3 d -4
g 16 h 81 i 1000 e 12 f 0
1 1 1 4 a loga 6 b loga 15 c loga 28 d logb 18
j k l
9 4 343 e logb 15 f logb 17
m3 n 2 o 4
5 a loga 2 b loga 3 c loga 10 d logb 2
p 8 q 3 r 10 ( ) ( )
3 7
s 2 t -1 e logb f logb
2 5
10 a 6 a loga 9 b loga 25 c loga 27 d loga 16
Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Population 1 2 4 8 16 32 e loga 32 f loga 1000
7 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 1 e 1
b P = 2t c 256 d 13 min e log2 10 000 1 2
f 1 g 0 h 3 i j
11 a 16 b 26 c 6 3 3
12 a h 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
k 1 l
P 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 2
log10 P 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 a -2 b -3 c -3 d -1
e -2 f -5
9 a 1 b 1 c 3 d 2 e 2
890 f 2
10 a log3 20 b log10 48 c log10 2 d log7 2 8 a 14.21 years b 23.84 years c 47.19 years
( )
Answers
3 9 a 10.48 years b 22.20 years c 91.17 years
e log3 8 f 0 g log2 h log5 6
4 10 a A = 2000 × 1.1n b 7 years
3 5 4 3 1 11 a F = 300 000 × 0.92n b 8.3 years
11 a b c d e
2 2 3 2 3 12 a 69 years b 1386 years
4 log10 7 log10 16 log10 1.3
f 13 a i ii iii
5 log10 2 log10 3 log10 5
1
12 a loga
x
= loga 1 - loga x = 0 - loga x = -loga x as b i 1 ii 3 iii - 1
log10 5 log10 2 log10 3
required (using 2nd log law)
1 c i 1.631 ii 1.167 iii -0.196
b loga = loga x-1 = -loga x as required (using
x
3rd log law) Exercise 10D
√ 1 1 loga x
13 loga n x = loga x n = loga x = as required 1 a 5
n n
(using 3rd log law) b i 3 ii -2 iii 1 iv -1
14 a Recall index law 1: am × an = am + n c 2
Now let x = am and y = an (1) 2 a linear b quadratic c quartic d quadratic
so m = loga x and n = loga y (2) e constant f linear g constant h quartic
From (1), xy = am × an = am + n i cubic
So m + n = loga xy 3 a 4 b 3 c -2 d -2
From (2), m + n = loga x + loga y e -9 f 2
So loga xy = loga x + loga y, as required. 4 a, b, f are polynomials.
b Recall index law 2: am ÷ an = am-n 5 a 14 b 92 c 8 d 4
Now let x = am and y = an (1) 6 a -5 b 11 c 1 d -45
so m = loga x and n = loga y (2) 7 a 0 b 92 c -4 d 42
x
From (1), x ÷ y = = am ÷ an = am-n 8 a -2 b 25 c -22 d -17
y
e 17 f -351
x
So m - n = loga
y
From (2) m - n = loga x - loga y
9 a -
1
2
b -1 c
1
2 10C
x
So loga = loga x - loga y, as required. 10 a 0 b 4 c -108
y
c Recall index law 3: (am)n = amn 11 a i 30 m ii 24 m iii 0 m
Let x = am b Yes, when 5 < x < 7.
So m = loga x (1) 12 a 8 b n+1 c 1 d 1
xn = amn using index law 3 9 20 5 27
13 a - b - c d
So mn = loga xn 8 27 8 64
16 216 1 9
From (1): nloga x = loga xn , as required. e f - g - h -
27 125 2 8
Exercise 10C 14 a 2k3 - k2 - 5k - 1 b 2b3 - b2 - 5b - 1
1 c 16a3 - 4a2 - 10a - 1 d -2a3 - a2 + 5a - 1
1 a log2 8 = 3 b log5 25 = 2 c log4 2 = d log3 10 = x
2 e -16a3 - 4a2 + 10a - 1 f -54k3 - 9k2 + 15k - 1
e log7 2 = x f log1.1 7 = x
g 2a3 b3 - a2 b2 - 5ab - 1 h -2a3 b3 - a2 b2 + 5ab - 1
2 a 3 b 4 c 2 d 8 e 2 15 a i 10 ii 2 iii 1 iv -13
f 0.1 v -9 vi -18
3 a 0.845 b -0.222 c -0.125 d 1.277 b i 3 ii -11 iii -22
e 0.780 f 0.897 c a = 2 and b = -1
4 a 1.465 b 3.459 c 1.594 d 6.871
e 1.177 f 2 Exercise 10E
5 a 1 b 1 c 3.969 d 1.727
1 a x2 + 2x b x - 3x2 c x2 - 1 d x2 + 6x - 55
e 6.579 f 1.528
e 6x2 - 13x - 5 f 8x2 - 26x + 15
6 a 2.585 b 1.893 c 1.209 d 1.129
2 a x4 - 5x3 + 4x2 - 3 b -x6 - 3x4 + x3 - x2 + 13
e 1.559 f 6.579 g 3.322 h 1.262
c -3x8 - x6 - 6x + 3
i 0.356 j 3.969 k 3.106 l 1.137
3 a, b, c are true.
