ENV307 W1 - Introduction and Urban Value Systems PDF

Urban Sustainability: Week 1 / Introduction and Value Systems
Instructor, J. Alstan Jakubiec

alstan.jakubiec@daniels.utoronto.ca
TA, María Toledo-Garibaldi

m.toledo.garibaldi@mail.utoronto.ca
ENV307 Urban Sustainability Week 1 p. 1 / 125

Today’s Outline
Course Overview, Format
Introduction to Urban Sustainability & Urban Value Systems
Case Study: Masdar City, UAE
Activity: Introduction to GIS (Part 1)

Personal Introduction
My Position on Urban Sustainability

Simulating Ventilation, Thermal Comfort, and Daylight
1 1. Living Ventilation Thermal Comfort Daylight

3
2. Bedroom
5 3. Living ACH Air Velocity Adaptive Thermal Comfort UDI autonomous
2 4. Bedroom average m/s average 90% Acceptance, % total hrs. % occ. hrs.
8
5. Kitchen / Dining 50 0.075 75 100
4 7 6. Toilet < 35
10
7. Living 80 Overlit Area
6 40
8. Toilet 0.056 65 UDI exceeded
9 9. Living >3000 lx
30 60
10. Bedroom >15 % occ. hrs.
0.038 55
20 40
0.019 45
10 20
N
0 0.000 35 0
Annual ventilation, thermal comfort, and daylight displayed together with pre-defined thresholds for
high and poor design performance
Photometric Analysis of Glare Problem at an US Airport
Annual Brightness Due to Direct Sunlight Impact of Runway Visibility from

PV-based Glare
Singapore Public
ΔP Housing Layout: Ventilation Potential Study (Oindrila Ghosh)
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
Height (M)
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
-1.1 -1 -0.9 -0.8
Pressure (Pa)
Windward Facade Leeward Facade
Evidence of Poor Ventilation Potential in a Singaporean Housing Estate Layout

Urban Design Sensitivity Analysis (Elif Esra Aydin)
1. Urban Heat Island Urban Heat Island Urban Daylighting
Sensitivity Sensitivity
2. Energy Use Intensity
3. Wind Velocity
4. Thermal Comfort
5. Daylighting
Annual Universal Thermal Annual Wind Annual Daylight Annual Energy Use
Climate Index <28°C Velocity, m/s Autonomy >300lx Intensity, kWh/m2
Urban Energy Generation: Mapdwell
1. aerial photograph of Cambridge Public Library 2. reclassified and resampled LiDAR data
3. constructed simulation model 4. visualization of annual rooftop irradiation
Procedural generation of urban-scale PV models from LiDAR data: See more at mapdwell.com.
Urban Energy Generation: Mapdwell
Cambridge, MA Public Library Washington, DC Union Station
Collaborators
Eduardo Berlin, David Nix, Nico Waissbluth, Christoph Reinhart

Urban Energy Modeling: Umi—The Urban Modeling Interface
Two visualizations of the energy use intensity (EUI) of a conceptual city

Collaborators
Christoph Reinhart, Timur Dogan, Carlos Cerezo, Tarek Rakha

Use of Tools: Energy, Daylight, and Comfort in a Single Model
FINAL PROPOSAL PROTO-BLOCK Continuous Daylight Autonomy
Not to scale verically, extruded to
show daylighting.
N
BEST-DAYLIT AREAS
CT
PE
WELL-DAYLIT AREAS
OS
PR
NON-DAYLIT AREAS
Below 300 LUX
Less than 50% of occu-
pied hours
BI
SH
OP
AL
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N
M
AS
S.
AV
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EN
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UE
PA
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HO
EN
BIS
AV
S.
AS
M
Site Context Residential Commercial Mixed-Use
Outdoor Comfort Analysis
40% 60%
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
UE
Floor Area of Development (m2)
EN
AV
S.
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AS
LLE
M
PA
UE
EN
HO
AV
BIS
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UMI Modified Proposal
LLE
S.
AS
PA
M
HO
BIS
Planning UNCOMFORTABLE (COLD) UNCOMFORTABLE (HOT)
Combining what we observed in the K2C2 build-out and existing conditions we began generating Below 5C and no direct sunlight Above 28C and in direct sunlight
a series of new proposals with the intent of maximizing FAR while preserving daylighting, green January - February - March June - July - August
open spaces, and outdoor comfort. Our final proposal is a combination the best characteristics
observed of each previous proposal that we generated. The macro-blocks have been broken up
into micro-blocks to allow for optimal pedestrian access and daylighting potential. In regards to
the corridor, we aimed to preserve the retail and commercial functionality of Central Square while Solar Fan Analysis
introducing ample and much needed residential units to both Green and Bishop Allen Streets. We
viewed the vacant parking lots to the North of Mass Ave as opportunities to introduce public open
spaces as well as new amenities such as a market place, coffee shops, and food establishments.
UMI Analysis
Commercial Template Residential Template

UE
EN
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AV
LLE
EN
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PA
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SS
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MA
HO
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BIS
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Site Sections
Proposed residential building beyond
Proposed residential building beyond
Existing elevation
Early student project work using Umi: Zachary

MASS. AVENUE Existing elevation
BISHOP ALLEN
7.9 1.5 3.4 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 6.5

5.3m 2.6 m 2.6m2.0m 2.0m1.5 m Shore, Apoorv Goyal, Saurabh Shrestha, Thomas
Retail
Sidewalk
Bike lane
Bus stop
Vehicle lane
Vehicle lane
Taxi stop
Bike lane
Sidewalk
Retail
Sidewalk
Mixed use
Vehicle lane
Parking
Sidewalk
Front gardens
Residential
Vehicle lane
Sherman, Arta Yazdanseta
ENV307 Urban Sustainability
Modeling Urban Energy Flows:
Towards Sustainable Cities and Neighborhoods
Project Team: Z. Shore, A. Goyal, S. Shrestha, T. Sherman, A. Yazdanseta
Instructors: Prof. Christoph Reinhart, Timur Dogan, Alstan Jakubiec, Tarek Rakha
Week 1
UrbanModeling.net p. 11 / 125
Previous Urban Sustainability Course for Architects
Investigation of unit aggregation and annual energy use intensity

Self-sustaining Layered Neighbourhood @ Sungei Bedok.
Students: Au Cheuk Yee, Evelyn Yeo Jing Ying, Ho Wei Sze, Khor Wan Xuan, Liliani Saputri, and Tracy Tan Shu Wei
Self-sustaining Layered Neighbourhood @ Sungei Bedok
Students: Au Cheuk Yee, Everlyn Yeo Jing Ying, Ho Wei Sze, Khor Wan Xuan, Liliani Saputri, Tracy Tan Shu Wei
Previous Urban Sustainability Course for Architects
Population
780, 000 residents
FAR
3.75
Open Space
71%
Energy
105 kWh/m2
Daylight
77% cDA Average
Walkability
Walkscore >70 for all units
Population Density
93, 000/sqkm
Green Space
8 m2/resident
Self-sustainingSelf-sustaining
Layered Layered Neighbourhood @ Sungei Bedok
Neighbourhood @ Sungei Bedok.
Students: Au Cheuk Yee, Everlyn Yeo Jing Ying, Ho Wei Sze, Khor Wan Xuan, Liliani Saputri, Tracy Tan Shu Wei
Students: Au Cheuk Yee, Evelyn Yeo Jing Ying, Ho Wei Sze, Khor Wan Xuan, Liliani Saputri, and Tracy Tan Shu Wei
Advanced Topics in Performative Design: Urban Sustainability | Spring 2016 | 8
Course Overview & Format

Learning Objectives
By the end of this course, a successful learner will be able to do
the following:
1. Understand the impacts of urban areas on the environment,

locally and globally.
2. Assess and discuss environmental concepts related to the

design of urban areas.
3. Be able to describe and critique the sustainable aspects of an

urban development based on objective data.
4. Analyze a subset of environmental issues based on measured

data (in-class GIS activities and homework assignments).
5. Make recommendations towards low-carbon, high-livability

urban developments based upon novel analysis (final project).

