Contr jet cog ior, ning [eSteatcanpnt sec nr andalgtre Tiron lat dear sda to genie pds I ‘ren consoe tenia ch ae gecreing eons 9 ‘nv crac) ch andre he rent ey ft ‘Str snd ts comarceot rth pot ere ‘ine hn a xen oe ‘Thetekischtednn parte data ihe lta ‘rihswiiennge hn br ne Hira pn re med eed Tre er prin ch et Mae syed pe fess ojoay ma ae res nomi ef cece oe wh Sou COMBINATORICS: ‘TOPICS, TECHNIQUES, ALGORITHMS PETER J. CAMERON (Queen Mary & Wesfield College, London GAMERIDSEdy Psy of Unie Cae ‘Fiat aie rpg Sut Cams CTP Bidder hey Pot tat USA 1 Semi en, Oth Mame St. Aisa Cantey Pres 1 Fst elon piss 198 Pte Gat Bain att Une rs, Canis ray Congres calgon donate A catagories Boh itary 950431937 harack BSH SSL poet Contents {The Pintle of laeson ad Exon T= pun, ran Pt: ym nee Spe idee — Hoe ay Zt ars tet Pe any eps a ae an 1 eal tec Ty fee — Span — he eB ls rs — cp er” stdin tle tee ‘hae r= ete — Aetna ca ar Pat Sl epi” tee Rate geome era ne ate als — Gai — Pte pny = SERRE N Tit itear oy Spe Carat agente Pes ee re ‘Reon apn Pan fale ~ Bae’ 10, Ramey Toe ‘he Pa Pil — ne ml an — Rays Tee — ne Feces co ont = ut"pts — Do ret — Miia! in te — rin gre ama pens oye Tog Soe Dumps Ap icy dal Dac md go Pee neo pe aa ‘ity ae if pt — ua it Seat hte spo nae Pape ares es 13. Mote on prions and permutations "er aps pay cy — B's Pel Nee ‘Rete ty hon rt — 14. Astemorpion groupe and permutation out ‘cof p= eg of pap — ht ad ni — ‘Stern pen Pry mi ay Boge Pipe yao oats Been oo 15 Enumeration ender gonp action 7h oan = ee — Oo i — Bn 18. Graph etnias Feber Becta Ba go ey = Pe pg pane eens ence so pe eee 1m. Wheto fom he? Compan! pny ~ Son phate — Comp fre ned lee ro aa enveso eiedencins igri Inder Preface en Mata, ey ter) etait beet add Paes Pe ema) ‘Woything at canbe deed om he wo gcatny ate tp of tt ws, ‘hops ie i: Comes an cued pt ofthe human mnt ti TR je rte surest rng Houta she! of mateo ‘SSbrcuendNevertclo,te net of mle ad elaonecommenetons ‘penne ta mre imortan sje han ee “i ako combats rl no eins of mh seny yes ofeach anymore pce tenga cute a rece SP Reatnd Caege Users of London, sce 188. "The book Pronpoon ‘Sue memati! ksopindge The Rye (Chaps 211 old be sed ty {Stent year Bah weedeat Wot hope tat ore svaned stdet ‘Gv iaterning ee co peal ith Projet veh ny be ped itt mw ney aga rape 19) se (Sebomel wl mae sed to potent sudent, ‘om pt o many collages ocean stadt fro ad of cote nay soe of sr acknowl the tad Nell Cees fr te eTESenot pore «ble of dependence chapters. eqhng i cont; but combionrin iy satay bod tue han Seep. The mee (Spertant eansone we indi the a of he hae. 1 Mach te1. What is Combinatorics? wc anihestn ‘nen ae Mager 6) Combine ape Most mathemati lopie which can be covered it 2 (et cue bd towards sigh wel eed goa sch as Casey Theorem (She rime Nomber Thnren ven i sch sen gal dome ext there hte oe te proupe, peeps now pret ann, By coi, mbites appa to ecco of ward perineal fam. “Pr fers conte Sa To combinatorial rater than ee. ‘tsetse nt ritual al stu of mathenstion Scone abot {eclgean ae than ten Arie nt? tnd ran hough the ete com ‘Saco, ape suerpetely fa frm where mete nm. A etme of ‘Sinaloa whisk anc th bound to he's supe inpeion "Ts fens maker ers ob harder Rnng,o trio inherent ‘octet He flow oe hen neither sib vie hve icmp Lo mel ht aly ty vse dein ac caper ep wha kof lpn incite a alge svar nthe cole, 8d UTeeteleene to ihr coupes Ao ome ofthe matali oti ele ‘Spr and canbe reared w spcaa The wally nce ‘peje orl © ‘Soe ites poof snot ober the arpomente ay oly be etched, ‘eigen wrk Uy tetas ep conl be wed fr prevnatns ‘Speen Fay the bok vied into pact the wd pat te ose 1 enc eth ne pes br up ab (own Rope ots he expene of ‘aig ‘A jt te hae tne ete hou ib ook Thee at ot coupler prprans but eons in gis hoe «competion i prered Tope hl they tan be ened ie computer prams or rbot! by tne iframe cp Ti pte tt cin fa aady iar oe hans nnconswle exec pro ke (jen tosses) An sory tenes teas nth tego (Rotor pith a he fo tat one what ied 9 "si ts ian te il Wise eatin Cc $SeMtaed mad gl ht ion mie SOREN ee ch a Dut a cata Why hal od att Combination br devied at a of ening obit acering 1o teaied ruts We wat lo knom, fit whter = pase tage ‘owe a all andi, e how many crest way ca be dope ion ree empl lke ping clo te frm nf slg ie enone a sangeet ar, td we crs ow the ousting treblem Bet fot ‘moe trlved vay, may ot be des ithe the arngement it peo a, ample are Kika slg tnd Eur oc eed belo, Sample problems hs scion, Ew ge for xan of combina aueiont coven to lta eter of abet ach fe wl eed nr athe book. Densgenele Given trad adver now ny way ca Ue leer be paced i the sel to hl oer he ot enelope Disrssion. hell umber of ray af pt the hese be envelope ihe ibe of perma of» bel? nhc nn! tan) We wie at the tation Of the ich at al iacnrely aed ery we e/a here (% BT108 the bt of mtr loaitna ~ a arpeng west tt he 4 fact the eat tamer of mage ofr adding he he nee Integr tale ee Bato) Keka’ sich ‘Ben ehcp walk cach day fre group of thee, Araage te gt wale f'n ek stat thal teeth Pi fs ‘lle togethers poe ut nce, Discoson, 1 pou ata, sven dap wl berg, or aay gies (Sat mall once wh ech fhe ofc ad nm ay se we ih, ‘ro otter once showing tht ine pa any pele eis ore Sipomet Toe queiaa warped sod eed by Kerk e847 The oe {Grom could es Gree ns of il (ee secke 2} Oni 16 {3a'May Chadha and Wikon show tha oes st foray tae of fengreatio 3 motos abe fers Pe erent pare Bot permet er Ee pat Tastee tees ior aa Rem ab Siding 3‘Docestos: ale posed th poke in 171; h bleed hatte ame wa no ‘Tarra poe e190 by Tey Apne poem canbe orld fo ‘Pear re the umber of spent rk ow td clas (ne mane Saye Heeete 9: Tha ttm winner = Baler new sion Py nt corto 2 we te pte ta here ws Bosh fo = eu. Homer he war rong Snot tn ote Shkhade nod Puke showed ‘Sow a the ea cladon fran pt n= and = 8 A Raney game ‘his oo-lge gun ets «het of paper and pene of tw Color orl aod tne ix paso he paper che with Sine e ton Now the plays take pena uh od ae rae ings ine concn othe hen pot Th ft lager teaming fbr orn clos love (On els wh ‘eres tbe conn oats const) (Conte game eer rl iad? ‘vce, Wee th» re not pou; cee oe payer wl be fae 1 Smet tad the fra "Coplte rei How to use this book 1 The book edn to pst: Chips 2-11 ad Chats 12-20, the sce prt tly ison to? iia etry of he pc fom the aryl und te hen fron swore nftued wept t Tenn sue te puce left eon part Taye et ome can Ste og ny het pu fe buck: be contd es undead so Ge ral abn et of nt ‘Spe 8 Senne 32,32 98,25 4% 21,210) 4 Gectons 443,44 4545 Sid tr ate conner tre atta fm Chapter 8.11017) 2 Chater 3 plas apec le The mel hr cent! o combina: Tastee sd emt fests Win bth apten ou ee ‘Seopa te able tng a vag tons yor cane but commend ‘Sep of Cap 3 fet pen he Pose eo 4. A nunber of wet ae deganed w rj, Ths tobe repel ot ical sod pontly mre ies tha tears The wor rane Thy cold be wt ugh snd oie tng a tne ade he ‘nif of joanne te Ce 4 Tach chapter afer ti ove bios with Dox cotiing one, tcigany Set it penn i a ee nnn oe ‘Sip tthe hae Rohypnol t sonakon (Riu we St rider Spica nding ge os wich my be ‘Tote inspec snr the Cap sitar we ites and ‘serine ppt et oa tcf nal ol ‘ota ay Id oc wdc oe sabe ent oY woe pan ss ESE Nc eT ee ——rt—‘_™Cs—CO—COi—CO*S Sia Semone bac pine Yr ol iy ecient an poke eh ‘Cte Wien oe npn ea sf anccean aia i, her ay spin ro gs i ee steer Uo crass eta ea age aa Inova wo ene tuo rd oe ek 6 Theat hg ee Ft 3 en fort sno th ‘etn mala mn ep er ap a need aa So Eocene he mt oft tl asin otic Bt Ser the tn ae hs mest eed Mow ee a sae to ly Se ‘hers ep The mb lo, Cha i ln sn of wh» Sota nn Li Wie nc eds es ak 1 rovain fm rlisrn a anid ee) St fn ABC. On i ned ang tc eed wie Sa AD, cay ao ean Segal este Siete Ba iin: Soar ea ee Sele se ere rma tre el ad “She amen rmsd pe ee ‘and consistency is not really possible. a = negra ut of cmt athe gin ie: ea phat son ft ath ofc a ane Scene Eo at ‘ne frac Noho of comp ay meg Senet Te doce ote aphar sa wroEae Wae™ ‘Repeat. ual. and 40 on. Thee are tobe interpreted at hang thei aval Eat meg Of Se mein bw he ry open ‘Segoe stompin pote tlre tos ep Scie pe lpn ge What you need to know ee Som rats fas Cecio Si las ie ee SS seof mre xin fom x sono ton a ht sets you TAMSLING Sitesi a oftmabenatc you wl ac mala from many Siremstesgoetore gain lente Ss md acon, ed tuples ad ean Jot ncpriienon mada ett (quae sn et ca Ete tor en ep aac craton mato igen slma «Tite detent gop te ne 1 foie in mare er Apa ee de tates poe a ‘plo Detlion fe edopapa spa ra, ova ae Sree «Pl: ad ono ite pc fein Chapter 1) 1 Ei ee sr Chas Exercises 1 Porn = $48, elle he sumer of way of pig Ines ft tit hve thle rt nce rnd. Clee the alo of he ier inc oe 2. Sole Kikna's prob fo aie schol wang fr foe dag 4 Sole als prbl for ne, dieen ad Grete oes. Show that no ‘iin pouile fro fiers {at he ton hate Rasa gun canted in x by paying with ‘ion ye derdap brs ral fr atoll Py Ty wpe it of nin em ed et 2. On numbers and counting cineca here a Sitcom neta grt ta on Forget ot nar Seon Tonge age | Ena an ng om Sen en Sa coe aT ‘once: faa mbes andthe epson ins {al fancoa; mls of growth counting labeled ‘oc, Husain mane ‘reubroet:fdscon; double oneig ‘Avera: dome Pins; Rania pnt mlipeation) “baled “Tis caper i bout conntg, In some ei, cai fo wht lows, since ‘og tn omc Batts mae sat of athens ‘rc you wl probaly hae ven mot eft bette 2, Natural numbers and arithmetic ica fin quod at ang aba! mathemati, Gol made the tgs Steves the work of man” He we etn the slr sumer (or costing ember whch we lathes tect sheng dence: (aro ued he {aie tube euch more rece ving be ened (reseed ‘Sedat See moch of coentone comet wah sou he ‘eal sume have pa sicacs fo ‘he dropint fa adth pran n? 7 Menten MEL ew eat; 2.0 esd eng Av cach ew dof numbers add the mana mpsc Hw jvc sue ong the prin ale tr mmbee othe mabe we (Gren tual ring nme, Th, sto aed eu neers ae contre Eo hat pou ear Lae usc ftp wre aloes “proved tthe ond agus ot of ted ter i a number ran nd ‘indoor treed ra we he get ot of =I wu agi (ed i toende were opie ‘The anor umber teint mathemati cosa with we we Deco (ante, Sl iden eee mame of tet few aul bes thee ity hs they night chants sneer pnyroued ge Tah gs Sem (Bence hain snr come laa nqonce They rsp hin phate we Therm sed» few, Bowie xo cone ta the gorse of tambo cha at up o 20, {Eirteeapenker cold Se toe ppt eae. Cie progrenion thu he mow bade prope ofthe natural umes? How ths eran mathe? Prt we mu lp to cnr how nr SSUES peeled The spt nyt repeat the ruber ny = TERS SF ened make Tor posi the stb scheme wank (pm 0 wel algtd Sr talng to more fom oue ember the ne TEE tad encoun mus Hever gy umber et eal engi ‘Aer varios rnc (ceng fom grouping the st a veo et the tea ation we Baal dope eigen it aed fhe ge Ob (ly tempt potas ‘ol nv eerie cn te nee pol a ez msn rege) ow any ona umber Ni spre by ne sing of ist Lagi the ASIST Ca fom gt toh) ne whe ear Sern bere wc 2 ‘ee ur gt By roves te tion dig never er. The gti fo Stn ar ponte dh lee Pra 1b [nae of wang ta bcs in pte orang coi ie ae ++ TERT be ry uence by snyone tho hs wate he toner (ong ts) fea 2 pup wna rd hack magi tt eo fo ROTTS Sa Re ‘pay of Soe (221) Odom Pine ted thence of stl ae to Base b ‘Stary coming the ghia di 1 the dg we te considering bot then rep # by he et ihn order and termine he goin lve are caneing» ak epce the fl the ig fh rin de od mia ei + fie af the abt bln wea coring the pit Rapiace wih te Sgt more oe place dh nd oreo (ein but pn Fo eam if the base 2 ad the dg at ad the athe (ag seth 1) genes coe 10,10 10 "Now tam be ved by dao hn The ing yet. spree he pesca (ee Here 2} ‘Ofen te mur 0 acd aur abr (Tie by logs, who eto ert te wel umber sem on But cof ih ou thldhood expeene’ I hte eve bent 6 el “song ou, io," od we doe cout that way) Tir done by song ter seproveiaon so tat the dig O ners the member 0. Thi the oe “lowed expos to there tat he etn genus be the eee, Fereaiag by» Bank spc, weal be aig The odomaterof wa ctuy works gh dient. works witha Saad ‘mune ofdgte wich ne intaly ul neo a the ak pc! ete of he ‘Sst cannot aie, If here ae Fi then the nee 1 ae {fected tern the the sont oO ad be poe pei Now tht we Bare tprsstation of pose ltrs abd undettnd bow 1 ‘aor tote at lege, We sould eave the atin operations (ain, Artin, ication ned don.” Alri forte ae sgh ina) hcl il ot cane he dea Fre I en good rose te Fegan ‘Somputer fo perm thse ant’ ol avin how many semenary LS SSE Steen At Aten ected 9} hae woe Bam OBE, "Mo pevnmmane bene tc azn ib ewig e370 ‘rion ae oan pe uh ag te get peinditdoSawiepemanentaprascanta enpecans are equi lo dor mii two mh nbn ob denetay| Ponies SRL step ey ote spn a, become 2.2. Induction to, Wet soe at ew anmquce of oar ou binant {Se sate name ‘Th Poti of ndcon ers the towing 1a P() bea propane ton st ta ber Sipura BG} te Sopot P(t tes POT een Hn) te for al tat nome Why this te? At wena, the Basie pope ofthe naan sumer, eco even by eve tat we an oun sp to aay marl wae lag tom I (gven sera pale) Now, wah he ueuaponr of the Feet Rese Bahn ten min le Rt "he the sues uggs yo ang» mathemati aunen andthe suer pe few dt ote worded on thw poby 2 root By ‘Sascion ting thre Comey, for empl the incon ftliag J) = oe Had "To dat hide rot by induction Lat Pa) be he eon hat fn) =. The PU bes ned suing ht (hls, we have Plo) =20(0)=2-2 Pin) alu el So the nile of ada ues the onion. ‘nt eth yer singe rumen by indacton cat be me ou with ie Site pce a he dnd sang, bat he ection could be peed nvr, Wel se ore exalt of the er Now Iie ome shenaine ome oth Pipl of Induction od uy thei sevivainct The toc it tnnoparat. Seppo at Pfs) an aetion, fot UGS Gao tae tea tht Pn) ble ten v9 dow Pe ‘Fen ne endde that Pn ble al n 227 prove tht ermal) ete mato hat Pf 25) a, ad wey he hypothe rng of Tadscon fr Of) Forth net rian tn) ben ropston abot aural umber Suppo ‘Sr evap antral momber fi) holo al ental ne a ha 1 ther Pf) olde. Cas we conde tha Fn) holds al 8? On he fe ‘Ses age ce ete anne ed ‘thing to grove Pn) bom jt te formate tat (a) bol we ‘Seame the ah of P(r) for al sealer) Bot te tua lows be ‘ine previous nated, "Wee Qi) be he erent “P) Bale foal < Now i i cata gin Ninn ee tv nal rc pv 0) Fit UI bolt fore sa no mir mune ots he erin efor al en frac). ‘Now supa ln) bl Tal, Pn) olde for alr 1 bch ne can comin die = then () Hd a 9 > 8 fc the concn =I and seta defn! alt wae (tas pone by iain Son defied tent (ns 30H Mine a) rgoentinl a yam. Thine fo fection ae fant ft elementary (isan. We wil hen we the power ee epaeins tem The nao ste Jn aid forall al numbers =O the oer had, the fection logs can be (oyeded arn ors of power of yee og define lasted we ave lh va forall with <1 nin fc alo fr x= "The exponential netin grove moter any poe of the mean hate for a eae he (apeaig om 6 fo > (41 we trons more lol han ay poner of Werf ees wate ep} nnd of 2.4. Orders of magnitude ‘ple the pot "he combina explo! to debe x outing fete {Teek poe ey sly. Ie common phenomena and k mans awe ‘ing be as te pre «comple dacepton af athe objet beg sound TES aoe ofthe parte, son thre wit be far foo may fo ths foe ‘ne sndnybs een to ay Soran xc cout we ny hve oak Co ‘hay rough ene forthe ong anton | wl or now wal rch ‘Dugh enn ight ook fe tin tome tele an ter hap ll ‘tnisetl If fou se uta wi thse thee onc atl ee ‘he formal et X be mt wih eens ty X= (12) The nambr of nate of X2 FT the met lar ea of poet erin een ‘Sek cpeentl grou Anco J hh hae pre) exponent pont ba he prpery ta fine) chin) forsome e> {f= the faction coat ae nr Thi ‘Season ny pir mb f() hes Between (eo nd (ee oa ‘cet argos The number cecal the exponent cnt fr f Of counn fneon may gow mote slowly thes expen, Examples aD groth wth ge ke he fein f( {fotos opr yth wih exponent Bk the fneton whee < ‘Thee fection a in vel combina cnning probly, a we wl se ‘ut many enon pow fa tan eponesiiy. Hee ro cape ‘The numberof prwalan ofthe wt egal 0 n= f= 1) the ‘od of he gc mt ie We he et enlenh ncn psng the fie 1) the ane n~ Sco, ech ing baton 2 nd ADELA ee tose tat the gowth et exponenol We wl a beter hina the net cape No et UX) port of Xena mt fl tof. We contigs of PX er game ome of rete Ho many fai {iat ua het Gey te Combe i Tle peer grove ova er hen ‘Snmently sd mech fe than he acral fnew fenton Ue hs cee Ei Spel Por compuing the maga of fat contest gam of th eto, eh th fc a The og, ‘tn cpanel Secon out) Ener fncon, The logit of {ay sc srpocaed fy mop, te logan fa double exponent ‘Specter posits faeos whose out ae polyoma ‘Of ott nly the being of arch of rth ter: Bt for he sos pte wet bre acne sang wash dae exponen ene wih gone, re cove! inane A) = Pie} + Oe), wher combina oun faneon sd Ft alge fantons where Terns ore omy tan toss he prttin ta the de of age OTS eat oF Por ening Scion 3 we how bt lega= logan 4 OthWe wrt of) (nd any ema bf) to ma s faneton on) ech ht olf fin)-20 nts that yg of male ndr of agai tan ‘Tere ar evr rate Fo xan the poate of Oh (0) Sea fncon sa) th f(s) for some cantante 0 Alo, (9) ~ 0) ‘men tat bth s(n) = OL} a (a) =F) hal: roughly, nag have ‘Besame onder of nate ops fos» court a 2.5. Diflerent ways of counting, 1 combine ae veal He) nen we a edt count ometing, thee ‘ie ey my dierent sawn wich canbe repd ws core Contr the Sac pol cig tre ent om at fre Bee we ca ook out the pole mua be specied mare preety Are eset ‘tue (Tht ado et pot ine bn ad pl he pot odo we ro ‘hem one ane an eat he oder!) And ate we allo o coos the une ‘jet mone han ewe by recog he es each rand rearing the ‘ifs ewan) tet Thee ae vss intermeine cvoy Se making words Sieg theta of ge wird hte ter may be repeated bet not orn Ean ccm the ong won Almeat slays we stame thatthe object a dinglhal, Hh the fre pale crt Unde he svmpin the probe wl sled ender the four ‘onthe combine ofthe ther tarpon Cape 3. What if hey are ‘lcinguntle? Tote cs the esol oly ene may to set het ro ‘Wd bal oma fe any terol bale ena any ott ‘What dence det initingshaity mae I the wdeyng objet are lng able we can trae ht he ear abs et he abet 2 in his eg me ay ta he cutirtone meat ouaeg oe label the m hdnipng tects ae ifingubl wee cong mucboled hinge As ‘eacple wil ese te diferee, Seppote hat we atria tos some ply ftom ied iy sane vee lics not Wo ae ol conured wl te grog! eons, nly n abe te oes re cone aot (Tie deed bythe saci nbn cea gh” dee Chir fe move aoa! pop) Fie} shor the ‘hs Tabked pope fon 3 fhe low sve ladtngsiat he he ene, 5 psn op te ah Se cet. 1 rgb my ite oh a inter pathy = ne Sepang Sat enone ea ‘ad and fh gape ae deta a ae he out eh and wereth o hee Ia gener Mt fn) dn) dente the names of abled and wll hme hae > for ely larg 5.) We sw hat thar ate 2” = 256 ced ain feb of «Se. Hom ‘any nlbted fame ae tee? (Prove tat the eumter Fn) of unable ani of eb ofan mach, sais og Fin) = 24 Onl. 5. Veta th bee of gap ae gh babel 2 #64 100t ohbace 20th ae "able 23. Gage 1. Soppone that an sts conti fot ta with feet color. te ow many ‘toy ea thes bali be cant Ae lene ma be ote oe [Forno an we may seal etn ovine tpn ono Voit he wae of Table a "rable 22 Salone 1 A Bose oncin tak aguas ech of wich cn have value ret «Mist, Th fen the the rue 42th hee of las 1 agua Prove hath ae 2 reat Holenn fave: Why ie te ‘Se th samba fat of eet Sere ce ere ‘Sia te gl ery = 4. Logan dine» tral nb ob the st of peda: 20 the stn 2), Way do they href sat ousting? 10.4 fncon fhe prio of degre thre pie sel umber had bach ake) ct fr any agen Suppo that fae ety ror tnd y ha eponetal roth nih expel onstat eee EET iae dec the ten Prove hf) a all alc ge Yi) = He and lr) = 000) hw lage ely Ie” 1a, Lek 8 bem et of onan af the set {2 ty conting eae 6 wt 2 et done is toned in exalt 8. ‘Give an camp of uch eapem, with v6 k=. 3= 47 =2 12 The Raman pest lit for making two satura ube yaad Por example 18 we ‘ie 23 Muiptntion ‘Paontne.)Prove ha hi method gs he igh ane TR ho a” 2 Onn mdse (8) What he onacon with te rary schooled lng mien? Horr 108) aro) Expand othe oe (8 Sempre tng in nie etd of he) eee he ronda isthe lat sep ang ate hand “Sled une Pore thatthe tees eis 3 How ey ‘bilo do iso ea? 12. Asotin to the Bad “Schon pein non wae of thal of he ot ae dah The sy tht I Ba form fly hs a bs ot frm, sles hor hs ot fem: sale nie ot Pt ot ‘her I bas ane mode of cocina otra as ate ‘Sates ori happy ov mh th nee How many een: poule dvips of th afte sa aller eh do You ‘seaginehet 1. There of Babe conto iterating bergen roms, Fach om Seat Tit ti an ah ‘Abo bat turban and on page, mith fty Hae So ge and hy ‘hatte otal fm a apn of net Soe atogrpeal peo (eeelyvo ter som, ped abd race) Ramin ha ae soy of ea Pals ook kept in be Bray, how tony oom fee? 18, CowpotEa moter Develop it of abouts for petting site om ‘ages of lays ened gy af fp (Yaesu fel spe ‘ed oui aimee pment tein dion shu ease Papert 3. Subsets, partitions, permutations ‘anlar on ee hnry and aay rom theses of erat ne Sinner mame ee ‘Theory of Games aad Eno ebwcer (ah INoTcktan nance comers one dace ar take (lh 17 Ba ‘onc: Subse binomial count, Pats Tel, Boma Theorem; foagaeces of omic pemtlationy (ed andseorded secon eye decomporion of «perm on: eimater forthe fol fc reine opel ‘Se; counting to; partitions Bal ube ‘Tucnv90: nol coin ete eo dole consting: Sinaie ta intpace ‘Aon: Soquel ad eure generation of combina ite ‘oss mmesess: Odonata Paces double contig (Chap {er} mene ste (hag) ‘hs cape i bout thecal lope fale? combina, wit i fen ‘hd ou ‘araans sad Comba Gent wih deen, how Say tpn co oft cena hon ape ‘ret lon ori up tonne? WI dee te msn um Irv a pone sme ofr proprio bette echo throgh abet chap3.1, Subsets Ho many eb don vt of set are? ‘he umber of wait i. Thee ae sve dieat wag oe hi Pech ‘ot en for cusho he scent of the yee so chose big, LTithoe (es path dane iy te eal comin of thee et te pon rng tot Impish gametes np icon baton the ub af eset and ‘he fons et [1 he acon fy carpcding othe sable ‘eine bythe le nn EE cence X = Soprpaia meme sea ey i ar reread yy ete seria rhe ea Wn i eer oon Nea fin YE bt ORAL, deve in Chaplet 2: Hack ntuple corpo nie inoge the alle FO feomepontng to the empty eh od the large ets e241 {Conmpnng tothe ce rt tnd ey ages btmen rors © wast ‘bret So the mabe of cut eal lo the ube of toes betwen ad fn) aly Note hat thi method gta convene sumtin of he ahs ofthe at (orn) the nt cotsponds tothe itgef wae == ‘he we Xs eayeeoverd y wing fo bute 2 The numbering bas come ‘kr vitao, For exampa he ety Spends cl on nd nolo the pila ‘ale ft med sepacing by ane rau du change So we gos gee ‘207%; of won copie ning comespooing to each nn-ngave tger © Po other ace popes Baetce 2 ‘et another pot of th fn forthe mamber F(a) fabs ofa st inne yaoi la we ca asic of (v4) by ein eabaet St Tin) and sxeding eu tn the two pout ways ee do wei, red een n So F(a 1) = APC) Thee reence eto BF ‘ld ee nue of Fie dtemlaed ye alos on smaller ngemeat, Recaenc "ston om the subject ofthe net hap, 3.2, Subsets of fixed size he of sorepon ‘vouly down} depend which neat wes) This tamber wien stent "Candi adn choos he led noma eft fo eto Whe eatnsted ine (221) Forni froma ec lns (()-wgpepsten i) R= tne ee Geren ee er Sova ‘Armas the nao we pov is coming chins Ciena wk of nloncas show may tap tar howe hoa of of het Gary hr "penile hie for oe ft eet 1) ce ft he cod (EE es ren tn) Be ep ‘Se rub maid rath Sone mt ide hr ruber by he ser of oder val the V dement ld acy belo thre ganda meee pte Weminreman rae Soca St het rime Gore Ta ni Se ul wg yn adi Senate hve fl oni ‘Ses ncye nites tt ate ht ee Tuas ()-62) (232) Pet ‘aur Proc. Choong as of fom ac fm eeu o choosing he nk people toeae oa ‘Stcox Poor Icio fom he to oo sanz as Poa, We hoe em of Fad ei on a moet wpa Thee are) pone teans od far nha tee rhe cp‘Atersatiy, we coud shootin it » pole wap td then the ‘eusinder of etn (1 fs he eaning se amas ‘ote nt hie nos sora of the doe oun pace denied StoorD Poor Ty ity ‘You wi fd thot the Stcon0 Poors sore probably come more natary fo ou Fort san PU oncom tecnico po fot he est ‘ple of maui Rementer ta the gene ptt nl swap spropsteot ‘Sex powie ~ saris we ron har nfolao he sub gation keel nt comple (Su the ducaton of Sing number in Sion 83 a (20 re, Paco We hae de f+ puso of whom toe ‘tingid ad ‘okt pot on of We colder ndade the Sng ppd a wich ewe mat chan th lee | tem maser ow he remaing » poe) (have im ot fm we veo chose te hl a om theremin ee E()-° ‘Paoor Tht on ery — three 2 eat altugtr of tira se) £0) nS ipsa te eae tol tam ot Dee arate ne as soa a pectitieele refoeh rere ena Blea aye hese nee re a oe a nen fee ea em et cnr cit eh te (ESR Ko ihe it ee rit b> then cme ofthe ale ga nt socom Shsnieccmasecs een mois esoe Sepia yg eocea a ny tee at ma 1 Sea ingyen ts is Poet (20) ra, 35 The Bao Tne Maal age = xin Cpe ht spon ola the euceent hat nt nose Islegec een firth The mot general defo, ang he ermal wera any ratnambers anda ger eee A) een, 3.3. The Binomial Theorem and Pascal's Triangle ‘uc 325 abe can be gee othe eared Boni There A Boni 1 polynomial ih we frm the Binomial Thue sts hf power of ‘Seon is expended, te confides in the encing lym ae the Vaal ote (fom which cbviona the ge to ase (621) Binal There weer BG} Fr Poor. Ws cl thal (1+ 1a plpnomial a of dee To the atiat of cme the pod HNC D MED Gatto) ‘The expansion cbse by choosing sir 1 ¢ fun cck flor a poule ‘ran lpg the chown erm ao ang al the rein Arm cand 7h, cove rom th fons, td ont ter 9 fact, These Ue area etooig tne aero te end of i (roe ced” ‘SIcoRD PRO. The hase cn be proved by indeton om Ii ily ewe {orn 0, Amini theme atm we hae oar aug “(e-em sett tt (2) tf (2)+@)-C2)- Tan Sc Hoe 86 by Peet 324,‘The Bisomiat Theorem tow the poly of compel diflerat poo of ropes finns evi ste of wth ae ute dl o por sae! ge Her seo cop of nmapl int proto Fae 32. Discenite he Binomial Foren ih pet fo wesekale "the coaicet of 1 the at and sgh of he eguntion ae spain. ) ana a(t) (222) Pek For > the umbes of rab ofan sl of een and of ed ‘edna eon, too. at = —1 in he Basil Thott a “Tin otha wn ifad ol ifn do complementation re secon beter test fen Sd i vo ter Horee in enters epomet begun Tae map 8s EA) famine Sicha pete subst) nated on uc f(s) wih ‘Stage sey ees sve e peyo enw galy Sp oer py “he nuendo eh bet fl wht tin yp sap nib sing nef fe ‘Shae tue hts mele Phe cera le ras pening onthe conc a of od 8) (28) pin fi ile te te ber of of re ety Fer eamplaitn = he amor rach ati (+2) + 6) = 242% oor Wet bee eed mk, the nmr of eho it Ciguat e? (od by aaa. = See te oil Tee Mole QA 44 VE, ed wean ebamie of sh ere Tae w-Z()r ‘Rk he pat of he sigh ing ha 13 wo eu ed wud dh We oe t'9 2 Pom rad the expen or (A402 24 Pj: Conn fc te * ‘IWant. By aking th imaginary ps the gto, we fed the wanes af ible congas varie ood ‘The aon coo fen ino ne oom of agar ey Amon Pasa Tg Senne 1 rae em tenis sSiecrmene eee aces share rai eer nares Bi Mr mena eaceaeag Pres etc catia caro ioe 3.4, Project: Congruences of binomial coefficients ‘Apopulr bol petit examin the pts formed by the ai of Parca ‘Mtge modo «pine Por ample he et egh tows mod? area flow TET coal of he et row then thet 2 roms ook ke 7 8 T ‘Thos the paler ae sind fhe Rind moe aay soca with ‘rei thas wih combinatorial A sar pits ele foreongrence edule ‘ine pen ne ep of Fe lied by th eno te ped ‘lanage apap co tons ng hPa ove oe We einem ‘pene oto ft ngs en i HH) as oi a enor twee ae png soe pp Solar echogenic roped sage ol ert neem vcs oman eae ee ear eect» St pa rine epithe oman may ap Bey Le sep pn wa en fhgPrmaed Saok

