BA 180.

1 Introduction to Information Technology in Business 

(based from Management Information Systems (10th Edition), powerpoint presentations, notes from 
Rinah SJ and Sheryl S.) 
 
  4. Paper-based accounting ledger 
HELLO  SOBRANG  DI  AKO  SURE  KUNG  ⇒ ​Major Types of IS: 
KUMPLETO  YUNG  MGA  NILAGAY  KO  HEHEHE  1. Transaction Processing Systems - 
PERO  HOPE  THIS  HELPS!!!  GO  GUYS  KAYA  YAN  record and process the data 
ONE LAST PUSH  resulting from business transactions 
  a. Batch processing - bulk and 
NOTES FROM RINAH AND SHERYL:  periodic 
I. Information Systems (IS) in Business  b. Real-time or online - 
⇒​ Information Systems   processed immediately  
- Interrelated  set  of  components  with  2. Management Information Systems - 
a single purpose  developing business applications 
- transformation of data  that provides predefined 
- Combination  of  software,  hardware,  management reports that would give 
data resources, networks and people  managers the info they need for 
that  stores,  retrieves,  transforms  decision making; reports and 
and  disseminates  info  in  an  displays to managers and many 
organization  business professionals  
- Data  →  Information  →  3. Decision Support Systems - give 
Contextualized Facts  direct support to managers during 
the decision-making process 
4. Executive Support Systems - give 
top executives an easy way to get 
critical info; example: touchscreen 
terminals 
⇒ ​Other types: 
1. Expert systems - provide expert 
advice and act as expert consultants 
2. Knowledge Management - support 
creation, organization and 
 
dissemination of business 
knowledge 
3. Strategic Information - support 
operations and management 
processes 
4. Functional business - operational 
and managerial applications of the 
basic business functions of a 
company  
⇒ ​Operations support system:  
  1. process business transactions 
- Expanding roles of IS in  2. control industrial processes 
management and participation by  3. support enterprise communications 
end-users and managers in IS  and collaborations 
⇒ ​Examples​:   4. update corporate databases 
1. Smoke signals for communications  efficiently 
2. Card catalogs in libraries  II. Managing Computer Hardware 
3. Cash register  ⇒ ​Types of Computer Systems 
 1.Microcomputers   - Compatibility  with  legacy  (→old  and 
- Examples:  laptop,  desktops,  new tech must work) systems  
mobile phones  - middleware/software 
- Dimensions:   - Data output  
- Cost   - Ergonomics  
- Performance  - Functionality  
- size/portability  - Features VS needs 
- Interconnectivity  - Vendor and support issues 
- Software compatibility  III. Data Resource Management Systems 
- Upgradeability   ⇒ ​Database Management  
- Data storage capability   - Application  of  tools,  IS  and 
- Flexibility   technologies  that  organize,  develop 
2. Midrange   and  maintain data resources to meet 
- Used  for  organizational  means  organizational information needs  
(networks, databases)  - Core  of  Enterprise  Resource 
- More robust, blockchain  Planning  
- Intel, AMD (Xeon, Opreron)  ⇒ ​Database 
3. Mainframe   - Collection  of  logically  related  data 
- Scientific applications, banks  elements 
- Enormous data   - Common  pool  of  data  elements  that 
- Like a cabinet   provide  data  for  many  different 
- IBM  applications  
- Large  organizations,  government  - Character  (symbols  →  words)  → 
institutions   Fields  (groupings)  →  Record 
- Maybe  obsolete  in  the  next  15-20  (personal, other) → File 
years   - Data  entries:  transactions, 
⇒ ​Information System Hardware  customers, products 
1. Input Technologies  ⇒  ​Functions  of  Database  Management 
- Natural user interface  Systems  
- efficient gathering of data   1. Database Interrogation  
- Keyboard,  mouse,  voice  a. Query  
activation  b. Report Generation 
