Anna University Coimbatore

Foc innovative assignment -1

Submitted by ,
Jawahar.
Mech-A
Roll no: 26
Definition
Ad Hoc Network
"Ad Hoc" is actually a Latin phrase that means "for this purpose." It is often used to describe
solutions that are developed on-the-fly for a specific purpose. In computer networking, an ad hoc
network refers to a network connection established for a single session and does not require a
router or a wireless base station.

For example, if you need to transfer a file to your friend's laptop, you might create an ad hoc
network between your computer and his laptop to transfer the file. This may be done using an
Ethernet crossover cable, or the computers' wireless cards to communicate with each other. If you
need to share files with more than one computer, you could set up a mutli-hop ad hoc network,
which can transfer data over multiple nodes.

Basically, an ad hoc network is a temporary network connection created for a specific purpose (such
as transferring data from one computer to another). If the network is set up for a longer period of
time, it is just a plain old local area network (LAN).

We have all heard the term ad hoc. What does this word actually mean? How do I use it properly? I
have been asking these same questions for years. However, today I have decided to solve the
mystery and find the ad hoc definition. I did what every inquisitive scholar does and looked it up on
google. Here is what I found on the ad hoc definition. Directly translated from its Latin origin, ad hoc
means "for this"—the term is generally used to imply that something is intended for a particular
situation or purpose. Hence, an ad hoc committee is one that is formed to handle a particular issue.
Something that is ad hoc or that is done on an ad hoc basis happens or is done only when the
situation makes it necessary or desirable, rather than being arranged in advance or being part of a
general plan. Interesting, huh.

So now that we have the ad hoc definition let’s see if we can use it in a sentence that will impress
your friends. For example, "On an ad hoc basis, Congress has placed ceilings on military aid to
specific countries". In this case ad hoc is used as an adjective meaning improvised or impromptu.
Now I suggest trying to make up a few of your own sentences and explain the use of ad hoc in each
sentence. This will help you use the term in more impromptu occasions. While this has been a good
ad hoc definition in general, ad hoc takes on a more precise meaning in different applications. In
truth, the ad hoc definition is exactly that: ad hoc.

Common terms using this word are found in the IT industry and include: ah hoc network, ad hoc
query, ad hoc surveys, ad hoc testing, ad hoc report, ad hoc analysis, and ad hoc protocol list.
Actually, ad hoc has several specific applications in the world of Information Technology. The ad hoc
definition as used in; ad hoc networks, ad hoc reporting and ad hoc testing has a very precise
meaning pertaining to the Information Technology Industry.

When it comes to computer networks, ad hoc is typically associated with wireless devices. When a
connection is established between two or more computers without having a base station, they have
formed an ad hoc network. The ad hoc definition still holds in this case because the connection is not
permanent but rather has been formed temporarily to meet a particular need. Ad hoc reporting, also
called ad hoc querying, refers to a system that permits users to customize a data query from a
database instead of limiting them to preset, "canned" options. Since the results of the query are
dependent on the specific query submitted, they are created for the specific moment, ad hoc.

For software development companies, the ad hoc definition applies most frequently to testing. Ad
hoc testing is a type of quality control testing that operates on randomization rather than on a fixed
technique. Each test is created for a specific purpose it wasn’t grabbed off a shelf. If you are
developing software and don't have the time or resources to invest in properly testing it, Software
development companies provides a host of testing services, including ad hoc testing.

My thirst for knowledge was been momentarily quenched with a sweet glass of ad hoc definitions.
Ad hoc is a versatile term that properly used will impress your friends, and Information Technology
group. Good luck in expanding your vocabulary and understanding of IT terminology.

Intelligent Vehicular ad-hoc Network

Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks (InVANETs) use WiFi IEEE 802.11p(WAVE
standard)and WiMAX IEEE 802.16 for easy and effective communication between vehicles
with dynamic mobility. Effective measures such as media communication between vehicles
can be enabled as well methods to track automotive vehicles. InVANET is not foreseen to
replace current mobile (cellular phone) communication standards .