5 (Grecrcc oom ncn by cough Jy tse the meer of SE Coord get (3) Kamm, The sumer of aps of na meat ate syns i roor, Conde the flaming correpenicnn, Pat 41 ase in a rm, edt a hem wl skeet be the ume of fee bee the eter, the be af puns tetera the (0 and fare, fr are sd se amber f opr ae thew make Then 2 8 Ea Sees tye (eal) k Comemygien tn to pt math ae 2 ‘par oy move pac, yy me ue Sat spc vena) Aus Sopp hat = 3 = 4 Th pte of pce ted masher “erspnds othe alae 2 = 2,2; = 2) ~ 1, Convery he aos (21252 (Wor caerpnd toe pers axoooo, Now the numer of mas of chosing tbe pon ofthe maser (#4), acclaimed aMane, Usog the ended Slaton of inom cocci, the manber of ‘recone with epetons alone sn oder no sical can be wen com} ‘Set ofthe pes eter fe order to ee ‘ich tung it wove cen, we ted te sorere areal quion how may [rvonatoos than cooe palo (ow asp ware ethene ‘Eidtnay ad how fat em we loa hemo) "Weve wes esl can fhe ees urine ta th gen lean wl nt, We wal el sy oeaeed scion mont epton fom het rd (thou ugg ay — nti pura tnt we nde {We"eope wind ih olan nbc de appear? (4.14) Pepsin The umber of nde scone witostrepeton om et Stoke [only bur the hae of seer IgetinePavor. The maser fn) ain jt Tt erat 10 foo) em 1 he lowed ters conta sepetiony te probem Bade. i pow deine general rman but probaly ener to ge ae em pret ee Sa aoe aut How many words can be made om te ate of he mond FLEECE ‘We caus words curing to th numberof orcareces of the eet EH thee mot oe we cn nv te eine vor Ue nee 24+ 125441 = 5 ‘ch wd ining the sty mod) tae ace wo x a fie it ta they ae ideas then hee ave? 4364524 129 212 ponies (Poe ‘opie ih fur ters gator we thot to a the omating te lee Gp = Soneps and ange the raking fou es = 21 mye) Sow he to in fet ndnigscn, we Ive t he th sumo ing 168 words Fal, nih thos datgssabe Ete wold be 628-264 9°1506 120 = 38 roles sad hte te T1s6/6-~ 00 nda of he frm. So te otal EEtrlogs = er wont 3.8. Equivalence and order 1 ration os se Xie nonaly reared ata prpety wh may ot may act ald betwee any ino given seme ot X. Tp enna al, nwt “des ne deion cones supe Sn mln on te abe SN flew of doe pu of Sacto) What the eounetin? Of ‘Shunnaii'the fala ses coral termined by he et fp SES andra dren any fae we coli s rope ‘thw tu fr thw puted ae for al ters, “Tule del terete caves smal pote of noon Ingenta if Rex na rton we could wate = Hy to have tne meng mt (9) €R ‘Dore cooiaeat ih tbe al sontone 2 = 2-2 uty te el me dent eves he procedure ode (29) (9) cyte! $4 ep an te » ete ae nse enpertan properties which a elation R mayor way not re 4 Hin nfaeit frals¢ Xr bare (2-2) 1 Rie bnesine fr all> © Es weave (2) R(T nt the ame a fare i eot rer’) 4 Hie ynmeine orally €X, (29) € Rimpin(.2) € R 1 Ri etme wnerer (29) © ead 2) © bth olden 2 = {Mie tune for ys ©X, (a) © and (2) © sete ly Gen For tame the ation of guy tei, smc and tent he san ae tan requ env aay a eins the eon ‘ie the! ee aleymmeie ed tained the aon of uceney in por oe deed econ 25) cerns and yee foe tat te ce to ay of moleng sede ean: a Te has! (reese) ose hao age (een) We priced odie some import cer of eons in lems of thee Pr cgalae rein a reese me ad tale eon, 1 tame on tat equaens lion derby prone of wnt Lot be an (elrinceraGon on XFor #0 the euae lan containing» ithe Bay ty eX ey) CA A poten FX thay of ple i, Son pty sins wwe woe t Guy, tery pin of X Une nea ome stents (243) Tho. tt he easton on X- Then he eine Sigs crc ion on whan ope dc ae he pao ti Roo. Lt be an euinlence ein on X. Pach egies ney, td hi nin XY; Sr, by reece, (ch pout s Seria he cw Hl) aod convey, A) conta 1 The equivalence dtr we pein dint For uppee that to dane Re, [Ry baves common past = We rl stow tat Rs) ~ Ri) By dean, {eve)0e2) By syne, 2 )) © Ben by ami) © Re [Nom prove gue helo bow ta oh we ona the te Se suppose tn w'@ ip) Then (ye) © Sic (9) © Re any tps (Bal rn) #2 le) So RQ) S MG) The eet iphone aa. or the conte sponta the a YY. form a psi of X, Desir rao by the al et (29) € i ere der och ha ay both ESSA Wie not ie prone at rn equraene aon. Pr empl lo ‘So sede takes X, by srempton here «(nie uch ha Weis) Te ater wo proper re a crc ‘Ths fr exam the amber of partons faa egal othe mumbo seuivdeoce rato tat wt We wn tv ae (he Bel seer)* 2 St pts pan We tn nom fo ore elton. As mentinned aioe, the ate to wap | ‘eel an order ton: wee the tev ne aking tan an) a prota oven hae nay beso a of dee vite alec a (ences) lena (ys) ¢ H bl) Aron raid salty ony {tor any np © Moe ofthc (yp) € 2 yo (2) © A olin Then ‘raion fest oer i pr ore wes wre tots. We “ommoaly om he word oll beet ere lal ns (242) Poprton The numberof ores of an mate to auaax. Infact we show that gen cy onder on a ment can Sumberd ty, zycotha (2})¢ Rif and ony © jy and th wg ‘ray of ding cI le word he aloe enon af ner aren ih oat Gy) eR they fey seek tat (29) € 8 Sat wih 2 = and choo syed tei pace otha (cy) €or als) Bp tant, 3) © for Sai cand fs ft lb Now 2 i lg the faces sneha See tht thre ex (yn thal y= The (pnt) © and (Grea) = (oss) € Mane) 1 By sneymmety ») 2s comet 0 eaten rte aot be more ha ne a came ince fr =a ihr (eye Ror ins) e Abr wtclony “Cal thea eamet 2 tem by tomy (225) R for al = € X. ‘igi by ndaclon hee te ahr o ab te rang Sant finan it weordanc is the ston The popston pre ‘eit edt on X ae eae nh remtatons of: nde ‘extern af re ok etn pun fora of «pen, Bt {ite no enone Hipen betwen dt and premier ed one ‘Erne oat stop he cepennc (thes anyone 8 crmapoas {ote person which aa he dnd der to 2) 1 the nest scion, we wil comer a generation of (pat) eens A sana Hits poral pred (prepara Wire ad wane — PEt pene o enter trl ny ode a eee on nx ote hee of equrcs came ply ndeed (We et =p Soats'ey andy fsbo Want of sch san bong ndings Now ‘Sete of te raion sy boone fiber x or pe by 8 Put ‘riers intangible om v0 inden aon o he calens et ‘Teh isaaleesveand nv and abo anrmoesie) “Cpr pressing tomy hea red 22. Mae png » 3.9, Project: Finite topologies “Topslgy tthe sy of contin. The tom segs dough Mies bad, odowt Eke Tw hovers abort debaton of topeog, a appe {o'er nite space We ae gong Wo tanta mating of ie ‘epalog inl tomathing ingles and more coma ‘hapa ene Sa Tino ig ion Senard"scic won ts aos (ade Ui oben ald tbe) SR SPT Rg ie tm naa en Seti nap ea an cmon wre (an) Tew 5 be eT om i ontocs pad te pig Ge Depa cn nay a “hee le ol nt of tc te pla of ering aaa al a ens rt acre song igor een a ‘ommornon Labs ny on De ao ye at (9) ay SEDI UNG SSS ee ms ‘rl re Serer ep on Fa on oe aba 9000 eR) Soret ane R oe REET “ meet ce repens tree nce _sbctiecanenomet es Rpm a Rin tn poet, ad Tie oso dt em ity Conrtion 3. Soe ees ieee arecemeees rratimamerstanpescmeaet teen aoe» 2. patience 3.10, Project Cayley's Theorem on tees ‘vr sa hed ton 34, he sani of vein om st te a ee name bse oe ence PO! 7 Fou heen of Cale” ‘hemamber otal eo rte eee papers eee ae 2 ita ued yuu ibe vt moe {T.arpctbanen iy heme de ieee eh ee Se coer eat et DESI Meise a lh hse oh rg oe Se ier Ae ree adds hare mol be wi hia pal tae nd mtn 2 we (2202) Popa The ember Sera et Se nis vee inne tb emmting ta we ena or mom mali stain. A Sitio tinged vote etn ar he ‘spt oar alt on met yA oH) ‘Tasee Sere oN a Goma ana Hew emes + rota tee om 5 fom} wih ook my fon Fm Pm ne i mtn re Th ohn Kw magpie SRE Satan ata a nti tr eton win wy cnn Lt fb spin Shs pm = pee itm eee ce ect rie tes ea Ps Sa Seat oe es ARR e Jo) serach C8 tm te ba woop roid ened ct en pf nd ei al be any pte a ae ta oe 3.11, Bell numbers ‘he Bell want Bethe umber of pion of an wae (o the sumbe of casilece tos ont wt le ae tay Tae a or tpl =the hve ons cf 2a 2a) 4021.0) dane feaan 100.19) Sent, as Sic the pt of pions ome ly elon apron af he ew tna hve ap far ane te cope ac But he eapy wae ses paron of aah Se es ne ‘my mead tus cosventon igo Be) Suhacta,prmttion ad pris of at ae the fede objet with hd. somlinuer del Sane, one he ole easy there ns eat thor fra fo the Bl umber: Tey ean eeu oy teases ich nse the vale of By in ter of sar Bal tambon eet nea octal(4213) Rec for Ba umber BoE (Eo) oew or Take X= nan eamier Penn ay (nV, ime Pie ee ef at (nan SSeS on 8 pin oct (png 1) To dat te eels psin) Stamic eon un nH P= Es {Reha (6) snow ofan By thio pare oe aig ee Maat sds sve al poe ae of [oom 1 fon ret = (ae (eG) +(e Poreamp (0-2) 49-0) +1 3.12, Generating combinatorial objects ‘Coit! pbs have «enn to gow in St exploit of ‘GCLEScaeWoten happen ha ew eal aloe can be done by Baa enc hoe to wer toh compuia out are cs" be probe iting a bce of some kite, pouty te he ne et ‘grt to ger al of he, “SSN ie Sent lets (oxeceptay) aviv earvon, bse onthe ss eee Bao neal Ps a ‘Reams slg for pesmnng the power ae of {sn Noe bow tl SIGNS SER the pret ofthe tame ron FU Fi) = 2F FO) Sorte coustng fein (4323) Rec agi Powe of {0} ar genre power tt f(y} TEIRTSES Spy ofeach onan ted dj the lament (URdnr ent ol orate roscoe ts 22. ening cet ete * In epmbole 20) = 18): Plt nim) = (GY Ufa) ¥ € PE smb wp err . 1)! ct ae taht Se ae Secon amare ate ees EE io See Soe Seco ieee eee es peed eae Soar he erage rari ranw oer SiSEeSSSies Tor st of cw we the dbase Principle rm Chapter 2 Resting ‘he agri given they weg ssn 22 Aine Si 9) Pid he tc at ¥ (wking bak om th end 11 ho ah mnt the th a 7 port ng Ropes plement ing yin et sil prem ‘octane GS pees ick cot 2 Soc ete to a oft cana Can« St pain min Wie apt pnp coe I prc wl be me a seatine htop hn resis pn aed nn" Wile ee ‘Sane! tom ¥ dey fae atom errs SEY wetter ah fl se ote a a am Meek we poate be ¥ fy mcm ent se 1 wise on (EGE sed int i te wprentaton of tg =P" Te Seite peed dap eer tem ie tee sca esc a trendy Sts on 0) oh pe SSS ae the sen se ef ir nyt 1 hog aps ‘stds ing Win (190 BG al tpn to ob ae ESSE aS wee ani eigen’ nb ‘Stet cadet ot solplang tree ger 8 Web ed tepnng tah wv ounce enone nl thee earapeatenie Nb) tan enya Net sone shr Py YUN 2) eet het seta Fe “is ocean eva oa tp doses tothe wns of ane etm say pe i WN) a 8 oh SENET Materia at ded br no Coin he pe gun he nbn a He ere tno cy Rt atl ie mn sal 6 nal, atin deans 224 12 194 198, 1H 24 25,205.95 12.0921 a W389 ‘he nt nderng ie genet by rages of progr which a BASIC) wool Ibok ke hie (or t= vat) ara fant the nist, Pe Sachin Bours Bet Uhl at tg Be ny gl ‘tho be he een wine pope fee Eamon Sac hp sR msec ar Ras emp rile teeta acca 22. Ceo i te * (Hopf thiia dat evn to non pogamer) Thi seme 3 naar way todo {k Bot aly work nts fami ml a fac Ay the ober onde tea abe udrantage Observe tha in Saeed} see Bf "ii ator ode flowed by herb cotiing (ich msn by ‘lll 5 tothe Pes f(t) thr nal on). Tie win sco ‘hte cue veson dened carer Any the biog elgniin oce Theo roduc the ean d cede bon) (23) tn baa 0) Jar ji and rear the ew et Y; inhi ewe Y= en ks am natura order of act as be chained Smt ‘The fs ‘he ol leer order‘ ace haired the syne ties ofan pb, ander ech Ee ac» wed by stg Seca Alphabat oder te oe were ocar ie ncgtphe ode (er andra hh they woald be ound in» ecto) The sondern ve esaprapeme {a nord sore, bu then ver wc med ere pang te excgrph order srating sina i dy the ot saa for pb let oft tnd The net lori, permanent sr whee» perataon i take pave form (That we td & pron Se tine oy.-saxh whee fy sey ase lyme tame oder) Hee the Neat (8124) Algitine Peet of (,.-.m) base nanan egies bye fort Nine raw afro ah Pind the let fo which 3) © 2, (mnhing Back tom e Tie rch j exits then the cred permit thet + lr eof et ht; hn ever th ona aes leomapi nt) fhe orm (th) tn shade flowed by theta he“ = Stee se chang bese meee era Seca ek Zea Be cecte eee ieee a Laceeoeeetorge etme See ee es 60-3) wz ()C)-Cz) (oecl the convention hat () = 014 <0 or > nh wat )-CF) HE) eden eta eer, gintsn so 2 [HP ce «tn th ch 21, Voi theory or pace, the fling agri fr genera all ‘arial pemetaton af on (G8) Ai ed prt 9,0 en Sea bce a ibe gh ft et eat han, rend it Sp aintng th stent ot onan + Other pred un th get fr permatationy up to Ihe pint where, aad ae nercangel thie of ‘evening therm fer 2 ramove thon om the sours, 2 Yet te loving site pee reagent UX G0 then le ae semen = € X; 1 nent arto) fo); {arth abet ¥ generate al patton of X\((e} UY) and ‘hint ah the all pe (o) UY acm =) te) as we erin Bo pr PO nn gut rete (0 ec tere Riera are a o Ber) (eer trea SOT Pm ptt ee tear UE Lt meer tem rt E(trDere—o. late the ratio of Fn) te the number nf te fo val i What can you ser aboc iain th ict Fo)4, Recurrence relations and generating functions eg geome a: ae te ge Th, Tho Te hig 8086) ‘onc: Pate Cata soi Bal me danas ‘fekds, sorting, binary trees, “Twenty Questions) CS Zeeman, Racor non, lion of na cuene ‘fon wit cout con gaan Hans Sl ‘plo fag oly ‘cnet: Copan of Phen number, [QUCKSORT] ‘oneness Densgecats (Chr 8, wt pros (Chapter 3) a ean ain xa he rin Sno a te mle edgy the umber F() of tbe ofan tie snes Foyt) = Ee) Tis ‘lato, oan withthe il ae FO) = Serine th alan of Ferny "atu amber ti hp, we examin ecu ons in mete de ‘A porta techain oes woe wis ean orb wea rye ny ns Te eo then ‘inn te stb seguene i entn, ie aw how oot Fanon ‘eer to te eearecs foes expel to dest me ffroutng ‘ton the (knows) elton, The cine lok pny He snap To begin rei an itolaclary example of» pool by gearing onion tet Fi bib nies of oc oft et Me tow tere eae hat Flo) “BY som we wil eae Pn) by 7 anther bod sceigly mone emote bin fat of ery pana. Se, so = Sr Tae nie oe bag © Bor (ont roy forte moran bout whthr he pomer ee conege) Now a= Barer ‘helt ecuatyBoding ec the vs eel ith the defo of) (atin Teeplacogn nha the ow term PO} i ang Than #0 0 Som ‘Comparing ht wih Uh oii, we ode at Fn) = 2° (Co power seer re ee he vainade} Tact we now stat the power et: converge ol wiht) < ‘auiplalon se ted ty analy We il setrn to hin goeioa of aon. Is how mary way ca th om opie nee be wien aa of ne aed tw ind? Let F, bet member The, for eal, F = 5 snc Sent we ed ha F =F) =2,F, = 8. Ry mvntin we ake Fy = 1: he (ny eon orn 08 ie cmp mens Suppose that n> 2. Any exreon frm a sum of ota oe mt witcher a 22 If end wh tn the peeing erm vm om 1 ae eit ey nm tom =? Some hae ‘The umber FFF ace the Fons amb “Thin an erampleof a ncarnce latin ore peal, heer oe secuence ron wih cna coats Tie meaning ote ers hop, ‘Shou Bain generals (04 1)em rewrnc son expres aloe FS) ‘te fonction in tera f the E prod aus Fin 1) Fin 2), Pl0 Permernerires Fin) = aa)Flo— 1) ale)Fle 2+ iM Beeee ojo 8 Gina fj ad Inca with contol cof rau a conn We ml pe eal ref rccene ron in 1 dae af Py depends onal te peding vlan hi aomtoen mo, {o's ces vy spec. acts A function safingw (+ 1) reac ration is ‘isiaely detrmined by le lero the Bit kmatral mabere. (the naar sun could bd, Lk depending on content) Fon if ye kao Fy FU) (pte thee aes determine (E+) an then te vous Pah cH) detaine F(k +3} and vo om The weds and tonar naga tl ou are sag inducon Farmall if tro fneoe Fad @ {ay the ace reurence lina ge othe et ahr! ner ie She pov ndacbon tal they age rere ‘Thine rater Ee he aon with rental eqenony whee we expe 8 1 crv ant Falcons to detraie«slonanigely Hower, tur anton cry ach sp oon way the sence tod wnqpnae foore ‘Ss rom the Ping of nds, ith! he ed forma ard aa For may euros ston whatever, tral ebos ft hal oro il ‘alert que odie the tla ait. ‘Weft o mth for sing he earenc eon (413) Fone Race Relation Porn 2 hn ‘tro meth wl be ie Boh of them eer [ae net, Soc th eure tn Harr, fw afd ay ston, ‘reas fke Gara combinons of hemo gence new vlaos, (Agathe Tie iat happens wth diferent quatone) Speday, Fad Oa he eence in honest = a By Te TS etfs + Fe) +HOns +On-2) Stak HG) Hahn +8Gn 9) We ey to thinned by cae of and & ry station ofthe fom, = (The uieton fr he wl be tha 8 wort) Were ‘he rots ofthis aguton ar @ ~ I + V5}, = 1 ~ VB. So me have ® re ef "ot hein condins ohieh ae =I Fh ~ no te) we rege oF bo due (23). no(48) (4) +(e) ( saa 1 (9) 108k (5) «060. cn pome Routan CahTac vaso a 2 ae SSL oa a ‘ng ten Wei Si beike poner anime of #0) ERM, = ER = Ere, #4) = Ee «Ena (Be dea aboat wha i happening ee To fn Se cod emf he hd ‘Sach ogo, we han ed theft only may aie’ hone ‘tal eeme sno inporan Soy for xp in faa oboe tin‘, en thea pace the dum saa by It tha cots Jon wae (ht ei ow tear of teh aeWow P= Fics + Fat te moet sa 6) = (+P) Cotas, tie bocticte of? and Bghr powers wi be the seme 0 both ier of ‘he coun, but we gh hee fo aj he conan tem andthe eT Remenber hat P= 1,4 = "The confine Fo the ef ed Fon thet hte ase, The outa ten 8 Fonte le and on the Hn we ave to ndd the ‘St nnd de to bile gant Tha, eno, Nowhere oth et fn ee so i nn Te {Eon cal fou by pain Son espn Lat Tot = (ath ‘rons ant pow nade cta? =a 1 =O roa (098), 0= (598) These 1 bl te einer) weet Ta reat an skit, toa} b= af he = 6 Th etn canbe sled for ad (ith these 1 P EEL EBLE BEL cquning concise Sadat Feat he 4.2. Aside on formal power series “once me hae fond the power cin the above agen awe the ry Eyres srs to how ft converges fr fa, ad othe manpaaione oe re fto} wud atu acters hry f foal poe ee, Siig fo whch eine to do ech manipula hon ny repo ‘eosin of cmnegace This impoian nets here ae hee ‘Severe Sr any som se vale of ne we able oad out enh about IP ttote the enenion of converge, Tot wetcn, TH oul the tbe Seman for hit you fl eon wih the epee othe lt secon « | sce i ed pring frp i se on arin be en omy a inet fe Fh een mise ing fea prob ay ‘er rh Tite son patos Sala cas ond ee ek SSE esd mn ty wae est ta ninth tev po te ly remem pm pics Eyer Panes sna (Snr n= ES, metas UE, ‘hy tae a en: th +0004 ‘Site a te ring peso haa 2 Te wae aa : Lato,Sete ae aye en Cas it ct on po oe Hip ewe wan pm ob te oi sll ae wal pct cl, ter 0)= 148 grote) (ee a a 1 hn em) eter fp ae teak Sei a eee nD ne) alt 20) natn pwm i iy rl hen by (62) meat Mee ow-E()e (ae Mia ce dad (ja statagposss 1 i gs gp il ad 2) ponte enn sn nth wer eaer faemrensor (itn oid) =) ‘urna pet mt pf be hh a cerry Tess ‘Scheie chee Bese oe tp tee may th {St ox pc tat me chm | tm a bt ay mayo i er ton Bone a ‘Soy cob coca fay pe oer cfs empl ‘i SSDS ea pert tanita See Den tnt — oi 4. st Tl) = end ee a )= Fa + 0 Supa at Fea ofa et etn Ty re ‘Shem of salen cn al Bower may meng owing ects of Sean lee geno a a te erly Soci ro am pci Pes Bde eae SS SCSERELST eer see or 3. Linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients "The prendre for ling pon ounce eon wl ont ca ‘Sais lst ln the boa cae Conder he ence Fn I $esFin— 2) bob FB sing the fit met, we ty asta of the form Fn) =o" we nd ha a smo be st the pla Fo) 2 4 he choactrie enti ba ll rats dtc hen ne obtain eee ‘shone theater ln aking ear combination of ead ng ‘EiAT low of we gett ea gens a ontnowne Us anton ae ‘tmigs tlt. Se me have cane he mo nr san of the presen. Fabeeey if the earch alos! ha repented oly then we dont ean coup lations th ee rapone tat neato th aration i ciphay then che be vied tal hed ean ornate ruloluion ofthe secrence ion Dring i or every tot we agi od ‘ot independent coos that til ae en be sad eel Bom a a el of ener the pn in Et ge 2gA Deng ee * ‘he jain ofthe be at ht the sitions died cas be ube tn the serene aon aod tee suri Sole the stra ean Fin) =28In—2)-2Fin 9) theives (0) = 3,10) = FQ) = 8 Panna, 1-2 So the gael aon ofthe eae ion i Fin) =al-20 +06 To 6 the faite condos, we regu «= Roecarint? 4.4. Derangements and involutions ora resent wih onsale, fr nea eaten ee inna gene method wh ge mr. Some i pone to slr ach ‘inser uring tn an iin htt moa ob some ter ‘Sha We give scone sf samp Inthe Stave esl te recente {Weswconds we wil mcly dive re ntiration abou ten act: DICED. A deengemet of 2, a peta of th st ‘lover so plat ada Chapter, you mee wkd to ae he nb ‘St derangenents form <5 Now we il End the eee fr (Tl wl be owe Spann api to oirss «diferent rhe the Pn of ncin and ches). Tet i) be the ner of eangenent of (yn) Any derangement more he pot ame pee 1s “bys 2 val ran ‘Paoor, Both alemens are proved by induct, ng ey eid form 848 401) and n—2) then) = 0-1) 40H 6 ‘even. So induction applies. etal (0) Serpe ta 3) > BTV ad = 2) > lB Th =n (0m) cae vortaeve=t) > feeniev ov ‘tn inane hough (a (0 wba ed he at a LAVE=T > vi, hihi oe Beane (+ Y= nH V=T awe The ny aly ule od eae 2'The enna) eo teal es of Sed peuple te fer whee the es ap Se fal pein oe Sai pouy © fren cer ste ool oft ens Sects i yf come pn 9c a ee 45. Catalan and Bell numbers weet eee cea poeta renee can tenet Sieae ithe anomie 52, ji and both ate gives by recurrence selations. as oe ere mee 1 how many wap cans of meme be ghee wo htt (ne clea by aig foe ta ts ae? or erp = 4 there ae Se oni (+H +0+8, (esbropray, G+ (b4e+4), e+ 04(era)). Korn vera) TAMERS Te oa aan tb ttn ta eb i sin a Once ta ua i pigstht haa pen nas pein al Tete he suns of pe of acheive of tema. To obtain « eaten tin fr Cy ate baton brchlel exo hash fr (B+) ‘here and ar echt expe ih (a) an” emt for ene Iiihing 1 mL Thre ar Cytol for By ad Cy for Ba Saag ‘rein stir Bt erage of somone ree rein at FU) = Dag GiP be the emrtingfacon. (By caren, we tke 6, w0; a, Twa the ast of te rcsene) The cence ton ‘Sov in the tern i aad igher powers oF) ae eel hoe of ‘RO, Moe chia Fat oe To Foyt Fe Rewing he a» quae eatin an arin. we obtain ro Hea-w) ecwe £0) = 0 we mut eoote he mine sign inthe ston. Now fom the Bonz Torey we ca ond of the conc 0 a = G20 Ht (lathe thoveexpetion the are worn hn nominate an 0/24" = 2 ‘Mente produc fa odd fom to Sieqanlto(2n=2}/2(o=2) Moron hee a ogee? na ss) The es) Sethe secon othe combi iteptatios of Catan nto. ecu lee yh: Ble sn Doe Sen TE Ace ae cone en a-$(o)as enn tal BT a, a pocorn " et i ed a rh tae pein a ee gna we SCORERS Reo wa ee ia ates seen Te sane comet sh reg fhe ee tte iy ae ee a ed peg Ses Sata ad See oe eet Some Rat, Ay bya deere my TS hid Se bulb eogt of el rmbers Toe essence saa geese tect 4 pny Bat ao" ona et = eOFE. (lathe pesinaeling me aged deny vast taj =i Land b= nso fom {ya rm 1 my) tet indepenciy take l now neave See oor0=8 (0 eg BE eet) -24.6. Computing solutions to recurrence relations {ir nctcnr wan Byte Day works inmag at ee reed Foal sl=2 thn By ado on For camp _— ae 10,390 97, 71 $2,815,815, 284,87, 18,568, 70181, 2609438, 92, 9, 908 08,154,597 15, 16 98, 87, 2944 6281, 834,78, 24,755, 91,08, 188, 8, 264923647, 10602083, 3741227967, 39801, 917,25, 5083, 06,0082, 45,23, 20 aks jut 09 adn o compat? Tower, hve an inportan point te conser I eapig to pron the callalon expat eure deed; halt eines neo Fe he ‘Stir neers by hel THO= Fat 2 Fin) = Fin) + Fin 2) for > But the tweet wo ce te cleaion of FY). We Gad hat FU) = 12) F() Bint we calle Fo) = 0) FU) = 1412 Next, we eveanle US) = Us F2) Now the compa den got eae that F2) beady en amined troy wy ugh woking So we hae een the compation Hig 7 Puls PU) et si = hoor we cua ad Fa) Tt 29 ae fal Flu) = 24 35. Por lager aumena the amount af repeated Itoar rom ‘pseatiy (ce Rae) ‘Soi h hperant foe the compute orcs ebro or ti, ein an ay of tubers (Fy FF) (he get Phen se: we ai Fi ih fi ei oe ye ch a ye "Tr condeaon apps io any agunc of wamber eed by w eeurence eatin of tyson espe ce of Fbonacd number we ely sed one ‘amber Fy ster thas the whol equace fy Fy peo To eosete ot Slorage pee We oly mc to renee ro sume aye) fea coer YS Saya anc Nem masa 1 eaelate 9 nd replace her =o y byt amber according mee ‘Thea sumberwsten (iy © ory depending om the pay of x) the nt Foon sums 1 ie poole to cleat F, Ser then thi, ang only clogn aimee copetinah, ng these pena moins tek Bere 8 ier dle (oa Siinc e988 ahhay o e loe d b “ | ers la ping eins 47. Project: Finite fields and QUICKSORT ts secion, we ill wk hough ime wore dba ppt of 2 cur eo nd ang con eth ns of ae rgoonis aver fe Ee and we elt he nreragenmber 0 comparsoat eed ting QUEKSORT™ tp eon ng ncn pm i wing tain a ion ater sea cna sates What et ne mt ne by Gan ett tr” He pele lowe (te eer ie i dw en led Gb fad ede a Tha sos a Sigh Ep Soe net po a Tt al on 9 ‘Stas ome Heme thatthe xe 2/h hh a ag en ding nin a ee ec ‘Rej whs wmt e he Sg af ny epee to 8 bw (omar nce itt cheno he er ot fm 2h es eR oh PISS Seat thot bent cn papal os pee epee 27g) Mel oe SIG tyne ymin pos We nace oe ce atl smn seo 9 aoe abe ‘reese oer ack Fb lr (Gi Then, be od PEI) Eki ae ee ppomae pe Tinsel ct papell esa eben oie CASS Staion To int ae HCD i ed a + ane an id ene of 5a ee de hat NESS STL ath ee ee tama ae STS ret aie tite tea mtn nn et abn ease py Ren amr1 Pi at QUIEKSORT * ipa nn hit Sein nei ow EMD wo {nies am tn aed iy compan ona on We ita ee 2 wad ween () meee CE) CH C2)- cerita siete a emt eet) bak om es (en “Ss Tee {Ret tn ere hr de Tiny any new eran a vat ie ye neon i vamos Phere, ‘ii bc oa ie of aw art rm om her Dara Tish caer eae See agen ‘thes we th emf at, we yay Tide tg We EO p eee ae oer eye owt ih Wap ot a ew iui oa i gh ba erm hut IST ae rn eatin o-Ee ” ‘eet ed ce in a a Fv te (0) 9 ed se a Chap il dam tne rn ae cue at empl ing ate oat we oto ol ae en Perec Lael mare eee g ieee, aS Fr a Se pase ees Sia eee SSS sae7: ae an QUCKSORT « ‘reg en flo ee eye name rnin ps i ee RELuRT aaa ne Sore ce ma pint a hep vl on SS cies sale Teanl= ge ah fe) = LAE nen 18 1 1Etecteen ety psn spt eee a pet eeytc gy aamaon tutes aeemugd cers IUeiagee weet Ee a0- Zor eth emg no Mii Me enn nya a ein ie Seer Zee seo (Ss) sa er The sa he per in 2 =P eae ane aaa sg oy Gut pel a ot we ai 2 "Retin gh ms ne Sn ef) me * ‘fee rata omg hn i ty by tenia 1h a he Reid Tee} ‘pn aa ge a0 = Some ‘etm tek A en ht OL) Taba 019) (dt se em cn by iin Se ceeaen) 2 opt geo walt tm a erin en ed mt (w-0'909/ «07-20-00 (1802-9 at (ein th et a 19 = ee ” inn neem = 2 nm le ad nes i pore i pba de = Jara ‘am ty enh tn em Ree pin primi by SS seoteban 4008 aerate tenn ye =e4.8. Exercises 0 Pen ec yn et ga geeegaaeneseiaepge {TEs "yuna teeta neva 2. Prove the flowing identi: OER Rat 8. bom tht Fy composite or a on > 3. A Show that 4 Prove that every aon galir icege fer than Sor hat se nw gan itp +h an Fy an be ep vse eer bitte Re 0 Tepe nt bi edit “uaklRE Br Hae the ge spencer (bt an be made ing Monae nombre ow Fain Fo Sf Fe Sc Foy then Fat Be eine sand F< iy cat ad & Flom! mabe a taloalysnocind withthe becting of rit! ‘Ain ha spl feedlot od Sect oes ‘3p ofp in ach abeguat month Aree se late re neo ‘Show that srtng sh one 7 Serta eh encase he emer fp ae 1, oe tt he stm of ions regued to compute the Fiona acon le oficen alg ced ete teat on 1) Prow ta Ye = Fala 4 FFs fat m2 0 ih he conven ta 1) Ure to desire an grit for aeaiating operons in ee s faetin thot Sage res Rie pena linn Qs of age ou Se a ie ower alot ely bel Sar the foliage eon Ga) feat +L MIO =1 (0) Show thatthe ber of wae of wang ata ram of poste ine wh be rer of tr tumnsand gent 027 for To. The somber f() of steps rele ote he ‘China gs pal’ wth ge ater 1) bad my. not son (ithe, ne. ‘Prone hat f+ 2) = (041) 420) + Hence thrid orm or ior 11, (oe a) be he nf mans (Sins hing ese th Pad Sgr a fet yi eg fe uence ESSE, PILSIS inc cscs nd) Prove the seen fo) aoa) alin) fern > yw 40) = 1 Cee fo aro Show that he pring Siche Soh man stores) UE enuf sgt sf inn aig 1c 0 En rk Tent eny > Beate chads nde SASCRye dco eden een ds an you rove 12 Let (be fal pores rie ih oma em 1B ga eerie EO al nee a lew es muupieie avs Ct of FO Meech hs fF me so wet of ve) eld cme a dot ot et uae 2A pemmlon + ofthe et ( Camber tie © hc ace at rage beset (1, NTU nt fenced peruations Prove a Late Dede tha #() = Fxg mand Ut) = Fae te the gene acts of {he coyent (ot) tnd (2) rnp, ten 1 = Ue) = (+ (0) (oe tak Fant G0) Serge oral 70) el ate an elena wha ane Spl foe eed ori i i rs me Bp a Reewe To tey- Fae. ove that 2 tthe suber of rye of weting a the tm of dict pone segs Pot eal ot Saas iaen 1S, (a) fn an sein, he ae to canaen, A and B; the nae of voles ‘ant 2m Hach endine reres ely notes erer termine pat “ig the conn Abs more ee Gar Sho tes age {sean happen the Cunlan meer Cy [st A rade by atone te afer {he Sint ates count Sappsr that Ut ns seu fie 2 Inte have een ‘unto Thn thee) oe fr he ot btwn te pine f=) tf a fect sh 1 head mt mw ae ‘Baar moi, Cs yo conte «ton won th nh xn ‘dhe voting pie (a? (8) fhe above tin, arm cly tha, a any interme tage, bat secede ao any otro Be roe tha he mer of pee i Geis ive Aa ee yt the begining af he cout, an Ba exes joule ead) 16 A clown sande othe ge of viming poo ding bg coataining ‘nd anln he bale dew te alse eat ne tad at hows I Bde eh an hc a ed a i md (A Vine 1. Prove tat (tre See he tate . 8), 18. Proye thal th exponen enratingfncton fr hese so) fection leer je 19 The Beran sum bo be conf with the Bal umber! ae eed Samed ee eee ro-EME agian by $0) = fr — 1 Show nt (+ i am era faction of ad ade at = 0 fr lad wank. The Berl ur ply portant and unexpected 8 tne ite es omer snipe, Rea ht Shere nd pad neato. What the slton of tela ookng reueneK= 1 ant form zit 20. For ever et yb he mur of prions of 1) wih al ee ‘re: te nae of prmatatins wh all ee ot ap ™ the tal SWlig ul pemeteons "er #0 O() snd PU) bet exponent gneaing ‘Gontont ow QUICKSORT an aby ams 2 ors UREORT etn ie (cmp a Rah my Eig 8 Stee oe se sri nay td et eshte ina mi of apn ai QUICKER a pe de ce an mrss (Sete be sw ha a ar wht ee of qigong eb SSETEINGE LTRS LA re iteacertecy ee ont nent ae Caper wh awn on tr sem lomo on ie en mh mt ot Eons cntieerauraenanee oe Tour abel ve ayo cc wc ce tinged 7 eee of ‘sar tS ha shee rn a of aia eh (wh i rn Ty ne 8asi 2S ne ht bite ee er et em 3. pia et em hn a a ey hcl gh sa Pte pula mims =P tp ohm ope Soe Cea) moar ok deat te ag igh ae sean nu Sang at quit nh erm hi be ede of he (ieee otf So ey mn eid Sit cpt cena oe i ute eg ae bh cot) RSET SETS cttw 5. The Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion Keep e tense ean oe Soest ntsenen Son SiTieaartenchaeg eet SSS ieee ln dik ‘omot: Pape of Teco and Exe; Sting mumbo, re aad of pomatatons ‘acantons: Generingfncton dy mic avert Caoa-nseneicn: septs oye of prmeiains,invene ff Pasa nl (Chap 9) nage expnetil gro ‘ng neo, Ponca emer (Cape 3h Mae verse (etepter 1) Suppoe we are sven » fy of sty and ld the sumer of ements whlch Ie tutte in every wt of ach pole aban Then we ave eng Iskrmatin to werk ot how many sent ee none oft ty ned howe ‘Stay beseech ein ofthe ens gr ofthe amy. The Pini of Fceson ‘nd Recon, known ot PIE rsh oem fr eating i Te gies ee Scttegrct of he theren abe ivenng Pcl tangle well era flr the tmber of pans of a eto F pre Thi at rember ‘ovale Sing tambo te send bd We ped te cond ba of the chapter ‘svetghling thee robert aod ti rev, ad ho uri Popes 5.1. PIE a clo 10 pap srrey tanh hat pay et pla yw, sod 8 pny Spe vars Pushemore, 28 pny eet and wks 2 play ‘eet Sd Space Invader 85 ploy yw ned Spee Ivadet nad 20 play {Gre sorte How many pup don ply any spac?” the oa ot ain ‘his prolen cn be ane by dein a Ven dag to repent the hoe Then the numb ach gin ea be worked ot snl aly Tous ofthe pont ound Fer cmap 8 pl lay eke od ot Spc ne i #3. & Vo gam he Pie of Tce ad xcs gen oral fr hea ot yng oor aly ote ning Vou daa witty ay ‘Bay some notation Let bron ver’ eamepening tothe whale ln he each and ei (Anya) bo amy eb of X. 0 not oohen teatro ca oe an once tn he eqns) I a abe of ‘Betaderset (noes with he coention tat 4y =X. terecting mote ts ire smal evs 0 ‘Missingno wl ha pve the nee owe et) (613) Pr edn nd aeson et lye) bes amy of abe 0X Then the number of lone of Xk inna fhe bie 3 eens oor The vm on thst ner combination of rine ft Ay wth ‘oats ‘We calc os euch ptf Xi otuton fo the ‘ho ht the am fe eae ofthe le Ay hi ona “sppor fin ees 1X En nme of he st A Tew th term in the sn lh coment wth “Olin te ts) = (0 hen} 2 ©-A) irnowemply aad = € Ar edly when 6 Tay the conto of = zou" by he Hamil Thee, whee j=. “i ponent ct 1h ym eo ve eet ote nae PIE hae aaa inerpeton formal. For 8 = we tab the nee of yl in and rant the ofthe antes nA ad the pol “fifa hve Lom tnt rice hd at be ded in agin For n= 3 ee ‘te thee hae bn led me Sd tht be pono nal ee ‘sthae ben ined co fle, ad at be removed wp We proceed to couple of apbation of PIE (632) Cary. The maser of vrjective mappings fm an mst toa ket = ger()o-w at(i)o-o aco, We tke X sob tht fa mapas fom (9) 16 (oso Gat [is be Bor t= shy we kt be he of pigs f fr ih the 1 pila, we bare a ea. Ite) dy htm Tete the perl of hae pd thee map Paoor, This ine we take X to be the st of peony, and the ed nor gel, er 4 Aa 4 = [sf Sto” The ite sl Bain (o-[1)sinee penmtaons ny Se ey pn Td pera te reining Prine airy A permet en Sorgen tod ely Hit bs nae of These dso te sumber of derangements B comenimSe(Jo-a = pling = I The ech ows om sig ta (360) yi 5.2. A generalisation 1 the intoductry erage ec thle i none infront i ‘ot onl the mamber of ppt we play ane of he spot bat fr ensnpl) oe nb who ploy eet oly. eam be fred a yee at we ldo "Asection Ara conmqnce wees dfn: pot of Ease of Chapt: 9, ‘Sout theives of te mts of oma coon (621) Propoiton Lat (AA) Bea fly of ely abet f tender $e (ha) Pash eo en hh ag fora Fad Re. Paooe We defi ew ly fk nde whee N= (y-osnh br fing By dng Sor BEN |The Popston ala or oe te ube ‘St adewens of 3 hing in nate othe met By Scie sen y= Ay. Now the cocpondene K J = 1K bbe bet of Dey eget: at = 8 dF rnd, ‘Sincmbrie ‘et ne tn thie nto mone ait fm, sling to erry at ‘ancon shes thas cfd fe (623) ropottion Let N= (1,0), and et fang be anton om PW) to {Berea for rel suber ‘hes te flowing se out. (a) si Bae J Fy Ed, PHCOr. We aru tht it efi o pov the som when th vl of fa owocgate Iyer Rer eth of) a 0) canbe repaded at em of {ima equations in 2 waknowat (he rae off ot) ths ume ha oe sa kein ” ‘suaon ave» wnigae alin atin, This meant he triste ‘Stic a now ety nd he ct dots change on ping fom the eal The nom, gv any no-agure eter values of the fein fy me can actu fey nerds) ew the poet tha eames a oat Fine in for 2 I at eo other vale off ely) magn Ven ‘Sagan orn wt pat 7) seen thereon corerponding this codon} ‘Then gi) ing) (0) tbe lel somber femora wd heen flows ftom 62, “The sane eal wih he einen revered eo rae (632) Pops Lat N = (5-8) and et f and g be fnction for PW) to (Seana forte) samba Ts the falling re ule d= er SCp y= Bese ny ‘Tosec thin we dee pe tet econ an bythe that) = 408) snd {t= Dhned ply (022) fae fone HP aod dence MP ‘ia erect, eondion()Bcomes a= Ht 0) = EH na te (tdi OVC ee ee ee pe cater ts owe (wr ow 10-Byer( un acer. We die st Scions F and om PUN) by lang FU = 16) and GU) =f) bearer f= Nom |= then That () abe of ej aed ‘Se trl adm median om (523). "Tic oh gies an seme poof therm of Chapter 3, rece 28, shouting ural ng, We open et or een (625) Theorem, Lt Bers, and et A and B be th 41) (1) mae (fh vow ad osname O00) ving) ene wef). aceon) Then B= 4‘oor Let Vb he el veer pn fans om, to Reach ee irene byte (0 pl (10 f)). Toe he mates A and {epee bastetormaton fF napping ibe ection the faction 9 ad [I gain in te oan of 24) s0 one he ae he ther 5.3. Stirling numbers a hi tog, we look at 2p fies of umber They ae read to (Getacoral sad Bel ter ch he use yt tbe om eos Sed te he pore of (ns ese thy Complete he pai sb, ‘Seatac, pron of Cape ) The ene fr deg thers tee = i tcamous Uc ung ssh to wach ote (884) blow) parle at [rihe Bums orice othr ised veons, roel ng PTE ne It ‘Seton al thea lol fo the Seng suber of he econ Ki whieh iS appa of PHB om which some of Ue mon ipestnt propria we deed et nan be psn intges with km ‘he Sing saber of the rt Hn of ae by the le a (Capt te somber of peut of (hn) with gee Note ielign Sometimes tere cts rand, cording fo which te Heng ‘Sint ve he belt une thon dled bre). "The Slay nam of he mend Kn Sr Ue amber of pss of cn) i oor at “Til Llano be endo ton wad Eby dang he Sing numbers lotebuaiat stn ca mit. ero (0) $08) = Ba, wher By i then Bll mabe "Tie dr fm he ition eth aay sain tcernce tos, salar to tht for Psa nah Rea hat se) = Sino) =O a (22) Prepon () (0) = Sian) = fBpaertet) = ents) Yaak =, (e) Sed ue) = usin 1 Sisk ty Pao oe ca; th ret of) wd eae as, Cont patios of ri) hk pote Ear ington pe (which ne Ce ‘prin nt & Tp) ot | adj coe ofthe parent wich Ty panel eee permutations regu ite mote ae ine 2 rel of ea heat lar atric tno pst canbe nro, ig! reat ele Sith penuindon of [cn] whl cye bere arm wa of terpalting ng ten 8 he pits ao Bae ee eng ich pe eg am to) (tiklnwecul a he one pat oe 01) o's pratt of [Lm ae hae ooh = ninth don ping th sign in comely me oti th reat Using secrecy, we pone emahabe generating fection frm. Real than eed tea (280 rpin = EH oe = $s. rar. heparin nn = Ith incon bg ak n= Puaor OF (9) Atami ht (= Ey sod 1) = S110 = (08) Ten we ave ton eat = (Est) es ed th coficent of ton te ight inl h) + sgt =1) =a 1 Paoor oF (2), Atwame that = E3,Sin 2) hem e += Bante) 4ansten. Since (t= 4) = ean weave Esnsinn Fst Elster asinanion - ¥ Sin Ae sce Sin0)= Stegn-2) = ‘Thor we dv combina! prot ofthis eal Such poof (8) ute ie Esse 4st he nam aves the cone of group aon Sh the Ost Couning Lemond dled sl Pct (624) Cory Lot A and Bb then x mala moe (,) ener te sien ty be Sting ember 3) ad SU) recy. Then B= A® Pein fain el Ran ‘roor, Asad Bathe enon mae binen te rent base or he ‘pace of pelyomilof daie ithcoat tr That baae 1 Seo si (a We condade with somal fo te Siig ooh fhe econ nd Pop Sut)= BY hoor. he sa in the Int setion Kat thie exreing without the fcr ‘he suber of etn fom yn) fh Ue alt elce he “ran doped the lanai j 8) So alco ‘roe ta the su of sujeons eo Tac getonf does spre of in} wth Kaen-empty pr vi, Fr Uthat ery pain ee fo xy Henn cee ‘bay aig th sombre tothe paren ay oer The el pore rojeck: Stirling numbers and exponentials. ‘his scion, we exlote 4 diflnat way of lacking a he vere eainhip ‘ever tb tro dt of Stag samba they cneipnd Loeb of ‘oneal olga fsce into ower es ep mh a Sn.) eed mig PI War EREELEQurs Ores REQ er =o ee eqne (44s) am La ad) mn wh) dG) eco. Tn En omen pr (mn han =Sosintye Gen (9c0= Hon“ rn 9 | anarooZSsean’ Fat), ing vt inn Sts sw mana ne ling (543) Th af) a) Bn wh Fa pci Te te cnc Se (9) = and a= at S03 (409 =cr oth ‘ea eh el ie ee fe imi fk i a me STF Se le Se nh an top tthe 5.8. Even and odd permutations at + be potaton of {,.~n} and ent by ce) he mabe of dint sje off Mh ge a aie fo begat) = (1) hand a 1 be (tenor odd uti st ga 41 00“ We obvi (458) Propeiion. For > 2, thre ar guy many even and dd permutaons ace. We we the oma tytn ny= Satnabe ‘ating ¢ = 1 nd wing the tat > 2 ee hak Est) = Bat Fost i dened te be I)" time the aumber af pemtnont ih Feel "Stace yee rm ofthe ie fe pemlation in Sy and othe a ‘Sony any wither sen "Te ana the sig fart, we rte othe competion of permutations ec hr emnenon eal compenion wos om to eh“ MP ed een (682) Propion, Lat be & pamatticn of (yy and #2 tneposion Ten Pe fhe nop, Weenie te eft of compotion wt nyo i) 1 asa j ee iat ps enon ee wedge wich a Neciceer ce lus» lr tpn tat he pce we (hs) ead (By sire en) = Cock har bathe pf =v 8} Convenes, andj Sela dese gle tthe i ce lino a. We ac that rr sth opps sen tox, Hence if «pecan #9 proc fy raping, tenga (I) anys, bowers irewed rodc f snpesonn, he psy af the member of irnaptions Sane te sme (582) Thewom, Any petmutation 9 prod of trnypostons (BP Rtpug nt homomertien fom terymmenic group tthe mlipaie (pvp (Al) of order 2 oor) inka cata, ower he bet a ordered bide mat tem tobe wal oer yw sguence of ape: Formal io ota and) be the mine le of, ea componng © wih Ue enon Eopaewes by 1 the outer of yey nthe st flows by induton oo nde yar pret of 1 flo tha he oe fal een permatains Se ‘ri bpp aed he along goa We now rol a Weif ns 2. Fin in imme Som (051; and Ate eae emerphom nto «pvp fede 5.6. Exercises 1, An option pol reports tate pecntge of volts who woul be iid ‘ih ah ft antsy €or Pre 65, 85,595 rere. Fister, 29% would tpt Ae B05 A or 27 Be C, nad 12% wos Be tat with ayo he ce What do you cone? 2. Make al of the ro Re 2. Bove dey that Say) = 4, Si,2)= 2 — ya gn — Seema fr Sinn 2h 4 Powe that of) = (0 =) ng the scan rin, and Sow dirty ‘bathe namie pee prmstatins of an at f= S5.Thic xed cain «prota # = Fh St (a) Lett ben pon intagr P= {400 N= (Te ttindion [2 Th Gren ne feof doe a egurene ra Som." bythe re fej Mand ott 10)" 10) ‘he doe of thi eqirece sone be numbered C..Ch (deed iy te mbit pon the ene (50, anne Cy cntaine th nat bee not im Gym oon) Toon the tales f(Ch)- f(s) ae bint ‘mets of and so ear be chow), map the pation ca be cater ‘Stor rare Semnig one prove ey othe parla vle of it) Pe tha i's powoninl sqeason Fe) = Gl) era forall ptine integer tls fe sgemns hot the paola Fae G te eta 6. For hn excise the ero muber fom Baer 10 of Chott & Specialy Qe act te egln cop) Ih Deve the ae jee ms in forthe Bersoall water 1. at (js) an (pe) macaw eg Ft) and) eset. Show the arlene of he omng eens saree ie 0) 609 = Fidear 1 Show that perma wich ew pf length nam be wen a produ Stim | trnpctony Dedoce th fan even Pecatonica He itt todd Hence show ht sn tay perms in ve if au oly if (i ten ami of re af ren kag vino ron an eel of od eh 4 This xi oine he way in which hig of permuaonasnnmal eae plese katie voy Wenge, snd cone the olan Fev ord= es =20 Note ta very pi indeterminate occu lgeronce ina hrc I 8 Permutation Den Fics) a hepa ofa poe difereces(ut ‘ie ved ht igs dase). So Float) MEM 1 ithe pubes fin (3) whose onder revered by Prove ene» homoserpiom: HER Seton tea Sino) = 1 “Real fom Ses 28 tha pred ia eee ane elton wich ‘ities tony Prove hatte expnentlgocaingfncon fr he ruber Spc ey meee net rn11. (0) Show tha he ale oma tarpon of 1) whowe rode Papen To} oe tht ay myles be expen 0 diferent wap a podct ate meet ie pte ti 3 ae {Ea aly be pi (5) te th gs of (Seton 240}, Doablecount {tet} pa ng Cys Thee 0103) so haut ha all yee ae UvTate ume ofmpvaos a produce of tnmpontons) 6. Latin squares and SDRs “erin? The ed ha Lat al he Me nd fit ‘cree “Tors Lain ages, SDR Halle Teen, thon Latin snes goon groupe, ermal ‘ream ‘Chose areances: Neon fons (Cpe 1) aon planes and eke (Chapter 9, romp (Chapter 14) 1a his apy, we exaine Lali aque, shwing hat thre ate many of hem (Gy aeasr oft digreson though al thorn an SOR), ed thn comet ‘thon Lai ue 6.1, Latin squares atin qses rie a Bale’ hia ofc’ poblem, at with ac er of eal moved Te elton blow, ‘Lat quae of ode ivan nn ary or ae ih ena fom he sat {1.2 with te rope tht sch ey aca emacly eee enh ot ssh! Soin foltion fo Balers robo fe fcr’ sts ae sumbeted ‘om Io they at raged atin genes and ny fr he egmeie. WA, Somtines ti convene! to esd the etna cong om the (lyon) bu fom ae harty Geno mene‘he nen of atin gues eis ie statin gute of order he construction shoul gona So out gl Mena SST saat come up wit ome tina of ow many ilrent ‘cannery Lali eqns eons? Given a def bp td ee i reo enc bo ta i ace together eel TSE ote Lae gece ies the nu of he dacs a wich (Seti bay and thee dance ogeh) ata oars wees wed tal dg. Very oughly appa dat ae ee net be eed A fod re tin = ay of lt Ween ar ther nay be ome ekaown but atonal vst ie fel NASER inn lec, moving neo dwn the Sev we cas tat SISTINE pata one plu inces fw or cole, 6 fe eect 46.2. Systems of distinct representatives oars uate gt log detour oreach ur oa We pov srt inom Wan chaae Terese wo only shown by Pip Hal anda eee (rhs tw A lth ne ow my (i Si toy comecd ih he her of lowe nto and ree reat in an Operon Ravarh cone, Ou obj he fern, [ie behcn we neta Chapter 1h ek ds bac ptm of ic repeetatis (SDR) fr thea ett sarge (ott EY tenet the proper geeae lee Pee Metin we dene A\= Us y Fee ae ope eno int epee, then seem adit Stay bar 2 thaws AUD) comin penta of a Te ene eects rol tinct Ha There a ‘Bat i tema aiton ae aie ‘pinnae wi ak Sha Pon (hi) (622) mats Teo, The ay (An) fil nt oem of inc ‘orseatte ian oly fhe llonag cdo hls (422) Hal Coin ao) HUI 2 U1 rad Sf) Paoor We we induction oth ube of el, The iadactonabiemly tte: {icy peer peas ore Saget We tT of el MUA(die Ui The motrin tat then every semen f AZ) sit at poate ft We ie rin re (lst 1, No at Ji ca exept fe J = 8 and owl J = {Ips}, Let Ey be ay pst of Ay [ate 7 O47 (HCY) 208 for J = yun ='y dele Fea) We claim tht tbe fay (Ae a) ies (HC). Tae Fetie mij and appoe that 7 #1 The Mae a >Wi-1, ‘het inet sine t wont, omit he cond ne J noted by atumptn. 8 [4 2 provng oe di, By ncn, (Al) Bae RDA fos) Th yt some er he nina ay since dey nin om al the tes (Ast 2 Some tet J 9,06) We may enone hat J ie win att ot, han he ay (49 6) ha SDR (jc) by induction Forth ut AoA‘ ACD We otha fay (4:0 2D) lee The Kobe cb ote tm 7. Th*E?)en E A =A AG) BuroRI-U =iK he et ent sien fc 0) = AU) A), ad theese RCTS Sai age mes SOR J) forth mt (Af 7) Coma tht he somite we (4,-)¢l}eiathormgeienk ‘is theres smtines ele Has Merit Trem, Yeas of the fotoing intepton Cen a nt a oe td eo en it owing ¢ ‘ed tog pute x ae ol toma hl yn SES scoreline coger es og(623) Mas Therm Vast, Sopp tha (Ay. An) te te etaping (HC), en ee ee i ck et SS Siam Se Gepce-nen HSE or, Two SDR® may st he ane at aed oll eee i hey wi {i mt oe Bd 1 io Sb thea (23) 24h ‘Pavor. hss jt rain on the poof Has Theatem. We wenden Pen ai thon ct fn alent bro es 7 SDM! So ase oe ‘Defunli ythever tas ol Case ofthe pon shore never < |] 4 ie beter theo icon ot fri wah ewe tr tas he ber ates (Sate myorel et Hoveve tev of es fe hd depo Se myth ‘by maltiplying m sumbets together. a ues, Thee ae 3 Lan qn fdr 2 ad -2!~ 12 order Hoeve, [vk hte 309 tet afte afr oe wc even {ir rye sod 2-8 hc av 3 ees the ee faa © Ha (Se Bere 1) ausnn et U() be the mer of Lin equates fede We te shown that Ue) Erie} He Ta bound was prod abut ier et ag Hay 2 (Po ‘We cpl thi in Suton 65 Os he othr hand we be Ua) <0",sine thee ten wage of Sag inthe povon of be ray with nee am TST We cae rove to Ho) ty by stmering aac niet ches om thet ofpemetatonof (ht) {dts permotatons A star inprovenest se by nce Ga ‘Besowr arte fit re derangement om 4a Ls) © ne ‘To compare hae Loan Dipl to etn og) ear an (0) ‘The pla ponte sper bound sume lp) logo) gn (On te ther Band, we have loctiny 2 Steet! 