7 a 2 days b 2.548 days c 3.322 days
891
4 a x3 - 3x2 b x4 - x2 c 2x2 + 6x3 e - 2x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 7 =
Answers
d x3 - x4 e x5 + 3x4 f -3x6 + 3x3 (x + 4)(-2x2 + 6x - 29) + 123
g -2x5 - 2x4 h -x7 + x4 i -4x7 + 8x10 f - 5x3 + 11x2 - 2x - 20 =
5 a x5 + x3 + 2x2 + 2
(x - 3)(-5x2 - 4x - 14) - 62
b x5 - x
c x5 - x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 6 a 6x4 - x3 + 2x2 - x + 2
d x5 - x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 4 = (x - 3)(6x3 + 17x2 + 53x + 158) + 476

e x5 + 2x4 + 2x3 - 2x2 - 3x b 8x5 - 2x4 + 3x3 - x2 - 4x - 6
f x5 - 2x4 + 5x3 - 4x2 = (x + 1)(8x4 - 10x3 + 13x2 - 14x + 10) - 16
g x6 - x5 + x4 - 4x3 + 2x2 - x + 2
h x6 - 5x5 - x4 + 8x3 - 5x2 - 2x + 2 5 1
7 a x2 - 2x + 3 - b x2 + 2x + 2 -
x+2 x-1
i x8 - x6 + x5 - 2x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 3
79
6 a x5 - 2x4 + 2x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 1 c x3 - 3x2 + 9x - 27 +
x+3
b x6 + 2x4 - 2x3 + x2 - 2x + 1 240
d x3 + 4x2 + 15x + 60 +
c x4 - 4x3 + 6x2 - 4x + 1 x-4
7 a x5 + 3x4 - x3 - 9x2 - 2x + 8 8 -1, 1, 2 6x2 - 7x - 3
)
b x4 + 2x3 - 3x2 - 4x + 4 9 x-5
6x3 - 37x2 + 32x + 15
c x6 + 4x5 + 2x4 - 12x3 - 15x2 + 8x + 16
6x3 - 30x2
8 a x3 + x2 - 4x + 1
b x3 - x2 + 6x - 1 -7x2 + 32x
c 2x3+ 5x2
- 23x + 5 -7x2 + 35x
d -x5 + 5x4 - 2x3 + 5x2 - x + 1
-3x + 15
e -x6 - 2x4 - x2 + 4
-3x + 15
f -x6 - x4 - 10x3 + 26x2 - 10x + 1
9 (x2 + x - 1)4 = x8 + 4x7 + 2x6 - 8x5 - 5x4 + 8x3 + 2x2 - 4x + 1 0
10 (x2 - x - 1)2 - (x2 - x + 1)2 = x4 - 2x3 - x2 + 2x + 1 - (x4 - Remainder of 0, as required.