2. Processing Technologies  2. Database Maintenance  
- Fast computational processing  a. Updating  -  data  changes 
- system stability   over time 
- Multitasking capabilities  b. Reorganization  -  field  may 
- CPU, RAM, etc  split  
3. Output Technologies  c. Ensure  data 
- Relay  accurate,  timely,  and useful  integrity/accuracy  - 
computer feedback   birthday vs age 
- LCD display, headphones, printer  d. Security  Audit  -  username 
4. Storage Technologies   and  password;  update  pw 
- Efficient  data  storage,  retention  every month 
and retrieval   ⇒ ​Types of Databases 
- Hard drives and disk drives  1. Operational 
- Emerging storage technology   - Detailed  data  needed  to  support 
1. 3D Nano  the  business  processes  and 
2. Glass Storage   operations of a company  
3. DNA Storage  - CRS 
*Moore’s  Law  -  every  2  years,  the  power  of  2. Distributed  
computers double   - Meant  to  be  shared  as  a  whole or 
⇒ ​Performance and User Utility   in  part  throughout  an 
- An  increase  in  computer  organization  
performance  does  not  always  mean  - Negative databases 
increased user utility   3. External  
⇒ ​Key Hardware Decisions  
 - Access  restricted  to  those  2.Online  Analytic  Processing  (OLAP) 
who  pay  a  fee  for  the  use  of  software 
the database  a. Presents  data  showing 
- Scribd  different dimensions 
4. Hypermedia   b. location , time, product 
- Hypertext  and  hypermedia  IV. Business  Analytics  and  Decision  Support 
documents  that  are  usually  Systems (Business Intelligence) 
linked  or  interconnected  to  - Creation,  maintenance  and 
one another  organization of business knowledge  
- facebook , Youtube  - Primary  purpose  of  BI:  supporting 
⇒ ​Structures  business decision making 
1. Flat - spreadsheet   - BI  uses  quantitative  and  qualitative 
2. Hierarchical - treelike   analytic  methods  to  analyze  mostly 
3. Network - many to many   internal data  
4. Multidimensional -   ⇒ Emergence of BI  
5. Relational  -  MS Access, Oracle; has a  - The  rapid  adoption  of  BI  has  been 
primary  key  that  relates  it  to  other  driven by a confluence of factors: 
lists  a. Growth  in  data  collection, 
6. Object-oriented - parent, chile, root;  largely  due  to  technology 
no list, entity and function  improvements 
⇒ ​Popular database management systems   b. Storage  of  data  in  data 
1. MS MySQL  warehouses 
2. Oracle  c. Availability  of  increased 
3. PostgreSQL  access to data 
4. MongoDB (NoSQL)  d. Competitive  pressure  in  a 
**SQL- Sequential Query Language  globalized economy  
⇒ ​What to consider:  ⇒ ​Trends in BI  
1. Price  - Data  Mining  →  analysis of large data 
2. Functionality   sets  to  find  unsuspected 
3. Flexibility   relationships  in  the  data  and  to 
4. Consulting   summarize the data 
5. Support Services  - Online  Analytic  Processing  → 
6. Global Reach   software  that  allows  flexible  and 
7. Sales  preset  presentations  of  data 
⇒ ​Traditional File Processing Problems   providing  greater  insight  into  the 
1. Data redundancy   trends of data 
2. Program dependence   - Knowledge  Management  Networks 
3. Security issues  →  a  system  for  authoring  and 
4. Poor  data  integration  and  lack  of  maintaining  knowledge  through  a 
flexibility   search  platform,  internal  network 
⇒ ​Databases address these problems by:  and a system of documents  
1. Data consolidation   - Most  used  analysis  in  BI: 
2. Expanded application access  REGRESSION 
⇒ ​Acid Rules   *Spurious  Correlations  -  not 
1. Atomicity  -  transactions  must  be  supposed to be correlated that’s why 
completed or else it must be undone  you need hypothesis 
2. Consistency  -  must  preserve  ⇒​Typical  Functions  of  Decision  Support 
integrity   Systems 
3. Isolation  -  two  simultaneous  - Sensitivity  Analysis  →  advertising 