2Eehet-0 2 ben +000), sree we ed the simple Bound > (he! rom Chapter 2, Exec 3: So rough [Beppe eed over bona foro) ie by » car of 2 The prone owe tend nentoned above remove hi ao og log tn) =mtogn + O(0) 6.4. Quasigroups ‘hare ner way of king a Lain gue Lt © = fp). EA =) iSync me with atm net (se) ean fine » By peraon, or malipeton! on by Wee ponmg iandonty if ay = Coane any Bay epesion on Che ito sch a mai, one we hae Sunred be demeat of Ga gh mse ‘A tony sce he abore ced pane if the Soong aon Mf din) fr alg, 9 € 6, hse wig Gn 9 {gt din forall gape © 6, hres eng y) © mh 9, Now the ling el flows fo the eons: (041) Propnon A Bnayaactice ew guaigroup and calf te err ‘ponding tate {a Lat agus Temata a eye je: Qn td pene * P40. Te ef dvibillyconon jot sap hal cach clea ofthe mati Conti ech ety eae ocr td iy for gh ion ‘There we rsious advantage to tring Lain sane ino algerie ejecta Ie qangroue For ne thing ec bl nd af mee of the eas of ‘ou slgsrlc sos by seiag bom many Latin gues carerpondic ttre ‘Stk lore rege (ese i Ge penp seas oy poe ‘lathe ha ine cosectone abe nae te Lata toc Oo ‘empleo ini the det pode 1 Gand 2 be binary secre (the inary operation neck of thr wil be ented by 3). The dec proiut GI deed at rope flame heat of ordered pai foe 9G, yh open Now it casly tase thatthe rc produ of quiron» guneroe {Fer len bys eppr tht thr bore sao yh ac Te rs detrei a, a ily yi ‘The die product can be tate nto dec pod! option on Lata sar ich we ite wih bere nolaon ie the det poet of 4 aod S1S°B thn econrbly moe compiled to dae dec alhogh then i Spl. Pr camp we bore [4] - 6.5, Project: Quasigroups and groups ‘The bet inown erase of qableoupe ee groupe the ate guage wth ta ies doment hove compotion fs esate. In th wee, we debe {hema of te eit for he number of quaroup ing he pot of he ‘an dee Wasrdn perme cojeune ade show tnt wo of he most Dae ‘Socea tbac cp (apnge cans ey Tan be ‘non gure ter word te aac law 3 ery pom conan SE ne we ‘Seer, wns ih wan oy Sees Ps eps Pat eed ® Seaman emer anh = (goenh obs im rss la Std in hpsqelsr Th tem ge eanneion eth pony A te sy oe Of mes STS Satan ele He We pay one SStv nal ion be ome oes ie pl pace Segre ese ee a Lien (el eat omni tp to sd aio of i ‘ifn ot sar enn tan he pram mt)= E Ta igkoe sees SEs “he pmo ey ca ai Ait tt Epil citag sepia eae “een wp Tiny Egret Pn Ett ag patented econ ape irpes oon ei SEER ES Sin ony ema een ant aro nce ie tay fa) maf 18, wee ee eee incl ge e{s aig: (55) Pain. sin pre af Se ty veer eres eet et =a ei A) et cnt neat a cee in a tmp a tt Pw, re mai has oad a i 5 (4 ay ai SE RS a eae lisa = errs 4. ortega us « (050 Pepin Pe er a a Lg iis a2 40)> ovr ‘a anor mig es a ue ee wm ian fre wget ope a ah ea nde ngs Oe) a (ta tie Sages Greve: Lignater AnD Cau, WG) we ane of ow set ve pone U0) Z 8 ta ie ee Hyd £ akin atte act 7 ok nner standin cha ot ae nn a ee en othe pied ya) of ea Gi ici peeps en pet al dea a Sica rn nt on aa ha Ca roto ae) (650 ee A ap Cf te pdm ne ‘ie migmoy i pred by fod jth en We ott of Gy a 2 Pa (Bata p> Palast pe hc ad es an Oy Eng Then: eae SH land pe ah Sot my Ga) dpa orf eter ne we seth eect oS yr ue cm se game 6.6. Orthogonal Latin squares ‘ho Lain squires A= (a) dB = (y) ae sid to be ean if, any pst) fears rom on) on aia rler fan jth ct Sink, hy = in other mond ihe t's aoe postion thee he cay F Sed ha ety Tet (oA) of Lain ne eed 8 oe of mata ‘apo Et pave ote of OLS rst iy te ean et at ‘nhogoal (Sins the tert pari oropael ed POLE oe ted nnd) Sometimes» pi fethgocl Lan sone cad Grtc-Ltin sere ‘The resem comet fom diferent repesaon somaine we. Tne of ‘mbes, hese am Be taken om anys f ae he ro he Sphabt ae commoniy wed. Now i we at lites of erat bt 0 heaint fo Aan the Goo for, ae sed the the tno eqns cn be mbna one vaaatuon nd And are orthogonal ad ony each ‘btanion o' Ean as Grek ter ora xa ne in th sune® Ft ‘es kev sete ontogonl kn sone of ole Sad the cerpending i] - [522 A quem wih at hd ach tention What i th masa sie of tof MOLS fede n? ‘is gunn lod conan wth he nese qt fr pve and Tite Hane eo in Caper Tot Je) aoe msn ue of MOLS of den We ae st cf te a bm hee as TETRETAICTY hale Sastre staring the a ro cl SOP aaa, MOC cite sme puto we ita SORE SERIE ah ote poms cot beeen (6) Proposition 19 pri poe then fin) == ‘Thi el nes Gali’ Thre on the extn of fa els (oe Seen 447) We oe te nt hat Sheet Sl of yen pre power ode ow weal the neni fF ta nder the owe and cola ofthe nse Foc coh pont Sema rs € Fy we dee alt Am wow (3) eR Cajon im cach A ie Latin eae Fam 3 =n the j= am fed tm yt i i ado y= ne nose an 0 Bat iene Toren, hee eqs ave ertogeeal Pot given ements 0 sm Hime ogee chad smti—h ‘Tie don appear o ep eve fo) in enc ott reo «loner Sewn Todor ty we worth det pode emt fo Lan neta ond ne he flowing oberon “ie ana sm nt a (He eae) (682) repition fy and Ay ar orthogonal Lats agar fore nad By 1597, depend Lain quae det thn the an sane 4,7, ad Becta cere ote hoor At wesw ate lt cl, did pce a rt de ft ‘pasos Ser hr opal ot aap For nen ei 1S ey tequapee Tho etenw nity Stepnli etotng te 7 oyna i i ry 6h sis Hatt ey he cpg ge, Now I spl Ts Sipere ants) ee (G) meee guaiigy a) STG) Lest: pu foto! ease voy a ait ee) (G2 tne ty we tbo ote (482) Mogan Let 9 = 9 wht ry we tint pie sd SOG haha See ne doa aor, Lat =p Tn wean dg = | MOLS of oder =o ne rand ot Sia fam of MOLS nun of MOL tbe Biden tq, yorsanfodg-1 MOUS ooh of eed aie he Joke pe ST MOLS of ern Toulae e gelyoae Theo) 2 sits (econ If 208 the thre et re hg Tai ge Sateen oor, If = 21 the Propo, then i ve by 2 at wot by 4 wo ha 2? nod 9h ‘er conlected ha the oar rao te ater wor tha fn = 2 (ot ten oop! Lain wun do x arn = ey ‘cer? posed in heft cape I ued ot ht Euler was ight west {te enn (ao sla ey at wow fra ger vate of mow rneny ha otf) w= arm Te en tty oan en ‘Biteemkr MOLS of ern fr albu afiy mony rae ft Por era ImoMOLS of order sot fr ln ecg n= 1,208) 6.7. Exercises 1. (9) Show ht the wane of nn Kin ogee i 1, 2 12,576 08m 1.2.54 pet. 1B) Poe that, up o permtatnes ofthe ows elma nd ambos ina Lain sy Boe ee fe, de et st (Show nt on of th eo oat of eo rhage2. Show Saft n 4 any Lain aur of ore etn be bind fom the ‘Latico oie = peop by peomeng rom column, nd boy ba thi 2 Latin agence A = (oy) foe = ido be roucomplete if very deed Ba Og oF tne oben sun emai once a comenive pons i ie eto im gt) Semen) (Note hat thee aw — 1) ode Te SP St Sa tem sown conten enmctve es Strymtate). Ta) Prove tht thes tao rw-comlee Lain equa of order 38 and contrat ne of rd & {Datos sory lene comple Latin vee. (2) Space tn te demente f2/0) re ween nw wegen (2 tn 0) seakthe popeny hat eveyone Smet of (oan tr ween ati Ter i ouren te swe Lat be the Lat suas (ih em, (eh and en indeed yO nen I) wove (i) ety SOFIE fhe ad eo Zr tn ina eae onder) Poe Get de klk ecompln and cols compe iy lenis sesh tat tbe aoe (hehe Qooode Liat bs) asthe property decid in)7 wan, Row. nd clua-omplde Lain sane ae wel for expen (espn her anon plate ay tera Ufo i fay of hee abe of 2 hasing exci three SRA (8) How nop SDs dom he tay 10,2,9) (24.8907 6) 2 8TH beet Lek (Ayn be fly of srt of 1, Sapo tha the nine SNE. Gk ial anne Prove hat the amy pees» SDR {Ure the tu oft an der Woden prsanen cence to prove tha the snr in) af erngemeatsf{h 0) sw anjznt(i-2)° ow don hint compre vi elt {Pathog ravine her Te dy) fab of X ten) 2 WI cay mk Beate {iy ny then er ann ine SDR. (sr dam? Seen which Belong al the ete) ‘me ale tr Sen tema Cone 7. Extremal set theory emt ay nT Choe nine ge ne, sect Sob eho ie ead in fee = en Matha he Gi Bok of ad 83, ‘ones: itencing fae Sere fn, de Bran ‘Theorem: ena fae) ‘reamets: LYM tod ‘cae ananca: Hal's Therein (Chapter 6) Stes ere (eo (Cape 8, ejecta (Chap 9) armas thar comes ann of abc of {pehng in tee of ann or ntecton af Wat he mama ie of ck fly? {Can one dia farie heh et hound? Ube macy topic eb ntodced by ample: Tn he caper, wll comer tine cami alan tema ct cry a the ete prot of he Dud {ea tty far oo ay fair sting to low ny decal depo |Biewcond us th oppnte the proof ofthe Sone rq fgets but nt tnuch re Wook nde gies pee deren offen ow The int ns omete betwee i taced braze ea wih another of oat epee grower, Let X= (2. ym) Th af al aac of iced the poe st of X sd dested PX) of tetine 2 (Tair nlaton sts to eft tn FB 29 wt actarl Mjctn betwen bens me in Chaps 2 ed 8) By «fom of semen abot 7 of P(X). The codon we wl ‘poe on fay alrite ope of el the ani thy ae flows (a) any tw er ave now empe aero (0) Set cme ctr {0} te el are clone Common pat seing some ratcton eer hen wt the7.1. Intersecting families Atal Ff et of X ie intercept ABE Foe AB AR (023) Propestion Aa intnecting Sy of eet of (yn) ir [FS eo iin te leeting ls ae Paaor, Let X= (hyn). The 2 seus of X can be ddd into 2! Complewetny pi (is; dea an enectig fil ona moe 0 ‘Srna ps Tl rove he bow Ba he ay of ol wa Containg » ‘enn deme (ng }of ba carialy 2" a neneng ‘There we fat tov any inlring ine of wine 7" fo hee fo be any ope of ching them ess coupe of ample a ann fo the oe a {he proof of the Propention raw fn oh et fl abate contig more thas bl he plat fr leant hare 7 oe aque ye pov it doe conta Se of ech pi of complmentary st noe ne moat coscon se ‘Sl tbe al ete sly moe thann/? pay hen die Um et of ae f/m compleenty pny ad ake eof eh pu in any mates wae. ‘Thi ges of erent enn (Nol att 40/2 an > 2 en ae B= [41+ 1B) [AU > n/2 n/n =, so he foie comet’ sly nee) a et 8 cont fhe een abet eaun 2 Let = (6.2.8) (148) (671 2.69 (2.57) 2.67) GSO) (ater (%8) Sine sn of ees 7 — the neta ft ett tae ta we coo mee ot then Fb cg td (A = 002 7 ow ae Ilr farther ati he to a he hse wa be i? 0 TSS ty Sr Etta nt teeing ad the Talat too lcm tnt sD pe meng et f= Mette ae fh sit at nf ch pf nd Mana ases {E)'= Gel ete tens ae ane me meng ted fe (2) outing oe cotangent of X ere on nye Sch hs best pone Mere eel, famy 7 of bese Go ning F052 ¢ fra FFs © 2) of ae ( (Cendng fl ns cnting fae ah dtl Bex poi pce nt [Feet tt pe oe a (13) Eee Rado Therm ive ad there et ym ch ha (iif ma tinteetng ey of ats fas ae Ba ia mot (3 ‘pec ae of thine gv oe Br 2d 7.2, Spermer families tay Zl pro nmin oF ply ie viet pera ag meng a Yor say fae by th tof a be of X of b ferme Sener fty Cong) ste Sac the Bane oat ica tbe pit ed Sinden cage Spr oro th pe oa when t= 2 fm see) snd whe = ee oer (vt Wn oh tar nh he Seago Spe ai aon tn. (124) Spene' Therm, Let F bea Spee ay of tbat ofthe n-ement Init, Then P| = gon); Mocoer sean holds then cna eer of a ef tai wt a hn acer. The ingenious rot se te concept of chin of eet sequence BemeaccA=X a Lrt~—~———SCS cere ermine TET Seat Atma oxen ta hls ult SEAT eta Stiyecaeptemie nem crouse ry rng nt not ra eri ‘many chains, by symaoetry. ® Tonge nk By np cha ie a Mel attendee there ner TN Botan -w'(Z 75) ‘Sm thre ae only mci gee, woe thatNow, awe ueady oboe be mide binomial coeicents te he leg, to tha reciprocals re he maa asf we ot = [2 Ege" bene |71 (2) the eg bound Wien ie his bound mei? Eeaig the argue, we wt tat taining he ound fren tht (i) = (3) fr eey Ae Fim ter word eey mt in he ov ther m= [n/} on nm fn Hn eve the hv fo meee al and mat con! fl he mt fa Bt fm i toe ee ‘rok reed In hat cae Se anda hea ee orm ‘Fetureto show ta rte al hve mo iy a ave se Looky a he poo apna we ee ha he bound it me then evry ca oaaar one member of Fs Ais ane tal Be te wh eB ihte Ae i and oat ¢'F. Now appre thas Aisa tin Feand fm ‘hermit Its pombe eB segues of we begin aod ending {Beem tag tee mr a ch cm a doy AcB2 Mc. We we fllorng te vguence, that al fs ost eda to Fw neat of le (wi i}aue da S08 © 7 See A war abt, tonne of a ee Slay fhe ut Ist nF he eons a hte ‘he inhnon stl hve eld the LA thie Hghi ei, i een om be fc tbl» Speer fay andl sca have at atone mon, ned the numb of i conaang «set ake snp ew rach 9 Sper xp slong he ame ie open ace 1.3. The de Bruijn-Erdés Theorem ‘The thie re speciation of the Lead of sang tat oe ot sk t eut one pony we sae ta thyme atone “Phe prs of sores at bade tins ht we ad Bf ify bane oubl foboing i cncentnie on wodetaning the eu The rots Halls ‘Marings Teste? (ea) on he enero ene of tint repeat (131) De Rr Rre Theorem, Lat Fe» fay of vabcte of the nat. Sapp that ay wo wt of 7 hae sac cn pita comen, Then F< Trogaliy oly hn neo the flowing seat cus (a) tpt remumbuing the ponte and wet we Bee = (Aya he enti) fs ha ro Ba = (0) to rennin ibe point ed te we Bape F = (Ay Aah hee Bentham tsand Am fa) el See (cs ome pose iter we have = q+ each tia F Bee +, Sed ach ptt nein gt be fF Runa. Cove i Sletten Pig 73. The at wo ae feat ne aun. coe Pe ecuality oa: {9 be duced in hens chp oa ie 72. Aneto faty ‘Paoor. Fi, wean espana enya in 7 a eto pine, For ifthe npey act nin Fmt be th al te And if 7 conta sla se (0 {Ben the tert of cinta ma nyt set n somo oe toe ai mos! n =I mote ety the xe cre Deng we Ssrbed Al me ‘Bop ame tat UF fort wey he cold bea on oe er ot "Shales "Te poe eqs «tc. 1 [F] > then hee ew ebily of F ih n ‘members We nei sans, ab how tat fhe wtan be oed ie ‘ilting the hyolbesS,fr at a the pl, we san avons hat we bare fo ‘dh amb oft nF hich ota (ete he npleaton voter fe ptt) Wein ati hy tery > by Ti bce cach ember of F contig ‘tet nae pt cde pit nel Soe Nest we di hei. Bry Halls conon Lt J We a aba of (un) hea BU) he self pola ented in hynny =) hen BF) <0, = 24) 7 Wb mcm 0 (CY hae he ae 3.29) Sm ten INS m1 ) the every Pa eel fehape Ay eB) =the Sone Se “has the i 8 SDM forthe fad (8° 3 = 9) I we chon the umbning vo tat ies repent of Be weave the cao tas hr oh om on ekrsbcvaton ti tens hak Now eel pk (A) with A ach pit eae Ay ad ahrom thn wo sain, we nce ta = fom "iow cueing te es hat > rye we tha guy pea vey int on Ar be ons ee of? coming he alt Look apn atthe ppzation of Halls Thorn, and ik: could wot J be eal "The poo howe tat hem nly bape [|= orn Task Sy) i etn, thr enn ta [B= Ivor JA) =~ Taek of ie 13 cel thie mane that nf the ve A pw ough fae it 1h eter of he no Sanony, we met hee concn 8) of the then So sremay etppe ba toy don ers v hl no net) ea exept = 9 06 TUTE Row te prot of falls Thorn sow al we ca ike any 15a hove ay ot te pa repre Now let 9 be wo plns of We aim to show tht some maser of 7 oatnat£ ad- Sappone nol Choos the mmbing fF 0 that Ay conte (bstnots) Thos By conte and we saya ste tepeetave. Now, a Jia show hi as tat eve pot ofA pares) hw om at of F Contin Tn lie word ‘hy bv pt Bion #enigee member of F Of oti hie hla i ce 2) of he hore Tse fallow tat here cana be nef wth move tan n members For any of lem wo sly he sboe IA weve addon mnt gion, TELL len oe ofthe fst sat (ay A) sh soma ad nad he KA parece to common pant “We ao have te faowing conan (+) trond i by than Suppose tha there re pol 2 wth ry, The each eof F onal at deat ne f andy Is ey fete ol then We may vppot thar (aechcging andy incor) ad v0 my tent atone of wd Bat nf one ay A en oth ya So erry tet exept A coil te dtd wad rape a cna ny = 9 Now Al +1 fr all Ae Frac for erayot Anan ia «pit #8 nd () apn Tak psa ‘Dea t naw? conta» and cach contain cher pat of Ts za bre Sous oreo smeng the pints Thue Get nee et yar che 7.4. Project: Regular families A tly F of abate of Xi pari vr oil sin «constant sue +o ements of in itreing om qerons of exe et nn eel to ‘eq fani This vaon sons regular inten feb. Ft howe, ‘reno Uhl replat fend et (245) Tee eh hep ag ne own ren 46(9 nh es py Ff hn wk = (4 a a pe nd gency tia os cet Weg ne et Tren Gf "hen ud on conn ae ec compen us of ht nse Te nin tno pen in er = 9). Sar desnatinna tps stent Sete a ‘ae ncn pope Un ny tape oe 27 E eo ad 0 Thane Cat ¥ of (eg) rh that [0] Uf) UU FT compares of the SrEh Tae eae SSE rae i eek gs i te eel St neo OE pig ay te (7 i van seta wage} oot a el iain pga Seine Wee ogy someon obees eee oa ‘SoS peat archon arty ss ahve tan pa ot Eien teeter 75. Exercises 1. Wet di inal of eon 2 tn eng ay of et fs wt ha Sa mst [glee a nn cmp pat ‘cre rsd pW eo cold ged Stayin fhe eee Pome Taegan a Dod gonwe aaa hy Suppo hat vin Tea nt fanimat Xba at mot (4) (nL € bh nt of al poof Xin n/a fie dat Sedo ow thong el bd) eye teach ob ‘mt meme fC Powe th by Sone seating pi (B,Ch whee 3 Sind Cee wii monn of] Now date sont pi (BC) wih BC F, CC, and BEC kaa vre/(22)) se, wing et th ih po pion it a fem Soa 2 (inns renee 8 wend 23 en et Hing EY aaa ee cna arn canes Sina upp Xavi Dae contro arte ea eas a) “ : {Sw tnt (Ef) ee ana at pow 2 cia eee eeeeestme seers gene seaman Cite ee tt ena we et ‘Porn nn ey fe (tof kt ha he sotlche aie unto tas a bays any fet of the So ha he ion cng nap St ech te Pa res ace baal ane soe teen och op ea) Senden pa ana a pi he Sr cpl or Bin wt Tier ten spn ett ot tera Dc) te oy fetes Pot kwon a Wrerdtaarey, (2 Fm ti feo pope he Ys) ty fet dpe a Savas ety Pe Facey c Fewest € MF) ath YP =) {c} Deduce that KK) = F. e ee pte dy ot het K.P a 1) « RA et are ing ay F of hae 8. Steiner triple systems ew the Camp a Maral inure rier omer 1 Kamei) ‘omc: Se tile ‘hed fie geomet ‘RcHNPH: ite and seamive conmccony; foe of Eat Netra ad ate be for cottons ‘ows maremson: senate (Chapter 1) ae de (Chaput faite geen (Chapter, 5: cng wd coe Jowmanent ‘ee chaperi devoted othe prof of exten of Stee tiplesitems. Th topes omer specie a he ean nahing sitar of de aad sce ‘oartcom (be ner bang upg self ome pe om ale ne] Sc ey wide pest 8.1. Steiner systems 1 104 he flowing problem in etremal tory wat pond in an ely {ram the Ladys sad Grae Day (Given intages wih << wha the ere ber ‘fmelamen woes 0 tclanet rt wih th ooperty tat ‘ty semen scot Bs to met fo wen a? ‘Teprotem proved dia othe ural rend and sola spec (ete cue = 2 m= The poled te cane fort yar Lancasre fenestra a an ‘etnies geer probe or moment we ober: seep at re pops pacing fea, at gud ine ‘apathetic oh acne tt te ce ton he ‘SSL? Kia ahaa Hrs ig be nod Meee SSS Fei sel nee (411) Propane 8 be» fpf wats of aah, ch ha any Lat Seri at moat one member 9 Tes ims (A) P40. We cn pi (Bh Lia tad 8 wh CB. tach ‘De car () oa fae otha () pan On ee ad, Ahrens () bet of and ch beamed ont Be he sean (th vsi-(7)< (3) ay ot ponte every Latin aoe) mente of 8 ‘A ple (Bh where tan nat td Bt ody of reset aang che Inpoton f the propio sad atasing the bowed cal Ser ean Sllimn}? A wey imports spotless pe ie flog ee which rar of dot Sie em Slr) exit? ‘A Sein se S23, incl Stn pl pe To reer! «net, el ten const of = mt of pls ad gt 8 of kat abet of (eed rps nck withthe propery tha nyo point of eins aig le The eer cle the od fh Sta le em Toth chap, stele teehee gueoe for Sai ope sw ly abana ‘Sider stem to STS and woe STS} or Stone tiple en of ones in some amp ig Ao show S(T, Me formal, (1,8) ie STS(T whee X= (2845667) 18 = (125,185,167, 26, 287,37, {Se wie 128 for th st (1,23, ado} ig) shows © STS), Note hat ale the ie sche’ probe pow Chute’ th wing shane Dok 1 se 108 Dos i det See Dye er Tee Moron hee ei Sine tele of nr [he pits ong "ho nt hese detcrmier completely the pote ade of Stine pe see (432) These hoe Sas ile atom of eden iad ol if ihr INST ees (nod 6. ‘This thearm amr ha nema codton sey and nied Sr he aiencr of vomtng Se pro! as to pts Fin we tut how ha he (ins of tae ple ue snl th corn th are ien blow ‘Sond ven a mumbern teen form we have comnaet« STS(e) The te rore ie od ila te et to sons Pavor oF rats, Suppor tat (X,8) a STS of oder Ch, we ‘pone han > We che pant propa owe et 1 Ay pot ar ia 1/2 tpn ‘Sheen pin ya cont pi (By whe 9x pin lle rom = sad Bugle contnsing suey. Bh there are 8-1 he fy fr ach ‘Boi, ae neq tp lang sy gether n= pe. Second iE ain cine hen (ce ch recoil to pt ihr than 3) he tier dees of epic nt) Heme 3 ot panda Gane 2 There are n(n 18 ee eget We count pic (Byres wo ok and ie collin = Each then pat ef 1/2 Wipe the enn )/2 pe hve we Spey, ach contain 3 pin then thre we Sele S018 = n(n 17 [Now the nec ofthe conto aon Foi > 8 thn ot (0 ~ 1/2 snd (oie ma be mle mbes Te Gt Sodio martha = of Meccan = 1.2 ar (wed 8 Suppoce tn (od 6h any n= 8b 4 4 Then Beier ete = 1/6 = (6+ 588+ue eens In he tt an nee, nce te BFS nr +2 ow be congront to 3 mode [oletha f= 103 (then th n—1)/2 ad mn 1/6 inten ‘at hi ls no guts ht 9 ST9) ex of course 8.2. A direct construction "The roof of vce Yo in the et selon aie arc conse in ‘rhe ngor Stoner op pour ace bul pS uel nT th ection ne ‘Mow tats dotcom canbe edo prove a ofthe onto Spec pe of 3 So (423) Propel = (od 6 thr exits TS() Suppor tha n= 3 no the n= Se where od, The pa te made apo the cop Of tenes dm Forma. fous ¢€ Zo Block ae tn ype (Fat fava tn fam aby Sco am Ea aie (0) ult ct be he, ef) ee veibing nt the wok, sure ht the eqn 4 = 26 a9 niger fr) nyt of vey Gent ber we ik Fe DN Spc teatt er00) ny een chy te a nag ea a er empha te wae roan Ft a ne! tg, Tes (3) = m1) ceo aj od a nh ht ee Tan nso pa te ope Test ‘She ie etd ye Ton akr oer inn = 1/2 4m = Bln — 1/6 ek € Bi # jan clay mss. Now lw tif tha they do fom a Shiner ele sen by ‘Boeing hn any tr pt as wlgn pe “Tae ae eter {3 Pits ad p17 jl contining them mut ftp one sean abort nig sch ple. a) Pot sod fy orcad ethene simi {iy Pomes a The enw ania ile of pe (an eno ihe of ‘ype fees ah wee sacha tal hea) = whee j= “i Poa bandon od a: icy (Gy pit dy ftv Be in» ge Bock of 7p (0h {Sp Poneto and gly For n= he gt» diferent king STS of ede aft tra to be thee er Btn isn F 8. in whch he pe ae nt Sor. Hg 82.5150) 83. A recursive construction eae embnking onthe min basin, we lend to one pores det: the ‘onsen of» STS, To th would yma treet of 3 pat nd 13.12/6 = 26 ple, ad rare the vento fo th eet, Hower the een is ep es ‘romaine mor gener owes base We take to be te 23) of rue dee dul 13. Conse St the (4a, Be We clon ta the toning ols ‘ily conn fom te same set By 28h ‘Tie en by ital ponies geno get tee no? aot ar ing tha eth fhe 2.3.2 = expat ur me Ba: Now lt Ba (a tabes sex), hee Be 22 {t4 2246) (S08 come of hep 04 125235. 28 aa) ‘i ai tht LX,8) ie SS, Clout X io 8 and 8 ast of eat of KX. Un ny be dina pot of My € then 2—ny te By and eat) nro By the dm above, the rw ngue ce of 00 90 Pee ihe By and thas sou eet sy ee ae ‘Meine Se era alge ple octaning = ad “Ph teceiqe mnt whenever ne cas od set Bn 2/(n) ve hat any none canet oF (a) an be mtn egy nthe orm ws nd ©‘howe om the ame B For empl with = 7, pone oath a ‘Bra (003), gig se to the fear SS) bled iw eet way (83). AS ie 82 STS(1 i pe forme ‘hie contrcton mae mack nae sel. We i for al pine ded, pine powers) which ae congrcst 01 fod ) os Prag (Soon 8) Now we come to the main tena wal. Thi i» tceinecosiain, being args on from sale one Pn detain A tnbpten of he Sees tle te (8) property tht ay tein Bik ost ps HES fal cnn in hae F hen) 2 he ‘cl pte ini omn ght aod we ayer fo hs aes woaytn whoa coheee, (431) Prpiin Suppor that tee atu STS of rer contig nay [ore and ao thee eins STS of ede. Thon the eas 28 fet SP a tes i conn coy afte STS) ao alpem Moree, OCC and > then ea be ned haves subesem of cder "ua ve nan gi isin ST af rd 18 ‘aa au for which never cones S79) te he rope aie wagens(ioet 90 seca elit ‘Tae iden bein th contin did Uh hi tenga he 53) ade Siegelman TS eae "cop fh page Now indir» Sosk Sy sing So pete tbe eso th pt ofthe SS) on th iets ome ed {ta eon the sine the ba We have (ee) Paty ene wore we hre tne prt, og on ag pug he eax Gus atn pis ef he Any pe ws tee pa ts ‘Sen pags We se S15) hp we shows le eae thet gr armed ye pointes Foal hn he oi wt the SG) (ay) Uta Hl pie svand hoi fy frm SSG) he ot oe Bisodbe fo. Sa) Re faye) oni zim) ‘he beck a fo tp (a the eof he STO) copid on ach page’ (ac set condting ofl he ‘and al te yl aed by Ue mapping ha Bas all and np fo aa (tales ofthe orm. ds "Wich hepa abe yen ft epi ofthe S60) aad Py fy Gon). Leer Sh tat work! Take two pute If hay Keon the rae pas hen they ea ig tae of te ft gp, by te eng prety oft [STS(eh Weyl ow ive pags then ty he te amy 8 yy hte tbe Then the third pn ee le mat have te fr 0 aly Gatemiaed byte rlement thal yy a lf te STSo aad by ie Squrmeat hat iy ipo ple fo how the tpt ost he byte of ode 7 appt tat cucu ands 1 Sncew->0, we may takes poll oof the abpeten, See 25love m= = evens cho the seeing of the po otal iia ns tp ote tabi). Sine w >i thre a lef he STS(C) say cnc Now 8 nly heed tht he een pins (au tdue= 1284 = Omid form w abate Fi 84), ig 84. ASIST) eben, [Now lat A be thes of pov integer for which hee i Stine ihe ‘yom ef ores nee are ato the soto a amber n= 1a od ‘kha, we et D be he eto pve ingest whieh tee exit + Seer pluton ere noning a subyeen frdeus tain We aot 2a rub of A.A the Sling inpetons bod Beam 6ew nebem—Wer ‘Ths ae jie by (621) with the long ae (9,4) ona) na na (aims) Gina stem ncongrent oI, 8 1613 (aod 1 Now see eeoteds ik 1 =16E +1) eerie Am iy d M6843) ces de Aa ik T= MOk 43) —2e 8 Sk43e D2 8k49—H68+3) 68 Hi9e Bo tks ~6hs9)— HED Shire Am Wk 15 = 947) —6eR We cla ht eery aie ember n> 15 in B. Supp and ake staat counrcampl, Hs (ool 1, we tbe 8 3 fr TALS S's ewok 0/2 no 6-1 CB ance Gest len ad ‘iting teehee cm hwy Ed epee fo SETS aan a So the im We pore ween sow tha cach se thers iB Saul vac of (000) (1h oh he tra ‘penton wegen inh fawig ae (a7) I= 1470—1) 6.39) 1490-0 Gna) n=0saT—0) (93) B=1439—0, Gai R=14 8-0 Gua) e34303—3) (ua =14300-0) 3519 dow coi al admiublom 21s Suce BG A,and ice Acoli An and ia otc poe rang eg u The prot of th hor cnt: ges a umber =| of 3 (nod stmt he we can vad of om the poo amber sch ha {i Si can be ed to conc an STS(o) For erampe How o cont Freie Sac 5 is 418, nae. Sep 98 we mae STS ‘han ase 2 = 18114 1nd 811 +7 = we aed STE, Them ince Pe ip ec and. (91225 we aed « STSQS) The the weenion ote ui the po tl hae to constrain “he conto gies heresy no mean he ely oe ons, Raed 2 sed 1 pind comply feel STC) "Thin nn th ond of the tary — oe cn a how sy iret ape ee sus ol forming» Stns tpi gem ons npn shen = oe (od (at weno pes deen gueton fm ao of oom, Bow dv can eget ton STs? 84, Packing and covering Steiner triple saan epee! spel ston to an extemal wt protien — Inde tote such protien te me now dene Thi ton, Whee» Ave ag «condition containing the werd rnc a xen ae fat bath ‘Shut oo0 ands oat ao! ey commen; oe exe polo ae feed (eu pukng ad covery prod "LA te nat nit Cont A (28) pskig ie et pe ch hat any ‘wo pao 3 neu n of ue mbe f Band» (29) cweng et a pes sch tn any ro poll ecole et one meat of ‘BOsnusiy any stot of» pkgs pcking od ay sapere of» creiag 18s eovenag; no weet) dente the Se of te lt 23} peng nad) the eof te mae (23}-coveing af on ne 841) Popsion 1) S01) Wensnie ye (6) ovaiy als eter Sound a ty ithe exe 2 S180). Pace) The aguments ar taih doable conning Foe pcking cath ofthe ‘ley pa cotainedin at mest one tin aod ch of the) ter ‘tan ely tae pan Fr covetng the ony vere. ‘Then ifn 103 (eed 6 me hae xn) =n} = nn 1/8 Footer alae, rl am okie potter ae (442) Propstion (9) A) < SUF ew Aco. We Stow the agen forthe ery condion fo the exten of ‘SHSfn) 3h Lx B bes pecking, Then by outs counng ay pit» ea tino 85 tipo 8 ower he eumbe fe cotaang i ntege oa rond hs umber den to Then agi by double ong, hette umber of ier at mont 55) amd ga, we cn ound ti suber dows ‘he ara for coverings a, exept tat me oud ep ‘Ths bontde ate ot vas land. at here nec hte heya (43) Propaiton fn 0a? (ed 8 he le) = nn 23/6 por 9 mn = Then Ste aye "Oe the other hand, there ei Steiner ihe system of ceder n+, since ht santa a cngriat o Us ed OTe STS fur ak, of leh seh oie inj 8 if we omore one poi eal per onaning we bia king of oe inte 2» vas ‘eject: Some special Steiner triple systems “This wtion deve sme comico of Ser tle stent by alae, ‘ather thn coun method The ang tone haves high dope ot race 1h cin de calf iu Se pen. SSSA S SRT SG Bear ed tbh id 3) ot 2 Lt Vb er ein FT etic ei Cd teas i = ean den ory an (5) ea Si tee pe ae 2 Ogegege ensa-Gepastytme-t=in? ry fom iens pes SPAR reine typ seh a Meet py Priv pene a ae agra a ey A ge une pun erm es 1 fe Sone pec Si em nt (021) hen ASP fnd ayn cen aren or er (59S in ie ten le.) ie T9419 i san ov omen (Sy a8 ni ry ane ncn mein cae pecs ama ae etna ow) Shas Satara oa = (0), Ween an oetion + on yh en (9) naa po a ve ar api 0 Ysbyty ee (5) arn m2 esi tof ee To at ing fon Me Satan na to pn coon nen ‘es min ing Se 0) Vb ia en Balen nnediag ety 2=0) ‘sa (6) ai ig nen oohen io. ei Spr a «#9 one Rates ts mienias Feces str te i en ge nin 20 he Ta Son ge ted ten ede foment Serres yet rate nna PSiieSnmgeor rat omeeas “tmody tow sny eam ei inf t= wih ee ‘hn hia (443) Pion Lt Bb Sno 2) Spe al ee Seema kt aire ad eget ease Bo twonasistsezin ee Bp = 0 86 BT 2 Sere aati i 9) he tat in ig feds Sep ee Skene tay tena meee diet? GaP AoR ae SLO cet or dar pn = ese ca fl) ae ae saa asp picts ETT fad) prea ‘ie ey peng ed hc By ain selfs Poe ew Tip = ad ene et 2) can ere ith ll [amen en OTE ‘ale enn el tie pon 2/6) 0 Bo TE ep ect a peo he Sree sae a pie poy oo, Bee oan Sea) ZF Aerie ie dae nen iq ee a i om “he 18 webroot fee ned “acuta ing Set Sn ve et hve BR inne cbse so comet Rew re nope ome ccd ¢ = (es) worn say or pine cede ie P(e) ping 2) he TEES Se ected oom ae cnt age hed sy 2, 2.6, Project: Tournaments and Kirkman’s schoolgirls. ‘neo, conte Kim wn stn Seis Pre, We aga it ens Then ley Mode db al a snot tepgnaie span ceed eae hago ema SESS apes ncy sce tne oe vemos ‘Tad tachetmcue rugs rm “erate cenafan 2h et pli yt ae at 2 a ao cy ‘Tits masa ofa ps ofa seal ah of as fitter ident tt a en : Egencia in in rata eee ig 47 Aownaen hh ft ‘atin ae lip ie at ns eT esha SORT apc a ck ol core aris ssn ‘ey er Kes syn rong Fn ent «STS, Dee ea ne peep X80 goad peup Pate Meet vat in Tes bab nafs pin gives ost “isp mieten gt en ger ia he pst ‘Soe pia beng aeae besa aren ny roi fe yr ben ane en ae ae (Se i erty ae in aya amy tg tg inne (p.) somgom e is et le i irs i i ey, nig oh ig og nny By io a Si ana ‘SCR Scnain ada es pea be Say [7 she Beige tae gate Yee) see te Sd tie ‘Sena oo us) ad ti mae | 24 Hon enya inh (ome mel ne Seay donseea =a oh 102) testa ledr er glen pany Sow ep fy tae cd SESS acta ate soap he eaean 1 tn ti ne Ta geal Snr ple etc, hoe ele as be pritne int mee sw a propery tn ch ple avs le of ee, als einen st 8.7, Exercises 1, Kika al focple, ot aly cot) pro of the iene Seta gos ara eter ktean snl ohne oe Sy Sieve eed» Sn is emo oda and Shee et eta {Tv loc are He chime o how sane, if el ten Ss xt (4S aa dst en (0 WSt am ten Se Soe tate {hi flor a ux fr al pute eg n= 93 (Cosas Rr sto af Sow So? 2 oom «Neem of er 25 ‘ns Are fon 4 we be toda eae ger oe 2), ee cnt FS) ae be pie oe Bek wc ae pda We nee a's men wy =F 1 and is adele iedecie oer 2/0 lt CFLS) = (e4 be-abe 2/0), nee = 2-1. Al hl remot cot pte fe tron oie) owe ty fe a STR pcb ume 70 ht nse tea ein it) ove ar sateen S750) ‘ite at ny oe igo 0 STS) mo moe a» SQ), ee Se en's eww tm Taya ean betwen Sis le tena 8) ad (Xt) ica tien nny 2 0pcr Xs whch es th ig ey thee Be Yon SSCLEEEIS po hashes We own fea Tend te ewe ao come sooner Taunt After ia hinge gt mse il Th ae rely noniomeric [Ets rcs iad ion of tro marpe ST fe na mer ht cows br nerd ‘ta avons of Stine pe eon ne woman om he elmo AST RewettSitcpe row orb ae cr aan vey. 1) Prov th na aie pt site, eck ae et eben of cal {Povo ite le ten i Kina sem ‘Pane that thee as jut tro sansomarghie Ste tile 6. Vey thefaowing vale of the packing and coveing fase for amall A Stine quadruple tem (8) pl (XB) were Xe and B x ction of cement bcs Of ced gdp with the proper that ay thie pate ‘SE are contled in nique quadruple The vember n= [Xa he ode ‘tah gondrpl se I $95 of ode xn with» 2 2 dhn n= 2 0 (med [is condo bo alent th prot» more del) 16 (8) 54 85 order then 8 =n en 2/6 8 Leh X ben vcr space ove (2) ad et 8 be the ae of ant (2,958), foe whs py he bo 0 Sho hat (8) ea SS. Ila be SOB 922 ae ioe (of Bi ann ran Cah me fe ip ete rep a wes“ cy ait PEO te Mop R eben teckel fants tt iS Sah eM ee shoe argh igh tlh banca er, 14, Lt (48) bea STS of onder mand ¥ a ebysem f oder my whee m 1 Show fer ham drei aed ony ver oe Bentane ber oe pole of 12. Lat (4,6) Bea STS of are = 2 4, and Y abate of ode ws Poy deh Fors lyk be thet of al pase (2) C3 for ec) € 8 Show nt {en turamet eee on XY ‘Show ie tn tonto oa breve 0 ST8(n) ands otnnoent sched fod} Lean be med ob 2 S132 $1) 18, Lat (%8) and (YC) be ST, of rd ad reget. Lal 2 = XY, ‘et cont fal igh ofthe lone pe (ean tenes) fee © (oo) eC) ((suntenahtev) fortauzyso eBiy es 1 {(eunisaya ea) fr Casa) © 8 op) €C- (bet hal stile in Bad one iC pie ie tose pl of the hed opm ‘omepontigt the six pre bien em one othe ether) ‘Show ht (2,0 ea ST of orer mn. Show farther alm > and > I hen (27D) contin sabe foba et ine i hee eit ST3() wth eben of re 8}? 