13
2x3 + 3x2 - 2x + 1) = 4x - 4x2 as required (or could use DOPS) 10 a 4 b
8
11 Yes. Multiplicative axiom ab = ba.
-253 41
12 a 3 b 5 c 7 d 12 11 a -8 b c -
16 27
13 a m b m c m+n d 2m 12 a x3 - x2 + 3x + 2 = (x2 - 1)(x - 1) + 4x + 1
e 2m f 3n b 2x3 + x2 - 5x - 1 = (x2 + 3)(2x + 1) - 11x - 4
14 a x4 - x3 + x2 - x b x5 + 2x4 - 3x3 c 5x4 - x2 + 2 = 5x(x3 - 2) - x2 + 10x + 2
c x3 + 4x2 + x - 6 d 6x3 + 23x2 - 5x - 4
e 15x3 - 11x2 - 48x + 20 Progress quiz
f x5 + 3x4 - x3 - 3x2 - 2x - 6
1 a log2 32 = 5 b log10 1000 = 3 c loga a = 1
2 a 102 = 100 b 23 = 8 c 70 = 1
Exercise 10F
3 a x=4 b x=4 c x=0
1 a 1 b 3 c 0 d x = 625 e x=5 f x = -6
2 a If 182 ÷ 3 = 60 remainder 2 then 182 = 3 × 60 + 2. 4 a 3 b 2 c 2
b If 2184 ÷ 5 = 436 remainder 4 then 2184 = 5 × 436 + 4. d -2 e
1
f 1
c If 617 ÷ 7 = 88 remainder 1 then 617 = 7 × 88 + 1. 2
5 a x = 1.771 b x = 29.060 c x = 8.043
3 P(x) = (x - 1)(x2 + 2x) + 3 √
6 The term involving x has a fractional index when written in
4 P(x) = (x + 1)(3x2 - 4x + 5) - 3
index notation.
5 a 2x3 - x2 + 3x - 2 = (x - 2)(2x2 + 3x + 9) + 16
7 a 8 b 7 c 3k4 - 2k3 + k2 + 7k + 8
b 2x3 + 2x2 - x - 3 = (x + 2)(2x2 - 2x + 3) - 9
8 a 3 b 1 c 3 d 4x3
c 5x3 - 2x2 + 7x - 1 =
9 a x7 - 2x5 + x4 b x4 + 2x3 + 5x2 - 2x - 6
(x + 3)(5x2 - 17x + 58) - 175 10 a x4 + x3 + 3x + 2 b -x4 + x3 - x + 2
d - x3 + x2 - 10x + 4 = c x8 + 4x5 + 4x2 d x7 + x5 + 4x4 + 2x2 + 4x
2 2
11 P(x) = (x + 2)(2x - 5x + 13) - 27
(x - 4)(-x - 3x - 22) - 84
892
Exercise 10G Exercise 10I
Answers
1 a -1 b 41 c -19 d -141 1 a y
2 a 3 b -2
3
3 0
4 a 3 b 11 c 27 d 57
e -127 f -33 g -13 h -69 x
5 a 3 b 20 c 36 d 5 −3 −1 O 2
6 b, c and e are factors of P(x).
7 b, d, f, g
b y
8 a x+1 b x - 1, x + 1 or x + 2 c x+2
d x-2
3
9 a x - 2, x - 1 and x + 1 b x - 3, x - 1 and x + 2
c x - 3, x - 2 and x + 1 d x - 5, x - 1 and x + 4 x
−5 O 2 5
10 a -4 b -2 c -14 d 96
11 -38
12 a 5 b 1 c 5 d -3
2 a y-intercept is 12.
13 a -2 b 23
x-intercepts are -1, 3, 4.
14 a a = -1 and b = 2 b a = 3 and b = -4
b y-intercept is -21.
x-intercepts are -3, -1, 7.
Exercise 10H c y-intercept is 0.
x-intercepts are -2, 0, 4.
1 P(-1) = 0
d y-intercept is 0.
2 a x = -3 or 1 b x = -2 or 2
1 x-intercepts are -7, 0, 5.
c x = - or 4 d x = -3 or 4
2 3 a, b, c:
e x = -3 f x = -4 or -3
3 a -3, 1, 2 b -7, -2, 1 c -4, 3, 4 x –2 –1 –1 0 1 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
d - ,- ,3
2 3
12 1 11
e - ,- ,3
3 2
3 2 1
f - , ,
7 4 5 y = x2 4 1 1
4
0 1
4
1 4 10G
g - ,- ,- h - ,- , y = x3 –8 –1 –1 0 1 1 8
11 2 3 5 19 2 8 8
4 a (x - 3)(x - 2)(x + 1); -1, 2, 3 1 1
y = x4 16 1 0 1 16
b (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3); -3, -2, -1 16 16
c (x - 3)(x - 2)(x - 1); 1, 2, 3 y
d (x - 4)(x - 3)(x - 1); 1, 3, 4 10
e (x - 6)(x + 1)(x + 2); -2, -1, 6 5
f (x - 2)(x + 3)(x + 5); -5, -3, 2
√ √ x
−2 O
−1 −5 1 2
5 a x = 1 or 1 + 5 or 1 - 5 b x = -2
6 a x = -1, 3 or 5 b x = -3, -2 or 1 −10
7 a x = -4, 1 or 3 b -2, -1 or 3
8 a 3 b 4 c n 4 a y-intercept: 6
9 a x2 (x - 1); 0, 1 b x2 (x + 1); -1, 0 x-intercepts: -2, 1, 3 y
c x(x - 4)(x + 3); -3, 0, 4 d 2x3 (x + 1)2 ; -1, 0
10 0 = x4 + x2 = x2 (x2 + 1)
6
No solution to x2 + 1 = 0.
