Sabotage

A deliberate act of destruction or disruption in which equipment is damaged.

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening another entity through
subversion, obstruction, disruption, or destruction. In a workplace setting, sabotage
is the conscious withdrawal of efficiency generally directed at causing some
change in workplace conditions. One who engages in sabotage is a saboteur. As a
rule, saboteurs try to conceal their identities because of the consequences of their
actions. For example, whereas an environmental pressure group might be happy to
be identified with an act of sabotage, it would not want the individual identities of
the perpetrators known.

TYPES

As workplace action

When disgruntled workers damage or destroy equipment or interfere with the

smooth running of a workplace, it is called workplace sabotage. This can be as part
of an organized group activity, or the action of one or a few workers in response to
personal grievances

As environmental action

Certain groups turn to destruction of property in order to immediately stop

environmental destruction or to make visible arguments against forms of modern
technology they consider detrimental to the earth and its inhabitants.

As war tactic

In war, the word is used to describe the activity of an individual or group not
associated with the military of the parties at war (such as a foreign agent or an
indigenous supporter), in particular when actions result in the destruction or
damaging of a productive or vital facility, such as equipment, factories, dams,
public services, storage plants or logistic routes

As crime

Some criminals have engaged in acts of sabotage for reasons of extortion.

As political action

The term political sabotage is sometimes used to define the acts of one political
camp to disrupt, harass or damage the reputation of a political opponent, usually
during an electoral campaign.

Internal disturbance

A situation characterised by acts of violence and disorder, but that falls short
of armed conflict.

Riot
A riot is a form of civil disorder characterized often by disorganized groups
lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of violence against authority, property or
people. While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots are typically
chaotic and exhibit herd behavior, and usually generated by civil unrest. Riots
often occur in reaction to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. Historically, riots
have occurred due to poor working or living conditions, government, oppression,
taxation or conscription, conflicts between Ethnic groups, food supply or religions
(see race riot, sectarian violence and pogrom), the outcome of a sporting event or
frustration with legal channels through which to air grievances.

Types of riots

A police riot is a term for the wrongful, disproportionate, unlawful and illegitimate
use of force by a group of police against a group of civilians. A police riot
commonly describes a situation where police attack a group of peaceful civilians
and/or provoke previously peaceful civilians into violence.

A prison riot is a type of large scale, temporary act of concerted defiance or

disorder by a group of prisoners against the prison administrators, prison officers,
or other groups of prisoners in attempt to force change or express a grievance.

In a race riot race or ethnicity is the key factor. The term had entered the English
language in the United States by the 1890s. Early use of the term in the United
States referred to race riots which were often a mob action by members of the
majority racial group against people of other perceived races.
In a religious riot the key factor is religion.[1] The rioting mob targets people and
properties of a specific religion, or those believed to belong to that religion.

Student riots are riots precipitated by students, often in higher education, such as a
college/university. Student riots in the US and Western Europe in the 1960s and
the 1970s were often political in nature, although student riots can occur as a result
of peaceful demonstration oppressed by the authorities and after sporting events
(see hooliganism). Students may constitute an active political force in a given
country, and student riots may occur in the context of wider political or social
grievances.

Urban riots are those riots identified as taking place in the context of urban
conditions associated with urban decay, such as discrimination, poverty, high
unemployment, poor schools, poor healthcare, housing inadequacy and police
brutality and bias. Urban riots are closely associated with race riots and police
riots. In India, for instance, caste riots have tended to be limited to rural theatres
while religious riots centred around urban agglomerations.

Sports riots are linked to the performance of a specific team and can be sparked
by the losing or winning of that team, such as the Nika riots. Fans of the two teams
may also fight. They are generally seen in two sports, hockey and association
football. Players rarely join in such riots, which usually occur in and around the
playing field (in association football) or in the streets or stands (in hockey).

NGOs in Disaster Management and Preparedness

There are a number of NGOs in Mumbai, with a wide ranging scope of activities.
In case of a disaster they are able to quickly assemble their volunteer manpower
for independent and government supportive relief work. NGOs have the potential
to play a vital role in disaster management. They have the flexibility to react
quickly at a local level and are often the first organised group to reach the disaster
site. In addition, due to their essentially localized scope of operation they have the
ability to outreach to far-flung and under privileged sections of society.

