▪ depend on the nature of their constituent

substances, while others solely depend on

the number of solute particles in the
solutions
▪ influenced by the extent of dissociation of
the solute in the solution
▪ Electrolytes are particles that ionize in a solution;
as a result, they conduct electricity. (like ionic
compounds (e.g. NaCl), strong acids (e.g. HCl)
and strong bases (e.g. NaOH)
▪ Nonelectrolytes are those that do NOT ionize at
all in a solution and thus do NOT conduct
electricity. (like weak acids (e.g. CH3COOH and
weak bases (e.g. NH4OH)
▪ Generally, polar covalent compounds like table
sugar dissolve in water as molecules and not as
ions, thus described as nonelectrolytes.
▪ The vapor pressure of a solution with a
nonvolatile solute is always lower than that
of the pure solvent.
▪ The relationship between the vapor pressure
of the solution and the vapor pressure of the
solvent depends on the concentration of the
solute in the solution.
 ▪ It is expressed in Raoult’s law, which states that the vapor
pressure of a solvent over a solution (Psolvent) is equal to the
product of the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (Posolvent) and
the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution (xsolvent)
Psolvent = xsolvent + Posolvent
For a solution containing one solute
xsolvent = 1- xsolute
Where xsolute is the mole fraction of the solute. Manipulating the equation
gives:
Psolvent = (1- xsolute) Posolvent
= Posolvent – xsolute Posolvent
Posolvent – Psolvent = P = xsolute Posolvent
The resulting equation suggests that the decrease in vapor pressure ( P) is
directly proportional to the solute concentration.
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution
containing 600 g of sugar (C12H22O11) and
1000 g of water at 25oC. The PoH2O is 23.6
torr. (molar masses: C12H22O11 = 342 g/mol,
H2O = 18 g/mol)

ANSWER: 22.88 torr

▪ One mole of any nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute will
elevate the boiling point given the amount of solvent by a
constant factor depending on what the solvent is.
▪ This factor is referred to as the molar boiling point
elevation constant (Kb) also termed as ebullioscopic
constant. The Kb for water is 0.52 oC.kg/mol or 0.52 oC/m.
▪ The boiling point elevation ( tb) is related to the molal
concentration of a nonelectrolyte solute by the expression:

tb = tsolution – tpure solvent = (molality) (Kb)

tsolution = tb + tpure solvent
What is the b.p. of a solution prepared by
adding 85.0 g of acetic acid (CH3COOH) to
375 mL of water? The Kb for water is 0.52
oC/m. (molar mass: CH COOH = 60.04
3
g/mol)

ANSWER: 101.97 oC
▪ Depending on what the solvent is, one mole of any
nonelectrolyte will lower the freezing point of a given
amount of solvent by a constant amount referred to as the
freezing point depression constant (Kf) also termed
cryoscopic constant.
▪ The Kf of water is equal to 1.86 oC.kg/mol or 1.86 oC/m.
▪ The boiling point elevation ( tf) is related to the molal
concentration of a nonelectrolyte solute by the expression:

tf = tsolution – tpure solvent = - (molality) (Kf)

tsolution = tf + tpure solvent
What are the freezing point of a solution that
contains 5 g of glycerol (C3H8O3) and 20 mL
of water? (molar mass of C3H8O3 = 92.11 g/mol, Kf
of water is 1.86 oC/m)

ANSWER:
tf = -5.04
 tb = i(molality) (Kb)
tf = -i(molality) (Kf)
▪ The factor i is called the van’t Hoff factor and is equal to
the number of ions in one formula unit of an electrolytic
solute.
▪ Exaple: NaCl will have equal i equal to 2 (i.e. 1 mol Na+
and 1 mol Cl-); MgCl2 will have i equal to 3 (i.e. 1 mol
Mg2+ and 2 mol Cl-)
▪ The van’t Hoff factor signifies that the solution of NaCl
would exhibit a freezing point depression and boiling point
elevation that are twice as much than if it were a
nonelectrolyte.
What are the boiling and freezing point of a solution
prepared by adding 35 g of sodium acetate
(NaCH3COO) to 200 mL of water? Kb for water is 0.52
oC/m and Kf is 1.86 oC/m (density of water = 1 g/mL, molar mass
of NaCH3COO = 82.034 g/mol)
*To determine i,
NaCH3COO Na+ + CH3COO-
(2 moles of ions per one mole electrolyte)

ANSWER:
tb = 102.88 oC
tf = -7.92 oC