transactions  cannot  interfere  with  and sales 
one another   - Optimization  Analysis  →  linear 
4. Durability  -  completed  transactions  programming 
cannot  be  aborted  later  or  their  - Path-Goal  Analysis  →  retirement 
results discarded  analysis  
⇒ ​Database Trends  - Predictive  Analysis  →  forecasting, 
1. Data warehouse   profiting  
⇒ ​Common Data Mining Tools 
 1. Statistical Inference  *Generate  Order  →  Submit  Order  →  Check 
2.     Credit  →  Approve  Credit  →  Generate  Invoice  → 
3. Artificial Neural Networks  Assemble Product → Ship Product  
- Predict  future  events  based  ⇒  ​Enterprise  Resource  Planning  System 
on  patterns  observed  in  (ERPS) 
historical data   - Set  of  integrated  software  modules 
- Classification  of  unseen  data  for  the  different  functions  of  a 
in  pre-defined  groups  based  business 
on historical data  - Allow multifunctional use of data 
- Market segmentation  - Ties  together  core  business 
**Query - request for information  processes  and  provides  managers  a 
⇒ ​Some Data Mining Applications   real-time  view  of  functions  and 
1. Performing  market-basket  analysis  resources 
to identify new product bundles    
2. Find  the  cause  of 
quality/manufacturing processes 
3. Preventing  employee  attrition  and 
increasing employee recruitment  
4. Cross-selling to existing customers 
5. More accurate customer profiling  
⇒ ​Online Analytical Processing  
- Method  that  allows  interactive 
examination  and  manipulation  of 
large  amounts  of  detailed  and 
consolidated  data  from  many 
perspectives  
 
- Primary functions: 
⇒ ​Benefits 
1. Consolidation 
- Software  platform  seamlessly 
2. Drill down 
integrates  all  functions  and  creates 
3. Slicing and dicing 
one organization 
⇒ ​OLAP Environment  
- Increased  quality  and  efficiency 
- Small 
reduces costs 
- Flexible 
- Firm-wide  knowledge-based 
- limited/condensed industry  
management processes 
- Customized by department  
- Customer-driven  business 
- Source  is  organizationally 
processes 
structured data, warehouse data  
⇒ ​Hidden Costs  
⇒ ​Implementation Challenges 
- Incredibly expensive 
- Insufficient  resources  available  to 
- Evaluation / consulting 
structure  and  update  the  content  in 
- Hardware and software upgrades 
repositories 
- Maintenance 
- Poor  quality  and  high  variability  of 
- Training  
content quality  
- Data migration 
- Content  in  repositories  lacks 
- Customization 
context,  making  documents  difficult 
⇒ ​Enterprise System Challenges: 
to understand  
- Typically  requires  organizational 
- Development  of  an  equitable  quality 
and cultural change  
knowledge  
- Daunting  planning  and 
- Search  engines  return  too  much 
implementation 
information,  reflecting  lack  of 
- High up-front costs 
knowledge structure or taxonomy  
- Delivers long-term benefits 
V. Enterprise  Business  Systems/Cross 
- Involving  the  entire  organization  in 
Functional Systems 
the adoption of the ERP 
⇒ ​Cross Functional Systems  
**Supply  chain  -  relationship  of  all  sectors  to  bring 
- Sales 
about the service/product to customers 
- Accounting  
⇒ ​Key Supply Chain Management Process 
- Manufacturing and Production  
 ---PLAN--->  - Telecommunication 
--SOURCE--> --MAKE→--DELIVER-->   Infrastructure and Service 
<--RETURN--  - Hardware and Software 
⇒ ​Supply Chain Management Issues   - IT Skills 
- Logistics: planning and control all  - Sufficient disposable income 
factors w effect on transporting  - Confidence  in  using 
product service  e-commerce 
- Just-In-Time  - Facts: 
- Bullwhip effect  - 44% internet penetration 
⇒ ​Customer Relationship Management  - 48M  active  social  media 
Systems  users 
- Data Source: Touch Points -  - What makes smartphones smart? 