1s comrcnae rar, al ee wg rem pws Chae RSS rah dyn fe on Sao hn nh pa SPS ae ote Wee cht hr poem ne on EEE TESS) ors nee fate Sand hee ene wad Sepa te tight bref he i he eed op Some ai fre teat fo te pele: “range ala orth i wet ight ag ied int seen ‘pour of soa RE en of nr de any wo gi al ttre THE Belin mnt ny toe walk opt one ta ter ed ui (2) = io i ine ve fra ira See wpe scas oven Sat nd plea veer hoge tomb We make oe ging ‘iconcd Sabor elon ae We nme hat The rege even STS) ca be tained by sping al power Secpbtuulans afar Ties groove We can ume ta the stating am he ne of ig 810), ih pint wt Svante 1 (23,44 0,1, 258,260 15,20, 38,38 38,20) We cas ao anasto ea faethe ej cet sder, (That no pea tw ee deen on amet of Gest a pu ot pn Se ale) Fal, tee unique power of # Sean She weap tne ta @ det. Tanne nin a=(eWdsadede), sehen 9 some onder oer word, (2 "Thou sgn fom eit em (88) 1 foci reall pomamsions (274 eSchek ehcne 88,80 ay pried Repo seco i. ‘rogram ts aleation (You shold Sd wo pests which ir eo ssoitea) 1: Tesi rated gen, ayy showed tha ie mponeto prion te (GS Sedtee etcetera nonne Te Siti Stree end Viti bere Ta pt a Cate 9. Finite geometry tan Wen Bd) ‘ons Hite ile; Gnnan coe poping and fie Arometson projet pane veamaoa: Lineage ‘chonesaranica: Binal cont (Chape 3); Othgona {at une (Chaper ; de Bra Ede There (hope Shaner tle lem (Chapter 8) Prete gem oe te elds ope feat impart, fr many reo. pro singe cleo of highly yet stucre wih iereing ope elimi seed mnog ofthe fay a a fet evi = intreting perpetrate reli ewe ate el fe 9.1, Linear algebra over finite fields ‘Needy etn Seto 47 the hae fat boa th eee of field (043) Fae sate ‘hereto ith eee an en a rine poner [io then the Eld enigae opto meron Ii cled The (als el fdr, dented by GPG) “Ti fc proved in ny goed alge tenon. har icaded a tle of ‘he po tthe td of tng (Srbon 89) I Jou havent me elon etl i th alg ee ou mn ake rts hap mind {insane he ede pm (The Gals fl fine erp the el 2) catego) nad Wnt algebra it nul aud ht the Sloe which we work the Gl of eal pombe or ply vome vases euch a the anal ot‘plex number). Hower, sn vething wos the ne oe ie el, ‘he defen of bens independ pang et i apace; eal ind OW) = Cnt +1) = dtd) + i), ‘he rpeentation of inva map by stn, and thera ad lity form how pean nd yeltcd elon form uo wok in hte wa; bat ice ‘rei ee sw sch hem. The he pe of to peo ae ae az by nonaeosaa Deda of oe row tarot, ‘Tee pens dost change he ca dependence ot indepen of the owe St lee a te pr aed To ai = oy) nid be in reed ceo form if the fling thee tramp attest thee oh (17a eg thet the nding in he vo : if clen culo be ning sme otha al beret a0 Now the felling ea ol Snes ager, the meter soto of echelon form’ (wre the hed snd in he detain dled) etic bay frw rac e bout ‘educd econ for igen aed thes 0 ue fo Uh weak frm 9.2. Gaussian coefficients We reno ging odo oe ousting in wetr pace over i fe. Tet V6) {ens ann densa versace ne Eg) in the na of vcr (023) Proposition The amber of vce in Ving) etal to aver Ae wth by coming «bs, me spree the vcr by ll ples of ‘Semen of GP) three fa hese ‘The Cowein carficet i, ede to be the numberof fsimenonl sabapce of Vinh ‘The oumber finely independent tape in V9) eel (=D 0). e. ‘i ore yng he nmi of ie of he of Sec crs Tiny rn scan be epg rp sre ot Jone) etsed mt este he} inne! per teed ye avg gehen grea he ame ate eG Tpnndenel ‘Se si pt te) ling sae ‘Now Emenee pinned by & neat Independent retry sod wr hare oid Bos gn ruc lane many ie oe Hoe ay? Sou the mane of Eeaty open hgh Senco ‘site ih ad om the fo by pang fa pce of We SCC hy mit tl eri fer Cg pow tome Th gn cother ay ten rar La tad b= 2 Oven gi ij -igeese ee TPAC Hes eee eat eet ‘We ee by cong mies The onl shapes ee Girt. Got) Giat . ) 318). Ghd. ¢Rauanx 1 me sad the Gann ofits faneton of rel race g (here moa fae Sed inte) thn ed ha wl) -() ee ig St i nisin all asee-0 or thi ran th Gain cents re someting of he ‘rom eat rine 2, The Guu conte cn be gies «combination fa of ¢ etc tha 1 9 Jot pine powers Tor re dataguited cet alo 0 aad ‘hon the dete “ir oer Q nse sere ‘Rowgh the laa nesta at The be of mae decd ‘he fv with bso Yow ir ier by» pata nD fo infin ‘Suey velo (the pine pow t poem! clas ith be Goa fic ehh aes plyomtlv the re etal eq ‘The alicia etal wt ghee ocarznce ain fr the Gan ‘ents apne on the ight Since ee te Ook for thi olny the ‘ene inflows Note hi raion ree tothe Reo erence whe 4s Howeve, ‘he om ent sot pmmee (Ror pie amy oe Ener Tn fc we bae (024) Pootion ‘root, This flows ism the non beens dimesnelebepce of V = Vine) and (nt) densa span ft Gal space V* (where espace 1 orapond tt aor") ‘Th we obi ne recone: P-feks ene ve Coase: 1a ah ue ot fhe coma of cm coef can be eed to the pando bot we hove cough for our sede 58 We cas ae the meaner redation bore lo pote «pty anlage of the nou Poste (1 (038) Seon Tr To+eo- Zeomfil Peen2 ‘aoor, The poo i rghrwnd induction, Per = 1, Both aes ate 1+ Stppoe ta th ese for The flu+v0-( Th cee of on te Ht ool vo ((] ts fle) ee roused. Engg se bi th a inns Theor, 1s now ety bo onthe nosing males.(824) Taam The anmbrof nonsingular m1 ma one GF) i ele ‘Paco sare mle non singel wd oni if trom ze neal depen ma wh ene Tah nang the propery tat each ety acc eel once In each fo ‘Shu, “ht, feLate squire A = (ag) a B > (6) we oogealfox rule (haf mente ow ny here ee bee vals 0 ad eh wey ACT Net (ei) of atin oe ale ee of manly rhgeal bat suas MOL) any wo gure nthe et re orthogonal We Te Eat the cnctot he move tae n “1 MOUS of ode (048) Them. Theses n=1 MOLS of de i aad aly tei a aie ne of rer ace. Given (Ay Ae) oF MOLS, we ul pee of point and ine oenfing paral i lacs We fete ato be be eal of m= 8 gael inher a wsigue new Be ofthe = (iat ‘Ths athe ipo ie (0 tensta nen ofthe arm (39) 2 18) sel on fhe arm (9 = i ee aed {ofc ach apace em hand fo enh nay (Et the ot {6-0 Hh mi none ited ok‘enter are pint td any En cota pot ‘We i ha bw plat eon cto ne This eat fo asin ot ser ne; ne the dctaton of Lt gue gure hati pot of (peel nen ifeatonr sd column Partbomor sof pe) ms Tas me gute ae hg Sa conse wo ls of ype de By ‘fre fon and ety by and by moe Ay and ayy repectely. Cool ey Estee eau (ns) aed) cmon? fo, th eh he poston {hag Aoshi Ay, bey Ky contacting rhage Now an pit p Bes on ++ 2 ie: coe hoot ce veal and one fr nc OF er Tose ao sonnel 1) pasate has pe So THe ne swim sn y Bing astber prot (more ale Ge teh ei ef the upper tone uty bald wd oly 4850 fpobure one la tat the gem a aie le arc pe ht tn of rn cr bw usd pul chess Wee pal de (HoH) an Thao tePattne feb he vot an veel ns Now an) pate oo sige oom eH d's ge vr Ene Vj we can ie a poi the onda G3 "So et Ea) be ay Sarthe pra et and defn» mati Ay he tule el Ay kif ony oj) © eh enalehcked ht he ma 8 TSH Parthenon ihe wate chains! om eet pa! dase (rhogonl So we cbs sat of 1 MOLS fom or afin ite Ruane Given any st ofr MOLS of oder 8 gnome can be conrad SERIRC abe grout eh pint ad (re ith nh in boing | tt two nso onitd he ie fn into +2 paral Se Sock geome led we 9.6. Other kinds of geometry Fite geomet bare produ ewig vet of aw tps of pote, ce Roel se ot seer foe pty pla space nd lie pla ‘Pes pls opal oti need pens, aes ‘Ming seats, I wl yest fof the pen wa Sonn tel jv pa ‘We ve ace sen te rion bene projeve an ane plane. Not ncybingy te seen be done ny diene We dfn then dineson! “Bee petty AG) oer the dd GF) fo be obtain fo te preg (owely PC 4) by Segaating«hyperlace subypce of eodineson 3) a ‘tpt ny ud dng ogee ith al he bps coi. ian be plane can he extern reptvesaon. the wdesing seca pce Vf ext yc ona (Sah NO TMke te hypeace otto bane eqn Sys en aay om Pn as ucgue pantie wb Sy ny (nT dw a pes ign yt nae nyt) Mevas rgd ta retro Vina Now the wise geometry can be opened in {Eat ttm ut be asocte = yf meatal ven reps Wa ‘Va waa ene ex pnt: the ely Oana apace 0), i utente the nghton (oleh an be Wented edd! recone CTV Now tice hae tt of inion conte ptt Te nee ‘onc Se eh a the te fp has th nat speed Af cso the on lprsentive bg than ge othe se cn Sommers (943) Proposition NGI) ba pat ae fi, to mension Each ‘There ar there abot recon of fine space He he Veblen Young ‘herman et more eped We moat pce fir ty fe (bl se the euron of ale tie ple sem a Satin 83). Smt tis main hi ome eng et hiagy the nat wc oe in onecon ah ego Lala uae ao ace phsesin Scion 98 Tat aha be poe integer. A peta gomly with paramere tie scum tpn nd ae fr whch feowing ome hl ‘oe ncea wit at most oe ie (ad woe Wt ol one fat but thereunto the prea 1 TES pointy rot ith the le th thee ate xa a oi of aw ay cys ap nce 2 ‘te commen pavaindemotsrae ta the ac ofa para rome wile artes sie ual oom apse, (The Sal eed ia tie pe in Seton 05) Noe tbat = 0 5 mil) chine perf tne pea ce Lt onlin oes 1 paral gost with = 41 Ba te prope tt yt pol eo a niger ine Porat pag be pons sod oe onaingy 1 ao cota sieve doe yy he hd asa adh fact that Td. evey pit of Tain praia) cll ih pn Convey rere a which te pe itn cig oe an every Une ts conta suber of pal ns pati omer whe Theue nude poet ad aflae panes pected ‘Enc spucs of aiey deme ire ar Aut) Sie este, nd compte raph (th to pt pe ee ‘Ave (tandem any of MOLS ain Section 9.5) pel pomry eS a ieee ede Roe tara a ae “Coorg Gea pl pone wih o = etn = 94 ands = 14 alin wo en pra hy re elo iil, we see gen ay pos‘ad nL hte wig ine hronghp panto. Hence pani {.Ssqiaens ron and each pre ve con all he plats 09 on. ow ever ie arn pnt Tolls tt every pare ate sm ies (e evant ht peal der men nch ee cae ne) ad tee ae oie sopter Ther jw ae "We conclode tat west tbe same a prt gametes with @ = ttn ean a t= defines «gee ‘A vey impetalKnd ofpvil geome cnn of gerd quarge, ened by the coiton that ¢ = We eat sae pete oom ‘onder: ol re ate any ois, Buece 12 ners Hpi cowton of 9.7. Project: Coordinates and configurations ‘A you might expe the ej past PC(2 9) bare many epecl proper ‘et sured by ateury panes Tee poo of thee propery mst ove the Seber i ler wor we nok ih connie th he _pemriteconigrtons tbe repre Te secon, ew er Bow fot 9 eordnnn, nd bene them to pote oe af toe et fot Ucn of le tome, Sgr There lat P= GPa. The ponte of PGC.) are times ebepace of the vector pace V = VF Bach point itp by wow ero reco (42); ba ‘Fewune any acne mie (rey) meal pn te ae pt tre Sain (9) fr the pio spans y (5,10 hat [ye = lee Saye 0 Thee zy, ee eed homoencous ordinate fr he pi (an erate prcedne wos be acl te aoe'ane secre eae f nats contact lpi of te he, snd thee dene pot To be melee ‘Ste of vor) “Aylin canbe epetnied by sa wation 2+ by + es ~ whee a he tee not al tro We te tha ulihing one by 0 costa doe change oe ‘et of pont on the noo ne eat vere Ea by eas soe lee Valeo stipe othe in elec terms Une 2-dineesina ‘hepa of Vy ace eesti Tendo bapa of he dl pce V"). ‘econ End siquetepreetaver ofthe poi aed lier at tbe cot of atingihing eFax th perpen we Lae the ine = 0 proved isn tobe ee neatly” Now tay pola not on eM ny ae ‘Sine plane) hae > 0 and mo hs ulge opti [yl (obey ‘ating tnogh by ie innene of the td onic ts comepon othe ‘ial Caresan curls 29) thease pane. The are pene of it oe ogee ‘Now re contr the inet. On of them is he Ene a nity, 0,1}. For ‘mots Een, nt scott geometry, ne ea a the eunsion Yo be ycima te hse as ope mad piney he sanded a (he 2 a Co eigen spent thay en a Se eee eee SSrrgse nuance anes a leree ifretarter eo cremate egrears ree Oo eee eS SoS eer mcoreelcembeme rent eperimmratate tare cesmac saan teat asnure a mata LE £0.90 0h = 9+ C= lesa eb eas freee hey ‘ oyster tan one gy a, ‘Ser wey rm ert ae ery) ah nn et Suh Seip stata ae eee hi a te aa po cn dip pron pla ait torneo pepe ae Weekes Ca PO ad ae rie th Tara nti rie ote ter pee penn ee See er ace Pet pe emp mn ew (473 See Den oe pom te oi Pa cn a ne onal ih a ey ao Seay tnt © or gt ph pt stor Sl nn en of i peace tee eSpeer eeth toning rtm mnt i nance teams aerate CRS erase oe OUSSATUTS LOWE PSST ponent cee penn pugeenrreeatinn Shipments cures recrataoa Sistine EEccasihe se ant aut cea ta nerd of a he ae men, eying ee SEE Sos nga Oy art aah optic we HOE SSeS Seacrest en ett riLiniermiitoese ere TS et et Baby Bag ako = He aca ah eed ney Pt a ime ine a aig STIR PUSH anes rie ne i rE a ran mip rte member tsps lin cdg nO nn See SSS a caiman ‘Lert ae aw, than gn tin ring die sen st pot Ely an ari cn eral SOS TANT hee tte nd ae FS ee Seana latina cae Pag ll oh PSs nd on nt pre en wah Ss Teh ins 12 (cd) ads poi pla BS com off snare of ge etna fmt th a ae oe re Js ay monde bow snpby eer ought of Im fa hve ae depend Ie gnc meer rele eon ite des Mv, ring lee oe [Equitas tor modo pine gla bythe swe of Hv Mowa hci whth hve importetepcninsacombaatre The emt hte a ‘erpurded ae he few ureter forse spec eee ee inn ft Wt ae be hese ciel seheat ede eatesient TER LG (ool alt vn rte pe ope stagnate ee be atariter jcegeamee orc her nt Eps tat pe chen CSTR atte tea a eset flan tf ed nib tn a ae Te PLT LM a a Tec mir di 0 eh Uk TAS tS aa Bb panicle see tow arm Wn ee se i yet to ne SER SewaneeBa tikes taste? aa aan ar Ra ee wpe eae on mar ow edo Si Siastaneh cahesioral pti ntact t pot cue oes op Rpm hn rome ane eee end wig sah Serene SS ea ey sone ‘Simei equ agen 9) aun zumsesegragTinse Spore "Wesor mth yt of eo as on Dar 1 Renna cin Da nro ee site. The PLES pe ea or opie Tha ee ead aetna 48) = tt ah ett Dh ner achat gute Tesentalvagl net pal ost t= at yet amp me inna fe =o» owe lt bh eBlel+etiataes ens (acre? pia a he iy nh il io CATA memaiulponti hie nce ei seppe ao ur fennzon (oshediale erie te " wieets ete (wat Belial) ~eom a? ere? sagen te a rca gn, bat ti rons £8 ook. ‘eter tie Sorta he eo be a 9 Ani Pa 1 Per iceman ope vance am seg nan (QB) te Songoomce =e eal, andt quan sone) eee eS pam Co TLTSE COC treme ota et ESSERE wen pot en tc SESE eee mega: Sa a ope we fe ani ine Seen cece se Reese Bee Rea Sis actin ee soe te lds 9.9. Appendi ‘Tis sation pee angle poo of he ai eence el (eo Cal fr {ie fl hed it fr secon a he hyp Te eta ay be some ‘iy, ble sandard alge tetbook demo ou “tir el ewe ng Pn en 7 SOE RIESE te a fh ey Fre ley ae yee ern stop os coPoemsne areata nbsnumnnens ony sterests ar rent eaten aa ‘ci so fo) et me) A mina ch neon cen Foe male nf wl vce hw oa Sat Fa am oy nat Bmot memenititetten ent ee crlgtee terete nent eae _ Beasts eres eS eee rns Tate Re eben eye mrp ok asc trp. Tin npn rfp steht > mm Ne SSM STES sees alan nner bet Th tn (st yh ht Fer Hn a Fan nen et Toh ap) cela demass Tn DoO A SRE I ny st Fig ee poet 20h meee New Sep thos he nige h c Y t St ape ine hn ep Se = 2 i a ei ft nia t= (be he arc ie 9 hi thovw geben. arte hort he sae od See Or ad Get eetarteaee oye 5 sntty /¢ 54 t tn hni ee co eS Qe eee, th Sete pan en inl Spt orate isp em te eae oO 4) 8 al tee ong te 9.10, Exercises 1. How many aon sd mations ze nace the oe ct) to {ovo ann mai in eed coe fra? 2 Po fed sow ha the probity hat «rand nn mac ver GP) owalaga en win gh 20 where) 1 Lat Pn) be he toil member abc ofan dimen eter suse re Gg) Poe tat F) = 1 yt) = yan Fi) +(e? DF 1) orm 2 1, Rw By (923) an (0.28, we base [etd be veal PE] -feemhed, sneer eg 39 02 ry ig (on ia oar Cpe aps ef argon en (20 wt tome tnd i craic eet seein ty ie orc ae aoe teen { fprrncre stg fate fad li cn Sr gree sais enna ots Felon he bv ketaernctermrtn acrid mercies sicferiessanerad Shimane canal Tencnay totes auoL seca nan rel ineat n= Sar begat IMO tte ae ae oud arr ee ent renin sabes ws cp Feet TH eed tee hed ht aay wt Ea Rates rena ca eear Moll aoe at woe tie nat heya gw cnc oot at Sg SS pert io rpc eof (hor a hen net16.1420 be an orl in penn ple of vn ones ¢. Pov th he angen 'o Oa pu teongh scones pict, und tik OU [plone of¢ 42 pol ‘thick mec every nein ber 3 pt (Sach sede» peal Note hating one af ts pit cited, he vanng wt sa only i Lets te the mabe of pits ston © wih i'n angi Sh thal so Or ad edale U1) (e + Da 1, Prove tas if ¢ i «pine ome, thes any Sve pint of PC), such a other of them te clr se one a wig cone Ded tee Saber ef cone renee. 12 Dates gomety a allows The pints ate to be le Denes sets of (i2,565)0)e Basa the dan ‘roma i gerald gunna ih 13. Lat p Ye an od pine Show ta bale on congrcace dies mod P ate ata resdes and al we ond, tnd atthe pret of to ‘Sos sdor aside (HI: Any now aa let of 2) ba 2 sare ‘ean (9) Patbes lpn yard now ada Wet one ead apa ‘sides ono reer 24 Wet « querain formally av 04, where 6 sal memes and x 6 ‘dimesoal vector [eine tothe andar ae (nh 8): Show at Phe xy and x.y ae the ol velar abd ete price (a prod wd ‘Tom pode) afer 10. Ramsey's Theorem 15 aan) ont: Pgsabole Peps Ramsey Theotem: cima for Ramory nce sppbsont ‘Tecan: Doel dation; proba mintence ro Cone terence: {nts 2. Raa pred oa pape nba ig Th ne proved te be of peer an te erent at ado pov hd it Goee bs acho sume nas rhe cot ge ti Sad probaly faterac, Rough pening «Ue of amar her a al may ‘acai yp 20 mater bower cota ch oe Bey (nlp rca ofthe ame pe ‘Slvr! matemacan fotay Hib, Scher and ya der Warde) bad fre 150 ped has ch te nw gud ptf Ra ha atnin Boge cnye Raney ced his we een wh oe nigh of ‘Remacy Theorem, meaner al hve pene srl el come 10.1. The Pigeonhole Principle ‘he Pigealle Pringle al fst det, nt the Kad of thing that you would ‘to dncovted by and sued afi) aetna pt Fry braeraetase 023) Psi Pie 1 tes ep i pens en ome ele Ree seem tot Th ati a oes Keto any ge eg, Math pcan, Lot)a anys Rae We wil homers ht ca be untied and ener int ome ih so-teival atbernn Inn even a bl Sirs ombnt erake- [ear the nae ofthe sieeaentry Gomme lat Dit He wa ‘uly tt thes pet odor yb th Bint ake eect ae of at ‘Pew son ey the ma, can Jou ie arma root). ren nthe ate fonm above bas many apleation. One of he (odetiog ements in a engl aa) ie ot Boo. Hew he appt wee ‘Dist made and ema ah name dag stad tothe pape comes ‘eraser ef good rational spprsianon tout raonl number. The tape ‘uly Belg fo Number Theory, but the aque combinaa (1812) Propoition. Lat be nition mabe. The hee infey many {rent rato! member for whch noor Forth poo we let (x) denote he etl pt ofthe el mabe 2, tk ae ie or any atrl smb, the i aio umber py th Sieh aa ie) <1) of couse, we then hve ope ly Then repeating the mgs ah is place of ger anathrsluion yh mh hr tiereat tom 9 (ane [pve < ttn) = lm < lo ph, Contaung this prove, we Bad ‘éniy many och goo rane aprons “Cone the + urbe ie) ort = Im 1. We pt there abet semen Go Mohr = ne ome eine hao point ofthe tera, ce easel) By he Mgwonble ‘incple, some oral coin move tan ew ofthe members ny (eo) a (nich eee dlr by stn If Pang = brn meee a ee ean lege oh at ened fn ta nh eon none hs ios ne Sener ier Inne of pigeon, we wt be tino of clowng, The Fgrshsle Pace se thas tr objet a cloned ih iret oa he tar ‘tbe fo bjace withthe sae cour In oder to mare toward Raa ‘Tewreny we qa te rent te a flow (413) Frpaion Seppe than 2 11) Ltn oie be clot wth Ae clothe the eas oie the ue cea, Moreover, tbe neque utp 192 ore ae P1op fie consi fal he hee aa oe 1 jac of ec colour, (era mat) ages, conta to rin ‘Wen we say hal fr ist poe Lae) see gem the hr hme yf clewrg the st hal 9 {are he ame colo Thon soe ame than tI) aes a ot Hitend te ce can be ed to 7 woupe wha woe = ach Si ore rary sapere than 2 hy he —r It he pit of oe suet be cleted wih ebay ce Then fr towel of the range TL dre ee piste ving clu ed a bt pon 10.2. Some special cases Ve pow cone he elapse nodal in Chater CA i pen ns or ui eno 8 ‘Eola ic eu tee eof he pot ich aves dy oe oo {einen sons tbe than tars pit ae nt sient) The ft plage (Cre angle i asdf clu, hvig te fhe mee Po the me ie ince t most (£) = 15 edge canbe der you play tai You wf ce a ey in win fr on ae 0 doit (1021) Prepon Sapo thatthe Blane! sebads of lone se ae CEU ve lous Then ihe xo Plomet na of whowe omen [Bnet ame oor Thiol refer fowe than Si polte 10, Lat wt support he lous ze ed wo et 6 be the pt ‘Condes rts 3 38 3. Thove ne aoe wth wo clu 0 thee mat eres of te vee ich inn the ae cla by oe Peonle i icy La me a ad ew {tidy btn oth tare thee Hat oe ee “se show that six bet pole, me mt olor the Zaubet of a Se ed nd te ibn eng + monotone (angle clot) angle. HE he pints Sena srtle2n 20 94 a5 8 bese aod 12435 52 Be. Hee ate ome more rest of the me yp (4022) Propo () 1th ant ae ler andl thei Groner lore and Mn hae ator (We tes ofa se eed oe and gn hei once (i Ai he eae piePago he proof ftw the ae pale exer Sr oe ik he tot of Epa pose et for 10 pont Cones he in (2 SEE bythe ore gna form ofthe Bsn (ete tec, roe or, Seere CASE SESSIG Saou enapits otber than = 1X cota» dae 0 1 ug ce Xn ble eet Now comer the ere 3 REE IEA LV teat he cpa ber han Now meee rt a a conn « manor ang wows He ewe ae Sony hae za a te te Mathes ine it Th oly way cin avid the abe eee eee a xm xa tered and Sve ecg. Bt eer the Mowslaieg Leama of Cape 2. (Cold tne be = ‘ontrack ands naire othe ea ele fovea of 18 pene nd ote the gs ay pnt ton 7 ous oy eRe St ci er 9 ee ot ee Astin the oe By a eet a mcs lis conti we an (ig ed Cal Fi eee ct (enw ned). Va) Now aes pita eau hci with he clo ea 1 oe oT ter ob xo them bre the rae eau a of eons of ae cg colina « en lg. wt say en lure i cgerwin X e e and y ad thse Ive Be tng by oer ees rea etc ta hn a et pone eqies contra of slugs oh aoe er emaciated ce TH aR ELMER at ge dele hve (bt we Bere 8 10,3. Ramsey's Theorem "The sua sbve seth manne f poo gst their genic, which t Tinown a aan Their (ans mame’ Trem etn given psn toe Ten tee poe inet ree i Eliwlng proper the eaboae of an et 3 clove ten there a manera Fach STP eae the same eer se begiven Then hte ei ith te pop thes frome Cae ream ab of whe abe are cmt We dete oy ik) the sales fo wich Ramsey Theorem bolls ned vee A et for wi te ere gener stent Ble More generals le se aa eee tac a neck acl ih oon 04 Bene Ram seni is hl weave RA) = Rel Tomiie he ain tnt 6a) =, RD) = 1 ipoorants ee asaam en mee Set ee Res ibiny eH (ih sitar hesnt gcc son okra a meet ell ec ee pe nt ay peed a prepregs Secraremear eee oe Shneca Tabet kee tei Pieters hile anti! MUOTG) te hy dello of fr some thee a enone ‘of site Ay. By definition of A, Uhe set Z; comtaine either a set of eee ts Eat clr foreome’ gor eou' oft ant wih iy Eos of See phe ee eae Sein seas oe ee 10.4. Bounds for Ramsey numbers i etl dies ocala at react vals of Ramey nother. Ape fom, ‘hae ge ttyl a kw ed Yo ‘Mak hms wk nf comb sang a oben) { ssc tat upper bowie come fom the prot of Ramsey: Thee or 3 gest of aad love bonds Sete Remy “The prot of Ramsey Those a the It section gies ws eemene lacqt) forthe Ramory tabs Ble kann) S14 RIE BAAD) = Fee bint tah fgets ia very nga Heb hich i 1 eta inten oat etme on coe tne bua be one (1043) ropesion fey 05 22 hen means (2257) ( he rly ay = 2 oe nt sing te SESSRET Sika hic eon of amy een, Paoor I = then ROB) = hia) =o rona-ias(" marmn—n< ("229 ete te eps sC35)-(329) -C3507) povarten sina ht Paver 2,20) = 22) by dain “Th igh ie bare a han 2° —€ ice the ofl nomial cons (2) elo 2" Mowort rer hae C211) ce thee ee 21-1 of thee binomial oft, and the idl one (2°) he age he sppe bund ron xposntly with conan Ne conineth tion 1 provers tower Youn frie Ramary sumer, wich ao expel bet ‘ate ler coon y/. (The rar ter of gute aot Enowa) The rool es an importa comhnnoraledaqoe howe tthe Probie Milo (0043) Propo 2,2. 