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AS 1418.3.unlocked
AS 1418.3.unlocked
3—1997
(Incorporating Amendment Nos 1 and 2)
AS 1418.3
Australian Standard™
Australian Standard™
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 1527 3
AS 1418.3—1997 2
PREFACE
This edition of this Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards
New Zealand Committee ME/5, Cranes, to supersede AS 1418.3—1990.
This Standard is a result of consensus among representatives of the Joint Committee to
produce it as an Australian Standard.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (Sept. 1998) and No. 2 (June 2002). The
changes required by the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and
amendment number against the clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected.
This edition incorporates the following changes:
(a) The format has been revised in accordance with Standard Australia's procedures.
(b) The content has been amended to allow for the new edition of AS 1418.1, Cranes
(including hoists and winches) Part 1: General requirements, published in 1994, and
for ISO developments.
(c) An appendix has been added showing clearances required between the cranes and
fixed elements.
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(d) The appendix on ‘Statutory Approval’ has been removed in response to the changing
role of regulatory organizations.
(e) Items specific to safe use issues have been removed. These will be included in a
dedicated part of AS 2550, Safe use of cranes.
(f) Editorial changes.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an 'informative' appendix is only for information and guidance.
3 AS 1418.3—1997
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 3 STRUCTURE
3.1 BASIS OF DESIGN..................................................................................................... 7
3.2 SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF BRIDGE SECTION .................................................... 7
3.3 DEFLECTION............................................................................................................. 7
3.4 SPAN TO WHEELBASE RATIO ............................................................................... 8
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SECTION 4 STABILITY......................................................................................................... 8
SECTION 8 CLEARANCES
8.1 HANDRAIL CLEARANCES .................................................................................... 20
8.2 CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB ............................................................. 20
8.3 CLEARANCE BELOW UNLADEN CRANE WITH POWER-DRIVEN
TRAVEL OR TRAVERSE MOTION........................................................................ 20
8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS....................................... 20
8.5 CLEARANCE AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY ............................................... 21
8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF A CRANE AND A
PLATFORM OR WALKWAY.................................................................................. 21
AS 1418.3—1997 4
Page
8.7 CLEARANCES BETWEEN HOIST UNIT AND CRANE END CARRIAGE
OR RUNWAY ........................................................................................................... 21
SECTION 13 GUARDING
13.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 30
13.2 STRENGTH .............................................................................................................. 30
13.3 MATERIAL............................................................................................................... 30
13.4 FIXED GUARDS ...................................................................................................... 30
13.5 REMOVABLE GUARDS.......................................................................................... 30
13.6 INSPECTION POINTS ............................................................................................. 30
13.7 MARKING ................................................................................................................ 30
13.8 TRAVEL MOTION WHEELS .................................................................................. 30
13.9 COLOUR................................................................................................................... 30
APPENDICES
A INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER, OR TENDER .... 31
B LIST OF TYPICAL HAZARDS ................................................................................ 36
C ACCESS AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED PLATFORMS....... 38
A1 D TYPICAL CRANE DRIVE DIAGRAMS.................................................................. 24
5 AS 1418.3—1997
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
A2
Cranes, hoists and winches
Part 3: Bridge, gantry, portal (including container cranes) and jib cranes
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out requirements for bridge, gantry, semi-gantry, and portal cranes
defined in AS 2549. It also covers container and heavy-duty cranes.
It is complementary to AS 1418.1, but the requirements given herein take precedence over
corresponding requirements in that Standard.
NOTES:
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1.3 APPLICATION
Cranes using fixed platforms for servicing shall comply with Sections 1 to 6 and 8 to 13
inclusive. Cranes using mobile platforms for servicing shall comply with Sections 1 to 5
and 7 to 13 inclusive.
NOTE: Throughout this Standard the ‘servicing’ implies routine servicing only (i.e. does not
include crane breakdowns).
AS
1892 Portable ladders
1892.2 Part 2: Timber
2321 Short-link chain for lifting purposes (non-calibrated)
2549 Cranes—Glossary of terms
2550 Safe use of cranes
2550.1 Part 1: General requirements
A2 2670 Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (all parts)
3990 Mechanical equipment—Steelwork
4024 Safeguarding of machinery
4024.1 Part 1: General principles
AS/NZ
1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices
1891.1 Part 1: Safety belts and harnesses
3711 Freight containers
3711.3 Part 3: Corner fittings
ISO
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1.5 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2549 and that below apply.
1.5.1 Container crane
Rail-mounted crane equipped with a spreader assembly for engaging and lifting freight
containers.