Methods of Firm interaction w a  - They have operating systems 
customer (eg Email)  - Global Average Internet Speed: 6.3 
- Types:  - Ph @4.2 
- Operational  - Information Flows: 
- Analytic  (Busi to Consu) (Busi to Busi)  
- Analytic CRM Data Warehouse   Buyer → Retailer → Manufacturers, Suppliers, 
⇒ ​Metrics for Customer Relationship  Distributors 
Management  Retailer ← Banks → Manufacturers, Suppliers, 
- Cost per lead  Distributors 
- Cost per sale  (Busi to Gov’t) 
- Number of repeat customers  Retailers → Government 
- Reduction of churn    
- Customer satisfaction   - Core Business Models 
- Number of percentage of problems  1. Traditional “Brick and 
or complaints  Mortar” Stores 
- Lead generation rate  2. Purely Online Business 
- Lead conversion rate  3. Hybrid “Click and Mortar” 
- Sales closing rate  Businesses 
⇒ ​Enterprise Integration Trends  - Common Internet Business Models 
- Enterprise Portal - web interface  - Virtual Storefront (Amazon) 
providing a single entry point for  - Information Broker 
accessing organizational information  (Metacritic.com) 
VI. E-Commerce  - Transaction Broker (EBay) 
- Buying,  selling,  marketing  and  - Content Provider (Youtube) 
servicing  of  products,  services  and  - Virtual Community (Reddit) 
information  over  a  variety  of  - Main Benefits of E-Commerce 
computer networks   - Disintermediation 
- Proposed  measures  (quantifying  - Richness and Reach of 
e-commerce)  Information 
1. Readiness  -  skills,  - Interactive Marketing and 
infrastructure, access  Presentation 
2. Usage  -  who  uses  - Customer self-service 
e-commerce, intensity   - Reducing time and physical 
3. Impact  -  efficiency,  value  distance 
creation  - Implication of E-Commerce 
- Actors:  individuals,  households,  - Reduced information 
businesses, government  asymmetry  
- DTI E-Commerce Roadmap 2020   - Increased competition 
- 25%  of  GDP  should  be  - Maybe disadvantageous for 
generated  by  e-commerce  some brick and mortar 
by 2020  establishments 
- Focus  on  infrastructure,  - Creates market expectations 
investment  and  IT  Skills  concerning online presence  
development   - “Dot-com” bubble  
- Prerequisite:  - Internet bubble, IT Bubble 
 - 1997 - 2000   
- Involved steady and rapid   
increase in internet sector  ⇒ ​System Portfolio Approach  
growth due to speculation in 
  RISKS 
IT  
- Key Issues in E-Commerce      High  Low 
- Business model has to make   
sense    High   Cautiously  Identify 
- Target market → seniors are  BENEFITS  Examine  and 
skeptical   Develop 
- Online payment  
Low  Avoid  Routing 
- Internet security   Projects 
- Website design and 
**White Elephant - very useless projects  
user-friendliness 
⇒ ​Project Risks and Benefits 
- Digital marketing strategy 
- REWARDS 
- E-Commerce Success Factors 
- Transcendence/Transforma
- Selection and Value  
tion of Product and Service 
- Performance and Service  
- Material  improvements  in 
- Look and Feel  
efficiency  and/or 
- Advertising and Incentives  
effectiveness outcomes 
- Personal Attention  
- Meets  key  functionality 
- Community Relationships 
requirements  
- Security and Stability  
- organization -wide benefits  
VII. Information  Technology  and  Business 
- RISKS 
Strategy  
- Cost  
⇒  ​Measuring  the  value  of  an  information 
- Reliance  on  Changes  in 
system  
Human Behavior  
- Efficiency  
- Complexity  
- Less waste  
- Technology Reliability  
- Renewable  energy  -  very 
- Organization-wide 
costly  
implementation 
- Nuclear  energy  -  risky,  most 
⇒  ​Strategic  IT  Alignment  Model 
efficient  
(Venkatraman, 1993) 
- Effectiveness - correct decisions  
(Will insert a chart here) 
- Does  it  actually  get  the  job 
⇒ ​Business Strategies 
done? 