Thus, x = 0 is the only solution. x
−2 O 1 3
11 The discriminant of the quadratic is negative, implying
solutions from the quadratic factor are not real. x = 2 is the
only solution.
12 a x = -4, -3, -2 or 1 b x = -2 or 3
1
c x = -3, -2, 1 or 3 d x = -2, , 1 or 2
2
893
b y-intercept: 12 h y-intercept: 0
Answers
x-intercepts: -1, 3, 4 x-intercepts: -1, 0, 3 y
y
x
12 −1 O 3
x i y-intercept: 8
−1 O 3 4
x-intercepts: -4, -2, 1 y
8
c y-intercept: 10
x
x-intercepts: -2, 1, 5 y −4 −2 O 1
10
3
j y-intercept:
x 2
−2 O 1 5 1
x-intercepts: -3, -1,
2
y
3
2
x
d y-intercept: 3 −3 −1 O 0.5
x-intercepts: -3, 1, 2 y
3 5 a y b y
x
−3 O 1 2
1 x
−1 O 1
x −1
−1 O 1
e y-intercept: 0
x-intercepts: -3, 0, 2 y −1 −2
−2 −3
x 6 a y = (x - 2)(x + 1)(x + 4)
−3 O 2 b y = (x + 3)(x - 1)(x - 3)
1
c y = x(x - 2)(x + 3)
2
f y-intercept: 0
1
d y = - (x + 3)(x + 1)(x - 2)
x-intercepts: -1, 0, 5 y 2
7 a y
x 60
−1 O 5
40
30
20
g y-intercept: 0
x-intercepts: -3, 0, 1 y x
−2 −1O 1 2 3 4 5
−20
x
−3 O 1
894
b y 9 a y b y
Answers
80
60
x
40 x −1 O
O 3
20
c y d y
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O1 2 3 4
−2 4
8 a y b y 12 x
−4 −1 O
2 8
x
−1−2O
6
2
4 x
−4 2 −2O 3
−6 x
−8 −4 −2 −2
−9
−10 −4
e y f y
c y d y
x
−2 O 2
2 2
−2
x x x
−2 −1 O1 2 O −2 O 2
−4 −1 2
−2 10I
e y
10 a i y-intercept = (0, -6) ii y = (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
4 iii x-intercepts: (-3, 0), (-2, 0), (1, 0)
iv y
2
O x
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O − 3 −2 1
f y
15
13
10 −6
x b i y-intercept = (0, 15) ii y = (x - 5)(x - 3)(x + 1)

O 5
iii x-intercepts: (-1, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0)
(2, −3)
−5
895
iv y 11 a 2 Ä x Ä 5 or x Ä -1
Answers
b -4 < x < 1 or x > 4
15 1
12 y = (x - 3)2 (x + 2)
9
13 16
1
14 y = - x2 (x - 3)(x + 3)
10
x Multiple-choice questions
−1 O 3 5
1 C 2B 3E 4A 5D
6D 7 A 8B 9E 10E
c i y-intercept = (0, 8) Short-answer questions

ii y = (x - 2)(x - 1)(x + 1)(x + 4)
iii x-intercepts: (-4, 0), (-1, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0) 1 a log2 16 = 4 b log10 1000 = 3
1
iv y c log3 = -2
9
8 1
2 a 34 = 81 b 4-2 =
x 16
−4 −1 O 1 2 c 10-1 = 0.1
3 a 3 b 4 c 4
d 0 e -3 f -3
g -1 h -4 i -2
4 a loga 8 b logb 21 c logb 144 d loga 10
d i y-intercept = (0, 225) e loga 4 f loga 1000 g 2 h 1
ii y = (x - 5)(x - 3)(x + 3)(x + 5) 3
i j 4 loga 2 = loga 16
iii x-intercepts: (-5, 0), (-3, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0) 2
iv y 5 a x = log3 6 b x = log1.2 2
225 log10 13 log10 2

6 a b
log10 2 log10 0.8
7 a -1 b 1 c -2 d -34
8 a x4 + 3x2 + 2 b x5 - x4 - 3x3
c x5 + x4 - 3x3 - x2 - x + 3
x d x6 + 2x4 - 4x3 + x2 - 4x + 3
−5 −3 O 3 5
9 a x3 + x2 + 2x + 3 = (x - 1)(x2 + 2x + 4) + 7
b x3 - 3x2 - x + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 - 4x + 3) - 2
c 2x3 - x2 + 4x - 7 = (x + 2)(2x2 - 5x + 14) - 35
Problems and challenges d -2x3 - x2 - 3x - 4 = -(x - 3)(2x2 + 7x + 24) - 76
10 a -3 b -39 c -91 d 41
1
1 a 2 b 8 c d 3 11 b, c and d are factors.
