Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1967) How Safe Are Our Large Reinforced Concrete Beams PDF
(1967) How Safe Are Our Large Reinforced Concrete Beams PDF
64-12
p p
a c a
a) '- I
e)
I -,
It
d t
::U
t
I
l J
I
I
b = 6.0 in.
c)
21.4 11
2#8+2#9 2.1F9+4#10
b)
6'l ;...;s;;;.
2#6
12" 10.7"
lL11 ]5.35" :
L-6:.l 1-.-D
Fig. 3-Typical loading arrangement and cross sections of the four beam series
psi p p
a c a
600
a
at-= I 0
d
500
400
b = 6.0 in.
t =4811
200
100
a
0 d
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fig. 4--Shear stress at failure Yu versus afd for beams of various depths
(Mo)•
~~
Beam
No.
b,
in.
d.
in.
a.
in.
L.
Ill.
a/d.
in. per
in.
I
A .•.
sq in.
k·
P=b(f'
percent
/u',
ksi
fy,
ksi
2Pu,
kips
M't·
in.-
kips
Type
of
fail-
urea
!!! ,.,b
in.-
kips
Mu
!!!n'
per-
cent
( Mu
Mn
percent
r ,
Pu
Vu=b(f'
psi
(a/d)*
in.
per
in.
100° 0 f----
T\..~ 40 5.97 5.50 29.42 76.84 5.35 0.85 2.59 3.83 56.2 14.39 212 D;su 192 110.2 100 219 5.5
90
80
70
"~
, N
I
'f
Jl 41
43
44
45
46
6.00
5.96
5.98
5.95
5.95
5.56
5.40
5.40
5.23
5.35
13.38
32.00
32.00
10.70
10.70
44.75
82.00
82.00
39.40
39.40
2.41
5.92
5.92
2.04
2.00
0.87
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
2.60
2.73
2.72
2.83
2.76
3.95
4.06
4.06
3.70
3.70
55.2
56.8
56.8
56.8
56.8
23.13
13.09
13.58
29.04
155
209
216
155
,0,:-;u
n,,
F
Drc.u
200
196
193
184
77.5
107.0
112.0
84.2
75.0
100.0
100.0
84.7
347
202
214
467
2.5
6.0
6.0
2.0
60 31.04 166 Dsu 188 88.4 88.4 488 2.0
i c= I Sin.
47 5.95 5.20 26.70 71.40 5.12 0.88 2.85 3.59 56.8 12.67 170 Dsu 181 93.7 92.0 205 5.0
50 48 5.95 5.25
I, II 26.70 71.40 5.09 0.88 2.81 3.59 56.8 12.19 163 D.u 184 88.6 87.4 195 5.0
40 52 6.00 5.45 21.40 60.80 3.93 0.88 2.69 3.60 56.8 12.99 139 D':-.u 190 73.2 74.2 199 4.0
a
il 53 5.95 5.20 5.34 28.68 1.03 0.88 2.84 3.87 56.8 69.80 187 Dis I 184 101.0 100.0 1130 1.0
30
54 5.95 5.35 5.34 28.68 1.00 0.88 2.76 3.87 56;8 70.90 189 n,, 191 98.0 98.0 1114 1.0
55 5.92 5.30 16.00 50.00 3.02 0.88 2.89 3.64 56.8 14.65 117 Dsl 181 64;8 65.0 234 3.0
56 6.03 5.41 1<8.73 55.46 3.46 0.87 2.67 3.95 58.4 12.59 118 Dsu 193 61.2 61.3 193 3.5
57 6.03 5.46 29.42 76.84 5.39 0.86 2.60 3.83 54.4 14.19 209 D~u 192 109.0 100.0 216 5.5
58 6.00 5.45 18.73 55.46 3.44 0.87 2.68 3.95 60.4 13.00 122 D,u 195 62.5 62.5 199 3.5
59 6.08 5.50 14.68 47.36 2.67 0.88 2.63 3.86 56.8 22.55 165 n,, 199 83.6 80.5 337 2.75
60 6.10 5.46 16.02 50.04 2.94 0.88 2.64 3.88 56.8 17.67 141 Dlsl 197 72.0 67.5 266 3.0
-- ------- !__
-
Cl
c::
:::ICI
70
60
50
93
94
95
96
6.10
6.03
6.04
6.03
10.74
10.76
10.83
10;83
69.42
21.36
26.70
42.72
174.84
78.72
89.40
121.44
6.46
1.99
2.46
3.94
1.74
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.66