Each Week, We Approach These Goals Through...
• Lecture: 1 hour in class
• Case Study: 20 minutes during lecture Tuesdays, HS 106, 1200-1400
• Break & Attendance taking: 20 minutes during lecture
• GIS Activity: 1 hour and 20 minutes, in practicum/lab session Tuesdays, RW 109, 1400-1530 / 1530-1700
• Short reading: 30 minutes at home

Each Week, We Approach These Goals Through...
• Lecture: 1 hour in class
• Case Study: 20 minutes during lecture Tuesdays, HS 106, 1200-1400
• Break & Attendance taking: 20 minutes during lecture
• GIS Activity: 1 hour and 20 minutes, in practicum/lab session Tuesdays, RW 109, 1400-1530 / 1530-1700
• Short reading: 30 minutes at home
Note that we are in RW 109, NOT RW 107

as is on the FAS timetable.

Grading
Assignment Percentage of Final Grade
Attendance 10% of final marks
Homework assignments 30% of final marks
Midterm quiz 20% of final marks
Analysis project 20% of final marks
Final exam 20% of final marks


Three Homework Assignments Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
1. Visualizing Spatial Statistics Weeks 3-5
2. Raster GIS Analysis Weeks 5-8
3. Geometric-based GIS Calculations Weeks 9-10
Toronto Open Data Catalogue QGIS FOSS Software

Working in Groups for the Homeworks and Final Project
• This is a big class (~70 students), and you will work in groups of 3 persons for
the homework assignments and the final project. The midterm quiz and final
exam are, of course, individual. This doesn’t divide up perfectly, so a few groups
of 2 or 4 are acceptable, but aim for 3.
• The final project will be to produce an analysis of Toronto in terms of a specific

(or multiple) aspect of its sustainability. Preliminary recommendations for the
future will be made based on your analysis.
- Groups will present their findings for 4-5 minutes during class in Week 12.

Attendance
• Each week attendance will be based upon asking to record prompted
observations about the weekly reading and submitting them along with your
name during class.
• On the syllabus, readings given during the week are expected to be completed
by the following week. Weeks 6, 11 and 12, for that reason, have no required
reading.
• No attendance will be taken during this first week of the course.

Office Hours
Alstan Jakubiec Maria Toledo-Garibaldi
<alstan.jakubiec@daniels.utoronto.ca> <m.toledo.garibaldi@mail.utoronto.ca>
Tuesdays 10am - 12pm Thursdays 2pm-3pm

DA 321 (1 Spadina Cres) ES 2013 (33 Willcocks St)

Introduction to Urban Sustainability

Global Energy Trends
World
World
Energy
Energy
1850-2000
1850-2000
World Energy 1850-2000
500500
450450
500
400400
450 GasGas
350350
400
GasOil Oil
Fossil fuels!
300300
EJ/year
350 EJ/year
250250 Oil CoalCoal
300
EJ/year
200200 CoalNuclear
Nuclear
250
150150 Hydro
Nuclear Hydro
+ +
200
100100 Biomass
Hydro +Biomass
150
50 50
100 Biomass
0 0
50
0 18501850
1875
1875
1900
1900
1925
1925
19501950
1975
1975
2000
2000
Year
1850 1875 1900 1925 Year 1975 2000
1950
Year
Energy supply increased 18-fold over a period of 150 years.
(units: Exajoules/yr -- 1018)
source: John Holdren
Increase in CO2 Emissions, Decrease in Air Quality
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations From 1973 to 2009

source: NOAA
Appliance Efficiency Progress
2000
1974, California law authorizes energy-efficiency standards (1,825 kWh)
1800
1977, first California standards take effect (1.546 kWh)

1600
Annual Energy Consumption [kiloWatt-hours] 1400
1200 Average before U.S. standards (1,074 kWh)
1000
800 1990 U.S. standard (976 kWh)
600
1993 U.S. standard (686 kWh)
400
2001 U.S. standard (476 kWh)
200
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Tim e [years]
US Refrigerator Efficiency Over Time

source: US-DOE Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program

Building Efficiency Progress
ft2 floor area
Floor Area of a US Single Family House Over Time

source: NAHB
Carbon Cycle: Where does the CO2 go?
Carbon Fluxes
+ Burning Fuels 6
+ Soil Respiration 60
+ Plant Respiration 60
& Litterfall
+ Volcanos 0.1
+ Land Use 0.9
+ Ocean Loss 90
- Photosynthesis 120
- Ocean Uptake 92
- Rivers 0.8
- Sedimentation 0.1
+4.1 PgC
~2 ppm CO2/yr
Diagram of the global carbon cycle.
Blue carbon pools are in petagrams of carbon (PgC). Red
fluxes are in units of PgC/yr.
1 Pg = 1.0 * 10 g = 1,000,000,000,000,000 g
15
source: www.globe.gov/projects/carbon
What is to be done? Past Carbon Emissions
14 Billion of Tons
of Carbon
Emitted per
Year
Historical
7
emissions
1.9 
0
1955 2005 2055 2105
Carbon Emissions per Year
source: Les Norford, MIT
The Stabilization Triangle:
Beat
Projected Into doubling or accept tripling (details)
the Future
GtC/yr
21
(530) (750)
14
Stabilization
triangle
Historical (380)
(470)
7 emissions
Flat = Act Now
(320) (850) (850)

(500)
(500)
1.9 (500)
1955 2005 2055 2105 2155 2205
Values in parentheses are ppm. Note the identity Carbon (a fact about
Emissions per Year
Values in parenthesis are PPM. 1 PPM = 2.1 Gigatons of Carbon.
the size of the Earth’s atmosphere): 1 ppm = 2.1 GtC. source: Les Norford, MIT
Can urban design and policy address this? Yes!
More carbon emissions from

transportation than electric
power generation!
US Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Sector (MMtCO2), 2000–2016

source: US Energy Information Administration, 2017, Monthly Energy Review
Can urban design and policy address this? Yes!
HVAC
26%
Appliances Water
63%
Residential Heating
Industrial 11%
22%
30%
Residential
Commercial
Other
19% 20% Lighting
30%
Transportation
29% Equipment
16%
HVAC
34%
US Energy Consumption by Sector. Commercial

source: Amanda Webb
Solar Spectrum
ultraviolet visible infrared
1.6
Spectral Irradiance (W/(m2•nm))

1.4 O3
black body spectrum
1.2
1.0
0.8 H2O absorption bands
0.6 H2O
0.4 O2 H2O
H 2O
0.2 H2O
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
Wavelength (nm)
X-rays, radar, FM, TV,
gamma rays shortwave,AM
~400 500 600 700 800

Visible Spectrum (nm)
Greenhouse Gases and Radiative Forcing
Solar Radiation Long Wave Radiation
Absorptions of solar radiation by atmospheric gases

1 um = 1,000 nm
What happens when CO2 absorbs more long wave radiation?