"Older" designs within the IEEE 802.11 scope may refer just to IEEE 802.11b/g. More recent
designs refer to the latest issues of IEEE 802.11p (WAVE, draft status). Due to inherent lag
times, only the latter one in the IEEE 802.11 scope is capable of coping with the typical
dynamics of vehicle operation.

Automotive vehicular information can be viewed on electronic maps using the Internet or
specialized software. The advantage of WiFi based navigation system function is that it can
effectively locate a vehicle which is inside big campuses like universities, airports, and
tunnels. InVANET can be used as part of automotive electronics, which has to identify an
optimally minimal path for navigation with minimal traffic intensity. The system can also be
used as a city guide to locate and identify landmarks in a new city.

Communication capabilities in vehicles are the basis of an envisioned InVANET or

intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Vehicles are enabled to communicate among
themselves (vehicle-to-vehicle, V2V) and via roadside access points (vehicle-to-roadside,
V2R). Vehicular communication is expected to contribute to safer and more efficient roads
by providing timely information to drivers, and also to make travel more convenient. The
integration of V2V and V2R communication is beneficial because V2R provides better
service sparse networks and long distance communication, whereas V2V enables direct
communication for small to medium distances/areas and at locations where roadside access
points are not available.

Providing vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication can considerably

improve traffic safety and comfort of driving and traveling. For communication in vehicular
ad hoc networks, position-based routing has emerged as a promising candidate. For Internet
access, Mobile IPv6 is a widely accepted solution to provide session continuity and
reachability to the Internet for mobile nodes. While integrated solutions for usage of Mobile
IPv6 in (non-vehicular) mobile ad hoc networks exist, a solution has been proposed that, built
upon on a Mobile IPv6 proxy-based architecture, selects the optimal communication mode
(direct in-vehicle, vehicle-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-roadside communication) and provides
dynamic switching between vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication mode
during a communication session in case that more than one communication mode is
simultaneously available.

Currently there is ongoing research in the field of InVANETs for several scenarios. The main
interest is in applications for traffic scenarios, mobile phone systems, sensor networks and
future combat systems. Recent research has focused on topology related problems such as
range optimization, routing mechanisms, or address systems, as well as security issues like
traceability or encryption. In addition, there are very specific research interests such as the
effects of directional antennas for InVANETs and minimal power consumption for sensor
networks.

Wireless ad hoc network

A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized wireless network.[1] The network is ad hoc
because it does not rely on a preexisting infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or
access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead, each node participates
in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, and so the determination of which nodes
forward data is made dynamically based on the network connectivity.

The earliest wireless ad hoc networks were the "packet radio" networks (PRNETs) from the
1970s, sponsored by DARPA after the ALOHAnet project.

Simulation of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

One key problem to Wireless Ad Hoc networks is foreseeing the variety of possible
situations that can occur. As a result, Modeling and Simulation using extensive parameter
sweeping and what-if analysis becomes an extremely important paradigm for use in ad hoc
networks. Traditional M&S tools for modeling and simulation include the likes of NS2 (and
recently NS3), Opnet, Omnet++. However, these tools focus primarily on the simulation of
the entire protocol stack of the system. Although that can be important in the proof of
concept implementations of systems, the need for a more advanced simulation
methodology is always there. Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation offers such a paradigm.
Not to be confused with multi-agent systems and intelligent agents, agent-based modeling
originated from social sciences, where the goal was to evaluate and view large-scale
systems with numerous interacting "AGENT" or components in a wide variety of random
situations to observe global phenomena. Unlike traditional AI systems with Intelligent
agents, agent-based modeling is similar to the real world. Agent-based models are thus
effective in modeling bio-inspired and nature-inspired systems. In these systems, the basic
interactions of the components the system, also called Complex Adaptive System, are
simple but result in advanced global phenomena such as emergence. Another approach to
simulation of wireless sensor networks and other ad hoc networks, is to use FABS (Formal
Agent-Based Simulation framework) a framework for the modeling of Wireless Sensor
Networks and a Complex Adaptive Environment .
Application

The decentralized nature of wireless ad hoc networks makes them suitable for a variety of
applications where central nodes can't be relied on, and may improve the scalability of
wireless ad hoc networks compared to wireless managed networks, though theoretical and
practical limits to the overall capacity of such networks have been identified.