2.78
2.75
2.76
4.39
3.67
3.67
3.67
54.0
51.0
49.0
48.6
24.19
49.70
32.70
25.30
839
531
437
D•su
D·.~u
D:,.,u
783
775
780
107.0
68.5
56.0
100.0
68.0
54.7
184
384
250
6.5
2.0
2.5
-
540 D"u 780 69.2 69.6 193 4.0
:z: 40 97 6.00 10.88 32.10 100.20 2.95 1.75 2.68 3.95 53.1 28.10 n,,
>
I""" 98 6.03 10.81 2.47 3.80
451
n,,
781 57.8 57.6 215 3.0
30 26.75 89.50 1.75 2.69 53.1 34.30 459 770 59.6 57.0 263 2.5
99 6.00 10.70 26.75 89.50 2.50 1.75 2.73 3.80 53.1 34.70 464 n,, 758 61.8 60.2 270 2.5
3:::: 100 6.03 10.62 21.40 78.80 2.02 1.76 2.74 3.95 53.1 50.30 538 rD~l 760 70.9 71.8 382 2.0
>
:::ICI
~
"Type of failure:
-
::z::: F = flexural failure
D, 1 = slow diagonal failure
D .• u =sudden diagonal failure
co "Mfl = A,f.d(1- 0.4k), where k = A,f.J(0.75fc'bd)
en ''Relative beam strength (M,Jl!!fll * has been corrected to bring P top_. a/d to (a/d) • and f., to _1., .
........
l> TABLE 3-SERIES 3.8-2.80-24P
n
-
Cl
c:
:::c
I Measured dimensions
a/d, A..
Test values
M,,,
Type
Mn,h
M,
Calculated values
~fl,
(M r p,.
(a/d)*
in.
-
z: of
l> ( ~)· Beam b, d, a, !, in. per A •. p = liif' jc', fy, 2Pu, in.- fail- in.- per- Mil . V,= bd, per
~fl No. in. in. m. in. in. sq in. percent ksi kips urea kips cent percent psi in.
r- ksi kips
100% -
I/ 61 6.16 21.32 42.72 125.44 2.00 3.35 2.58 3.88 50.6 73.4 1565 D:;u 2950 53.1 53.1 280 2.0
3.:
l>
:::c
90
l v 63
64
6.08
6.15
21.37
21.28
85.44
170.88
210.88 4.00 3.60 2.77 3.80 51.0 41.9 1790 D'sll 3Cl95 57.9 57.9 161
136
4.0
8.0
n
80
[{ v 65 5.89 21.75 153.50
381.76
147.CO
8.01 3.60 2.75 3.73 51.0 35.5 3030 D.\o;u 3100 97.8 97.7
42.6 198 2.5
-
2.46 3.61 2.82 3.91 54.2 50.5 1350 3170 42.6
:c 70
Dsl
~ I 66 6.15 21.31 128.16 296.32 6.02 3.60 2.75 3.83 51.0 4C.8 2610 D,u 3110 83.9 83.9 155 6.0
60 67 6.19 20J80 21.36 82.72 1.03 3.54 2.75 4.40 59.0 246.3 2630 D,, 3070 85.7 85.5 957 1.0
C C)
c::n
........ 50
l kif c ~ 40in 68 6.17 21.21 192.24 424.48 9.05 3.53 2.71 3.94 59.0 34.0 3275 F 3050 107.0 100.0 130 9.0
40
\,1 69 6.11 21.35 21.36 82.72 1.00 3.48 2.67 3.97 54.1 263.2 2810 D,, 3054 92.0 92.0 1008 1.0
3.0
71 6.10 21.42 175
30
J l 0
d 72 6.00 21.62
64.08
42.80
168.16
125.60
2.99
1.96
3.48
3.51
2.66
2.70
3.97
3.60
54.1
55.7
45.9
88.5
1470
1890
D's I
Dsl
3070
3040
47.9
62.2
47.9
61.7 341 2.0
74 6.00 20.60 64.20 168.40 3.11 3.51 2.84 3.95 53.0 48.4 1554 D!,, 2920 53.2 52.6 196 3.0
75 6.00 20.63 64.20 168.40 3.11 3.51 2.183 3.96 53.2 48.5 1556 ,D1su 2930 53.1 52.6 196 3.0
76 6.00 20.38 53.50 147.00 2.62 3.51 2.87 4.46 54.0 51.6 1380 Dsu 2960 46.7 47.4 211 2.5
79 6.03 21.90 149.80 363.00 6.83 3.59 2.72 3.79 55.3 37.6 2820 D.u 3170 '89.0 89.9 144 7.0
~~-
I~ (~)*I
M,
Type (a/d)''
100'"1.