- Cost leadership (CebuPac) 
- Intangible  and  Tangible  Benefits and 
- Low-cost producer of 
Costs 
products and services 
⇒ ​Traditional Capital Budgeting Models  
- Help reduce costs of 
- Capital  Budgeting  -  relies  on 
customers/suppliers  
measuring cash inflows and outflows  
- Create higher switching 
- Capital Budgeting Models: 
costs discouraging 
- Payback  Method  -  does  not 
customers and suppliers to 
take  into  account  future 
competitors 
cash flows  
- Convenience, ease of use, 
- Accounting  Rate  of  Return 
raise switching costs  
on Investment  
- **Stockless inventory  
- Net Present Value (NPV) 
- Differentiation and Innovation 
- IRR 
- Creating brand loyalty by 
- Limitations 
developing new and unique 
- Costs  and  benefits  do  not 
products and services not 
occur at the same time  
easily duplicated by 
- Difficulties  in  measuring 
competitors 
intangible benefits  
- Information systems used to 
- Overlook  social  and 
create IT-based products 
organizational  costs  and 
and services 
benefits  
 - Information systems can  2. Social Media Management Software 
create new forms of  3. Paid online advertisements 
distribution or services  PHYSICAL (medium to long term) 
delivery (online ticketing for  **Physical stores will be opened 
airlines, Grab, Uber)  1. Automated ordering application in stores 
- Customer Focus   2. Loyalty card 
- Learning more about the   
customer to become more  Key notes: 
responsive to their needs   -  Arce  Dairy's  current  target  market  are 
- Identifying what product or  adults  aged  60  and  older,  catering  to 
service elements create  millenials would be an advantage 
value for the customer  -  The  Social  Media  Management  Software 
- Using systems such as CRM  will  be  used  to  manage  and  supervise  the 
to maximize the benefits of a  social  media  accounts  of  the  brand  in  order 
company’s customer assets   to quickly respond to inquiries or trends 
- Building a virtual company   -  Medium  to  long  term  objectives  will  be 
**Intranet - private, secured network   met once physical stores have been put up 
**Extranet - intranet’s extension to authorize   
external users   3.  [Group  5]  Ilang  Ilang  Residence  Hall 
**Proposing an IT Proposal: Evaluate the risks and  Association 
benefits; must be compatible with both business  Problem: Security and Efficiency 
and IT Strategy   Solution:  CCTV  System  and  (e-Lang)  Online 
  Database System 
VIII. Class Presentations   
1. [Group 4] VSB Library  Key notes: 
a. Problem:  Efficiency  and  -Theft  and  Break-in  are  alarming  issues 
Relevance of the library   solved by CCTV 
b. Solution:  Implementation  of  -Multiple  efficiency  issues  are  solved  by 
RFID  system  for  improved  e-Lang 
inventory management  -Costs  MUST  include  training  of  staff  for 
c. Key notes:  new system 
i. Passive  RFID  Chips  -CCTV  and  Online  Database  System  are 
are to be used  mature technologies and offer low risk 
ii. The  system  will   
improve  inventory  4. 
management  which 
shortens  time  for 
librarians  to  tag, 
shelf  and  classify 
books.  Librarians will 
be  able  to  focus  on 
improving  other 
areas of the library  
iii. Students  will  be 
encouraged  to 
borrow  books  aside 
from  accessing 
databases 
2. [GROUP 1] 
Arce Dairy 
Problem: Brand Image 
Target market can be expanded 
Unable to adapt to advances in technology 
 
Solution: Five-step plan for 5-10 years 
ONLINE (short-term) 
1. Relaunch on social media 
   2. Decision  Support  Systems  - 
provide  ad  hoc,  interactive 
support for decision-making 
3. End-User  Computing  -  use  own 
resources  to  support  their  job 
requirements 
4. Executive  IS  -  provide  easy  way 
to  get  reports  and  info  the  way 
executives want it 
5. Artificial Intelligence  
6. Strategic IS  
 
7. Enterprise  Resource  Planning 
System  -  integration  of all facets 
of  a  firm--all  business functions; 
tight  integration  and  data 
sharing  for  flexible  decision 
making  
8. Business  Intelligence  -  apps  and 
technologies  focused  on 
gathering  and  analysis  of  data 
and  info  used  to  make  strategic 
  business  decisions;  gain valuable 
  insight  into  the  key  elements  of 
NOTES FROM THE BOOK:  the business 
  - Role of e-Business in Business 
MODULE 1  - e-Business  -  online  exchange  of 
CHAPTER 1  value  
SECTION 1:  - Why use e-Business? 
- People  rely  on  modern  IS  to  communicate  1. Reengineer  internal business 
with one another  processes 
- Since  the  dawn  of  civilization, we have been  2. Implement  e-commerce 
using IS already  systems  with  their 
- Vital roles of IS: Support of  customers and suppliers  
1. Business processes and operations  3. Promote  enterprise 
- Computer-based  IS  to  help  collaboration  among 
record  purchases,  track  business  teams  and 
inventory,  pay  employees,  workgroups 
buy  merch,  evaluate  sales  - Enterprise  collaboration  systems  -  use 
trends  software  tools  for  communication, 
2. Decision  making  by  employees  and  coordination  and  collaboration  among  the 
managers   members  of  a  networked  teams  and 
- Gain  advantage  over  other  workgroups; may use intra,extranets  
retailers  in  the  competition  - E-commerce - ​may definition na to sa taas  
for customers   
3. Strategies for competitive advantage  SECTION 2: 
- Helps  provide  products  and  - What is a system? 