2 20-9, ‘Paco. Lat X be ast of pts he of» wil be wpeced late, We ener {pole elgg of the Boner of Xi te colour fe db) Sac thar ae @) = ne) pay here re ch clings iow many fia slowing esa « monocot Thee are (che of an bt Een eeh Sy Lo ochomat a» propeton fins 2H fl the sang foo the 27% way whch the calour cold fall ou the Drcbcs of Zs olytw ne nonce. So the somber of elernge whisk satin s monocot uct doe ot eed fEecine ()2".0 1 of he tothe nabs col a pace be alee ‘cede PIP; bul the tds god nang) ‘Nw capone ha = [2 he (ie Wg lea -_ = =—r—m shcrpaminies Sas Qt all ly coca i ah Ee Sat ite ce aaa gy ST, shat Seta —~—rtéi“ Fest and we ae gen a gues of ¥ tine 1a Wea ie 2 {La sN), and eur the Peace of a8 flows: eet (oss wh ej ear oda, < 2), Be fg > fe See ENS irate in ty tee eer ted (os It ora tne (0 Ho Bee tat m maton ncenang sles: for if << SS dps a ed hen 25 € qo Shy 9 RS 4 AE case Now bre the legac nc prot doe o Fade a Svar We lathe ‘yack (rs) tobe spy ror So pose ha we hve sequence of +1 (Snipe el anton aod vupoethat cotas somone neaeg sere ‘tlegihm ee pee Hort lym 1.= (Fhe ogra monotone ates source eg a bu nth) ow we bare pation th st (1,2... 1 ilar vues Ky Ko BY {Re'rgcenble Pcp ome on oar way Ky cota oe 2 enter "Now resin that nde a monlane decane Fo sepose iat Te kiwi he landsy 25 Nom by deiton of tea manotoor ‘Beng gnc feng ending nt ay yy St Ba the ly monotone incrensng moet of gh +1 aga contacting he fc tae, hci aie the elt ‘Te bund fen) = es youl. er conser them nambere om Pao Bsn 1k ot bdo cc hate ngs incening aeons ha eg my and ‘Selon decreasing sue br length Another spplos due to Hide and Seeker. A st of pine inthe uchdeta lor i snes i cone the Hoe spent sng ty to of 0 at: Te cones of «nt Sof pint the salle ores st coma ‘Steam ao be dered a he taf ner combination of poi 5, whee ‘ke cotati he Enns commana iced to bi om-epal ad ‘Sn um 1A cnn ptgon rate of pon one which Bs the Svat hal fhe oles Another deve thal ech of te poets Les ca 8 sr the open ht al the ther pnts eo th sue eof he ne (002) Propeon. There es fonction f sch ha en any J) point in he Sines mth no the eanr ome wt of of he pit far conver page Puop. We need wo prelimi fe "Ht 1, Given any fv pit nthe ple, mo the alae, rome fou ofthe prints forms comen quar” "Tie ithe conven lof he points ic a pntgon cx quasar So support tat ni nage wth ven, Cand Da Fe he ing Pile Then hele DE cet to se the ei np AD and AC ed the Tindal BODE i comer ice 2 Given tof point in the plan if evry four oink form carer ‘Sel om ce pao Now let fs) ~ R240) Cen f(s) pein the plane cole» et ice cuter qndaiter, Bie ober By Patten ve Baek Se {hee sed any and by Fat 9 ir conver ppg sh pol "The crc aloe ofthe fant fp) akon 106. The infinite version ‘As our very ht tem, we mention withow pot the ifite veon of Ramsey's ‘Theres Ar eal the rote be Psooole Pine Te ccounts of utente eared wih aly many cles, hen {heres a if prot cee ama Sve pera to cough baci ofa oie et ith sly many elo “ipsa of 05 at te tn nn te rel inheadneh Sabo Rant ey eat eae Serna Sec nn enol per Rb ef(ings) Raney Tae (ite fr) Let X be as inde ond Ed pole inter. Sorpoe [elie in ef ae eared th oleh there pee nic rae afl of who bul hae the ame We il dlc his seal and vr etenians fe Seton 194 Th remarkable et over in ope tak i pile o deduce te foie im mys orem tn bt 2 ee Ti at Nee a aaeesh in ope nia 2 rant ofthe ft om (be Pa aor ew tee bn a prrbl om te ene the sire sly brn he Pur Hsingin number gow vt a hey EET Crap comple Bet we eno ello hs ny fr 10.7, Exercises 1A pn aces ano oe ae eee a fog ete rnp he len ub cle ‘ec i japht Vane the Pca Pras, poe hale woh ering fe ew pi at te i Seceig ade om Br Show thas any ite graph ofan wo rere yng om the ae namber of ran $f) Show ta gen ie eal io he ple with othe oa, the mame see adie ome by tee poe (gh Prone Fes 2s proto 082. {Sto ba > np hen at sec of ca SSG NISSag Mace et gh eae tha AEESLECGE sgt ater norm constant veges oath ene {hae Show do toa he ren bt pole fa) Show that any fle seecce of ol mbes contin wit ae ALATA Sata ee etn "ay Vang Pine a he Sere’ rove tt every tein equnce ot eames whichis Donde above convert ATU ae he Bune Weiroons Tiere Brey bounded nqaece of self nenbes bot eacvenpn sega Soar Sak Lewatooioes 6. Let X be th of ends modal 1. Colt the 2eloment eb of by Ssing to the aur et says d1atater £8 (oud, tine, Show ht ne 36 monoket dc: By amet, Sree ant ntl 8 a ay se eso ancion {om the nate number with he property utter {12 f(} ae partond ito» eases, thon there are wo ssben 2 nd y oth thal #9 and © +9 ah Fedo the ame ce tages ee fama Ha cams erat tf the om ape essay ecate ae ot a eer io pearance toes iia ahs Saas 2 See ea ere re oF 3 Fi tea Ae Fi foral jt or ate cat etme tr nt sme ene Peace my mre sereere linen Sennett sty so na wee11. Graphs ant) ‘once Grph prope rd pu d cr,wpc {rasta ol ance pha errs ar Foe Me Sand ned tem lose =) ‘roomate, Aric yo; spain ns (i “valor techniques) 7 wut Gh Sits py ts tpn Crossan: To (Chpe als Marie Theren {Chup re rm (Cap We have mat gape evr tne Slr a aot gues Now we ttre fo ‘hem and cui them oe ama Grape daveb the consent ‘trys ely they mod tempore ements, lca Sonat snp we cone on are sel Wo ie pest Tn ‘ova we mut o ap and oaks elon prslons ‘Graph theory te ee the cmtanaoal mH hat gowa to the seep aca, og tbe ih thr ue of 11.1. Definitions eave fled» gk oi of Vf we oa hat Bisbee She Mapa Ree i cyl we ei! Teed ins Soe eh eng get ‘lia tas nh ogee p of ra STATUTE AG Sar Tae wt ty go Bow os ser Tin momen em spent bl ce yi ecb sberlin td eine Mp eennuy ol tee he srt ed cae se noe? The ect det of he oma! mata machines send die SEESE Supa osto lnortan; jt note tat eid de ce eas (Scot pi oer than Pec of were. gph nik ome SPO Ace Stcded Hestares aed evra graph arn, 3 be rctoh eigen ir dresed roph or Spl s28 Fb ii wen 8k « igh Te cae concep can be expres in the gun in inode in ee Sise knowing = ae inves haowing eh pe of vei 1 eee scean sop exepitx ion “eceney ron onthe veer SE PETDe Sent eens iecoie ad eye; eli he 0 Teste SRR, Soop ont ctl lee expects Hower, sie eg Sate he Sect ae agen. i te coer ay edie pape witout ops, bat we sot eto to mile ges The een Secon. 12.9; etn ‘Mow namay Yee oe 2 timed unk eet ey thse © and yee eesti (yy) an is they ne nowadecen!oberwie WB) fr ph G wth een wt Vande ‘vo single bat ipo nds of wag ee hips ad wall gps having oes al Te compete end TEE gots on n vst are demoed by at (ophewil pper om ie fo Se ve hast ofa graph @ = (V8) ia argh whove een and ge el te saber abou of Coe ha = (V.) ama of Gt fo vey trout hl hat bth th pre of Bein hea te of pulps. A Gs) wove ge wt coms el te ge of © 7 pong ep none whose vest the ae {ect Thun fo xpi ey ap wih a ont ves obra of ae eae ea eal mete ee peeing sah bt the nk isdacel scbrapn of yar compete op. ne gash nope Oy Bvag i reer mt WS ne pea of he nopepb nded mest how we hve wo nee vain Kind frou in graph Thee ae serra eT Ca ete hrs he irene reba very impor you mi. SESG tics lsh dirt om he wanda ‘Retr aphewetoree estes rer he ge fr =I We tha ia wal rom 0 FELIS SPER a Merge he eg fr one Te the "Dac ig cal ain ming a for na er ih on ne may st cehee a m9 the sumber of wero). Bie cad n> Oa v= Note icon whos rallye uy wee oop mira in ingle rapt edger + wall oe wel deterined by the vets rece pe othe wk yd he ones ha a8 (ite edmeet fort yn he aoe cal Md of walk: tks, aan pls Ab oa male ih any no conmestie edge nett Wt le we a el ta he [hac cge re nce Thm tk a move pespoee than walle: (teens eects tlge we hae ot od. The at ono eeu hf & “se ewe ca tat aan pot nl he oe lk “Xtra lwp tc othr» wa wih te were nin! exe peg te athe le en tt ta might be {wes by mo apace, who ttre i rving nee he ha nce ‘Spl: ie sik pce ali fom aoe pace to notes witb! 859 ‘ellos, Porta we dues eon be x owed pik ‘ote tthe cone get poten song « pa al rk owe, icp fw of connesony re two eel dfeese (0111) Props (o) Pr any ine vets 9 of graph Cth onions (Tete ten way nk ta pl fm toy ate a gure. (a) Fo any sap yt come the conta loa te ll or path settlegeirt -Paoot Given © wal em + to iC ao nk then some to consenting gre vpeid oa hte Wa sebecguace (ee V0). Reping a {S8tage terion pees abou wa Tee pov erin ink foe 6 New atch with» repeated edge mat har epee vere: aes sow taf tein eck om sey (oath pos = ben tee pa ‘Ron arytenoid a eter here 5 sbeequrare (ee toy nicean be placed by age to obtain hoe Wk. Contig {his pov produce apt Sote at de ano! be eed othe bk tng oo by tha proce New die «aon = ont vse Vy rae 2 ye i path (oe oo eke or eal) fom top. Me be: ‘= an euilence eno V- “De sightorerd there nll of gh 0 fom = 105 evening» wal {Eom stn) tver snl fom to. fling wwl om Yo yw alk {Eom y wo pres rl fom to Note thal the proof wold Be ete me ed ee of men ses pes of ale) eae oat cstah eetngntabvona echoed Time eS ro lg a ti ah " Mena its ey ce ir 10 age “Tica ain of cot dfn «partion ofthe eter we of ‘te Sant soe somponet foe he compen) to be he Irie inurl on the nate de. Note tat 20 edge in pit a ‘Mat egureeace damon the cg ut of © patel fat he eget ‘tits omponent ‘gmp cance if tba ot one componet, Note Ut ay coed compet of snared conde ph ‘Sone te urn ay tle when d= 2S ‘Oca weil ody ph by somorog wre» al ee otanog ia on by mmoving sage ov by ing a eg «jing to vec ot Prvouly ened We ws the Shorthand notes Gv Ge, Cf forthe elie Pibee cpenonn (Tne tel cre sehen weal be meh more ‘Sinteome af wold depen onthe rece nd of gap in edn) “Somsanen or gph il ary addon nual information: a9 ar may repent ps for eral atl abit with ape he ot cing Poona wiht fecive on eet a fnctlon fon X to he te age vu ume Aver oied rp dpe pap Bp ‘Dib igh ont the tf vere pede Bdgewegted graph ne {Por cmon bt elow ste rbot ype aft eosin. 11.2, Trees and forests 1 tse connected ugh witoat sit We have met ee fog in Secion Lav er ne proved Coyioys Pose tat he ae labelled re on {escn) snd Seon ary ey in consetn with searching od og. ‘We ght ezpect that conecte grgh nan’ ad ph witout cious befor. The net sl stows that eer hw seal beth hee penn, Were oe pace ofwlaon sap wibowt eae Pee comme components a el pen wl kere ih tt ee caverns aay tte Sp fap slp sao pan Seatac Sats ene toweg tad or see ctor tees mle som eam at(1424) theorem.) A cone graph with ees ha at le n—1 6 ator, We sow fin that a oe tn ele Ths i proved by ndction ie gran n 1 he ndatve ep depos on the allowing fat ‘Ate with moe tan one vex a eter of ele Since ee ie connei bso elated ens (> 1) 25 ein by enkcony neuer al ver Yrex as ec} nent 2, te hte ‘eatin log tla nthe graph since where we coer «vs ing one “Sate ta nesta wk of eth gre han mu etn SEEN Aid pest steel tk and ne ie an oltre nnd ts ctsindilan 59 he sen 8 proved. Now le xt a yese i th ne T whi ae ene 1: Let deol he ‘gph ined omens ea the wu sge nee with Then P= erie crew cee We tak Te enneted Tat hola Fecaae' pin 7 betwen oo vestry cot ps hong. Tht, Foie ten Bythlndacionbypoibaihan—1 dg to Thar 8-1 ee Now (af the seuem follows ely Fatt F be frat with veces ad compete TonsTar ih ony wees repel. Then Pzya = Now Rw to snd o arg egee 80 hae Ts por (ole G be ay conscepaph wih wns, nd appoe tht (wnat et Thea 0 conta cet bs be a gente cae sod GoGo he anh oad by removing «Thon Ge il conned Por i oom ty tt ge then te a eal oe zt tg {alee of wang tease he ent th okt wa) Repeating heroes, {Tent wach rw fa sy ep Sheer gee eve hn 1+ ges age Tet bea graph. A pening foe ea spanning waberah of @(consiing of athe seria and some ofthe lps of G} whieh happen to Be oe. A ‘penning ely ed 22) Conary Any connected raph ba a spansig “Thilo fm he argent fr pr a fh hore. abo; by neering stem we ean shah spansing te Thee aster na fo poco ‘WEG athe ncl nen tn rte beng op he suning ce om below” u oan (1123) sping re gion 1.8) bea cone gph graph (VS) i ot comme «ean od Sing ‘ers in dient components nada the eS Raneaw (V5) To prove that this leith works, weave o show ha the cae of ee steag ponte ade eton ene 20 rel Let Y beacons compet FS) an = VV eho ven yn YZ tpt. Tn, ‘pat fm yoo ne wget pal mint cos fr YZ hi Seale hie fre Now suppor thal 8} + comm ite If we sa {2° an low this cou some mom we ov to Z by ig he ee © thet eo nay orem oY to comple ce ito ven many are there? Cayley Theorem (Seon 3.10} ean be sted athe forms (1124) Caley Them: he compete raph Ky har spanning re a, obvi, ay tee on the reer et (1, «spanning te ofthe comple gaak "Pore ir» ger lecaigoe fr counting the passing ee an aiears soph ing the acne eto te graph Tei deed pte copter 98 {Gank specs in Bee sod Wie, Sect Pope Graph Ther COT 11,3. Minimal spanning trees Suppo ttn tonne ar lobe ed by lecommunicaton network, Fo ach prof owns the cot oftataling wee betwen the to tones Known, What I ihemon economical wap af conseaog lth oat" “Tse known athe mnie! corer polo The dla canbe adel aa ‘lgewigted raph (At decibel, te gph G in quo the cope ap Seta ot eet We onl spon tt for vrow ttn pone uncon to conse earn prof towns dei) "Phe sinon tote protem wf bt conned spanning eben fhe syeph of iia total weight hat he mm of the mee ofthe eg of 3 IS sl po) Cc, H mt bes eff oo thea eg eon be (alte reducing the wh, boa consating The prob ane by 2 Sinpominded uot cad the prey pvt Tha tus age bad ‘Be hap lak ih ste ova tend cna by «pts Fecal(1183) Gedy arin fr minimal ett Tat @ =\(Usb) bes counced graphy» segs weigh rr ‘Wh (18) not conscechooe the eg of minal weit tube fo aiag vets nif componente. Saver: ri algritim is jut» pelts of he panning grit i the at secon tot doc nerd produce spasing tee We have to show tt ‘pacing eh wah tones tn, Nat at in athe ner nw he Oran Alger, ve) Sete since wl) then lth 8 ge, meld jin pola eret ‘Stpscet shaver nn pre en n ‘pp for wens tht te opening eof sale wih seth eer ffeil vo a wh) 0 Ean ‘Chow Hs mal poet that wf) Ss Sh < le ‘Now atte he ny sgt coos and at any ofthe edge ff tay ema gio ofa ge mt al he onion et ic 8 ot iis Spc of (8) here 8 (yea). flows that Ercereneded compara (0,5) whee = [fun ja) ae mbes of the of (vpahrne (05) brat ato many component (V3) "hat canton, sce Dosh (V5) a (V7) an forty thei ‘nunben of compan anh [kt abd'n rape fae th meen fea ue sgh gee, the gcdy sprit reso any agit or coreg a2 je in sagen where a each wage ne make oe choke whi Ioeay opine tome ebjene neon’ rj to the contin at we mone lve our al foal bri, th bogie local option dere ol wally produce he tower wolton I ete emit tht dove ti the ce (See Boece 3) 114. Eulerian graphs (ft encounter with raph thoy often ike te frm of the for ple “ee ths Egret ang yout pen of poet Ble expences ‘itr, He bowed ht twa ol puso wal od the ome of Kexipbr ‘Gonng ech of sve bes ot ce: demotion coment tken ikesaning poi of pap iro? "Ts protlemyof ior wee esd lo arene ve edge oe erephote, ‘ate may wert net So teapot ype of vue tl fe Son 111, We deine an Belong oe tal wich Iodide ery edge (A cowed alia tr somatic Bulenan ee bt th cols Wi or defen afc ms ded pa) Clay an lated wesc Ong Sn no ge hs noel nd sy be etd Al i conenat are 0 wok 1S the more enn! sof mainpin hr rowers maybe ed by mote ‘ha one edge Now Pr eal canbe tad hu (243 Eesha) ah ihn lv a a To) nlp ws tld eh ned rin oi and apf tin oon td be tracy Oo eis of a ee. ee isnt The se cadens ese nevemsy. For cones» gph hm dod alias il Awe flo the cee eas ine we seach 2 weer Span eg we ut ave by alsa gs ing ep two fhe gee sgh {ha eer ce erery ge nd eve act br een. The same apps hein! verte of deed Ene ace he et wna eg of the et ploy te sume ve. For a aon-oved Palas tra, bower he Yeas of he Erland int oro ac he i a at ge te pare rn. Accordng othe Hoodshakng Lemna (Chapter 2} number fren ‘fod raleney ins raph ee: 86 then were of Otley th thee ‘a comontral etl b's br abemac pae ae wot Silicone eben eu oh ate a at Sipe aat semana rage ec fr De Le en Oop hy IEE1 Manion phe Now we un he eecy of he condos we ane to ensue Paes ulin rape ping he, The eget in ome sent grin Sola = (VE) be graph ting the conten of ith} o In cote hi beaay tne a be ae ote verted racy, Now ‘Siow ttl omy seers om lef ng pose Let 8 be the tof ele in ti ta or ay weve s tes hn yn tn (a) oth ter veer fo alency fo cove [inher te alten hn te a Odd sur of edge oh ‘Mole ad Tie cae we ach © ong an slg, ad pon a cms orn ven nan ofc ner hee peur asco [Gren old mumbes af sages). ‘Tiny we do gt nck at ew ot oso ‘Gre is be ee by sche ca have Se the tnd muted a Gee) ot (Soe ones of od lee ese 1S E we have comin adesan teh and we ae ale. So appre {erm bptcn of Vy nd 8 eget vere a ‘Snacardoe: ‘oreove nthe raph; B Igeey vere has ven racy Stating sanding tly eg of £45, we ands wed aby the sme agaent Ll Ron rec ipl hin ra to pode w anger one at atv and ‘Eau te el foo tne te no ral fen ote lng the ld “Afr ie nunber of eppeaione fhe cmtuaio, we mat ve na ales ad ofthe pe dese. ote he ee fy any Eales ail rt sla toe vse fo rene nd a tes fh wel own to nye who has eds ee wt! ‘ing the pve pele “Taeop of Kinin ey conver no mabigaph whoa edges oe the beige be thorn ig IL Al our erie hae od en 0 Ue 7, Fp 1. Theres of Kets 11.5. Hamiltonian graphs ‘Tho en slur aalgon fo erties of an Dalaran el: «Hanon pte {mh wich pn er though ac eter eet hl may be dae at ‘eal Wao demented eae by he ent on iy ee of 8 ETHOS oped pnb nb ta tt and Sath my be he a). A cle Hannan path i Hanon ‘hel A graph ping rch cl cabled Hanon ‘hay lip lear lena! Bec 20 we may some ha ut graphs sae done tr nce Forth in sigue rah on wee which conc and ialeat (cosas wth vay 3). Tei the weld orl Cy. can be prevented {Gye and edge af angen: Nowa gph Moanin i ad oly fH te neyo or pening cobra Humionice Ge ene harder fo al with han Eula coe. Thor ose nceuty an rice eda for «gph tobe Halon, nd i otro aco Sade the quo fo gen raph of even moderne Sn at of clot hu gone lo proving nical eoditont, At sa eam ‘pow one of the snp fhe endian, On Tore. (0851) Or Thora. Lat © Be graph wih verte and spot th fr say fo nomadcet vrs andy th moth alec at et Th Ch Hanon aoe. By cone fo Bae Thor th prot so conatact. 1 vemask ‘en ate bee the nacre pens ‘Rpnieg by Conan, we suppoce ha Ge graph whch ei the pts Ores Thnoen tt tt Haahonsn We so may oppo oat "Resa ith te prope 1 hatte non of ny lg o © pda 8 amit prop (Uh can ett of he tot etaaly new cosrs ‘Wohnen ew ee ning Prevoul toca! verte won Gren go Hundlonan Adiog see dom ot decease the rikcy of Syren end dows ot ete any new nonce pa fetes teva cadena rel we ent a wb asl ult wc et ‘Se fran obted by eng ont yond sow thatthe re Halon) Slow Gan oot copies has non ejcet pa of eres + ad Snes @ lemma eon Hnitan, the graph obtained by edn he ege (hi step ial noone) iow et be theo ef vr anc to and B= oye cn to (Since ie not ant tte = phe ste eben) By auton {APS iby Sin. Bat the wete oy = 2 dana Blog tothe A B10 (EtIEasS icra as pps ren Hon a lat (poe gitoe ote cede he ade tr poAUB m= foe hat AN 2 andahe ete g oth seep "ae oe hepa yon te Now siesta {0'y (Gace a ¢ B) v9 we goto y= tc nen op Then we bow the bth mah! tra aad Gea homeo (sees ex Erma comers: Siig Si scorns {3's mt nish a Ban cannot be ded. Bat Hani en hes "Rewrite cv» rn nny wih sign On hm torn sien Or Fr 11.6. Project: Gray codes a sgl tn et a ny aig a am ESSE ree rr ele ce ‘Sviyr Hoste juts howear dob wh **AMBRNet (014) Pharm Foret gh Qs doin, Beet itn Fyn ated mtn ee tal spt haa (On stmenessieAmenO) oe soume re 12 Hoa tn ee sew Sgr te ny nad pone fs moe ee eka ase nna oe a i eee caf gm in Gt oot tae Semi eae Goat aage cee ee te fea a ee Se al So ad wee Pines yee Slog sme; eed merge ry — Bory o2 faa men aoe ain Lai, opt (May bg a rae STOR ince pata aro i ‘Gtakethctihe oe ated adi 11.7. The Travelling Salesman ‘hrc forthe Ame gt Corer! hat i a ig nc mes te ase Drees sch pt of ice known She wl © caren, dace area ere tober aig pn i tanto Treg snes Poem (ISP) by ppc ner ke Hionian crest of rma weg 08 lB phd ple gh Te al oa in wing the comple rah: Fox gee sieht wn ne cg eh ti is Hanbun cre roti fr ven ark Ca ptl te of nee eG hens, ag the weigh 10 8 oe cap Arta gr Cond tere, Te he te 2 er eames ical ef Rhian ely 10 Baws Hasoitn ‘Tyan oe il po Opti Ram pes‘The exten of sgt Lo sale thi probe ot in dub (1.23) (Sow) Algrti Telig Saban Rota pn eee) OE Eatin cosy sot “ae drag tha er a portato fr een modern es of 1 (ayn th meri ge he tod cst be enmit “Ss mpm ma er pina scatter ota t= thr te ar on iy Krom bow to do anal eter Seer of Unica cnr far pr impracr h poe (0t jat fore dept i ena Se ee ew Med ch er napintas ees Serpe. ico tage igor ave ded co cape hve ene toe share any Soop (1.23) Sve sem the tee Alen = Boing tin a bet wheres the net sep mold rane ‘lng veg itd oii oid te one (Sur When ery verte ns ene sets tte sar tn he ee ern Si deh, conan gh with vloceseves fo there dos lade eit » coed Elan ta and we have teen as algorithm for finding one. a ct i tn rt anna yt ay ht an ogra compe ph hese tg ee for any three vertices 3,6, we have . ee tat) + the] 2 wee “condo ctl lithe eh tne tr tn? Sore eo Ont se it (1173) theorems tC bean dgrweighld complete raphy the wet of « rea Reon At th sae mot of» Hasan eat Then ners (8) 36 cate the ingle negaliy, ten <2 ‘root 0) let, sinee 4 Hain cal cely connected. (ned eae nan eed; weight tet he rm of SOV SSRIS teh ©: Te ce be rte impored) RS FOMUSSTGE feo te ved Ease ir in the cond le of ee alts St Now i ke hid wag, we take vss shot ese path os by ange ig om vo By he Winale eanaliy TEESEEE the tg ofthe ge So ecole Ingth ofthe path $0 (oe i anonan sc of wight ot 2, ping 8 ort oof of bene. ‘another erated rbiem but th enon to ded Hain es wt a a inert Hien ses This te Cine potas eS Civ aelge waged conected pa dt dove walk of nie a ee Tey cig of tee gph (ibe pounan mo Pus aoa ee TORR Sc tae) Se eagh © aera, then a cved Ean tl i Fee shee nome lon a teamed more an ocr, There a (Bien get ft plen. 11.8. Digraphs “The mort iovtan asi raph com fied rh ot py, on Trae SE Stated pum of recs (thr than entre pl Fak oe te ee ars ead lil eran Note ha (29) aN (3) argh Dis accel an odeny one raph the mdi roptMen the name yen te Dantes ae tow of D witout Tne aes) of Dh The suming eh wil to be sD anon te openly dled ens chm (9) a (2) Ee niving ee sng tee Decal a ened rah "The aeons of he vaso pes of rose in wz are he ie 9 2 gopheteprtnt nmin hn te eg tb ener nh comes ator it ea ek, al or pat then the ge (syn) for = tn lh SSSA feces seg and so sey wae ak (113) Bld Tiel moieatn re nr ance eh engl components fel bower a ber, seek bet on dbo ye ae hat (8) © i hee 6 ah Ten AL og then he atone sebenve and tea, bt ot de cies o kept gcde olive am eqs TEERUE7 Sos S-0 cad amc sof Chap ras rote aadAhi consecion with eqaleee relatos) Acadigy, we dae two tps of Accor, ome 1 toe digraph Di wot) comet ite undeping gap ic oases, Bi Rt ent ram aia ee pa om oy Ba ph e wealy "Te omer “The defaton of alin tl aud sic and of Hannan pth nd cit se jt wat you epee A cgaph ponening« Hunosnn creas obvoul) ‘ony comnsed ce wht Haplonion ph weekly (ot not necewaaly ‘ong connected Snr stalemate al for Enea rat ned tea "Te auige of Ener thorn tne alow (001) aes Aha fr iguphe. A digraph with no ole vere ho @ ‘Sed Balin tal aad ony if mei connected athe arly aed ‘utrdency of aay veer i ‘You we lara to pre thi, od fo formule and prove sonar and unt coun fore ene of» nod Buen ad. 11.9. Networks A suo is an sige mighied graph poeing wo tingid vets, the ed ep Pow so lr a a ‘tooo to heepin mie i» hydric etork contig of pps an Junot Pa pumped in a the ue ned ow at he gt the expel of ‘edge refs the marina ate of ow pena that pipe OF court ch ‘er tnterpetaon eso pontiac he orem of ome pode Thoagh bation seent beeen tai aroun In acordance with hie inept, die x flow i nto to he 8 ‘aacion ffm tr nig mo te nog a ber mang theo oper 2D Fl) < efor ege gba toe Eom fle 71) ethene wn ft Thane fat cole ee {Bat Se low in any edge now aepuve and dose excel the capac of he evened tata rey ec ser an he ote ond gt ix “nuance eno et cemlaion st 27 Te wae fe wf def to be mins Z 10- E so. aegis sun te pc low ot tow oe f the ouce, 1 aso 1 Be equal tthe nt fo nt he SLES SAGE Mowe For aay oe 8 uve wear dentate Sra ferdg ess) Soa lel esr 5) (181) Propmition at be a ow in «network S tf wero aang he tte ent he ge Then FIO Zion ml. sosarnen vost awit term we all ero by define» ow Bo She Nad emer hen sum oe as, Let Si cetyl adn’ van than in Sud 3 wtf he wan Tie Soins ae fe) and ~f() epee Moe ke $V (0, nace th erent then = (0°62) = 1 ad (IE) cojsandeothe et ow tat real) ‘The an unin bt to What ithe maxima aloe oo in the eter? |Acatin astm et Cf ee wth th pope that ay path om he oa ad Mae comain seg nC. capa ca{C) the eof he SO 2 ge tery cn tht the ep of cao EE SEEN Ike teat any ow We wi show hs and more 103) Mx Pow MnCl Phone ‘hematin aoe for saree eqn te mining ‘ooucipote “thi impotnt stem hs ter of consequences neg Hal Me ig eee Menger Tear co pa pbs, Our prot of the Bae he Set vies bp gone More pes te pot ae nen win te capcis einige nde rove ome(1123) ery Theron ‘Sappoe that the apy af rr ge inn nrnk integer. ‘hen thee ow of masa vl rch ite wi dg san integer 2 hg os ptt ay we he ga a sate ot gt tia fd cr Ov et oe eva) 5 (theca (Sym) = (Sarat) 1 eh po mil ete no if ay ge spore he tose) Sot Ces ei cot Dene tc bese Soria Grn nw ee sparta ane erage tS SE any sae Sth Waly rah Beasts Set tad tere} Sub he Sy fo win= Es Esto «Ea ~2n0) Naw we ene pce tinge Ne pote lag Fal apc of eg serra nnn hen he Bon a ge a petal Ch raf) epic, By wal we at pov je amasinl flow ad Cami cl ote Maw ow Min ut Theaten fh cau) ote ety Poon wl i poe The pot ive sowing th owing “etl epain oedema tock Be neg nd Bean Inegtndted fou hen ser ’ 4 thoe nun ltgeeaed fw wi aR) a) +1; 0 ser pte ate Now we castaway ow, dap he cy, eng then etre bln he ane he wu Sesto tse ‘Sernate ben tre awe he flied Ine porehe crn, {ta wi emf ease va» Boyan pte ‘rly pone ope xing How wich st nl sd ern te ‘selon Te pono amen got ee ee eee Oe eae Bes sape-ueynnate Resear essere ge seaceee eens a mh ee eee econ ete cued reenter as see ee acaranae Berea aoe ese Lee ee ee cutee ut eee eratecc st pe ro-( ER eee, mirghrahannaitaenetmonae et See seca teens lca et a0 cota Rrgienrugensastyectesare tse meee errs ge Melson Re a ne atten riockareanes ee Seater a con 7s ams sin et os win= E19 E Ho See = 295), TRS comple the proof in he integra ete ‘The eof the poof of he Max Few Min Col Thezem gle dfn (ed ‘ott purl the eesition fhe ea abe rm th tegen: Setembro tthe na ble tyranny prc (phaly Casey tga or Dedekind Smaps Ee tint depart asonal By mel by the Rr8 ge, ing oa {a whic capac ae integers By the pvows ae the Ma Fw Min-Cat ‘hnoen bls far th newton; bec a holo te ld one (on ing {teow lus by te rane net aly, eppse ht he apace eel numbers We can apron ssutraiy ‘dv fom Below by sana number, a hence fa Hows hom ‘ale ar abivaly cle tothe apni of minimal et The the oh owt Spelinitag iowa “Ti cocade the proof ofthe Mut Flow Min-Cat Theorem. 