!}!! t r,'' -Nil!'
90
/ Beam b, d, a, !,
a/d,
in. per A..,
p-----·
- bd f,', fy, 2Pu,
M1t,
in.-
of
fail- in.- per-
p,.
J1!tl , Vu=b(i' in.
per
No. in. in. in. in. in. sq in. \percent ksi ksi kips kips urea kips cent percent psi in.
80
70 I 271
272
24.06
24.05
10.58
10.66
64.20
53.50
164.40
143.00
6.06
5.02
6.99
6.99
2.75
2.72
3.91
3.91
54.6
54.6
97.64
1C2.40
3140
2740
.D-,u
D-.u
2995
3030
104.6
90.5
100.0
88.3
193
200
6.0
5.0
60 273 24.10 10.68 42.80 121.60 4.02 6.99 2.72 3.94 54.6 92.66 1980 Dsu 3050 65.0 63.7 180 4.0
50
c • 36m 274 24.10 10.64 32.10 100.20 3.02 6.99 2.73 3.94 54.6 112.45 1810 D .. u 3040 59.5 58.1 219 3.0
40
"Type of failure:
0 F = flexural failure
d_ D,, =slow diagonal failure
-
L__
30
D.u =sudden diagonal failure
"M" = A,fvd (1- 0.4k), where k = A .• fvl (0.75f,'bd)
( A)
(A) •Relative beam strength (M,f~t')* has been corrected to bring P to_p, a/d to (a/d)* and f" to_j,.
length of a concrete tooth. But, due to the differ- Using the same designation for the test series as
ences in crack patterns among beams of different in Reference 2, the four series were designated:
depths, the crack factor axjs requires a more gen-
3.8-2.80-6.0P
eral definition than used for the 12-in. beams.
3.8-2.80-12.0P
However, the basic expectation, that beams of
3.8-2.80-24.0P
greater depth have a smaller crack factor, is
3.8-2.80-48.0P
nevertheless true. Ignoring this fact necessitates
the acceptance of lower safety factors for large The particulars for each beam are given in
beams, as became clear from the test results. Tables 1 through 4.
Since anchorage failures were considered to be
TEST PROGRAM a special type of failure and outside the scope
of this program, precautions were taken to elimi-
For beams without web reinforcement, the re- nate this factor by welding anchor plates to the
duction in strength caused by premature diagonal ends of bars in the same way as described in
failure, increases with p = As/bd as was discussed Reference 2.
in Reference 2. Therefore, for the determination Because the longer 48-in. beams with only a
of the influence of depth on shear failure, a rela- 6-in. width, approach a laterally unstable case, all
tively high percentage of reinforcement was 48-in. beams had four lateral supports in the form
chosen, corresponding to a nearly balanced cross of roller bearings just below the top surface, 5 ft
section. For the chosen grade of concrete, fc' = 3800 from the center line of the beam.
psi, this corresponds approximately to p = 2.80 The reinforcement consisted of ASTM A16 de-
percent, the value selected for all four series. formed bars with a specified minimum yield
The cross sections of the four test series designed strength of 50 ksi. However. differences in the
according to the above specifications are shown in properties among bars of different diameters re-
Fig. 3b-e. Fig. 3a illustrates the loading arrange- sulted in variations in the yield strength from
ment. 48.6 to 60.4 ksi (see Tables 1· to 5). Because of
l'"=Mu
u Mtl
100%
90
80
70
60
50
t = 48 11
40
30
f
c'= 3800 psi
20
p = 2.80%
10 b = 6.0 in.
0
a
d
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fig. 5-Relative strength r.. versus afd for reinforced concrete beams of various depths
p p p p
a) p p 4 4 4 4
I a c a I
I I b)
• •• •• •• •
~~
t
I
l
c)
• • • • • • • •
b =4b 0
..I
Fig. 8-lnfluence of beam width
Mu
Mtl
d)
100%
a) b)
90
~ d
80
\ I /, ~b•G'
As As
\ / b = 2411
• A 60
70
\\ .~
'l
~.?"
I. b= 24.0" j ~ 50
c) p p 40
a c a
t • = 3800 psi
c
1 I 30
p
As
=-b.d
= 2 80°/c0
.
20
d = 10.7 in.