Greenhouse Gases and Radiative Forcing

MIT’s Climate Change Wheel of Fortune
Probabilities for various amounts of global warming between 1990 and

2100 depending on policies reducing carbon emissions.
source: MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report on Climate Change
Scenarios
A1
The A1 scenarios are of a more integrated world. The A1 family of scenarios is
characterized by:
• Rapid economic growth.
• A global population that reaches 9 billion in 2050 and then gradually declines.
• The quick spread of new and efficient technologies.
• A convergent world - income and way of life converge between regions. Extensive social
and cultural interactions worldwide.
There are subsets to the A1 family based on their technological emphasis:
• A1FI - An emphasis on fossil-fuels (Fossil Intensive).
• A1B - A balanced emphasis on all energy sources. (Medium emissions)
• A1T - Emphasis on non-fossil energy sources.
A2 High Emissions
The A2 scenarios are of a more divided world. The A2 family of scenarios is characterized
by:
• A world of independently operating, self-reliant nations.
• Continuously increasing population.
• Regionally oriented economic development.
IPCC Report on Climate Change Scenarios
B1 Low Emissions
The B1 scenarios are of a world more integrated, and more ecologically friendly. The B1
scenarios are characterized by:
• Rapid economic growth as in A1, but with rapid changes towards a service and
information economy.
• Population rising to 9 billion in 2050 and then declining as in A1.
• Reductions in material intensity and the introduction of clean and resource efficient
technologies.
• An emphasis on global solutions to economic, social and environmental stability.
B2
The B2 scenarios are of a world more divided, but more ecologically friendly. The B2
scenarios are characterized by:
• Continuously increasing population, but at a slower rate than in A2.
• Emphasis on local rather than global solutions to economic, social and environmental
stability.

Climate Change Scenarios and Surface Warming
High Emissions
Medium Emissions
Low Emissions
No Emissions
Predicted global surface temperature increases for different scenatios.

source: IPCC
IPCC Climate Change Surface Temprature Increase Scenarios Globally
B1 Low Emissions +1.5-3 C
A1B Medium Emissions +2-3.5 C
A2 High Emissions + 3-5 C

How are we doing so far?
High Emissions
Medium Emissions
Low Emissions
source: IEA
Hourly Falsecolor of Toronto Climate Data - Temperature

Canadian Weather for Energy Calculations (CWEC) Climate Data
The 80 CWEC files contain hourly weather observations representing an artificial one-
year period specifically designed for building energy calculations. [...]
Produced by Numerical Logics in collaboration with Environment Canada and the

National Research Council of Canada, the CWEC were derived using a methodology
similar to the TMY2 (see below). CWEC hourly files represent weather conditions that
result in approximately average heating and cooling loads in buildings. The National
Energy Code of Canada requires the use of a CWEC file representative of a location
when the performance path and customized design calculations are chosen as the
means of building energy consumption compliance. The CWEC follow the ASHRAE
WYEC2 (Weather Year for Energy Calculation 2) format and were derived from the
Canadian Energy and Engineering Data Sets (CWEEDS) of hourly weather information
for Canada from the 1953-1995 period of record. [...]
• TMY3: 1991-2005
• TMY4: Coming soon

CWEC Data is Old
• CWEC data for Toronto comes from
the following years: 1969, 1965, 1964,
1964, 1963, 1970, 1981, 1989, 1978,
1969, 1983, and 1961. The means the
latest data is from 29 years ago and the
oldest data is 57 years old.
• Are these files still representative?
• StatCan has been tracking this. Since

1968 the mean Winter temperature has
risen by 1.5 deg. C with less extreme
differences < 1.0 deg. C in other
seasons.
source; StatCan
Increasing Winter Temperature Volatility
• Connor Anderson and William Gough from the Dept.
of Physical and Environmental Sciences analyzed this in
light of the extreme 2014 and 2015 winters in Toronto.
• They concluded that over the past 60 years, a trend

of Winter warming has been observed, which will not
be well captured by the CWEC data.
• In addition, over the past 30 years the intensity and

frequency of extreme day/night temperature swings
has been increasing, which is not at all captured in the
CWEC data.
Toronto Winter Temperature Density Over 3 Time Periods

(source: Anderson and Gough 2017)

Increasing Winter Temperature Volatility
• “Given that Toronto is situated along the polar front,
it is likely that the city can expect more cold winters,
late winter weather, false springs, and even year-round
temperature extremes as the once predictable behavior
of the polar front changes due to accelerated Arctic
warming.”
Toronto Winter Temperature Density Over 3 Time Periods

(source: Anderson and Gough 2017)

Toronto climate (IWEC) 1961-1989 data
Summer Day Summer Night Winter Day Winter Night
Min DBT 10.6 C 5.0 C -19.4 C -19.4 C
Mean DBT 22.5 C 16.6 C -1.7 C -3.3 C
Max DBT 32.5 C 27.6 C 16.7 C 13.4 C
Min RH 30.0 % 39.0 % 42.0 % 55.0 %
Mean RH 58.9 % 80.0 % 77.1 % 81.3 %
Max RH 98.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Mean Irrad 497.0 Wh/m2 - 137.1 Wh/m2 -
Mean Velocity 3.8 m/s 2.2 m/s 5.3 m/s 4.7 m/s