11.10, Menger, Kénig and Hall ‘The Mas Flo MG Cot Teor, in combination with the Ltegsty There it ‘ay powecl too in wap tery. The hey to apeaon comer an ‘Seu deled abv dingsed frien «aww ewok wich ‘eee be capaci Now, in a tegerlel Sow hawk he Bown nj eget be Is th bow pi ou arte of he gn howe erin ‘ow of Now thw fhe lw sm hen tee ae eget pt Teom st [hi proved by indutoe on Slang om nd ig onl ‘ee wih pie fw, neve eng an see evenly reo Bais Couscous ot Dlting rea butven repeated very, ha th fom» to Now, fered the fa tte olga ep tothe “ale fhe dow i ecard by By induc, we cn Sod I edge dint Path moog the remaining eg S the dam proved) "Deora canbe putin te Storing orm, whee as sapaaig a of psi tt C such ht ey Path fom sof ew age fC (11103) Manges Theme. Let and ¢ be vets of « dgaph D. Then the ‘marina sumber of pimie eget pat oa # fo tego to He ‘Sinus number fdee in a ssepaaing Menges Thon sla eon for und raph and verons whlch sittin sna os es Wo artheralitiavlv more pec graph. A vrynpriant clo gape sss tee deve om pete ph. ph C= (V8) 8 pre teem pation of the vere nto mo act Ant B och tat yr ele ton end A andthe ale en ia The Parton (4,0) i ealed © prion of at en [25 poe ee npon romp he Bars Wen Ta mt ‘Soir arent nen af eee or oe nels ea SSeS Spo ee te! en cece Ta ee 2 mone {Given s bps raph @ with bpaiion [4,0], ne cons setrck fale, Tae ween [00 AUB, hve the sue» nad age ase Be ete The edge ar al pin (fr € A 2M pais i oe be TID Pan (ey th 4,8 fr wich (6,8) ean eg of el tint NO) Wondering owt and aan (Gh, we ned ene defains. aa raph 1, x susveg nn ol pute dejont sg and ae dgecasr eet 8 of ‘init he propery ta over contain none ofS ‘Now's pit fom ro tin 9(6) has the form (2c) where o€ A, Be B, de of Se ag dni ie (509 IG) im ange orig of a a Th edgeener Sin pvr eto wun (Gh costing of (0 for a STA gtr wh he edge (yt) 99H [Any path om 6 {eit must wean tig of Gad ene ps sangha never ofS ee Ss me ‘Sgecorn) Now tae may be oer cate satasing tse edge of te for (68. ‘etsone of hte an be uma neal thre ofthe ft pe. Fart be an hanya Rep every eg (8) 0 fe © A, Be B) hte bee (0 ‘ng eens te roa set coting wits othe Br (0) ad ‘a. We conduae a “The soe of he eal ot in (G) renal the ie ofthe sala geen in. ence we conde: (21103) Kins Thom. The asi se of matching the Bpeite raph (Glneqeal tote mina ean sdgecorer in ‘ay we wl how that Has Maige There consqurc f Ki Thorens! nade to do hin me are to tant a amy of ei ‘Thisle common and importa poe (ayy 4s) be a fay of bats of sais poph Gof Fe folowe Hoe seen Vo Cs tenon af opus ATE SSD hc Aad ee 6 Aad 468 Josef aad ont 4, ‘Se nchcnspagh deal Mpry the net A nd wed et defton fogs btn the dea Se ged by theres (whic ae ao se (r cents of ey) it cofuig, you May ake A toe to i ene ane ‘Serpondnce ih {troy ad ain ono-oecntprnnce wis ‘Now senclg in tciaceoe graph rao jot sae (4) ha, ‘xh plot bern corepontng tty ted thn pl av a tin ee Fi as Kgs Ts pe ne Bah oe pin ws sel ‘ates tare po tr Ks po he1 maak et ~ he te Tia jut ten fic spennatines fw alam of F. So F Nica SDR ifand oly heres mashing whore ges cots a veto B. Reval tat x 7 © (Qycrvnh we ot AD) = User dy, Wey tan Pan all Condon €|AT) 2 oe TE fh th (0103) malts Mags hate. The fly (Ay) poner «SDR aad Shi see aly Conde aco. Ain Chaper the ecu ofthe conditions deur if SDR sin the ‘AG) tne contte epee aa lyr 6 Jy td vom hae ‘eal leat uel mJ So suppor tat ll Conon sind La be the Incidence graph of he ay We hve to sho ha the Gy KSnige There, we mun sow hat ony age ern “he et of a yrtar B tau wdigeees of of sim Lt § be ny stgocoer and t= BS ach rein Ad) jd toe eer of by 8 ‘ero teedge coe Ste conan 0) Thr S12 1B UIs at /26, 1 Hay Condon EWAN. We Bae fs some so, en a constrace prot of Hal Thecren ‘Given nly oft wing Halle Condon, caret te ncere raph {God the nord N(G), Ue the got fhe ttc toda massa Sorin N(Gh Then te gs om om cag mw ow ee he "The acwoik alga canbe iandaled nto mote gape angmge facie prpoe. A oration of the algorithm fr Keni Them Gen 11.11, Diameter and girth We hiow what mento aragh ob omnes. Haw done decd a pecice! Hevea agin which computer the cman compose! of = graph G ‘tao eer (ad more dea we nl) (1.111) Alrite Compone olaing © Mark «wih tener 8S = 0 ‘Wt any vce mada the preceding ge Took mal rere aed ark al nual gout kuch eon wah d+ + replace dyad ‘tthe termination of thao the mrkd vrs comps connected composes conaing sed the mas of ech verter th int of he hott path ooe to that rete _ soups te cn guph te tne) 2 9 a of he acta Sa bts aed i ye oh SOTUTRIT caer ee enreet oe Sete Ste apie shone pne sed fe cme activ eaiee sts “he ane fon wer oR end dade ak nt = Ea oe na. Fo the hd ole hater I alk of cath Be tee rep can comet ab mink Hee ere wis no the len of he bate pall canst e re sy sn tara Se ey tpg, you wil eae thee Sx tr language «coms evr, pe it deteneancon 4 ae Pe te dance of «coon gap G he simu vale ated by he Ahan man fw rp n boanded in eres of the acter an ibe (11a) there aa connec raph with amet fd mina vale by (ie Maeter fetes at oo of praia! Lengua ate ote eae DM 14 ESTE Nestor by ado ht hte ar at moet = 1) vein a dace Fe eters Hs eat fr = 1 orth inde ewe ee ey hese y ans ze en ane ot cane ad ewe cot i 5) ero mu A eels ech ined fo ie a cass ote pa fens eo en ecm bt rt tit rcs ng eit dating Tt Teese Caan arts ee seibeag er yattuacgatenia cone egos soe ah dine cra Cg emo Seed RIE Tae cus at ine to sheets)(01113) Theanem Let Be wgraph of ith 9, ad ¢ = (9 ~ 1) 2) Suppone "athe nin vale of Ther ha a nt DERE ME RI) ME “trot way, to elem lone ek of length or 4 vo tee Soul eo clted pa fngth ot most 21 Since 241

tweet ste ‘The fonction gt well dfn, Dante there fn the ih had side ofthe at enon het fom gs where r= 2 vo tener (a Tn ee ee de! by induction ‘tom sad fore) Ot ‘hie patel semen of 1) ae apy Sparta The fst eth ‘hasten te arcs fnton of oq‘Si thesdentiylement of IP), comespnding Lo heey ai. Nest the ‘ncaa the tocar ein af the paral ode (axa Papen The Mabie facto itepe rad car, Examine the prot of (271) whieh srt « mod for elng te Inver of ton hn J there Since ies) = for the fact 2)" igual te Row ry) Saar cna of rae of) hig ‘ood infra sul whe <1 by Indo 40, a8 Seger fhe ndcion sats wa yoy) = 1) ‘ote tha the al ofthe Main action a (39) depend nl om the ost [eal pin ou inter dwt alt he mv Perth ecard, we ante (ie RSing pope ofthe ohn ftom Eom Thin eld oa Moline reson he post. (Gna) Propeon Lt fig be sant of 11, Then he loin te equi: (feu ‘ie (0) sts) = "SS Heveatnh For imple bt important ramp we have (0224) Propuiton Let Pea tty ordered et The the Mio fain of P vf pecan th vem i 1213) 3 [pdt Sotae same edactn howe ht 9) = ‘btde toe nhs y omen then neg) = nen) 490) =) “Gonsencly the i fncin a's et proc of pati egal 6 the prod ofthe Mn eins the ator (1218) Proposition Lat Py Pb pet andl P= P=. Fh. Then he Mobiafneon of? ded by oe aor Sc he Mate fon ign aio to prov het he ight and Teaele he een En) Gon Hee=(oyon pathos <2 Sy and onl 3 ford = Bn Bn the thon he oe the proc of hea Then he a te ‘Sthowe in he popostin om thi we can elt the MSbin fame of wo mga pst (1214) Tice (hn MBs fron ofthe Bolen Inte P(X) igre by poray= {0 eye, (2) The Stier fonction f the atc) afin of en by {ye rot a et ie, “Tice fr (1274), 0275) and (1281 naan Bah P(X) and jn) hare the pet that ay itera fice he sme fn] = HUEY) i oe) ed Hye = DU) pve shure re dente tel yim The ates fncton he dae Moda Femcion twin member hor. Rraane 2. Using the ora ofthe Matis fenton for P(X) he atement of (1263) {ten precy it 62 an ela fom of te Pcp of nelson a Exon Thor Mibas ver 3 peeraiaion of PE EAE 2. The ata oem of Mita nein ed ows Int fg be facins om the potve lege. The the flowing seen ese ican aplation, la Sen 7, wo ht the mmbe of meni reduc pay fdage nme hl ih ¢ de isthe eres Sa2 Moin ivenion opel wh Jo) = 0) = mh ad ral a LE deta, here here caal Mine econ, 12.8, Matroids ‘The oto of independence tows spin many difrent ae in mathematic ‘ely, Wel a te rane nw in hae red SS Keane 1 Adan ard nto een proctie lie pce Any at pits ic much pues nt of daca nat 8, Ric dd ‘fis no a fens sabe hee Fo tna graph (7) met of edge pede.) ome? 24) oti of ner nnd (3-2) a SDA foray of whee ee cap mly ofc cthoing he popes OT Hendiey poyer BY aad 2CY then 27, 1 Rekege ono HY. 2 €F and (21> Wh hem th eit €Z ach hat vurrer ‘he meh of Tae aed indent Tf thee mayer apt ‘dr’ bps cue ay ton dstiso unlit etn! Ging ale ioninaees me ‘eet aol Ya ha a ie otegnie tegen Ase Y aed ot PC fap}> ey tr de Ye ‘he done of) ofan ary sabe eth ale vedo contain (1281) Popmiton A mato o XJ deem y any fe ening: te ‘Serhan cin hey th ned wt thc petro Sere ay here tee steele ie wpe Seeks tm epitope rat fot a np anne ‘avon Axe har explicate ie eterno tenderer {caro Wo mesh the cone, “face imply tat set depends fwd oly fe contained test Stra, ne independent end ol eatin 9, Aly 1 ingen ft oly te en eel oi edna. Poh bry wee che hat et elf and only 18 gel scot he srl ean cae opin cy the ae Iran Misco heron a nq othe ak of is doar 40 oomph 1 Merete eR ce wel ea: Now he kom cede YU Swath SSp mantel cnn of sel wae wt ene element Y. (1282) Propaton Ech ofthe flowing example delet mat: Dee of rats oace the vt of Encl independant ret of Xs TIES tame of prone or ane pan Zhe tf dependent subse 1 K ia the edge set of x grap T the set of ayetic mabots of Xs UTE dese pal tana oly of tabs of. soon The poof show vsiow sini nd fleeces so il teh he Da tesco at he ee oe Et) Tee ttt wet Clay ay mbna of » Banu independent sit icy odepetet Spore at Y and re ini adept wih TAS IPL teen tint) > mh) m0 2 2 7). Tam the vector € act (ested Fond 10s) leu independent TA be the eget os graph ont vein wt ley owe ct an acute biel ace Ying then the mathe of conned Shaponcou af (9) |= VL 4 by (123), Thos 21> he V2), Heese kn (7 ada ome age €Z Wnt contain within Mompouen of oP) the) UG] ete? ereay un psa oar cy pl tree Suppve saat Bre pal srl ith [P12 Ut A be te eee tyre Dy and the wt repronled by # © Z, We cman foreach 2 € 2, the BET yO ante eect = Ay 0.4" and By = 2, fay SALLY dot te ment met be al the pln of 1, wich thea pasta ESSE ca tpn he a fo a Dat thi SEOTES See ote wt onan oly» elon af Ths 1 eta eras dace ey roan ofthe 4, hos SDRC Tit ane tha = © Brule ya conten nee (21> T° Aco ith abe concept pot th rv ha ing eget i tree therm aplcabe fo ever fest Ella We shold ook COEGRE route ech em be malate fe terme of independent ote eee te guy seit fac he minal conector (eee 113} ich SAe ESS ee tases eh ein i‘tnd to the nine ght Hsin mate howe dents ae wih (ie aoe 3) "The doe mts of «maid farm «nice, whee mt newton, nd he bin of st ethene fhe eine sles nen and Hite poet 1 ie geome rm peace of Une sel geome lie whieh ‘ptenestimatied ad ade row ght We me se brain ‘x tod aled pron fn engl tet andl gos we ved ‘iow i pone opt om ny med geomatc atid na cane ‘rye prals ene he poco for pang fom veo pace Tote Tapentng peeve pec (Chapter 9) ‘St 1 By removing pole the dos of he cpt oe we produces ted itch te empty te domed SUP 2 Now wae 2~ y= yt (0) i dependent (in other wor if (29) aa 1) fellows mth oehage ae at he ea ele dain ‘Tse aes nde int ntl way on he eta egulene cla (Ray ordain enon a een cae) Tn he ne of «vcr spe V lp 1 roe th vec, a to ecry ela o ‘Ruteae the imental abpacs an the pst of te psn eos. inthe ce o «graph Sept snore oops and Step 2 remover uli dee Wine sume ga ‘Now; inpneragemcic mts and ome hem sole on ‘ep the pols fe geomet mtd we he cra of aie whi cover, ‘a srry dees of fe lace en be end with het of ponte ng Nm nd ar nplied ec, we cm coe the rk in aden he {ndependont st, om evel ‘We conde thi ection wih © gern which pall ket up by the eoltign Oat ind cumple of el toe hm he prt nara of Slay Cay de) ot tts Ky hat he st af poste [etna of he fly. Now espe tat hae aed © ‘ened onthe pat Wo ok shee an dpe ner he anes ‘aly nna o Has Teen of whch» era. (284) Maram Let Ay nAy be sabes of Ky and et (2) be Sen threw snip rate th ay and aly Tete aay 2 0 ewan Hal Tooter onsponds to tease ware the mateo ilar fe independent 0a {Y= fray sat YX ator, Ibe ta dept! tava hen foray J.¢ {Hynsth AUD) ntl a nde ctf ps0 ern at st tn ge’ The comese SP aeicitee, wich cam be alee by senting (wither) te rot of Hall "norm givens Sete €2 (oe odes ay tb of he saad extook reat 12,9. Project: Arrow’s Theorem secnesnptmta ind t ua itary cries ee a rs SEMacmmneat seh iar Tope nrrrymeesen greet SSO eS Altea ieee ee SEEKS Spicer, eee 161A von cae fen aa wich ee Se ee foci eeilear areata Sees ee 1) 9 Gin tn lpr hh ae th oS Sn tag ye (bem 6) mee eno ct i se Sloe coeading vl poems th ime rp pronase ‘ite a se pote inter tit ihe decary oder of endo ih ht ‘Sovanon ta ge tga pede al 0 nt alphabet) Th ata oe Th) We ay hn 9 pce he tara patil oder fe) sen 3 < 8) gaan orn <8 hese ro orders cancde. They ifr fet fot n= 6 where 31? and aelncomperaie ot mp though fhe et precede he eon the Ropevn salen tue ne Scion 128 fap (0813) Props 101 < hen proces inthe ern exegrpi orde cor, With th notation at ble, coon uh tha nj = my fer <1 pie Sei soem im st me nema Dave > \Conivgion ener the np: (0313) Propet FA then roo, Seppe ha where he ption n= 9-1 Feo {Gn the ul fj ah >i, dion of ang The fo 1° Non tno he abt of lt in the gras of which Bethe vied ofthe etme Ny tnt tee = Ele 0. Sit, . Bima he sightband ingen holding Date > Cand m2 fj 6 ence sad eo fp aa 1 a np pie on wo mts, tn ein 35 tt gman “pate oboned wy ste of tps a eye oe wi 2 eta td itp tc Wr ooo Scapa he yt ng cs ap a ‘Pon py ee of to : 12 Scan ov a 5th a et ot (0214) Propane permeatins hve the ame jl stacey Bey we eng P1oor Suppve that 93 = Ay Lt (2) £5 24) Bea pe of 9 29 at ‘Th, ad sininy sps = 9. Tha (nt pd of Thu, we bin ‘ee decompoton of om nt a by epg eh Pout yb age ode Te geet ae go “Conergy soy hae She sane ey rare, ale te ele decmpotonof eh nd wi ht fp eet tg, ie eds of ‘Sete eg scenery Now kb he potion shld by ‘oping eck pitta he Sompetion of tthe pia vay owt, {Cree ihe ac wan wen Sen he wr fe a) The Signi ey hese caon tbe Po etme 6 = (12344316) and = (23316 01, en 9 = hace GHEE) ~ (125 4) finer ota, Tis cll a coy pain of a etnd te the srt of some he member f cong ei Sy Bat we asd bt dealt he colon (1313) Pepto Let ni be partion of. Then th umber of Permeation with jl tract new aoe. ne wie ut he rach for the cl econpaton fecha pete: hn thet wap fering te ar it the ces ‘st each of the ef engi ay oso the ep ‘poate ths yi rte na! ape och to we hate ta ie By {he prea fl hse umber 5 cao aes i nny en. oe is)2. eg ae hte s Euler's Pentagonal Numbers Theorem [A petapnal embers ste f the frm HO —1)/2o HP + 1) for wm enquire amber Ateraaiely, ia zante of th forts HOA 1)/2 for ‘ie fpntvg piv or se) integer The ese ein perl, ‘Segoe so cecal whereas the Bt prucnpr we. The eso [ert ume shown iy the pes of petagna utr forsale ‘g.182. Smal petogonal nuns “th net thorn, deo Bak gle serps eit apetion wl castle ede a Bet sete no for he atta (1331) Yale's Peatagsnl Numbers Thon (a) Ini ota pentagonal amber thea the rember of paint fink een an odd ber of inet pata in (olin = 131) rsome C2 then the umber of peo ly nto an een sumer of cine! arte xed eum aris ol mer of int pur by cE Yor example, hse te fon prions of n= 6 ilo iinet pars gab) feanias ts btw ofeach pags whe if = 7, there ae Be ch Ductnen v6 41 S42=4 4324 24 ly the wha en ae to (hae ame of pte Proop. To demoastate Bale’ Theorem, we ty lo protection between parol ih na evens ano ub of dnt pre wevceed alent ‘pesegel namie in which tsuneo le ot Tat be ay pron of mnt tnt put, We dec to subs of he agra DI) we one The bret Bom som ofthe digas (he ep these afte prow ad proceding oo a ponte. Note thn ay ton he sop he atin He ow ine th ow gh ae a Aint See Fe 3. Fg 185 Bio aod dope Now we de the et of patons of wih dni patito the cay seit thee ae 2G 1 city fhe rion which sir br ingen Sp slthey i es oe py a «Wo Pom ces eh ier ee gs tcc ey at ene Gr abpe cy ng ts eb + Gi aes oer prc int pte Feat at en i FY oi ning ms cow tae i eh of i alg aa STAG weft cnr cyte ono eh Se Igo puedo ae pr atk Tha on we ‘Sore Sia overt ea Peds oh wie ae ge cf Siatiageutc sta ony ap Fi mea te Teh othr eon Min Ch 2 eee by ning te pb a orci ds, {hn the scone ow of Xi se renter anh be of wh ba ime heaps th dt nthe pn) Tp sown ig aa 5rd Cha psion ek A ‘hee bcos ae mata evene. Tha the mb of Cl aed Cla? aston a equa. Moreover sev ens change tember of pasts By, Sd roe sage pai Sn the ain of Cae 1 and he mambo evn with een and od nembee of pat ae egal Now ve tum to Cam A putin in this ce ae the propery that te ‘asad slope iter nd brn Ing ate equ tebe seed the ope by 1 So ithe ar Fp then n = PE 1/2 HE Dok182 Bt Pte Nenn Te 2 41) FR /2 = HE 1) Fg 125 shows the no pon, sees re a ig 185, Tro Cla 2 pstons 50 ifm not pentagon ten Ca 3 emp; and n= (3 — 1/2 sec F6 2 hee cota gle pation with [pt Pueee Then Swe (0322) Contry. T— ‘aon By Wars Prlagonal Numbers Toren, the igh-hand sie i the ee ining fon ot ete} — one eve) and an we he wus ‘patton havag a puts dct nod vag evn rf as ‘epee. We mas show ta th sae tw or ee ae "Te eoticet of” rand ep of colsbnton Gorm actor (I~) fejewhee tf nun and yh ar din he omen a ‘hole of frei (1) Seach ccs by een) entered each {Sim coveted oy ef) sontntn “I Sete nec 9 prove ‘height hod side cas Be wits a 14 Eun eo enn, caren, (heft dean’ of the petgoalaumbe From hn we dace he ‘omited erence or te psiton smb Th ne the pee pence {Sat nding» tear rearenn rt fet equence ci fo ng Beene of sper face fe haps ance 1) (2228) Catay. Form > Ae) = EH ole JHE) fA +9) = ala) 42) pl 1) Fe) ith the canenton tha) = form <0 Eawe= Mo-er ve have (poe) (regener For > 0th cofiset of in the rd Tha 0= )+ DCAMn JAE ~ 1) ¢ ne HE #1), from which hes fll “hike ara cure ain in mich he umber of tema ron ih bu eltivaly ally the ar about 5/3 patra! members bow n Thus it pei efietcaleon: p(n) cn be erated ih Of) addons ot bones 13.3, Project: Jacobi's Kdentity athe secting Ine delight poo dro Rishad orchard, fa ent of Stes The prt hr the pearance of psc boughs pre combines, ithahesdouhecounting tar of Dine deca? (048) Jt ie Pd ty ie 70 to mong dws odo hd hei gees Ee) (q-) TAT ees mneiee setae shmoacraebianvaentmenn de SSS eS Eeseres-Eeeeves, eermnemertemaecnenettc nee eee emanate omic ‘cout orn mp tsp hes tea se th ee nd ror ace SS Te Sabian ee ‘ea pin Bt Pet Namba Ee Teer eeeg teeta ei mt ah A rh py ae ee ll ‘Tiss panics edo ting | ergy Gnd To tp ah hein emma ft sy ‘Pope cacao ube tote mer aoe we mip fk Since ged nf hau “Rigel ke pe pene 134, Tableaux Ove defiition ofa ibaa not the moe general oa pose; what ded ‘Noun clad andr bln, bat vi ot a boat momar Tat \ be patton of, wih dag DU). tale o Yang ern, ih singe sg of he suber 12, rt the ea of DUS) uch 0 oy ta enum in any tow or calm ar ely ieenang Pv xan, ‘ele tne wh shape 7 re bowa Fp 138. fe E 4] aoe Hy 196 Tideaee ‘Toe sumer of tablet wth shape 2 denoted by fica, we ae ‘he covepindig aos beng tad rneponion {2 towewbat serpoced fami fr Given scl (3) ofthe lager DO the ok (aj) sone wh eG ot emi fic ‘Sa ov othe eth oe of rial cl (0) te gra ‘rin’ 2j,and allele) with? 2 The oo eg ij} the umber of Tike aoa (084 thew f= ‘eho pc of tn hoo agra seed oft of exe ‘Get sae elton mace fnclone I do ol pha fo Wace hough he rumen bee Themes fi sre asothe cubase iterptton. at beth palon Teta where ar tual m Sere my Suppo thay eth con, ae roe for ea, ithe? cate cig yee oe Then the numer of nay wc the olen e coed ott ‘so Hage in the cout the J cand aad of he 9 fo a J > yf oe the tcl the ot by weg the ambos 1 i the cl of DU), ‘rhe mi pat the vo (ramet to the ight ofthe ental thee Fike mie gosto he? canna By mecmpton we hae = abe wit ‘ape and vey ables cnteponde io «pole coat ee Ma yoke, Teh te prc 2h = tm the fe he Catan na Cat iatergetaton off in eal aso! th hl forthe Cuan her grea Encene 150) of Chapter So the umber f genera he ‘Clee sub We conch he bok gt foal 13-4) hese The lock eater ts pstion bien Iy isthe Sit omy enn Sm woe maim sHi(s) fn armen ith (482) Another important propery of blne i theRabisorSchned-Kath co (0243) Robin Smt Kanth careondent. There iveton hetnen the fe otpeimotatons of te-)r and tee of ondrd pain of tabeane of te (ae shape Unde his ican fy compen tote pal (7) of aba hen yr cone fo (rs) Ta prc, two bina Comepening to © pat 9. ae ui and ely Paco, We gv a cenreine poo of cou! We bull pl (5,7) of tbe fn spent ch me ake pane fr oon, The consrtin Sd the ove and slomarare ly incon factT genine sasdod ‘Se at Se mtin geeral ep i nel oe hap, od custo and to Fina muons dee Te proce fre INSERT, wish pen iege thew afSetroutn INSERT efoto the ro 1 eget tas tet lent of the rom then append it {othe sow. the row empty, pt nthe Bt pasion) ‘erin el he tot cen ofthe su for wh 2 5 Bump otf he om epg whe then ABER late be +17 som Now we can gv «comple pation ofthe RSK alge 2S nest ‘Start with 5 and’? exp Port .ym doh allowing NSE at the row ofS. Thi enor a cascade of ‘Gompe! ending with new cl Bing rested ad 8 ube (dot exceeding) wien nto «Now crue nw call nth ane poston in and wate ‘Webaveto check tata tbe stags Sand Pass prtiaableus The at ‘ha nowt cola ae nein for 5, contegunee ofthe way NSERT trv for bcuseae ha any nent pein et tae “he point of abtance tha he nevly cael el dona wilt th oan tha bow lng st once a ie hold Uva atl ‘ove Thicb becuse he cnet bpel err than he sent to the Tip of he poon ump out fad 0 comes tort othe is pout. ‘iti ed ofthe lg we have tr abn of th tre shape ‘re itaate the leit with he perma (2,1) Bet mgt mes /f ww r bE) Pig 187, The RSK agit [A lage 3,2 mpel by it the mead rw. "The procedure can be reves, to contract + permutation fom «pat of standard aca of the rse shape To me thine that we en Toate (te tae 7, an thn sence te rade of bumps eed to ove the ‘crvapondiag demon of St a poxon the ierton igi thr esade {if Naking bac the ame wayne ears te etre pean (A Tew ‘resin examples makes Sarr than pet espn) [Now we comet the Sal cain tt if (8,7) coneponde to ten (P5) eprapons to gy pte here lb mera an ering Lt 9 aed ie forms oye) Ch) reopen. Th = aed ‘Saif Fare perms ape in he comtrion inet yin Soe ‘eto; go into te St om an into poston deter by ene ‘up in 8 Subcquniy eee lace in. bo yb po den i subsequent inverts contpenng to vloe of wi «> # bt yay Boch "Now corpo Yoga age , ne art y= nthe fo row of 5, snd mio Trin poon drained by auc of bumpin § One ea ec {Eales ae the tame Lamp bat mored bel bat il ea wnge ene {aiberthun one t's in” Day be bongs which seeeqeny more dow (Te how lich dear the pation of the preoor ee. 30 the ealing {hen Sand 7 sv pray he Tan § erapoding to, an the cai (0243) Coat. (9 EU? = (0) E fa= ao wha) th ber feline f= iS “Th funcion en) wo cote in Suton Ay whte we poe ower bound ‘ori Ween ao redo tt and ie casper bod loo (1244) Conary. val sn) ae Paco. (0 (2) Ff le the ight hand si mie al rod tome sf (8) The ven (ho) and Sy Pig) Bae ep of ineoion hate atte (pi) and Vl a er pod). 