services  that  provide  a  - Three Basic Functions: 
competitive advantage   1. Input  -  capturing  and 
- Role  of  IS  evolved  through  time,  new  roles  assembling 
have been added since 1960’s   2. Processing - transformation  
- New roles:  3. Output  -  transferring  info  to 
1. Management  IS  -  develop  ultimate destination 
business  applications  that  - Feedback and Control  
provides  reports  to  help  - Feedback  -  performance  of  the 
managers decide  system  
 - Control  -  monitoring  and  evaluating  - Internet can improve customer relationship 
feedback  to  determine  whether  it  is  - ez communication thru websites 
achieving goals  and etc 
- IS Resources:   
1. People   SECTION 2:  
- End-users  - Strategic Uses of IT  
- IS Specialists  1. Business Process Reengineering - 
2. Hardware  rethinking and radical change to 
- Physical  devices  and  improve costs, quality, speed and 
materials   service  
- Computer  systems  and  2. Creating a virtual company - link 
peripherals   people, orgs, assets and ideas thru 
3. Software   technology  
- Programs   3. Knowledge-creating companies  
- Procedures   
4. Data   MODULE 2 
- Organizational resource  CHAPTER 3 
**Data  is  raw  while  Information is processed   
data  - Types of Computers  
5. Network   1. Microcomputers  
- Used for communication   - Most important for people  
  - Communication device 
- IS Activities:  - Uses 
1. Input of Data   - Workstation 
2. Processing  computers  
3. Output  - Networks servers 
4. Storage  - Computer terminals - access 
5. Control of System Performance  to computers  
  - Network computers - use 
CHAPTER 2  with the internet; with 
SECTION 1:   specialized or limited 
- Competitive Strategies:  computing applications 
1. Cost Leadership - ​refer sa nasa taas  - Information Appliances  
ehe  - Personal Digital 
2. Differentiation - differentiate  Assistants - 
products from competitors ​(check  handheld (ex: 
ulit sa taas ehe)  Blackberry) 
3. Innovation - finding new ways of  2. Midrange Systems 
doing business  - Large-scale processing of 
4. Growth - expansion of capacity   many business applications 
5. Alliance - establishing new business  - Less costly to buy, operate 
linkages and alliances with  and maintain  
customers, suppliers, competitors,  - Powerful network servers to 
consultants and other companies  help manage large Internet 
*Strategies are not mutually exclusive, may  websites, corporate 
use combination of any   intra/extranets and other 
- Other Strategic Initiatives:  networks  
1. Lock in customers and suppliers -  - First known as 
build valuable relationships   Minicomputers  
2. Create switching costs   3. Mainframe Computer Systems  
3. Raise barriers to entry - increase  - Large, fast and powerful 
investment or upgrade of  - Large storage capacities  
technologies used   - Superservers 
4. Leverage investment in IT - strong  - Supercomputers  
IT capability to build stronger  - Extremely powerful  
products  
- Customer Value - quality over price 
 - Scientific,  2. Network - more complex logical 
engineering and  relationships; many-to-many 
business  3. Relational - most widely used;  
- System functions:  4. Mutidimensional - variation of 
1. Input - convert data into electronic  relational  
form (ex. Keyboard etc.)  5. Object-oriented  
2. Processing - CPU   
3. Output - convert electronic ingo to  Section 2:  
human-intelligible forms   - Types of Databases: 
4. Storage   1. Operational - stores detailed data  
5. Control   2. Distributed - relicate and duplicates  
  3. External - ​di ko gets yung book lol, 
SECTION 2:   context clues na lang sa exam, 
- Input Technologies  kanya-kanyang interpretation 
1. Pointing Devices (mouse, touchpad  4. Hypermedia - hyperlinked pages of 
etc)  multimedia  
2. Pen-based computing (stylus)  - Data Warehouse and Data Mining 
3. Speech recognition   - Data Warehouse 
4. Optical Scanning (photocopy etc)  - Stores data from various 
5. Magnetic Stripes - reads credit  types of databases  
cards  - Source of clean, transformed 
- Output Technologies  and cataloged data  
1. Video Output (CRT, LCD)  - Data Mining - data in warehouses 
2. Printed Output  are analyzed to reveal hidden 
  patterns and trends in historical 
CHAPTER 4  business activity  
  - Traditional Data File Processing  
SECTION 1 and 2:  - Organized, stored and processed in 
- Software   independent files of data records 
- Programs used to operate and  - Problems: 
manipulate computers and their  1. Data Redundancy - ​kebs niyo 
peripherals   na iinterpret yan ha  
- Application Software - general-purpose and  2. Lack of Data Integration - ​oh 
application-specific  interpret na lang meaning ng 
- System Software - system management and  integration  
system development  3. Data Dependence - if one is 
- Operating Systems - ​you know this na i  changed, all needs to be 
believe in you Amen  changed. ​Domino effect 
- Programming Languages - mga HTML  kumbaga, gets? 
