WAR EXAMPLES
reinforced this conviction. As a result,
1. Civil War
A civil war, is a war between organized groups
within the same state or country. The aim of
one side may be to take control of the country
or a region, to achieve independence for a
region or to change government policies.
Example:
LIBYAN WAR OF 2011
(February 15-October 23,2011)
LIBYAN COUNTRY PROFILE
In 1951, Libya became a unified independent
country within its current borders. Initially, it
started as a federal monarchy made up of three
distinct regions; Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and
Fezzan, each with its own regional government
and legislative body alongside a main central
government and parliament.
However, in 1963 the federal system was
abolished giving way to a totally unified country
with central political and sovereign institutions
Col. Muammar Gadaffi seized power in 1969
For almost 42 years, power and wealth were
under the control of one absolute
dictator, Muammar Gadaffi.
FACTORS THAT LED LIBYA TO WAR
• Lack of political consensus among the
various political actors, and their
inability to resolve regional differences
through peaceful national dialogue,
resulted in two parallel civil wars raging
in the east and west of Libya.
• The lack of real political change on the
ground, the feeling of marginalisation
among certain groups and regions, and
a weak central authority are factors that
demands to return to a federal political
system of government became vocal.
DURING THE LIBYAN WAR
• Bombing across Libya.
• Clash between rebels and Gadaffi
loyalist.
• Rebels hunt after Gadaffi.
OUTCOMES
• Rebel victory
• Overthrow and collapse of the Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
• Death of Muammar Gaddafi and end
of his rule over Libya
• Assumption of interim control
by National Transitional Council (NTC)
• UN authorisation of NATO military
intervention
• Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole
governing authority for Libya by 105
countries, UN, EU, AL and AU.
LIBYA AFTER WAR
• The United Nations initiated a national
dialogue back in September 2014. This
resulted in a new Presidency Council,
led by Fayez Sarraj, and the
pending Government of National
Accord (GNA) provides one of the last
hopes of keeping the country united.
• This agreement transferred most of the
political powers to the new GNA's
Presidency Council that has a clear
 mandate to reunite the country, steer it
out of conflict and back on track to
complete the post-revolution
transitional period.
2. TOTAL WAR
• Total war, military conflict in
which the contenders are
willing to make any sacrifice in
lives and other resources to
obtain a complete victory.
• Total war is the most extreme
form of warfare, one where
any action or behavior is
acceptable to stop or conquer
an enemy.
Example:
1. World War I
• First of the only two global
wars in history, it is also called
the Great War. The First World
War was fought from 1914 to
1918, claiming 17 million lives.
It resulted in the victory of
Britain, France and Russia over
Germany, Italy, Austria and
Hungary. The League of
Nations was formed after the
First World War, but it failed to
ensure world peace and
eventually World War II was
fought.
OUTCOMES OF THE WORLD WAR 1
• The Great 5 Powers: United
Kingdom, United States,
France, Italy and Japan
eventually won the war in
1918. Both the winning and
losing sides of the war had a lot
of casualties. The total death
toll was over millions soldiers,
with people of all nationalities
lost their lives fighting for the
country they call home.
People believed that
World War 1 was going to be
the war that ends all wars
because of the destruction and
human slaughter that war
created. The Allied troops
created a peace treaty with
Germany, hoping the hatred
between these countries would
die down. The Allied troops
created a treaty called the
Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty
of Versailles is an outcome of
World War 1 because they
created the treaty to end
World War 1 and its friction
left behind.
2. World War II (AXIS vs. ALLIED POWERS)
• World War II: Fought from
1939 to 1945, the Second
World War is the deadliest
conflict in history, with over 70
million fatalities. Involving all
the great powers of the world,
divided into allied and axis
powers, it is the only war to
have used nuclear weapons till
date. Marked by Hitler's
Holocaust and mass deaths,
World War II changed world
politics forever.
AFTERMATH OF THE WWII
• After the end of the war, a
conference was held in
Potsdam, Germany, to set
up peace treaties . The
countries that fought with
Hitler lost territory and had to
pay reparations to the Allies .
Germany and its capital Berlin
were divided into four parts.
The zones were to be
controlled by Great Britain, the
United States, France and
the Soviet Union. The three
western Allies and the Soviet
Union disagreed on many
things and as time went on
Germany was divided into
two separate countries : East
Germany , which had
a Communist government and
West Germany, which was a
democratic state . Berlin was
also divided into East and West
Berlin. Austria was
also occupied by the
four Allies from 1945 to 1955
3. PROXY WAR
COLD WAR
ORIGIN OF THE WAR
• During World War II, the United States
and the Soviet Union fought together as
allies against the Axis powers. However,
the relationship between the two
nations was a tense one. Americans had
long been wary of Soviet communism
and concerned about Russian leader
Joseph Stalin’s tyrannical, blood-thirsty
rule of his own country. For their part,
the Soviets resented the Americans’
decades-long refusal to treat the USSR
as a legitimate part of the international
community as well as their delayed
entry into World War II, which resulted
in the deaths of tens of millions of
Russians. After the war ended, these
grievances ripened into an
overwhelming sense of mutual distrust
and enmity.
THE COLD WAR: CONTAINMENT
• By the time World War II ended, most
American officials agreed that the best
defense against the Soviet threat was a
strategy called “containment.”
• In 1946, in his famous “Long Telegram,”
the diplomat George Kennan explained
this policy:
“The Soviet Union is political force committed
fanatically to the belief that with the U.S. there
can be no permanent modus vivendi [agreement
between parties that disagree]; as a result,
America’s only choice was the “long-term,
patient but firm and vigilant containment of
Russian expansive tendencies.”
THE COLD WAR: THE ATOMIC AGE
• The containment strategy also provided
the rationale for an unprecedented
arms buildup in the United States.
• In particular, American officials
encouraged the development of atomic
weapons like the ones that had ended
World War II. Thus began a deadly
“arms race.”
• In 1949, the Soviets tested an atom
bomb of their own. In response,
President Truman announced that the
United States would build an even more
destructive atomic weapon: the
hydrogen bomb, or “superbomb”.
THE COLD WAR EXTENDS TO SPACE
• .On October 4, 1957, a Soviet R-7
intercontinental ballistic missile
launched Sputnik, the world’s first
artificial satellite and the first man-
made object to be placed into the
Earth’s orbit.
• In 1958, the U.S. launched its own
satellite, Explorer I, designed by the U.S.
Army under the direction of rocket
scientist Wernher von BrauN.
the stagnant economy faltered under
the combined burden. Attempted
reforms at home left the Soviet Union
unwilling to rebuff challenges to its
control in Eastern Europe. During 1989
and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down,
borders opened, and free elections
ousted Communist regimes everywhere
in eastern Europe. In late 1991 the
Soviet Union itself dissolved into its
component republics. With stunning
speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and
the Cold War came to an end.

THE COLD WAR ABROAD

• The fight against subversion at home
mirrored a growing concern with the
Soviet threat abroad.
• In June 1950, the first military action of
the Cold War began when the Soviet-
backed North Korean People’s Army
invaded its pro-Western neighbour to
the south
.
• Many American officials feared this was
the first step in a communist campaign
to take over the world and deemed that
non-intervention was not an option.
• Truman sent the American military into
Korea, but the war dragged to a
stalemate and ended in 1953.

END OF COLD WAR

• The Soviet economy faced the

continuously escalating costs of the
arms race. Dissent at home grew while