Toronto climate (“TMYx”) 2004-2016
Summer Day Summer Night Winter Day Winter Night
Min DBT 11.0 C 10.0C -15.0 C -15.0 C
Mean DBT 23.6 C 19.9 C 0.1 C -1.1 C
Max DBT 34.0 C 30.2 C 15.0 C 13.0 C
Min RH 30.0 % 30.0 % 30.0 % 39.0 %
Mean RH 62.9 % 73.3 % 67.8 % 73.8 %
Max RH 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Mean Irrad 515.2 Wh/m2 - 153.9 Wh/m2 -
Mean Velocity 4.5 m/s 3.3 m/s 5.9 m/s 4.6 m/s

to manage our precious water, waste and of high-grade reclaimed water, and seawater of climate change. We must be prepared 16 per cent below Business-as-Usual scenario
energy resources. Through a long-term desalination. Today, NEWater can meet for the possible effects with mitigation and in 2020 when a global agreement is achieved.
water supply strategy termed the Four 30 per cent of Singapore’s water needs, adaptation efforts. The Sustainable Singapore Apart from these mitigation efforts, we have
National Taps, Singapore has built up a and the plan is to triple the current NEWater Blueprint released by the Inter-Ministerial also put in place measures like strengthening
One Vision: Singapore’s Urban Redevelopment Authority

robust and sustainable supply of water for
its people. Rainwater is collected through a
capacity so that NEWater can meet 50 per cent
of future demand by 2060. We also intend
Committee in April 2009 has set out strategies
to reduce our energy intensity, improve our
our coastal protection, enhancing our
drainage systems, increasing the resilience
comprehensive network of drains and to ramp up the desalination capacity so that water conservation and recycling participation of our water supply, and protecting our
canals before it is channelled to 17 reservoirs desalinated water can meet 30 per cent of rate. In December 2009, Singapore pledged in natural biodiversity.
for storage. To achieve water sustainability, our water demand in the long term. the context of the United Nations Framework
u
T yo
wha know
Towards a more
susTainable
a pleasanT urban
environmenT
’T
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Close is covere
g a pore Between
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enery ,
in gre and 2007
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re e
the g re grew fro
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Singa % to 47%.
liveable 35%
36
Provide 0.8 ha Increase
of green greenery
ciTy More than ever, cities need to
grow in an environmentally
sustainable manner and
Singapore has set out our
Improvement in energy
efficiency by 2030
park space
for every 1,000 persons by 2030
in high-rise
buildings to
goals for 2030. These
key targets will help guide
Improve recycling rate from 50 ha by 2030
the city towards a more
59%
70%
in 2011 to
lively and liveable city for
us and our children.
Open up
900 ha of
70%
by 2030 of journeys to be made
reservoirs
80% by public transport
during morning peak
16
17
hours by 2020
and
Reduce total
domestic water 100 km of
RESOURCES. CLIMATE CHANGE

DESIGNING OUR CITY
consumption waterways Improve air quality by
from current for recreational of our existing buildings reducing the Particulate Matter
activities by to achieve at least 2.5 levels to 12µg/m3
153 litres 2030 Green Mark
Certification
(surface smoke concentration
standard) and cap Sulphur
to 140 litres (minimum level of
energy efficiency)
Dioxide levels at 15µg/m3
by 2020 and maintain the
same levels up to 2030
per capita per day by 2030 rating by 2030
Source: Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2009, Ministry of the Environment
and Water Resources and Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
URA’s sustainability goals

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/publications/research-resources/books-videos/2012-07_designing_our_city.aspx

Sustainable Value Systems

Master Plans: A Definition
• Provides vision and structure for the development
of an urban area or a community.
• What a master plan provides is variable; however,

there are many possibilities depending on the
control of the regulatory authorities and the scope
/ scale of the project,
- Location of programmatic development
- Targets for density / park land / public space
- Transportation and walkability-based
planning mandates
- Infrastructure (water, electricity, services)
- Lighting design
- Landscaping
• It is increasingly common to include more Zaha Hadid’s Master Plan for One North in Singapore
environmental aspects in this process as well.
- Energy use
- Urban heat island
- Water / air quality
Scope of the One North Master Plan

Toronto Master Plan
DUN
DAS DAVENPORT O'CONNOR
See https://www.toron-
to.ca/wp-content/up-
PO
TE COSBURN
T
ANNETTE DUPONT
RY
LANSDOWNE
loads/2017/11/97da-cp-of-
OSSINGTON
possible to do so with all documents. Should you experience any difficulty reviewing our documents, please email cityplanning@toronto.ca.
BATHURST
SPADINA
DUFFERIN
EW
CHRISTIE
MORTIMER
VI
KEELE
WY
ST GEORGE
EASANT
MAP 18
Y
BEDFORD
PK
BA
IEW
The City of Toronto strives to adhere to the accepted guidelines and standards for accessibility and usability. However, it is not always
DV
ALLE
Land Use Plan
ficial-plan-SP-20-Universi-
MT PL
OA
AVENUE
YONGE
DON V
BR
BAY
July 2015
BLOOR
BLOOR
ty-of-Toronto.pdf for some
SHERBOURNE
DANFORTH
DOVERCOURT
PARLIAMENT
RO
SE D
PARKSIDE
CHURCH
AL
JARVIS
E
VA
HARBORD LL
EY Land Use Designations
PAPE
COLLEGE
WELLESLEY
Neighbourhoods interesting special rules for
U of T.
Apartment Neighbourhoods
CARLAW
DU
ND
RONCESVALLES
AS CARLTON
Mixed Use Areas
GERRARD
GERRARD
Parks and Open Space Areas
LANSDOWNE
BROADVIEW
DUNDAS Natural Areas
ER
EX Parks
R DIN
GA SHUTER Other Open Space Areas
QUEEN
QUEEN (Including Golf Courses,
U N IV E R S
BATHURST
RICHMOND
Cemeteries, Public Utilities)
SPADINA
YONGE
KING ADELAIDE
YORK
EASTERN
BAY
KING
Institutional Areas
STRACHAN
ITY
FRONT
WELLINGTON
O RE
FRONT E SH Regeneration Areas
LAK
G ARD IN ER EX GARDINER E
X Employment Areas
LA
KE Utility Corridors
SH
OR QUEENS QUAY
E
Major Streets and Highways

Local Streets
LAKE ONTARIO TORONTO INNER HARBOUR Railway Lines
Hydro Corridors
0 500 1000 1500m
TORONTO OUTER HARBOUR
City Planning
Division
13 16 19 22
14 17 20 23
15 18 21
Key Map Not to Scale

Flourentzou’s 3 Pillars of Sustainability
Social
Bearable Equitable
Sustain-
able
Environmental Economic
Viable
Conceptual pillars of sustainability As applied to the citing and design for a

museum in Lausanne, Switzerland
Flourentzou’s Criteria: Qualitative vs. Quantitative
“We are encouraged to content ourselves with
somewhat vague statements, such as the standard
definition for sustainable development, which is
development that ‘meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future gener-
ations to meet their own needs’. But what do we
mean by development? Do we understand this to
mean growth or do we rather take this to mean
improvement?
This also implies a degree of consensus as to which

parameters should be considered when evaluating
an urban settlement’s sustainability.”

Fernandez’s Urban Metabolism Concept
Urban Metabolism, as a
sustainability concept, is
concerned with quantifiable
flows of resources and energy
such as:
- water,
- air,
- heat,
- construction materials,
- biological mass,
- carbon, and
- electricity.