1.6 SAFETY
The design of bridge, gantry and portal cranes in relation to materials, construction and
equipment shall eliminate as far as practicable the potential hazards associated with all
specified operating conditions.
NOTES:
1 Examples of potential hazards associated with bridge, gantry and portal cranes are given in
Appendix B.
2 General guidance on the safe use of cranes is given in AS 2550.1.
S E C T ION 3 S T R UC T UR E
In calculation of slenderness ratio, the effective length for lateral buckling shall be
determined in accordance with AS 3990.
3.3 DEFLECTION
3.3.1 Limits
The limits of vertical static deflection and lateral deflection shall be as specified in
AS 1418.1.
For semi-portal cranes, the vertical static deflection of the crane bridge of 1/500 span, as
specified in AS 1418.1, is acceptable only if precautions are taken for the kick-out of the
leg.
NOTE: Subject to the client’s approval, the deflection for cranes greater than 30 m span may
exceed the 60 mm requirement to a limit of L/500 providing due consideration is taken of the
effects on the function of the crane.
3.3.2 Leg spread of gantry cranes
The design shall be such that the load shall not induce binding of wheel flanges on the rails.
3.3.3 Natural frequency
The natural frequency shall be equal to or greater than 2.4 Hz—
A2 (a) The vibration frequency of the crane structure, in any horizontal direction, shall be
not less than 2.4 Hz. The vibration frequency shall be calculated using the higher of
the lateral deflection values calculated according to AS 1418.1.
For cranes equipped with an operator’s cabin, the limits of vibration amplitude at the
centre of gravity of the cabin are dependent on the sustained frequency of vibrations
and the design shall be in accordance with AS 2670.
The vibration frequency in the first mode of vibration of a flexural element shall be
calculated in a rational manner.
A2 For a girder, the following simplified equation for fundamental natural frequency may
be used:
16
f= . . . 3.3.3(a)
δ
where
F = natural frequency, in hertz
δ = vertical (or horizontal) deflection, in millimetres
In the above equation, the value of δ for cantilever cranes shall include the flexure of
the boom and the support posts.
(b) due to torsional vibration of the bridge structure.
3.3.4 Lateral forces on portal cranes
Lateral forces on portal cranes due to oblique travel may be disregarded where the structure
has sufficient inherent flexibility to prevent any effective transfer of such loads through the
structure; however, lateral forces due to inertia shall be taken into account.
3.3.5 Camber
Camber is not necessary to maintain serviceability.
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5.1 MECHANISMS
A2 The mechanism which drives each motion shall comply with AS 1418.1.
1 See also Appendix D for illustrations of typical crane drive mechanisms.
2 Cranes are designed and built for a limited rated life, which may be extended or reduced
depending upon their usage. Devices are available to enable actual recording of rated life of
the crane to enable assessment of the remaining rated life. Guidance on this is given in
ISO 12482.1.
The hoist-rope winding drum shall comply with AS 1418.1, and shall accommodate the
fully wound rope in a single layer on the drum.
5.3.3 Retention of chain
Where a chain hoist is used, the dead chain end should be prevented from hanging free by
retention in a suitable receptacle, e.g. by a bucket or other similar means.
(e) Interlocks shall be provided to prevent operation of hoist motion unless all twistlocks
are fully open or fully closed.
(f) Where limit switches are positive in operation in one direction only, two such
switches shall be provided, each one utilized for operation in the positive direction
only.
simultaneously or both.
S E C T ION 6 AC C E S S FR OM F IX E D
P LAT FOR M S
(e) Brakes.
(f) Fluid couplings, clutches, gear-change mechanisms, and the like.
(g) V-belt and similar drives.
(h) Electrical equipment such as—
(i) brushgear;
(ii) commutators and slip rings;
(iii) contactors;
(iv) control and switch panels;
(v) fuses and fuse boxes; and
(vi) limit switches, particularly hoisting.
Where the purchaser of a crane requires facilities for servicing additional items of
equipment such as lighting and other ancillaries, such facilities shall comply with the
relevant Part of AS 1418.
6.2.2.2 Manually operated cranes
Where a manually operated crane can be safely serviced from a portable ladder, permanent
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means of access for servicing need not be provided. In such circumstances, provision shall
be made to ensure that the crane, or part of crane, against which the ladder is placed shall
not be capable of movement while it is being serviced. The height of the serviceable item
shall not exceed 6 m.
Temporary platforms to access high items shall require additional guarding.
6.2.3 Height for serviceable items
The maximum allowable height for any serviceable item above a service platform or
walkway shall be 1.9 m.