ganon, XML  4. Lack of Data Integrity or 
  Standardization - ​oh gets mo 
CHAPTER 5  na din naman meaning ng 
  integrity and standardization 
Section 1:  di ba? Context clues na lang 
- Fundamental Concepts   sa exam kasi di ko din gets sa 
1. Character - single alphabetic,  book  
numeric or other symbol   - Database Management Approach  
2. Field - group of related characters  - Consolidates data records into 
3. Record - collection of attributes  databases that can be accessed by 
4. File - group of related records  many different application programs  
5. Database - integrated collection of  - Database Management System  
logically related data elements;  - Controls the creation, maintenance 
common pool of data   and use of databases of an 
- Database Structures  organization and its end-users  
1. Hierarchical - hierarchy or treelike  - Development - defining and 
structure; arranged in multi-levels   organizing  
 - Application development - develop  transactions between a business and 
prototypes of queries, forms, reports  its customers  
and webpages   - Targeted Marketing  
- Maintenance - using transaction  - Targets: (​madali na yan iinterpret, 
processing system   context clues is de wei) 
- Database Interrogation   1. Community  
- Selectively retrieve and display  2. Content  
information and produce reports,  3. Context  
forms and other documents   4. Demographic/Psychographi
  c  
CHAPTER 6   5. Online Behavior 
  - Sales Force Automation  
- Intra/Extranet and Internet lang naman  - Use of internet to increase 
nadiscuss dito kaya magcontext clues na lang  productivity, speed up capture of 
tayo kapag may lumabas about Networks,  sales data  
kanya-kanyang interpretation na lang   - Manufacturing Systems 
  - Computer-Integrated 
MODULE 3  Manufacturing  
CHAPTER 7   
  CHAPTER 8: Enterprise Business Systems 
Section 1:   
- e-Business Systems  Section 1: Managing at the Enterprise Level  
- Application of technology to  - Customer Relationship Management  
business  - Uses IT to create a cross-functional 
- Includes e-Commerce  enterprise system to have 
- Cross-Functional Enterprise Applications   customer-serving processes that 
- Use IT to share information  interact with a company’s customers 
resources and improve the   
efficiency and effectiveness of  Section 2: Enterprise Resource Planning  
business processes and develop  - Enterprise Resource Planning  
strategic relationships with  - Support the basic internal processes 
customers, suppliers and business  of a company  
partners   - Integrated real-time view of its core 
- Transaction Processing Systems   business processes 
- Process data from business   
transactions  Section 3: Supply Chain Management 
- Process:  - Supply Chain Management  
1. Data Entry - capture of  - Link between company and 
business data  suppliers  
2. Transaction Processing  - Create fast, efficient and low-cost 
a. Batch   network of supply chain to get a 
b. Real-time  company’s product from concept to 
3. Database Maintenance -  market  
update database   
4. Document and Report  CHAPTER 9: e-Commerce Systems 
Generation    
5. Inquiry Processing  Section 1: e-Commerce Fundamentals  
- Enterprise Collaboration Systems   - Categories:  
- Work together more easily and  1. Business to Consumer (B2C)  
effectively   - Develop attractive electronic 
- Communicate, Coordinate and  marketplaces to sell 
Collaborate   products and services to 
  consumers  
Section 2: Functional Business Systems   2. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)  
- Interactive Marketing  3. Business to Business (B2B) 
- Customer-focused marketing   
process, establish two-way   
GUYS YAN NA LANG KAYA NG POWERS KO 
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA 
 
Medyo kaya naman na yung last parts, kaya na yan 
icommon sense and context clues.  
 
Remember:  
 
If all else fails, kanya-kanyang 
interpretation na lang tayo.  
 
GOOD LUCK SA EXAM! I BELIEVE IN U 
ALL. FINAL PUSH. YAHU YAHU!!