Urban Metabolism-based Comparisons of Cities
< David Quinn’s neighborhood visualizer
• http://www.urbmet.org/ (no longer functioning)
• Accounts for population density, construction energy, energy
consumption, water use, transportation energy.
Clustering of city types based on resource consumption

source: Karen Noiva

Jenks and Jones’ CityForm Research Hierarchy
Jenks, Mike, and Colin A. Jones, eds. Dimensions of the

sustainable city. Vol. 2. Springer Science & Business Media,
Jenks and Jones’ -- Concerned Primarily with Urban Form
Street Network Centrality GIS Land Use and

Map of Sheffield Building Data
Sheffield
Jenks and Jones’ Elements of Urban Form

How do we achieve these goals?
1989’s SimCity by W. Wright

ESRI’s CityEngine
Display of visual reality despite limited data (2D GIS information)

SUNtool
Using urban-scale physics combined with building physics

source: Robinson D, N Campbell, W Gaiser, K Kabel, A Le-Mouel, N Morel, J Page, S Stankovic and A Stone, SUNtool - A
new modelling paradigm for simulating and optimising urban sustainability, Solar Energy 81:1196-1211, 2007

MIT’s Umi
• MIT-based tool I worked on for one year to predict urban sustainability

metrics without long simulation time overhead.
• http://urbanmodellinginterface.ning.com/
Energy Transportation Comfort Daylight (Cost) Embodied Energy

Umi Concept From 2013
Energy (Alstan Jakubiec & Timur Dogan)
Interface (Cody Rose)
1.8E6
Walkability / Transport (Tarek Rakha)
BUILDING EMB ENERGY
BY BUILDING
Neighborhood
Kindergarten
Daylight (Timur Dogan) Embodied Energy (Carlos Cerezo) Thermal Comfort (Timur Dogan)
Umi Concept: Urban Multi-analysis Scorecard
Scorecard
1.3 7.1
Cash Flow/
39 70 100
Construction {%]

Hydrology: Rainwater Plus
• Simple source-sink model to assess water runoff and aid design

of site water management systems from Holly Samuelson’s team
at Harvard.
• Also a simple visualization tool for flow pathways based on a

continuous terrain NURBS surface.
The a p p li c a t i o n o f Th e S c r een i n g Tool for
Estate Environment Evaluation (STEVE) SketchUp
Urban Microclimate: STEVE (from NUS & SIT)
Recall:
Pl u g i n aSTEVE
u r b a n p la n n e r s tool from NUS & SIT
s a n u r b an mi c r oc li mate tool for
Background TEMPERATURE MAP
• STEVE model has been developed empirically to predict air temperature in estate level of Singapore based on climate
condition as well as urban morphology characteristics. The main intention is to develop a simple or user-friendly tool
for urban planners in order to understand the impact of urban microclimate to their urban planning and vice versa.
• Throughout the years, this model has been enhanced and developed as plugin of 3D modelling software. The latest
development is as a plugin in SketchUp.
• The STEVE Tool plugin in SketchUp provides the users with temperature maps and profiles of the area, which include
maximum, average, minimum, average daytime and average nighttime temperature
• These maps consider various parameters such as solar radiation, ambient air temperature, wind speed, pavement,
building surface, building density, greenery, and albedo.
• The plugin has also incorporated database of greenery so that carbon sequestration of greenery planned in the area
can calculated.
• The prediction models have been validated with field measurement in Singapore at various locations .
Integrated microclimate analysis tool

Input Analysis
• The initial concept is to devel-
op an integrated analysis tool
which consider various micro- Simulation Urban Thermal
Comfort
climatic aspects in the urban model Output
area. Energy
Urban
Urban Temperature Consumption
• The platform uses the concept UCM A
Urban Ventilation
of urban climatic map (UCM). Real-time urban
climate monitoring Urban
UCM B
Solar Exposure UCM C
Pollution
• The initial process have always Façade Solar Insolation UCM D
been looking at real time ur- DATA – Inhabitant UCM E
ban climate monitoring and DATA – Land Use
Urban Glare
……
urban parameters. TEMPERATURE MAP
• The first develop component is Others
the outdoor temperature pre-
Urban Parameters
diction model.
Prediction Models
Air temperature of a point at a certain height level is the function of the local climate characteristics, which deviates
according to the surrounding urban morphology characteristics (building, pavement and greenery) at a certain radius.
Climate predictors
Ref Tmin = Daily minimum temperature at reference point
Ref Tavg = Daily average temperature at reference point
Ref Tavg (daytime) = Daily average temperature at daytime (7am – 6pm)
Ref Tavg (nighttime) = Daily average temperature at night (7pm – 6am)
Ref Tmax = Daily maximum temperature at reference point
SOLARtotal = Total of daily solar radiation
SOLARmax = Maximum of daily solar radiation
Windmax = Wind speed at the time of occurrence of Ref Tmax
Urban morphology predictors

PAVE = Percentage of pavement area over R50m surface area
AVG HEIGHT = Average buildings height
HBDG = Average buildings height to building area ratio
WALL = total wall surface area
GnPR = Green plot ratio
SVF = Sky view factor
ALB = Average surface albedo
SketchUp Plugin
INPUT Tmax, Tmin, Tavg • The STEVE tool is also
Background
• Statistics-based model derived from

Tavg daytime capable on generating
Climate
Heat maps Tavg nighttime temperature profile
WIND
based on the section
Albedo
(in deg C)
line created by the
user.
Sky View Factor
measurements at and urban contextual

calculation • User is able to analyze
INPUT temperature behav-
3D Model STEVE Tool iour due to the sur-
Plugin roundings.
Buildings
Roads/Pavement
Carbon • The information pro-
Sequestration
information (density, building height,

Greenery vided comprises the
Grid Sizing minimum up to the
Canvassing + Zoning maximum outdoor
Temperature Profile
Analysis temperature.
Dynamic Temperature
Features Probing
(grid cell number)
Export heat maps image
greenery, etc.)
Export data into Excel
• Greenery calculation is based on Green Plot Ratio concept, a primary metric used to measure greenery in an area using OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
leaf area index (LAI) variable.
• The STEVE tool has been embedded with extensive plants database (Singapore context) which cover various type with
different LAIs.
Case Study
• Jurong Lake District area, located in South West Singapore, has been chosen to showcase the implemenation of the
tool.
• Thermal comfort of the area will also be discussed based on the empirical outdoor comfort model developed for
Singapore climate.
Images: Erna Tan

E r n a Tan Dep ar tm en t of Bui ldi n g
ENV307 Urban Sustainability Dr. Steve Kardinal Jusuf e r n a 7 t a n @ n us. e d u. s g
S ch ool of Desi gn an d Envi ron m en t
4 A rch i tec ture Dri ve SDE 2 Week 1 p. 67 / 125
SUTD-20.313 / 20.523 Dr. Marcel Ignatius
Prof. Wong Nyuk Hien
Week 9: Urban Comfort and UHI Si n gap ore 11 75 66 21 March, 2016 7 / 36
Urban Microclimate: ENVI-met
• Physics-based urban microclimate

modelling software that accounts for:
- Transient environmental conditions
- Solar heat gains
- Wind ventilation
- Soil and plant transpiration
- Evaporation from water bodies
- Storage and release of heat in mass
- Anthropogenic heat from buildings
• Runs roughly in real-time. To get one

hour of data, you need one hour of
simulation time.