Where a fixed access platform provides access to more than one crane, each isolating
switch shall be arranged and marked to indicate, without possibility of misinterpretation,
the crane it isolates.
6.3.2.7 Access across an end carriage
Where an end carriage is used to provide a way of access to the other side of the crane, the
following conditions shall apply:
(a) An access isolator shall be provided in accordance with AS 1418.1.
(b) Standing, walking, and servicing surfaces (see AS 1418.1) shall be free of tripping
hazards, such as bolt heads and conduits.
(c) Adjacent standing or walking surfaces (see AS 1418.1) on the end carriage of more
than 300 mm difference in height shall be connected by steps.
(d) Standing and walking surfaces shall be not less than 300 mm clear width (in plan),
inside the handrail system; servicing surfaces shall be not less than 450 mm clear
width.
(e) A handrail shall be provided alongside any obstruction which has to be stepped over
(see Clause 6.3.3.3).
(f) The handrail system provided along the end carriage shall have a horizontal
clearance, outside the handrail from any fixed object, of not less than—
(i) where the handrail is of open type not less than 900 mm high .............. 225 mm;
(ii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm) not less than
900 mm high................................................................................... 100 mm; or
(iii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm), is not less than
1.5 m high, and is either extended not less than 300 mm past each end of the
end-carriage (i.e. the crane width) or returned at each end along the walkway
not less than 150 mm, and with a handrail not less than
900 mm high......................................................................................... 50 mm.
These positions are indicated in Figure C1.
(d) Access to crane platforms shall be provided by static platforms located at the top of a
ladder or stairway which shall have a clear horizontal distance of at least 600 mm
with no obstructions at the point of transfer, e.g. gates, chains, baulk bars
(see Figure C4).
6.3.3.3 Obstructions on a platform or walkway
No permanent obstruction shall be situated at or adjacent to an entry or exit point of a
platform or walkway. The height and width (in direction of stepping over) of obstructions at
other locations on a platform or walkway shall be not greater than the following
corresponding sizes:
S EC TION 7 AC C ES S FR OM M OB ILE
P LAT FOR M S
7.1 GENERAL
The mobile platform may be of a variable height or a fixed height, and shall comply with
AS 1418.10 or AS 1576, as appropriate.
NOTES:
3 It is recommended that fixed-service platforms should be installed.
4 For platforms complying with AS 1418.10, a scissors type mobile platform should be used in
preference to other types.
5 Mobile platforms are generally more suitable for servicing of single girder cranes or double
girder cranes with underslung crab than other types of cranes.
During routine servicing of the crane, the service personnel shall not use the mobile
platform as a means of climbing any part of the crane.
7.6.2 Emergency access to control cabin
In case of emergency, the mobile platform may be used for access to control cabin if this is
the safest means available.
S E C T ION 9 E LE C T R IC A L A C C E S S
IS O LA TOR S
9.1 GENERAL
Electrical isolation and protection shall be provided in accordance with AS 1418.1 and this
Section. In general, an access isolator shall be provided at the entry point to the crane, and
adjacent to the access point between parts of a crane, wherever one part of a crane can
move relative to another part.
(a) grouped externally, provided that the access to the crane is not by way of the driver's
cabin; or
(b) located in accordance with Clauses 9.2.2.2 and 9.2.2.3.
9.2.2.2 Travel motion
The access isolation for travel motion shall be located as follows:
Means of access for servicing Location of access isolators
(a) Fixed platform(s) external to the On the crane and operable from each
crane. platform.
(b) Platform(s) on cranes On crane at each point of access to
platform(s).
9.2.2.3 Traverse motion
The access isolators for the traverse motion shall be located on the crab and operable from
the access points.
(d) The group classification of the crane and the mechanical class of each hoist
separately, in accordance with AS 1418.1.
(e) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the crane.
(f) Manufacturer’s serial number.
(g) Details of steel-wire rope used on crane, i.e.
(i) nominal size;
(ii) grade (quality);
(iii) construction; and
(iv) length.
(h) Details of chain (see AS 2321) used on crane, i.e.
(i) nominal size; and
(ii) grade (quality).
Marking shall be in the English language, and values shall be in SI units (see AS 1000).
(b) The mass of the lifting attachment expressed in the same unit as the rated capacity of
the lifting attachment (see Item (a)), e.g.
(i) TARE 100 kg;
(ii) TARE 1 t; or
(iii) TARE 1 tonne.
(c) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the attachment, where applicable.
(d) Manufacturer's serial number, where applicable.
(e) Details of steel-wire rope used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size;
(ii) grade (quality);
(iii) construction; and
(iv) length.