Minimal configuration and quick deployment make ad hoc networks suitable for emergency
situations like natural disasters or military conflicts. The presence of a dynamic and adaptive
routing protocol will enable ad hoc networks to be formed quickly.

Wireless ad hoc networks can be further classified by their application:

 mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)

 wireless mesh networks
 wireless sensor networks.

Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor nodes are low-cost, low-power, multi-functional devices which have a small
form factor and can communicate untethered,using (usually) Radio Frequency (RF)
communication across short distances (2).
Networks of such nodes are called WSNs, and can be deployed in the area of
interest to monitor the physical environment.
They are usually deployed densely in random positions, either inside of, or very
close to the phenomenon that has to be monitored.
Sensor networks can be used in several applications and locations, ranging from a
battlefield to the user’s living room.
In the remainder of this section, we shall present short overviews of the architecture of
sensor nodes and networks, traditional sensor network topology, and the sensor network
protocol stack. This section is based on (2) unless stated otherwise.

Mobile ad hoc network

"MANET" redirects here. For other uses, see Manet (disambiguation).

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET), sometimes called a mobile mesh network, is a self-
configuring network of mobile devices connected by wireless links.

Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore
change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own
use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each
device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic.

Such networks may operate by themselves or may be connected to the larger Internet.
MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks that usually has a routeable networking
environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network. They are also a type of mesh network,
but many mesh networks are not mobile or not wireless.

The growth of laptops and 802.11/Wi-Fi wireless networking have made MANETs a popular
research topic since the mid- to late 1990s. Many academic papers evaluate protocols and
abilities assuming varying degrees of mobility within a bounded space, usually with all nodes
within a few hops of each other and usually with nodes sending data at a constant rate.
Different protocols are then evaluated based on the packet drop rate, the overhead introduced
by the routing protocol, and other measures.

Types of MANET

 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are used for communication among vehicles and
between vehicles and roadside equipment.
 Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks (InVANETs) are a kind of artificial intelligence that
helps vehicles to behave in intelligent manners during vehicle-to-vehicle collisions,
accidents, drunken driving etc.
 Internet Based Mobile Ad hoc Networks (iMANET) are ad hoc networks that link mobile
nodes and fixed Internet-gateway nodes. In such type of networks normal ad hoc routing
algorithms don't apply directly.

Applications

 In addition to the characterisation of MANET algorithms, we also consider applications

where these routing algorithms could be used in the network layer. Therefore, in this work,
we developed an application running on the Prospeckz IIK, which used the routing
algorithms characterised as enablers. During the implementation of these applications, we
were also able to study the use of wireless sensor networks in the fields of moving object
tracking and ubiquitous computing.

Visitor Tracking System

 The application we envisaged - called the Visitor Tracking System - involved tracking the
approximate location of several mobile nodes in a small building, and feed information on
location and direction of each node to a single central sink. It was required that the user at
the central sink receive alerts if any mobile node approached restricted areas within the
building.
 However, the omni-directional nature of radio waves and multi-path propagation make
accurate location estimation using radios a very difficult and challenging problem.
 This is still an open research problem.
 Therefore, it was decided that the application would attempt to perform approximate
location estimation on the basis of the signal strength of received radio signals.
 The DSDV routing algorithm (26) was used to communicate node location information to the
sink node. The application’s performance was subsequently characterised By analysing the
power consumption, as well as by monitoring the percentage of time the CPU, Receiver and
Transmitter were turned on.
 However, the DSDV algorithm is a proactive algorithm, and this, for reasons explained later
on in this document, limits the scale of this application.
Advantages and Disadvantages :
Advantages:

 Flexible if there is ad-hoc situation when additional workstation was required.

 Implementation cost is cheaper than wired network.
 Ideal for the non-reachable places such as across river or mountain or rural area.
 Ideal for temporary network setups.
 Lower speed compared to wired network. (of course!)

Disadvantages:

 Less secure because hacker's laptop can act as Access Point. If you connected to
their laptop, they'll read all your information (username, password.. bla..bla..bla..).
 More complex to configure than wired network.
 Affected by surrounding. E.g: walls (blocking), microwave oven (interference), far
distance (attenuation)