Urban Microclimate: Urban Weather Generator
• A real, physical model based on specific urban
parameters.
• Lots and lots of inputs:
- albedo
- emissivity
- construction materials
- volumetric heat capacity
- vegetation coverage
- glazing percentage (WWR)
- SHGC and U-value of windows
- Internal heat gains of buildings
- Infiltration (ACH)
- Floor heights and building heights
- Cooling system type and efficiency (COP)
- Temperature setpoints
- Site coverage ratio
- Facade-to-site ratio
- Tree coverage
- Anthropogenic non-building heat
- Boundary layer height
- Global location
- Average obstacle height
- Height of reference weather station
- ... and more!
Indicators from Geospatial Data Models (Andres Sevtsuk)
The ‘reach’ metric indicating how much built volume can be

reached within a 600 m walk in Cambridge, MA
source: Andres Sevtsuk and Michael Mekonnen. Urban Network Analysis.
Case Study
Masdar City, UAE

Climate type: BWh / Arid - Desert - Hot

Abu Dhabi, UAE climate: Hot, 20-50% RH during day, 80% at night
Climate Consultant: Average climatic temperature data

Masdar City Design Strategies by Norman Foster & Partners
• Raised on a 7 m high platform above the
desert to capture higher wind velocities
and to bury “personalized rapid transit”
beneath the streets, which do not allow
any motor vehicles.
• Oriented northeast / southwest to

maximize shade from the predominantly
east-west movement of the sun.
• Tightly-spaced buildings are grouped

around narrow streets to create shaded
courtyards and pedestrian pathways, and,
in theory, accelerate windflow.
Source: New York Times
• A wind tower passively cools the largest

public courtyard.

any motor vehicles.


• A wind tower passively cools the largest

public courtyard.
• Buildings are designed to use 56% less

energy than typical new buildings.
Source: Masdar City
any motor vehicles.


• A wind tower passively cools the largest Source: flickr user Bigfez
public courtyard.
Source: Masdar City

to the site (pp 54– 61) and 10
al fluid dynamics to simulate the
(pp 112–17). The cover of this 3
Abu Dhabi / Masdar Infrared Comparison

nerated from a digital simulation tool
Research. The goal is to understand
specific naturally ventilated space.
Abu
velop strategies to eliminate or Dhabi Masdar Abu Dhabi Masdar
ms, which is a critical part of net-zero
workflow could see the architect as
ng and the flows of energy, light and
d seem to be an important part of

ity of a design or building, but since
method or way of measuring or
asure things like energy, airflows,
mance, the measurements are often a
t’s deliverables, with ranges of values
er consultants making up a significant
one of the offices featured in this

s such as LEED and Living Buildings
eir designs. Architect Laura
firm’s approach to the Omega Center
New York (pp 76– 81), one of the
gs in American architecture. It is
orld to be certified LEED Platinum
designation. While the building’s Source: Terri Peters: Experimental green strategies Source: Whitehead, et al.: Driving an ecological agenda with project-led research
clear, its performance cannot be
39in C
l it is open, useAir Temperature
and tested in 39 C Air Temperature
Simulating52 C Radiant
ecological Temperature
and sustainable 37 C Radiant Temperature
design stage, rather than using post-
r comparing before and after, remains
try. There is no indication in the
hange, despite the fact that clients,
unable to know Urban
ENV307 if buildings really
Sustainability Week 1 p. 77 / 125
ormance that was simulated at design
Transportation: Personalized Rapid Transit

Masdar City Street Section
Courtyard
Shaded
Shaded
Street
PV Panels
PRT
Source: Foster + Partners

Urban Plaza Cooling: Wind Tower
Source: Abbas M. Hassan, Hyowon Lee & UooSang Yoo

Wind Tower Context
Source: Foster + Partners

Power Supply
Solar Hot Rooftop PV Large 10
UAE’s MW
First Grid
Water Solar Array
MASDAR CITY
Connected Solar
Photovoltaic
Power Plant
MASTERPLAN
AT A GlAnce
·· First·grid·connected·
system·in·the·UAE,·
providing·green·energy·
to·the·municipal·grid·
Excess power to
grid ·· Sun-drenched·climate·
of·the·Middle·East·is·
ideal·for·solar·power
·· Custom·designed·
maintenance·program·
to·ensure·optimum·
performance·of·the·system
·· Unique·design·is·
aesthetically·pleasing·
and·incorporated·into·the·
city’s·overall·architecture
·· Best-of-breed·technology·
and·leading·international·
suppliers·teamed·
with·local·contractors·
and·expertise
·· One·of·the·first·projects·
to·be·completed·
in·Masdar·City

Power Supply
Solar Hot Rooftop PV Large 10 MW
Water Solar Array
Excess power to
grid

Criticism
Source: flickr user arwcheek
What Masdar really represents, in fact, is the crystallization of another global

phenomenon: the growing division of the world into refined, high-end enclaves
and vast formless ghettos where issues like sustainability have little immediate
relevance.
-Nicolai Ouroussoff, New York Times (2010)
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/arts/design/26masdar.html

Federico Cugurullo on “Eco-Cities” and Masdar
Fuelled by an increasing diffusion of “green-consciousness” in urban politics, the eco-city has
recently gained momentum. In the last decade, several governments from different areas of the
world have approved plans for the construction of new masterplanned urban developments
aiming to find a balance with nature.
[...] Today, cities drain most of the global resources, have a major impact on the environment,
and attract an increasing percentage of the world’s population. Should the mainstream pro-
jections on 2050 prove to be correct, what we build now is and will be of primary importance.
Hence, it is time to bring our current paradigms into question.
[...] The eco-city has achieved [popularity] in planning and mainstream discourses on sustainable
development. [There are] three canonic dimensions of sustainability: the economic, the social,
and the environmental, are here explored, and their respective weight evaluated. Ultimately, it
will be shown how the foundations of the eco-city are strongly grounded in economic concerns
and how the social and environmental aspects form only a layer aiming to hide the real nature
of the phenomenon.

Federico Cugurullo on “Eco-Cities” and Masdar
• Eco-cities such as Masdar City are dominated by economic rather than other sustainable
modes of thought. The city is a reflection of dominant ideals in a society implemented through
ideological processes of development.
• Masdar City is beautiful and with a high quality of life and low energy consumption in order
attract investors (such as Siemens) and to popularize its twice-a-year trade show of green
technologies.
• Environmental performance, even of the small built area, has never been released or verified,
despite it being an important claim of Masdar.
• The society of the city is miniscule with only ~100 persons permanently living within. 20% of
housing is designated for low-income workers, but this has not been thought out.
• “Masdar City at the end of the day is a business;” this is how a representative
from Masdar described it. “It is not a charity and it should not be treated as a
charity” and “actually it is very good if you treat it as a business” because “if
you can’t make money it is not sustainable.”

Federico Caprotti on Masdar
• “Masdar is planned as a central node for the development of a high-tech economy focused
on green and renewable energy technologies. The aim is to use a new city such as Masdar
as a protected niche for the development of new technologies and a new economy, as the
initial engine of economic-technological transition, and as a model urban environment for the
future.”
• The economic focus, however, is on a low-carbon / low-energy economy.