135. Symmetric polynomials Let yt be ndlerminaen. psn fly) led rye Any smtc ply cua be wien wlgul ar wm of pate whch ae ouoperes atm sy te har etme total dog. ThaseHomogeeros ute themves symm Se ne may sect attention to homegecout mm palomino eee,95 Smee potas es We now die some rial dts of smmetic pga, Let 3 be the pein mins (a) Tae be pool thes fhe em 2 a nd al the ote ec whe btaed om tune bp permsng the nde ie pi ia eee ome oe hn oe ‘Sek term only nce ee) 1b) Th sonia pum paloma the am of al products of 2 nics Inert the couple mete polyol he he san rrp toad no {ifs oe of teapot «hop pth edie galore he wei net ad ie rt aier 4 ties 1243) Pteltellas tasee), Note (881) Thom, For N > Hs oe ofthe abode me ho thon any Kceeguonearsmmeticpiptomial fof dee min yy ca Be woe tetgucy ars Linear corbin Eyeve, Monee i i cher xe =p. snags cut thn the mabe swe gee Paoot, Fo = theca oe tern my, een f then all the ter {coms appa whe ame coca "fo tow testo the theorem, we hare to demons he sca be xpd a ear cans of tes, (ith nee conics = #9) "ow the the emerge tray er. The ay Erte The ie = Is aad ang =0 ar Pon if he prion $y the contin the erm (arse raat) lett hich occur fn mt toons = 1 Any lle monontal in ey comesponds fo» [arto get tha hi ne Thu tho onde acoding tothe evn xcographc ode and he 2) cam be weiter wo Inthe fi to ne, mm 2 ae pen pein ‘Ts Jods cate he all poe monomil ofgreenwhikh can be formed tm ye Th the cee #= hereon of Moe here on aemete fonlons ‘te parce saa of tr ce eae inva ae the os af he prisons ine tat hw hen ane so say symm pogrom a the rot of ca be wien a» gyno a fi SSlgtents {kewnt Thence sends leer der of fnew ‘onal eens) ther reat abou yma plo cas be exprened convent in seo ft ering uc, Dee so- Sue none" (im ese tne ein st ve i cfipenn ryan ss eye ph (1243) Propmitin () HU) = B04 EC eh- sem 2h Here (9) comes fom expanding B(~)H(0) = 1. 1 » revue elon expr terme af yer) hed Ma she By toy eu a8 be ‘Spree a's polyol hy wth Inge otis, This eeialet (2% enron he the peg ye Bees combo ‘Sige count. The poe toe tn!" of Poe 138 "Te ton far Pf} lee bone PAE. (rin a= Oo Oahen Sates eden Esrer 9/2, the nabs of prmuaiony aS, having «ere of tah tie "Et ee prpetn of permutations nS, whch have a ade eth ethan 2, sow i in) gt 1. te My = East Be hein tie TIM LEN amet sob) Deco ne ew sd deduce at o9(e)= Sltitn— bh Prone ha thet = TY, Bat 2, 2h fr 14 Nand be 9 0. Show ha the ii eae of Band Hare bot eid 10. Dede Ener Petgenl Nombre Tecan fom 2acbs Tile Prout, ea ins put ony DL La be mabe of son and ae wih tow ume ny 2 2m > Oand Utla Aue nen nro tae hand pe he pattems «=m bo SSPULNT A taal tha the plana 6 ona tom 2-27 ‘Show tte ni Zee hen our oa th umber fms A hich atthe above coon14. Automorphism groups and permutation groups a Hote, Pigwmar 9) ‘Tore: Permsatio groups asomorpien goer thy, pai, geneeoe ‘easoH: Groep teas atest, (nots-apeascs: Labeled and unlabeled stress (Chapter 2) ‘pervs (Chap 3), ST37, S150) (Chapter 9), Poe (Gapk (Chaps 1) IMB tion (Chapter 2] eye scare (ote 3,33) Grong petrm tw mala fncons i combina, pardesiely opposed, On soe ym oie, ont ot in ‘Situs daorder Te mot apn nape se ‘grace nore ome 10°) ae th men (a componds oh comply ordered ‘ne be pilr wns ed of gro 14.1. Three definitions of a group By an set wl san pur (25) were Xn and Say ete om “X,rlom oat malate ait he spsed tay betel af nerd a evel ‘rtp (5) arph me apt to ech nage in Sto obtain the ee wt SOUPS a se erete of me appl the conteacton rece a 1 Aman goa pan poe Meera go ee eri) 545.1 tn np at 8 hos hae) cnmsptn oC Ae Bo Suis es onan yy 0 = AS etme ine So Sato at Saat eon on he lng oe ody Sema ma (Ee ca ar of te A ene apse ofc pf me a santa sp et yo a See Seca ay ann fae sie ens) St Leta ee dance ht mn of xu estat on (Pf) 9) Wes a Speciation Ee Se nen gon iam ge ene ate Tee as eto Sy Nt ema gute rrp Carp rena et ao ia pen SOT sad ED Late i pra or SoC tty ey peo sa eo ce PNA oe teen of Bere aoe at te rn Fa ae ge ie.) Tae plo of ecg TTS La pty sltncpen pons nin Then yin a nett moma meni, tesa hen npr epee Tests Sm SE ATs ppm KOSS EN Seat pcanieey sae crept Be Oe Sy Ca py thecmpain of aha $2, enhalen wy oe ln no ay mesons stheaetpewertey hee ena accanet? ceth coy yeaa gs (i) ll trap ee akg sca sa gett ope a cmt tc alg 0(hok)) = (9) bok) = (eaBIF= (alg o)#= 008) ‘Weotver tt theideity adinvre permutations vet eed pope, (pone. Aran, we ‘inet and be race dr) of Cpe There: (041) Coys Therm. Evy arc rep omer to & perma rom‘moor. We ae gies an avec ou G, with operation 9, ad ace rai {2 fod pena youp Grom uty owe demeta ae yore ‘Serpentine wh hte of ©, uch hate dtent a @comepodingto9 8 21 Temption ofthe domes eaepending to gah. ‘We ke X= Goand = (ys eG) mh he gt rain by sy az0y forall 60 wi dear yl ye» peta; bat tet fp fr 9 #8 omer leet othe cert sso tate haves one-one caraponence. Now snmn(essiehnso(eoh)= the tate gop cxon eG caraponde ocomgodin, Tr iy, dna Ta) for nr soos py = pa the aly penal Sere er coe apo im PHL aws ty ned rota Toto fc htc htc pa opin gp 0 she ener te ee Mente eu sawed oe ne om elope gy of ni Scion 107 we cae rt of ts} LEME Pepe tobe se shat ‘ine tn ee te coco ty rrerng hv pore A group defaced by ‘Soom (A Aa} Cay Thee show hal tale soni presen rope pneu pertain nae tiny thn ting at by ty OF core, Uke ion cfs penton gosp too ange sot of permaaons ‘wha eippd withthe epeation of ompoiton forms» roel ‘We ned one mor concep, Tht ee the cntracton in Cayley’ Theres la the only way hh’ pou canbe repre by perma So we ‘thee aa ston of pup Gon un X tbe map 8 fom to The st S7O(X) permits of Ty staing Gane = on, = (09, tn ace he seco sed hd conto fw frm he Sn hich enema fo Cito Sym) ‘Theme group can have may feet ston. Wo sed oe abe to ay wien two aon ate tesa! Let 9 bemoan wa X,Y Weal ere {soe aula ihre sien f= Yh at (200) = tent forall 2 X,4 © Gn oer words ime weft eats and, hen ny lem 6 fen herve pretation on the eee Rocan example G be the rma ouy Srp sh ntoncrghim soup of nap Fig 53) Then © atone Vere aed onthe eer fhe = ung These ans ae agit by ment of the ap f, te 1 = (2.3), 2p!) 3) = (hh (Fr example pertain 9 cease to 2 hee rie (2.3) 86 (21) 14.2. Examples of grouy Peshaps the most famous groups ate the eee prongs Co The group Cy can te rede nthe ave group of compare Gameroom, ot fhe ‘mule group ofalln® pot of uy (Uti fee Done (r(oen > 2} arte automorphien grup of he ede gph wih vex (eat aad edge et (F118. 2) Uo 109) Algbrily, emptied byw slg eet hat, {Mle ckeeninne per of Any isle rp ih te pope ge (Ores that erp Ge geneated by at Sof elonete iach member o ‘an brcaptoned st pdt of mel of $end hres ney nero ‘Mowing reptton Thin loge eqs! oping tht Snot contd fey pepe boop of G, bl eprenes Ie cnc in mote postive wa. ae roel 5 nto of «group G he subgroup H gered by 8 eons [tal product of desta of Sand thee ao crc a he Stole sabgrosp of @ conning Sth th neocon ofa mbpoup of © ‘taining S Since every set SX) pee some erm rp, He ive pte eoermous colton of woo; but tt gute eso dniee ‘rperts ofthe rp hom neering "We wil cer thn protic i Secon tet) [A dos related api the det! gonp Dy of ort Da. Pot 8 > ‘Dm ‘te lower group othe cee (aneced) graph wih eer (Wine and edge{E40 60, nA} UUlO 10). he Bony of erm oa 4 I conn he oe pup Ces ‘Bigot (beta of te) Te nuog dels eel oe gies tan sms ofrmcy: Ot nb at of tna ae ae ak IES even hea peo ing oppont ios tl neg Sslpnint ofopae eget) eel yup sb Jef cose ‘Saleen: Dike oh guy of ve 2 geil by oe eon) a De Fels peop oe neh wane oP neiee wen Not tha 12 te gop cope of tangle loreal tt ymin rg) coitng ofl permtione oC LERT nya tn by St avr san hap haben 3 Sekt ton of re comsig fib en pete Cad he kena gg and lento iy ANN) oA We ea ‘he Sple one Cn we Arent we lomo Cy wat pen. ‘ene ei he et Bee gop GL ogo 0 vet nn sats oer Gin Chapter wh need ob ‘roopecan be bp om rene Te npn uate th Ac pat ead wee pothe wih we tow ene dG ea x prmuatne gpe ono X aod Y cee We a tan Fed ae dnt The det pode ©» soa of rae pe (Gti wiy ud vc aac ote djiat sen XUY a lng von {3h HSH! (Yo shoud check tha thn seion) The seep opto i en by (auionts) ~ (nti “Te action of Hf om XUY te ald it aaa wet Another ation product action oa > Yd by (enh) = (0.8) ‘The wreath podct Cw H mon itl defi bat I il debe 4 ate permutation soap state! an i onthe ants Fat eke Y= (ya) and reped Xo he i aon tn oper Ny Ny Ky whee 03% (yf Now ne don tno petaon pope ‘The botio gop ithe det product cope of Ga alr stion nity. UX In thr wordy Day thee (anne te)= om 1 The ep aon 7 con of Hating on the second onde Ge9h= Cnt) nother wrt Pie te XK and bol ec wks pip ene yD and (one Whipeiswerves te) Seino Ue sah proach produto on he ot 1x7 Wt fom Mean eu ncn Fe? an eye Bee eran Now tae apo by Bi 6) =i FD a te wet igs ff et ee maton Pee 8) = Ga we itan poop tary he nat ftw he fon hoe Pot fone. - rs Rabi ce eo up hich et cl dvd by gong afc hee nope than ab oe debe SSECTSLER pa pf ono) na se te ieee wa aes a icoaring pion tee a ated whe te mth ee eo oh aaa ere ft is cas own lo SUSTETAL itgenet aeai tarao c c abob he Fig 162 Rai doin ue umber te whic cae ih ih sr fe ging the ior ee SRSIRS SALTY Sa TA a wt er tc it fo A SEAATRIGIRES ase capone a a oe roan aah pri: Th ase tn can eS heh 2010 or 2, we ange nl Be SUG iin I Tiere capo io power fe permeate ac1aya HD) (eetaia fsa) (aaieana cont air D tguv) (oman rns grup th op fl pean ofthe es i a be sadiy apeac ‘hoe nthe upton bythe sore tan coe oe‘the penton ied shoe carepod plying ic more tot doe ‘ns dred ste: Howavn tssre, iret eranaion rer bcae RESESTMES te orl hae lent ir A ove canbe spied a Kd pl permis or pean fhe pusns bt we hve opened ‘he of te damine 2 eypermettn or pettus of fe cobs We ma ‘ine he Sinton. Tats bee pena of 1. lwo omit on(i a) 1m compo ih he cy prt bh the in ion wih 25sec hong sta hhh th oa (ia ae os oh) hi et wal compton of prion. Bt coma SS SSS pln ep a (he 8) aig 2S ay): tothe cfeaistocompo etree of ih. In pea conng 9 oe he ani ior ie pn h Sano they emeton (0 cra smpeing pe mica semper ihe tomeondng tncypermaaons om gh roa he aru rnd bya fein thea wheter thee paloma pas The the dnl Seep {See fee yh pts nae be 143. Orbits and transitivity Ie grup act ona eX, te connate re min fnteeie in SoMa Se toto ine what sco Xe eat for ‘atin the sits Pies noapion foe Ooh pm ou om ‘sri puna ome cong pmnes rae nu set pope (An oer om he toes ec i adore he trish he Ny or ‘Stpeup cf wish weonner cny wha loa peng ete pean weour 0) 2 sn) cry fo noon wil be ihr «yemuaion op 08 on = oup ag on XT i appetite aati, a en oe (geo s tae (e pemottoncorepeding to) ‘rf ayia gnerntion of the pe dcmpoiin a ng perme tase (Cane Lat nb en X Defoe sna = on Xb the and eal 2p =p for wme 9 £0 ms 1 Aout eg ad perma pe Pagar. Ther Lind of Rone ee aboa thi ol meal ‘renrag syeaene stint to nathennce nc fom grep cons The ‘Bree astm fr an equiva wlaon (eesviy,symety tad tei) br inmedinecounqecc of tee sen for poration pup (ni, ‘The qlee dof the rlation = ar aon a the ola he roe 6, So we hae sige,» pation of X ig it ado be onto ‘Seeley oe oth bute three? Noe tha for intestine Ge re ‘eon of G on och erie andthe acon at nae Swe ra 10 ie nesmerg) march eae eee ab {eos {eee 1 dm a san nto ft et df, 5 ie rei eit gutp Sh ipso Oat te to ty iy Ole fe a aoe {Sig oS Ur ee age Don re FE hn tafe yt! a oh Hn yey nin [Fite “ied Msc Say wy aba ta Tex haf il ce fara Ss Hg oe 158 Py wg Ls Pena hk gen a ha Sisco SRS Gra ela ee Cac Theta (tht of canto in C(t ete a ee a ct te ree Gow wane inert ene (thy = Hs tes te tn ag ed te i rat ELS aA ad hn treed oat va oe ponote word the permatationconrmpontiog og maps Eto Hy fora. @. [easy end hati ded ton ‘A promi, we have the lowing nol, (1422) Props. Any ene atin 0 gael com stn oor. Let G at taney om the set X. Choon 4 pola # © X, nd Mt yO: 2y=)- Tho We eed the blr of Sand itn Got 2). We be by nary chk, i aa sagrnp of. ‘No (andthe the heat fhe mater, thre is antares and (C1) The Uji ede flow To ach Plt © X cacypondh the wee 5\p) = (9 € 0:9 =). Taow Sy) nomen, by tanay of GT te ‘Sigh Gary 2) fxm spain of, madd agtored wo enti ‘Re pain ita cue a Pal, lar Rjcton defor eevee Wother word fy = 6 then Sa)y= oon from the defo (4433) ropaition to cnt sto on (GH) and (GK) re eile it sed ony ite earoupe and re cole too. Hand ate cna K = 5H for tome € I ill then (Germap Ky r+ Hoy isan eqeakoce: Gavel pps tal ations ht cow spc af abgoape Hand ae equ Let conan fhe con! ‘pwnd the equa Then te tans of Kno iy wena Te ft (eG: Heg= Hey) = (9G: nae €H) = 5B. So Ka gly cong to "Exar How many noite ofthe ym group 8.0 ant Weft desc th taste wetons. 5; iw ou of exe 8, colanng 1 iene, thee amen dr 3nd to sent oda By Lagrange ‘Theor, tbe poe orden of webgpe nse 6 3 7 and ‘Ther meager ‘grep ofeach the dan 8 ana ares the enya th toca rer 3 Sor the agen subpony of order and tee ae thes vgn 1 eder 2 each caning of the sys dement f one 2 Thee tee fnbonp areal nega" Sp to euro, hee saab ote ‘be ou an of ne 3 or ano sre ow ana aon nde po dint ain f thse sabe 4501 ira ena on (hyn) toga tthe vmbes of wae of xpeing {aa pacun eee ain cmge (43). mm Alon pop ed emai ip ‘ata um of coe, ton the ands. din a the pnerating fonction ie rnb . Epo yo one en -6 ‘Thine became the gh aed eis (EE UH ERE KE oh ‘she peice of i the numberof woof ting tr by malying he On and be tome mets a te aenber of expense = show sea is ponte od ax epic exroion fo fm hi fru. One wa i 1o sr ani loi Cavey ner fora exes gn conta no ‘SA Ga b'eaunod by ccaating radu st Ploy which oon a the Sach ‘Rok fut Bt he digi woul tae ro ar ac! Group cone cif the dition bene alld and enabled erase atoll i Seon 24 Lat C bea san f actnes on it (een) et comin of ph, ua of wen ec) Two bed sree Cand Care ‘ted athe sue ible reef nl ely they be stomp hat ‘fees an semet of the same rnp 5 which map C1 C. We come th ‘ion of on hea of abued autre na acon, tell race compan toot ed the ahs f «arate Ce slop rp ‘SSC he et of all perma fang (1424) Mino.) The mambo fda baling of tetas Ci ea to ni awey I) Who we M bed scr dm aed rts GE Tas Constr, fr example, Se pe tens a 9 pint. Up to omerphitm, ‘tee ony on (Chapter 8 Here ade aslemorphine rou ner 5 (Ginter Haein ot em be iced in 1760 80 ye (Rist {he dais made Chapter Eres 18) “rtsve mote oy about canting albeederacuea the net cape. 144. The Schreier-Sims algorithm What is the order ofthe dein eee? the ot Segal tothe tab otto the lie Grin 2 We ‘hn cst ths nd Gaseous no me cond ope toca [hurd pertps ty a sce poctar and ther Sad) by mug thee ue We ne tt wha rely eed forthe «generating tf Tis ple es formalde the Seer Siu clpnthns owe oy ie1 1 Sapte = nh we eve how to comput rit La She a gent st othe roe G aca on. (0441) Ales Ont of = Sit with ¥ = Add te pets 1 While any pit warded ote previo ep, ap a tomes of St th ecy aed poi hen» pt nt SYD ebained add tt "A the conch the oni of Ravers Reeth ete only ane ‘Sten arg = 109, bat tea expan for is ent a = prod of acta he vtec be dened oi ap We ie #4 ge label say "icons an on epee HEY =X, tee ate iy ‘Merwin soet an valid pol gre the el 2, and roe bee ncn evry wn eal, ude lab ogi th he Eeeaton) ve ‘Semple [and compu) erin f the rb had wits The rte of Sister or 3) ee onto and et A map = to za ah, Reo the Hy He area the cont of Sm Gi ober sane col pees fo Ha eld generar for he aie, we we: (1443) Sees Lemma Let (sg) seer oe Gt sak Be cht voenatives fare win H 90 Lt deat te coe repre (Tih chanent ater nd F=f y= ly Aare tat y= Then IF S generated by he eh Si = ig ERT = hove heh root Al hee dentin sn ech th yoda of an cleat of @ wd ‘Beinvene of ea topetntave. Now spor pe. Pot Tonle ges ya et 1 nd a he her cage wt ht arent Bt yin Wace a thug" Sy tad we have expe ht rode semen Sy ™ 1 neh pg min ee Now ween apy recurson, to ge (1443) Goo eter: Scle-Sins sgrithn Lat S be ato generator US ors {i en) thew iets «pat ot Red By al elements ofS; alte tie ot ¥ of tad Str gneaos for Gy Apply ‘te tigatm real id 2 Then a= 16 But oe wha ely produce by hag. Wend up wth sequence ofpeintary ns rscandinbrmatonsontegrope G10.) Old nie Gio) = 6,6) = Ghar = Seabee et for 1d Srecaotnes a feo repeetater fr Gt) U1) be TU Jee rns) eins fref G — ben soqene of pit ch tbl {bear the pine th ent and Tn song genceg [fen oe soon tha aly» gong nt) Now Tr the ner of GU) Go jth ender of Ct the prod f than ners (oh ti ta ‘The sean tr ofthe consti eee by he at ha (2.20 SWasmead 5. Ua seonggenmaing t o CO). "We ne bare & member ef GT procere which, gen subity permits Gy dos whe or bt ©, andi, express 9 ‘eeme of be generar o (164) Meme tt te 6 TG ee Gwand org = 1 Oe Irae thas #6. 1a hen apy the membership tet for Gl) = Ge, to 9: wad eG and enya € CI, lho reine Cg pas thet te wl fd ania dewentsintneste tah ge Tort hed wack at gfe 2 U0 be he weg gringo sagged alt Schr Sine goss Pind hence the ary ent Gin rms of18 ina i any ws ‘Tsu what ned oven pste Rabi cea Rail domo. ee Ae hsp ns dre tn ih some melee MESSY STEHT hove mcr fp he oop Soba on wh esl ne tes ted ESTA ovis cry so te genet een Te ticity nnn pron a ‘Th on ini ae of he tw pod ore ecg ne eo oof ae Bars Lean et Stapp ree ai i Tye Senet np fic we op eens O re 1) 20 all its potential on generators collapee to the identity; and. if ere ETE as ay pes Ba me the nie ia. TURIN Uo hve het ch ni be mer of pect ln 1 eclogite up hey fe Th on dl Be {he ta we oh pan here uno cane Sac we now ts he domi rap Ba i of et 8 PLR ented ae Su chet aan cet ice wy a pra wee ee ther ST RRRPEET Lc} er nt le poep i fact Se Out “Sion sre tr her S oto oan to of Toe ts are Boe nd esa a edi ake SORTER Satpce id eid ged grcrioe we aba he (ecreose HDD, ‘the sith pws ofthis prmuaton {BF HD 8) which Say al the cores TESS SRi Rvs nip fe ge eee, Now 8 cn be own hl ti ad st ‘reteton pene the isting ose Ay of permeation ofthe ee ees ESGHy keh powes of the pertain store ie al the ge cab: and amen pele teste grup Seo he ene cab, Th the ‘Sonn tes at tS tt tet generator na ano pomsation fie cgeenbes Se be gon nt Sy Ay and Gh ony age aro 1 could bony Beis SS ene doe th aly of etary rp ato 1 aie oe ts iat uke further edctoon. We mon conten i rather dal Bee iiss Remece tats sain op X aot of ore pi of cmeats of ya iy ore of 10 = Xe Xe Wevay tat the raion Ii freed by Gon a Gnvnat = Ry imp 2 yy tad convey (The econ sping te vee of 7) Now @ 2 onthe st 7, he asie= oni snd re ae the allowing (14541) Prop The lin prev by if nd only ti unin of. rh 0 on Xe Paoor. cenane mens hat (ci) € Hi nd only if 25) ¢ fo say 416.10 tn whole ofthe Goris of 0.) cantina a Heat ean ‘Sees The Sonne aa 1 Garg on X mele on Ron which pre by 6, fot te ti 6a hegre of B) Toe ge Sista congue >: cao say ed to aa istay cams ycrtsyy et the Sey ced mpc ‘Eres epuone ca dhivehi TG este pron geey WR wl Congres va XS Re ep dan EY eo te oa Now we defiae two new permutation groups: ‘ . se Gu ontbeot Vb Gy bt peann go oY nue TLGPEES a et lt elt a, Stee pain epi oe b (1452) Merom Gis nomecpie ow sabernp ofthe wreath pode He Cs skeen eget the tnt of tn ara tof he ‘The, can be rgeded a bing but out ofthe ales groupe Hy and “Ge Both ss ope te eanaiv ste inp we cam sean ie ‘lochs fertee We cd up wih olson of nde pop the pine pve of. (Ba note tht C many Bae several dierent conrenca, wis In ge tet erat election of pire companete) Lat Be pune auger aot exeeg XL A petmation gion Gon X ‘said be ttt gn ay to Fees (sna) an Une) of ‘done pot of fy ieee n permninn pC wk ng pf (Gece wor @ ate taney o hen ftp of tnt pola Row ‘Meany i the ome ati arene in Sion 143) (1658) Propeition at Ge rane oo X, ith 22 hen (oe (ee tytrenire, (8) Ge pins Paoor(s) abe wo (¢— appli (24,--pt1) a0d oytes) f iie ones, "Extend them to tSuple by appending cements ay eedagi Pa EX] =the the pms up Xi rm Al, the aeratg seonpie (nD) eave itn > 2 (ven (oP) ple yt) Se) ‘icy [Epi ae wo pemattas wich cyte ff he second ‘Str y's eunponiin fe remain poi 0 tey hae oppo pay od “nef tnm bi he ateraig pou) ‘Minown tat ier fete para grape be more ha resin ‘hina ests angulation afte seine ou [rhap tgetst soveaeement of ahemainy be te Pals more Gone than page ang, an a out ae to rat 1486. Examples Bantu: STS(7), We showed in Chapter # tat hee» wqne STS), wp to ‘Corin (tig 143) Inu th segamct shows the Sewing? e143 51307) 1a (X,8) aod (YC) be Sir tile pte of oder 7 Lat (Ghasasn) bea nen the fet ote, adn.) ia Pike eed thon the ew ante marian fom he Be ‘eno the rand which ap 109, fort» 2d or he omens st map the hid pont he lock toh 2 and to {Gethin pot on he lcethragh py aed yn soda fo thes fo er ‘fe tapi thn mag the seventh pit ft the erecth oat of Tit sup rly bears see of mining Socks cnc of» weer, {SPAS pin a the ponte ac the erent pos ofthe dg teat Weck cmt fhe tid pint of he he re From thy ween atthe order oft stootpisn soap ofthe Senet, systen By chosing the two yt oe ual ft the nemorpioms ae ‘Romer the ster of tomo gala he suber ore) ange wc 74> ok, We tho te tat ange bw bse forthe ‘samorpism so, ‘Row the nacourpinn powp rave (The ett « modieaton of {he prot af Proportion 1485) at 22) and (nn) be to pi of Stic ‘oman Now sone 40 that (392) age and choo sida, ‘Tits chow on eiomorm caring te anit he secon) Ta paste, ‘Mens pata oti aston grup In Seen 8, mes tha te pont ofthe Ta) amb abled the Soe vos of dinesonl ‘clr apse over GPC}, s0 that he ois me the pl of pens wih oe A Atco gop pean pone so. Now the soup GL3,2 of artibe 33 mate one GF(2) act othe Sooo rece is nd cbiouly mop any bck tos oak s9H ss oup af ‘scp Bat 0,3, = (242° 2) =, oda: ene Pract onAPR. Rec he Relenen graph fom Chl 3 (e Fig 14} (gnc the nb for be moment). <> Pt Fig 16 The Petersen eit cn: 218 2st to evo tn al () = 10 teat we ed A ae ‘acing ee at to wt ein del fs be at iow ta ey permanence ne mel beer ed we “Sow the ssioserpbio group ody Hanae on vertu I nat 2. ‘nae rac nom oa mo ns es aon aa the dagonl(e,2)" 2X) fievat fe) enh, theta (Gun) ge ‘he slomerpiom sro nav o frre) ees sd om (ode) nom tee From thi nformatin, we ca show th prion X: Fora congreace ‘wun be ion of one of the he rb sd maine the dagSeppe tat conhine the snd ok (he order eg). Sine we can fd fokcayps wih oy ~ sands fs wehaves Ry andy Rem by tana Tipe Thus A eontlns a she evel now-iges te el ted the ave ‘aon A enim apes catia te oh of node Soe [Eis te agonal or =X The mean tat he pie 147. Project: Cayley digraphs and Frucht’s Theorem a aa gg stein ni Cat AG. "Sy tf sh se kX), ane ot a dg pun Rated 20 Wear gu tata seo i eh Botte cpa ce HG tet to a # nd aot 5 Sy umnaenmege G0) 1s po (1G) mn and ny gin (ig) Ratna ce hep gy Perey an sna 0 GS) Irma Ta psc tow ds utente og Poem i = Serhan tg "Pi smut tows tha ep coat (which mete ta he unig a secon Set 9 nth zag conta we ne SST is ce eee “nee ey acon pti nt SGN bn y= Ce br ie aterm cnn ttn ine of Cape Tran lfc it wee Vi So i eat hg annem et opie (1422) rpm Sup ha grin Fe tei NC) ni pr ba ee cig nn oo ee een SLES tim aeathseme tints (aibne Swe nang eae ih bl dil war ome han ae ee RS SSN ear aio re ee ee Tc Buby reminisce (0428) hm Bry Si gi eam op fae ek we A Adonai gop sprain poe matches omaioeeames enn ema Rao Soe eee RS eet one eee eer ee are ae en Ro anec re Dea ar TOT Pen Ate a =, Res eh i) 09) wh a ei BE va 3 ae A Mae (Eide fee scent Se grog pu Tne sever ‘Sst ng on 08. wey se Sp ea Sor ‘ie ame gat ema igen eng nto TRO. Sout seis se Mochrie oS) a Ae 148. Exercises 1. Le be a prmaatin rnp (8): Reaing each permataion pn fom tha arama (29) ow tak he Fl of toning the pertain f tothe wage ge ibe compotion gh, Dedace ha RaGne)= 6 2, Show thatthe amc romp ofthe tpl ocabeiton i te wreath prod, 5, we bring hear eon to ven td pol ee ou Ge ‘Sh face Show tha tis ony ao omorpic to 5,» Se 3. Moat mater acarng uence lon a mathe ae fv soup esos? Dict (iter You il Sod some sll examples sewetny fae Sse 4. Conder the STD) eee frm the point sete) the Mock ae (13134, 295 9 80,90). Chat he prt =e Fhe penne tion (128456) a atowotpim. Show Ua the prmataton (6) 5) St te anion Nom sow tha thawte auomorplinas geese tefl Seta awh erm of eee ey6 LAG te the smmatic rou Su sting om thet X of exe pin of SGnict emet om [ie Show Un Sr 28 thee eae wa ‘Geanroencen dened flow (25s) ign) and oli (Grom) (Gh) i and only i (othe member of itd ph conte ea (S)MEZTPEIE Stunt white bck pt cont penta an el cet lam ron DL an be de of tad sight cove. French RET lety = (LEE s Zink 29) Show hl the fanly Cty: Me R) vt Ha ‘Coin (62:2, (fis wa esentinly Hal na pian of Uther), "nde on Noel Ir= Ge deere te eh cot of Hin ray of tention (erlogons to the proto (433) 1 Show tha ll congronce cases of conrne fra rns ron Bae the fame, Desc tha amie grup ting on «pie wae of pits it 1s) Prove hat graph with 2a alomoepi group must be compte cal a) Fie al graphs whew utrorpi gro re on vei nerd edn ond on igs ot ot pr on es {0 Ler © be ttaane on X Poe thatthe aur of ois of @ me Caednn power he Bail sber IQ) [HINT For t= 3, the fe okie SELB east iesh Goro oti Ga sheen 11. Show tht the im graphs of Fig, 168 we eomompbie Hence write down ‘imorpiny fone t fh Pen gop What the group prt Tp tiec wo etomerpicar fy Tg 48 ro nope ape 12 Let D be a Ste digrph whan tomer group at ney om ‘erie Soen taht Demme hi sey anne in tet med, if sou can walk om Ato, he ou ca ev) Show tht hi ono fe (ert rp 13. For each poup of sede ee than ode pag when automo OEP 1, (9) Te cone of a parma ¢€ Ss the group ofall peretatons we Sha ome ith ptt, ih aly gh hp Poe Hh he Cota fy a ebgrap of Sy ad's omer to (Cs) (Cae) xo (Ca te an race 2. Seton 13) {b) Lat I” be « disconnected graph. Let I A epee fhe eo snotlcyps dees tec oie appa compens [Stemantotsiae ce het Auli) = st wr $) x (An) WS) (ANAT) HS). 15 () Prove tha the pe group of der contain 6n) ment which grea {be Group ete oe he rae leu dae mdm whieh ae epee fo (Ge Beers fncton othe on fac) eee “ee Oop. hee ha! Min fen 11 1e16 ten permutation group om X, For each broupH of Gt fa) be {Ue bum of pn of sc se Seedy evry ment of Prove a Gh ber af rhe of © on wh na nome ment f © fe ot a een, aygyt Net ein ert tom of de15. Enumeration under group action eh rie, he ne Mon) ‘unc: oeit

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