2
2 a 1.43 b -1.43 c -2.71 1 3
12 a x = -2, 1 or 3 b x = - , or 5
3 2
3 x=6
13 a (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 x = -3, -2 or 1
4 2p - q + 2
b (x + 2)(x - 5)(x - 6) = 0 x = -2, 5 or 6
5 a x > 2.10 b x Å -2.81
1 1
14 a y b y
6 a=2× 34 , b = log2 3
4 1 5 4
log10 2
7 = log1.1 2
log10 1.1 x
O x
−1 1 −1O 4 5
8 -2
9 a = 5, b = -2 −1 −5
10 Proof using long division required.
a (x3 - a3 ) ÷ (x - a) = x2 + ax + a2 −2 −10
b (x3 + a3 ) ÷ (x + a) = x2 - ax + a2
896
c y d y Parabolas and other graphs
Answers
10 Multiple-choice questions
1 D 2A 3D 4C 5B
5 10
x 5 Short-answer questions
−5 −2 O 3 5
1 a Dilated by a factor of 3.
−5 x
O y
−10
3 (1, 3)
Extended-response questions
1 a B
b i $121 000 ii $15 369 iii $272 034 x
O
c i 7.27 ii 6.17 iii 16.89
b Reflected in x-axis and translated 2 units left.
2 a i 32 ii 0
y
b There is no remainder; i.e. P(1) = 0.
c x2 - 4x - 21 x
−2 O
d (x - 7)(x - 1)(x + 3)
e x = 7, 1 or -3
f P(0) = 21
−4
g y
21
c Translated 5 units up.
x
−3 O 1 7 y
SR2
(1, 6)
5
Semester review 2
Measurement x
O
Multiple-choice questions 2 a -5 b (1, -5) c (-2, -9)
1 B 2D 3B 4A 5D
d y
x
−5 O 1
1 a 36 cm, 52 cm2
b 1.3 m, 0.1 m2
−5
c 220 mm, 2100 mm2
2 a 188.5 m2 , 197.9 m3 b 50.3 cm2 , 23.7 cm3
(−2, −9) −9
c 6.8 m2 , 1.3 m3
3 √
a 1.8 cm b 58.8 cm2
27 3 a Maximum at (3, 8). b -10 c (1, 5)
4 cm
π
Extended-response question
a 753.98 cm3 b 206.02 cm3 c 17 cm
d 1.79 cm
897
d y (3, 8) c y d y
Answers
(−1, 5)
(1, 3)
x
O 1 5 1
x 1 (1, 15 )
O
−10 x
O
e y
4 a y = (x + 3)2 - 7
(1, 2)
y
x
O
2
O x (−1, −2)
−3 − √7 −3 + √7 f y
(−1, 6)
(−3, −7)
( )2
5 7 x
b y= x- + O
2 4
y
(1, −6)
8 √ √ √ √
( (- 3, -2
8 a (( 3, 2) 3), ) 3) b (4, 16)
1 1
c , 4 , - , -4
2 2
( 52 , 74 ) x
9 a y
O
−1 + 2√3
5 a Discriminant = 72, thus two x-intercepts. x
O
b y 2 − √15 2 + √15
(2, −1)
−1 − 2√3
x
−1.1 O 3.1 b y
(1, −9) (1, 17)
c (1, -9) and (-2, 9)

6 a Each x value produces a unique y value (any vertical line 9
will cut the graph at most once)
b i 3 ii 12 iii (a - 2)2 + 3 y=1
1
c All real x, y Å 3 x
O
7 a y b y
2 √10
x x
−2 O 2 O
−√10 √10
−2 −√10
898
c y 4 a Die 1 1 2 3 4
Answers
1 2 3 4 5
x = −2 2 3 4 5 6
Die 2
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
x
−2 − 3 O
5 b 16
3 5 1
− 52 c i ii iii
16 8 5
−3 y = −3 5 a
A B
4 4 2
Extended-response question
2
a h 2 2
b i ii
(200, 427.5) 3 3
c Yes they are since Pr(A | B) = Pr(A).