Criticism: Empty City
Source: http://www.fastcoexist.com/3035446/
eerie-video-shows-masdar-city-the-sustainable-city-of-the-future-has-no-one-in-it
principles with leading-edge technology. Please take component of the value chain, Masdar operates centre that allows new partners to establish their
Its faculty and students explore a diverse range of
your time to enjoy the pleasant and serene with the broad scope necessary to meet the most businesses within just a few days. Businesses that
issues – from water and energy to
surroundings. This map is designed to guide you pressing sustainability challenges of tomorrow. join the free zone at Masdar City have 100 percent microelectronics and climate change. Its research
around the city and help you identify some of the
foreign ownership, freedom of capital and profit activities are organized under five Institute
materials, systems and strategies that make Masdar
City one of the world’s most sustainable urban repatriation and complete access to the city’s Research Centers – the Institute Center for
developments. state-of-the-art, energy and water efficient Energy, Institute Center for Water and
Current Development
infrastructure that allows a lower operations cost. Environment, Institute Center for Smart and
Please remember that Masdar Institute neighbourhood Sustainable Systems, Institute Center for
is a place to work and learn, so consideration for
MASDAR FREE ZONE MASDAR INSTITUTE Microsystems, and the Institute Center for
residents is appreciated. Stay in the public areas and do Innovation and Entrepreneurship.
not enter restricted areas as marked.
KNOWLEDGE CENTRE
MULTI-USE HALL
Cafés and Restaurants Corporate Services
1 Barbacoa Mexican Cuisine 15 Masdar Free Zone

One-Stop-Shop
2 Café Il Di Roma
16 GE Ecomagination Centre
3 3 Caribou Coffee
Services
4 Cento Café
17 Al Hilal Bank
5 Jim's Kitchen Table* 18 Bin Omeir Travel Agency ay d
ighw d to Islan
ai H Roa & Yas
6 Just Falafel* 19 Emirates Post Dub ch
bi - Bea
Dha aha
Pre
Abu Al R
7 Osha Gourmet Emirati Cuisine 20 Etisalat
sid
en
21 Daman Insurance YOU
tia
4 8 Papparoti Café
lF
ARE
lig
22 Modern Laundry
ht
9 Quiznos* Etihad Plaza HERE
Ro
23 NBAD Bank
a
10 Spinney's Cafeteria
d
24 Medical Centre & Pharmacy*
11 Sumo Japanese Cuisine Abu Dhabi
1 21 Facilities
Main Entrance
International
Airport
10 Retail
Personal Rapid Transit
12 Eco Planet Educational
Male Prayer Rooms 1
20 Toy Store
8 Female Prayer Rooms 2
13 F-Mart Supermarket 6
3
Toilets Entrance
22 14 Organic Supermarket (access to 5
Laboratories Khalifa City)
Fire Assembly Point

* Opening soon Masdar Institute Reception 4
Entrance
9 (access to 3rd
23 street)
Kha
lifa S
)
20
tree
(E
d
t
oa
tR
12
or
Khalifa City A
irp
A
Entrance
14
13
16
17 WINDTOWER Entrance
15 18 11
5
6
2
1 Siemens HQ 4 IRENA HQ Masdar City Station
24 7
19
2 Masdar Institute 5 Multi-Use Hall Metro line (future)
LR/BR Transit line (future)

INCUBATOR BUILDING SIEMENS BUILDING 3 Incubator Building 6 Knowledge Centre
One-Stop-Shop Public Transport (future)

Current Development vs. Master Plan

This Week’s Reading
Michael Sorkin - Traffic in Democracy

(Uploaded to Quercus)

Lab practicum session in Ramsay Wright 109

(PRA0101 / PRA0201)
This Week’s Activity
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Downloading QGIS
• QGIS is a free and open source GIS program which we
will use in the course.
• In the RW 109 computer lab, the software is

already installed! I encourage everyone to use the lab
resources for your in-class study and for completing the
homework.
• You may still use the software at home... just follow

the instructions on the home slides.
• Download QGIS from this link: https://qgis.org/

Downloading QGIS
• Select the OSGeo4W Network Installer (64 bit) to
download.

Installing QGIS
• Double-click the installer, and click through the • You don’t need to install GRASS (but its not a big deal
menus. if you do.)

Installing QGIS
• Agree with the agreement. • ... and let the installer download and run. This may
take a bit of time.

Installing QGIS
• Finished!
• Search QGIS from your start menu, and open the tool.
• (Note. QGIS also has a Mac version, which you can

also use at home. Just choose the QGIS macOS Installer
Version 3.10 latest release version from the download
page instead.)

QGIS Installed and open for the first time

Toronto Open Data
• We will use the Toronto Open Data
Catalogue extensively in this course to
make analysis of the urban quality and
sustainability of Toronto.
• Visit the site at https://www.toronto.ca/

city-government/data-research-maps/open-
data/
• Click on the Open Data Catalogue

Downloading the Neighbourhoods Shapefile
• Search “shapefile neighbourhoods”
• Select the Neighbourhoods shapefile link.

Downloading the Neighbourhoods Shapefile (MTM3)
• The data is available in 3 different
projection systems (MTM, WGS84, and
UTM). They will all work fine, but we will use
the WGS84 projection in this course.
• Projection systems in GIS are important as

they relate to the amount of map distortion
over distance, flattening the ‘spherical’ shape
of the Earth to a projected mapping plane.
• Select format: Shapefile,

Projection:WGS84, and then click the
Download link.

Download the Centreline Shapefile (MTM3)
• Also search for and download the Toronto
Centreline (TCL) shapefile in the WGS84
projection format.

Urban Sustainability
• Extract the 2 zip archives (centrelines and
neighbourhood planning areas).
• We now have 2 folders:

- Centrelines
- Neighbourhoods
• Note the image to the right shows MTM3

projections. The city has been retiring their MTM3 files
for WGS84, so your filenames may vary.
for next week...
• Let’s look at what these files contain!

Centreline_WGS84 Folder: Standard Shapefile Contents
• *.dbf: A database file containing meta
information for each geometric element
represented in the data.
• *.prj: A ‘well-known text’ or WKT format

for the geographic projection system the data is
stored in.
• *.shp: The actual geometric data (shapefile) as

points, lines, and polygons.
• *.shx: Positional index locations of each

element in the shapefile.
• *.xml: XML-based description of the data,

its projection system, and each column in the
database.
• *.txt: Human readable files describing the

data in more detail.
Centreline_WGS84 Folder: Readme.txt File (Partial...)
CENTRELINE_readme
Column name (Description)