(f) Details of chain (see AS 2321) used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size; and
(ii) grade (quality).
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Marking shall be in the English language, and values shall be in SI units (see AS 1000).
11.3 MANUALS
11.3.1 General
The following manuals shall be provided.
(a) The crane operator’s manual.
(b) The maintenance manual.
(c) The logbook.
(d) The spare parts book.
NOTE: Attention is drawn to AS 1418.1, which specifies details of the electrical equipment and
control system that are to be provided.
11.3.2 Crane operator's manual
The crane operator’s manual shall be a formal publication, covered in a durable material
and of a size suitable for its use. It may be combined with another manual or be an
individual manual. It may be cross-referenced to other manuals of the crane. It shall present
the following information in plain English with explanations and definitions by words or
diagram where there is risk of misunderstanding:
(a) Ready identification of the make, model and serial number of the crane or where
appropriate, the range of serial numbers to which the information applies.
(b) All technical data of importance to the crane operator to ensure correct operation of
the crane.
(c) Description of and location of all safety devices, settings and adjustments.
(d) Instructions on the duties of the crane operator prior to operation, during operation
and after use.
(e) Instructions on restrictions in environmental conditions of wind and temperature.
(f) Description of safety precautions to be observed during maintenance and servicing of
the crane.
The crane parts book shall be provided with all parts and elements adequately illustrated
and identified to enable descriptions of spare parts to be readily given to the provider of the
spare parts.
12.1 INSPECTION
Prior to its being commissioned, the crane shall be inspected in accordance with AS 1418.1.
12.2 COMMISSIONING
12.2.1 General
The following tests shall be carried out during the commissioning of cranes:
(a) Pre-operational inspection and testing.
(b) No-load operation and testing.
(c) Load testing.
The required performance of the crane should be agreed between the owner and supplier of
the crane. Normally, the required performance will be lifting, lowering, and moving the
maximum rated capacity at the rated speeds, smoothly with sufficient frequency to
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(b) Each hoist in turn shall be used to lift its rated capacity, and shall be checked for
brake adjustment, hoisting speed and input current.
(c) With maximum rated capacity applied to the main hoist, the crane travel and traverse
shall be checked up to full speed to ensure that the load can be controlled
satisfactorily, and hoist brake application when lowering on power failure shall be
checked. The electrical system shall be checked for voltage drop and simultaneous
operation of main hoist and travel under full load and acceleration.
(d) Noise levels shall be checked, as required.
(e) At the time of commissioning only, each hoist shall be checked with 110% of its rated
capacity as in Item (b) above.
12.2.5 Reports
Accurate and complete reports of all testing shall be prepared. Such reports shall record all
the information checked during the test including clearances, temperatures, voltages,
currents, heat generation, noise levels, starting times, acceleration durations, stopping
times, settings and other control set points.
13.1 GENERAL
All guards shall be designed to prevent persons from reaching into the danger zone. This
requirement shall include preventing personnel from reaching over, under, around or
through any guard into the potentially dangerous area and shall be in accordance with
AS 4024.1 except where otherwise stated.
13.2 STRENGTH
The construction of a guard shall be robust and shall not collapse if personnel climb upon it.
The minimum mass to be supported by a guard shall be 75 kg.
13.3 MATERIAL
Where mesh or slatted guards are employed, the material used shall be sufficiently rigid to
prevent separation of the mesh or slats by finger pressure.
Where removal of a guard is not required for maintenance or inspection purposes, the guard
shall be fixed in position so that it cannot be readily removed without the use of tools.
13.7 MARKING
All removable guards or inspection covers shall be clearly marked—
DANGER—ISOLATE POWER BEFORE REMOVING OR OPENING GUARD .
13.9 COLOUR
Travel motion wheel guards shall be painted in high visibility colours in accordance with
AS 1318.
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER, OR TENDER
(Informative)
details).
(e) Details of other cranes operating on the same runway.
(f) Operating conditions, e.g.
(i) indoor or outdoor;
(ii) exposure to salt spray, heat, corrosive atmosphere, wind loading, and the like;
and
(iii) any hazard such as explosive or flammable atmosphere.
(g) Details of application for which the crane is to be used, i.e.
(i) purpose of crane;
(ii) nature of loads to be handled;
(iii) magnitude of loads to be handled (and in what proportion);
(iv) average rate of use (per hour, day, or week) of crane; and
(v) where the crane is to be used for a fixed work cycle, details of the work cycle
and its frequency of application; and
(vi) true vertical lift, where required.
(h) Dimensional requirements of crane, e.g.
(i) span; and
(ii) lifting height.