27.5 Extended-response question

x
O 10 110 Outcome
(60, −62.5) 2 200 g 400 g
7
3 200 g
8 5 250 g 450 g
7
3
b 27.5 m c 10 m and 110 m from start 5 7 200 g 450 g
d 427.5 m e 62.5 m 8 250 g
4
7
250 g 500 g
3 15 5
a i ii iii
Probability
Multiple-choice questions b
9
28
c
28
3
14
SR2
14 5
1 C 2E 3B 4D 5C
Statistics
Short-answer questions Multiple-choice questions
1 a x y
A B 1 E
w z 2 B
r s
v g i 3 C
a c
u e o q 4 B
p 5 A
b t n
d f h j k l m
5 3 9 19
b i ii iii iv
26 26 26 26 1 a
c No, A È B ¢ ∅ Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
2 a 0- 2 10%
B BÌ 5- 4 20%
A 3 1 4 10- 4 20%
AÌ 4 4 8 15- 3 15%
7 5 12 20- 6 30%
b i 3 ii 4 iii 5 iv 8 25 - 30 1 5%
1 1 7 3
c i ii iii iv Total 20 100%
4 12 12 4
3 a 0.18 b 0.37
899
b 6 30 Extended-response questions
Percentage frequency (%)

Answers
5 a i y = 1.50487x + 17.2287
Frequency
4 20 ii y = 1.55x + 16.0833
3 b 41 cm
2 10 c 22 mL
1
0 0
Logarithms and polynomials
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Multiple-choice questions
Number of days
c i 14 ii 50% 1 E 2A 3D 4C 5D
iii 20–24 days, those that maybe catch public transport to
work or school each week day. Short-answer questions
2 a 1 a 3 b -2 c 3 d 0
e 2 f 2 g 1 h 3
0 5 10 15 20 25
b 2 a x=3 b x=3 c x = 81
3 a i x = log3 30 ii x = log2.4 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b i x = 2.460 ii x = 9.955
3 a 2500 4 a i 6 ii 0 iii -49 iv -5
Balance
2000 b i 2x6 + 6x5 - 11x4 - 25x3 + 34x + 24

1500 ii 4x6 - 12x4 - 16x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 16
1000 5 P(x) = (x - 3)(x2 - x - 1) + 4
6 a -24, not a factor b 0, a factor c -40, not a factor
J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 2
7 a x = -1, 3, -6 b x = 0, , -
Months 2 3
1
b Balance fluctuated throughout the year but ended up with c x = -4, -2, 1 d x = -1, , 2
2
more money after 12 months.
c May and June Extended-response question
d increase of $500
4 a, c y a P(-3) = 0 b P(x) = -(x + 3)(2x - 1)(x - 4)
c P(x)
6
5 (−5, 198)
4
3
2
x
0 O x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
b positive −5 −3 −12
1 4 6
2
d i ¥ 3.2 ii ¥ 11.5
5 a i under 40 ii over 40
b Over 40: mean = 11, standard deviation = 7.3;
Under 40: mean = 24.1, standard deviation = 12.6 (6, −198)
900
Acknowledgements
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Images: Used under licence 2016 from Shutterstock.com / Hugh Adams, p.xiv / Huang Zheng, p.xvii(t) / Antoine Beyeler,
p.xvii(b) / betto rodrigues, pp.2–3 / Monkey Business Images, pp.4, 654, 693(t) / Cliff Lloyd, p.9 / vladimir salman, p.18 / Dmitry
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