======================================
GEO_ID = CENTRELINE_ID (Unique geographic identifier)
LFN_ID = LINEAR_NAME_ID (Street Name ID)
LF_NAME = LINEAR_NAME_FULL (Full street name)
ADDRESS_L = ADDRESS_L (Address Range on the left side of the street)
ADDRESS_R = ADDRESS_R (Address range on the right side of the street)
OE_FLAG_L = PARITY_L (Even/Odd address numbers on left side of street)
OE_FLAG_R = PARITY_R (Even/Odd address numbers on right side of street)
LONUML = LO_NUM_L (Lowest address number for left side of the street segment)
HINUML = HI_NUM_L (Highest address number for left side of the street segment)
LONUMR = LO_NUM_R (Lowest address number for right side of the street segment)
HINUMR = HI_NUM_R (Highest address number for right side of the street segment)
FNODE = FROM_INTERSECTION_ID (Intersection id at the from node)
TNODE = TO_INTERSECTION_ID (To intersection id)
FCODE = FEATURE_CODE (Street classification)
FCODE_DESC = FEATURE_CODE_DESC (Description of the street classification)
JURIS_CODE = JURISDICTION (Street jurisdiction (ownership))
Centreline_WGS84 Folder: Feature_code_descriptions.txt File (Partial...)
CENTRELINEINTRODUCTION
City of Toronto Centreline data comprises City of Toronto Centreline (TCL) medium scale
digital mapping data. This includes the street fabric, rivers, highways, shorelines,
trails, and utility corridors, all having names attached. The street layer also includes
the address ranges of every street segment on both sides of the centreline.
DATA LIMITATIONS
TCL geography is represented at 2.5 meter or 8 foot positional accuracy. Large-scale

representation of TCL data is not suitable for application projects required for utility
and parcel mapping. The decisions drawn from this data must be acceptable as per 1:5,000
scale precision. It also should be noted that TCL database consists of mapping data
within the jurisdiction of The City of Toronto. Mapping information from surrounding
regions of Peel, Durham and York are not included in this database.
OBJECTID = OBJECTID (Unique system identifier)

LINEAR FEATURE DEFINITION
Highway is designated for fast, long distance travel with restricted access to sustain
high speeds.
Highway Transfer Ramp provides for transfer between road and highway and also between
highway and highway.
Arterial Road is usually under regional jurisdiction and is fed by collector roads and in
some cases is connected to other arterial roads or collector roads via Road Ramp.
[...]

STREET FEATURE CODES
Every linear feature has feature code (FCODE) defined as follow:
201100 Highway
201101 Highway Ramp
201200 Major Arterial Road
201201 Major Arterial Road Ramp
201300 Minor Arterial Road
201301 Minor Arterial Road Ramp
201400 Collector Road
201401 Collector Road Ramp
201500 Local Road
201600 Other Road
201601 Other Ramp
201700 Laneways
[...]

STREET TYPE ABBREVIATIONS
TYPE PART OF LINEAR FEATURE NAME ABBREVIATION

Avenue Ave
Bridge Bdge
Boulevard Blvd
Circle Crcl
Court Crt
Circuit Crct
Cresent Cres
Close Cs
Drive Dr
[...]

Back to QGIS: Add the Centrelines Shapefile as a Vector Layer
• Layer > Add Layer > Add Vector Layer

Add the Shapefile
• Choose the shapefile (*.shp) as the dataset.
• Then click ‘Add.’

Oh no, what happened!?
• Our map looks skewed. The

reason is that the WGS84
projection type used by the city
is for world maps.
• We should change the project

projection to something more
appropriate for a map of
Toronto.
• Doing this will reproject, for

visualization, any datasets to the
project projection.

Setting the project projection...
• Click Project > Properties...
• Then click on the CRS (coordinate reference

system) tab.
• In the filter box, type 17N. This is a code

for the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
system which divides the earth into 60,
6-degree segments for localized mapping.
The N indicates the northern hemisphere.
• Select the WGS84 / UTM zone 17N CRS.
• Click OK.

A Basic Map of Transit Centerlines for Toronto is Returned

Open the Attribute Table
• Right-click on the CENTRELINE layer, select “Open Attribute Table”.
• The meaning of each column is described in the readme.txt document provided with the dataset.
• The FCODE_DESC column describes, in readable text, what real world transportation object each line represents.
Creating a Descriptive Visualization
• Right-click on the CENTRELINE layer again, and
select “Properties...”
• In the resulting dialog, click on “Symbology.”

Editing the Centreline Symbology
1. Go to the Symbology tab by clicking on
2 “Symbology.”
3
1 2. Switch from “Single Symbol” to “Categorized.”
3. Set the data column to “FCODE_DESC.”
4. Click “Classify.”
5. Click “OK.”
4
5
Now Transit Objects Are Color-coded
• If you are missing the “Layer Styling” panel, click on View >
Panels > Layer Styling.

And we can customize the display!
• For example, by right-clicking
on the “Expressway” symbol
classification, we can change color,
line width, or opacity.

With more work, a legible map can be created...

...with more work, a legible map can be created.

Loading Neighborhood Boundary Data
• Follow the same steps as before
to add the NEIGHBOURHOODS.shp
shapefile as a new vector layer.

Now we are shown the beautiful, filled neighborhood polygons correctly!

Switching the Layer Order Changes the Display
• Just click-and-drag with your mouse to
change the draw order of the map, and
overlay your centrelines on top of the
neighborhood polygons.

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Urban Sustainability: Week 1 / Introduction and Value Systems

Instructor, J. Alstan Jakubiec

TA, María Toledo-Garibaldi

ENV307 Urban Sustainability Week 1 p. 1 / 125

Introduction to Urban Sustainability & Urban Value Systems

Case Study: Masdar City, UAE

Activity: Introduction to GIS (Part 1)

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My Position on Urban Sustainability

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1 1. Living Ventilation Thermal Comfort Daylight

Annual Brightness Due to Direct Sunlight Impact of Runway Visibility from

Evidence of Poor Ventilation Potential in a Singaporean Housing Estate Layout

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3. constructed simulation model 4. visualization of annual rooftop irradiation

Cambridge, MA Public Library Washington, DC Union Station

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Two visualizations of the energy use intensity (EUI) of a conceptual city

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Outdoor Comfort Analysis

Commercial Template Residential Template

Proposed residential building beyond

Proposed residential building beyond

Early student project work using Umi: Zachary

7.9 1.5 3.4 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 6.5

Investigation of unit aggregation and annual energy use intensity

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1. Understand the impacts of urban areas on the environment,

2. Assess and discuss environmental concepts related to the

3. Be able to describe and critique the sustainable aspects of an

4. Analyze a subset of environmental issues based on measured

5. Make recommendations towards low-carbon, high-livability

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• Case Study: 20 minutes during lecture Tuesdays, HS 106, 1200-1400

• Break & Attendance taking: 20 minutes during lecture

• Short reading: 30 minutes at home

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• Case Study: 20 minutes during lecture Tuesdays, HS 106, 1200-1400

• Break & Attendance taking: 20 minutes during lecture

• Short reading: 30 minutes at home

Note that we are in RW 109, NOT RW 107

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Toronto Open Data Catalogue QGIS FOSS Software

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• The final project will be to produce an analysis of Toronto in terms of a specific

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• No attendance will be taken during this first week of the course.

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Tuesdays 10am - 12pm Thursdays 2pm-3pm

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Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations From 1973 to 2009

1977, first California standards take effect (1.546 kWh)

Annual Energy Consumption [kiloWatt-hours] 1400

1200 Average before U.S. standards (1,074 kWh)

800 1990 U.S. standard (976 kWh)