10 a
l d
0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fig. I0-Comparison of tested beams of different width
l2 if
0.15 /
ing expression is, therefore, recommended for
I
/
f(k)= the determination of the reduction factor, which
/
/ 2 considers the amount of reinforcement p, the ab-
/
0.10 I solute depth d, and the shear arm ratio a/d:
/,'~ I 0.215
0.05 (11)
~ (~.)
/ f(k)=k{l-k)
I
I
r" = \j 100 p
I
I k
0
0 0.1 Of course, r,. cannot exceed 100 percent since
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
this would indicate a flexural failure rather than
Fig. 11-Comparison of functions k (I - k) and lf2 VT/2 a diagonal failure. If a value greater than 1.0
Mu
r=-
u Mtt
100%
90
80
70 d =5.35 11
60 d=t0.7 11
50 d =21.4 11
40
d = 42.8 11
fy= 50 ksi
30
f~= 3800psi
20
.1' r = 0.215 •a p = 2.80%
tO ~...
/............ "'
u y.dn. d
I 00 p
1
I
b = 6.0 in.
~,~ a
~1:"'-----+-------+-------+-------r------1-------~------~------~------+--
0 d
0 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fig. 12-Comparison of calculated and test values of the relative beam strength ru
REFERENCES
1. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Requirements
for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-63) ," American Con-
crete Institute, Detroit, 1963, 144 pp.
Sinopsis-Resume-Zusammenfassung
2. Kani, G. N. J., "Basic Facts Concerning Shear Fail-
ure," ACI JouRNAL, Proceedings V. 63, No. 6, June 1966,
pp. 675-692. (Que seguridad Presentan Nuestras Vigas Cranles
de Concreto Reforzado?
3. Kani, G. N. J., "The Riddle of Shear Failure and
Its Solution," ACI JOURNAL Proceedings V. 61, No. 4, Para responder a esta pregunta se ensayaron en la
Apr. 1964, pp. 441-467. Universidad de Toronto cuatro series de vigas con
peraltes de 6, 12, 24 y 48 pulgadas y se compararon
4. Leonhardt, F., and Walther, R., "Contribution to
los resultados. Se not6 una influencia considerable del
the Treatment of Shear Problems in Reinforced Con-
peralte efectivo a tal extrema que el factor de seguridad
crete" (Beitrage zur Behandlung der Schubprobleme
para las vigas mas grandes fue aproximadamente 40
in Stahlbetonbau) Beton- und .Stahlbetonbau (Berlin),
par ciento menor que el de las otras vigas similares
V. 56, No. 12, Dec. 1961, and V. 57: No. 2, Feb. 1962;
mas pequefias. Esta tendencia indica que con un aumento
No. 3, Mar. 1962; No. 6, June 1962; No. 7, July 1962; and
adicional en el peralte se puede esperar una disminuci6n
No. 8, Aug. 1962 (in German). See also Translation No.
correspondiente adicional en el factor de seguridad.
111, Cement and Concrete Association, London, England.
5. Lorentsen, M .. "Theory for the Combined Action
of Bending Moment and Shear in Reinforced and Pre-
stressed Concrete Beams," ACI JouRNAL, Proceedings Quelle est Ia securite reelle des poutres en
V. 62, No. 4, Apr. 1965, pp. 403-420. beton arme de grandes dimensions?
6. Rusch, H.; Haugli, F. R.; and Mayer, H., "Shear Pour repondre a cette question, quatre series de
Tests on Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams Under poutres d'essai, ayant pour hauteurs 6, 12, 24 et 48 in.
Uniformly Distributed Load" (in German), Bulletin ( 15, 30, 6·0 et 120 em) ant ete essayees a l'Universite
145, Deutscher Ausschuss fur Stahlbeton Berlin 1962 de Toronto et les resultats ont ete compares. 11 a ete
72 pp. ' . , trouve que la valeur de la hauteur absolue avait une
grande influence, le coefficient de securite reel de la
7. Forssell, C., "Tests of Shear Strength and Shear
poutre la plus grande etant 40% plus faible que celui
Reinforcement of Concrete Beams," Transactions, Swed-
des poutres plus petites identiques par ailleurs. Ceci
ish Cement and Concrete Research Institute at the
laisse a penser qu'une plus grande augmentation de
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, No. 78, 1954.
la hauteur pourrait etre susceptible de conduire a une
8. Broms, B. B., "Stress Distribution in Reinforced diminution encore plus forte du coefficient de securite.
Concrete Members with Tension Cracks" ACI JOURNAL
Proceedings V. 62, No. 9, Sept. 1965, pp. l095-1108. '