(i) Length of long-travel runway.
(j) Physical requirements of the crane, i.e.
(i) load rating (rated capacity and classification) (see Section 2);
(ii) hoisting speed (or speeds) raising and lowering;
(iii) travel speed;
(iv) traverse speed; and
(b) An outline drawing of the crane giving overall dimensions, span, wheelbase, lifting
height, height position of travel rails to highest working position of hook, clearance
diagram around crane, hook approaches, and similar information.
(c) Details of performance of crane, i.e.
(i) load rating (see Section 2);
(ii) hoisting speed (or speeds) and acceleration raising and lowering;
(iii) travel speed and acceleration;
(iv) traverse speed and acceleration;
(v) method of crane control; and
(vi) deflection limit.
(d) Information relevant to design of crane supporting structure, i.e.
(i) static wheel loads;
(ii) mass of crane bridge or gantry;
(iii) natural frequency of the crane bridge;
(iv) mass of crab or hoist; and
(v) performance requirements of crane runway buffers and end-stops.
(e) Information relevant to electrical supply to crane, i.e.
(i) voltage, number of phases, a.c. or d.c. of power supply required;
(ii) power rating of each motor;
(iii) power consumption of ancillary equipment (e.g. lighting, heating);
(iv) power consumption of auxiliary equipment (e.g. magnet); and
(v) estimated maximum loading under worst conditions of use.
Sheet 1 of 2
Enquirer: Supplier:
1 Type of crane required
2 Clearance diagram (including height and span of crane track if existing, hook approaches and
hook path)
4 Site details:
(a) Foundation
6 Operating conditions:
locality;
hazardous conditions
Sheet 2 of 2
7 Application of cranes:
(a) Span
(ii) lowering
12 Special requirements of design and manufacture (e.g. painting, corrosion proofing, auxiliary
equipment required):
(a) Existing cranes
3 Crane performance:
(ii) lowering
5 Electrical details:
APPENDIX B
LIST OF TYPICAL HAZARDS
(Informative)
This Appendix lists typical hazards of which a designer should be aware when designing a
bridge, gantry or portal crane. The list is for information only and is not exhaustive. There
are other potential hazards that are not listed. These hazards are applicable to the situations
described and could involve risks to persons if not reduced or eliminated. Typical hazards
are as follows:
(a) Mechanical hazards These can include the following:
(i) Crushing.
(ii) Shearing.
(iii) Cutting or severing.
(iv) Entanglement.
(v) Drawing-in or trapping.
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(vi) Impact.
(vii) High pressure fluid ejection.
(viii) Ejection of parts.
(ix) Loss of stability.
(x) Slip, trip and fall.
(xi) Hazards to exposed persons due to uncontrolled movement.
(xii) Hazards due to rolling over.
(xiii) Inadequate means of access.
(xiv) Hazards due to towing, coupling connecting, transmission and the like.
(b) Electrical hazards One of the prime concerns is that of electrical contact.
(c) Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machine design
(d) Hazard combinations
(e) Hazards caused by failure of energy supply, breaking down of machinery parts and
other functional disorders These can include the following:
(i) Failure of energy supply.
(ii) Failure or malfunction of control system.
(iii) Errors of fitting.
(iv) Overturn, unexpected loss of machine stability.
(f) Hazards caused by missing or incorrectly positioned safety-related
measures/means These include the following:
(i) Guards.
(ii) Safety-related (protection) devices.
(iii) Starting and stopping devices.
(iv) Safety signs and signals.
APPENDIX C
ACCESS AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED PLATFORMS
(Normative)
Figures C1 to C9 illustrate access and clearance requirements for fixed platforms.
NOTE: Some of the details in these Figures have been simplified to enable relevant dimensions to
be shown clearly.
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A2 APPENDIX D
TYPICAL CRANE DRIVE DIAGRAMS
(Informative)
Typical denomination
for running gear
No. of wheel pairs
and drive systems
Crane drive (see Note) Remarks
diagrams
Synchronized
Total
FF FL or coupled
NW
NS
EFF EFL 2 —
EFF EFL 2 —
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EFF EFL
Depends on — Additional details can be found in a
wheel load Demag publication by Dr Hanover on
distribution — ‘Crane Travel Behaviour’
EFF EFL
WFF 2 2
WFF 2 1
EFF EFL 4 —
AS 1418.3—1997
REVISED TEXT
REVISED TEXT
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SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Title, Clauses 1.4, 3.3.3(a), 3.3.6 and 5.1 and Appendix D
46
`NOTES
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47
NOTES
AS 1418.3—1997
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48
NOTES
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