Significant Background Information

The purpose of NGOs is not to supplant the governmental relief agencies but to act
as a coordinating mechanism between the government apparatus and the affected
populace. There was however felt, during the monsoon floods of June 2005, a lack
of an advised and coherent approach in the way these organizations operated.
Consequently the government has undertaken to initiate steps to better coordinate
the working of NGOs vis-à-vis disaster management. An NGO named Karmayog,
which is basically a cost-free portal, was set up to provide an easy means of data
and communication exchange between the MCGM, NGOs and among NGOs
themselves.

Aniruddha Institute of Disaster Management is a major Non Governmental

Organization (NGO) in Mumbai in terms of trained volunteer manpower it can call
up. The Aniruddha Institute of Disaster Management (AIDM) is dedicated to the
study and training of volunteer workers in Disaster Management, since its
inception in 2002. AIDM is a purely voluntary, non profit organization found and
run by the Aniruddha Trust, it’s run as a part of the Trust’s community service.

AIDM has its central command centre located at Dadar (central Mumbai). It is
largely self funded, though it’s open to accepting donations. Each of the city’s 24
wards is treated as a zone which is further divided into local micro-zones. Each
micro-zone has its own team of volunteers which are activated as soon as news of a
disaster is received at the zone’s sub-control centre. The micro zones are marked in
such a way that communication between the volunteers is possible even if phone
lines are disabled. AIDM claims to have 35,000 volunteers and 73 centres spread
across Mumbai. Typically these centres interface with the Ward Officer and at any
time 10 volunteers are in contact with the ward office. Another 100 volunteers are
on stand by for emergency assignment. Each center is equipped with a number of
rescue kits having basic-first aid and rescue equipment. AIDM helps the city
administration by providing trained manpower which is severely lacking in the
immediate aftermath of a disaster.

ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING IN DM

1. INTRODUCTION
The space technology and disaster mitigation communities work together in
developing effective and accurate methods for prevention, preparedness and relief
measures. Disaster prevention is a long-term phenomenon, which can best be
studied with the help of satellite monitoring of various relevant factors, such as,
changing land use. Disaster preparedness focuses on warnings and forecasts of
impending disasters and often entails processes, which are quite dynamic and
result in "rapid onset" disasters. Most disasters are of this type although some, such
as drought and famine are slow to develop. The obvious difference between
warnings and forecasts is that the latter is less specific in time and space. Disaster
relief occurs after (and sometimes during) the emergency. An important aspect in
terms of satellite monitoring involves assessment of the damage incurred during
the disaster. Satellite technology can also help in identifying escape routes and
locations for storage of temporary housing. The pressure on the earth's resources
caused by increased population has resulted in increased vulnerability of human
and their infrastructure to the natural hazards. The result is a dynamic equilibrium
between these forces in which scientific and technological development plays a
major role. Societal factors, such as, economics, politics, communication and
education are vital in order to implement the technological advances. Remote
sensing or Earth Observation System (EOS) and GIS are among many tools
available to disaster management professionals today making the effective project
planning very much possible and more accurate now then ever before. Although
none of 10 the existing satellites and their sensors has been designed solely for the
purpose of observing natural hazards, the variety of spectral bands in VIS (visible),
NIR (near infrared), IR (infrared), SWIR (short wave infrared), TIR (thermal
infrared) and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) provide adequate spectral coverage
and allow computer enhancement of the data for this purpose. Repetitive or multi-
temporal coverage is justified on the basis of the need to study various dynamic
phenomena whose changes can be identified over time. These include natural
hazard events, changing land usepatterns, and hydrologic and geologic
characteristics of the region. In disaster management, the aim of the experts
(Kundzewicz et al, 1993; Lanza and Conti, 1994; Sabins, 1986) has been to
monitor the situation, simulate the complicated natural phenomenon as accurately
as possible so as to come up with better prediction models, suggest appropriate
contingency plans and prepare spatial databases. From the inherent characteristics,
namely, spatial continuity, uniform accuracy and precision, multi-temporal
coverage and complete coverage regardless of site location, the remotely sensed
data can be used very effectively, for: . Quickly assessing severity and impact of
damage due to flooding, earthquakes, oil spills and other disasters; . Planning
efficient escape routes from coastal areas during hurricane season; . Charting
quickest routes for ambulances to reach victims; . Locating places for shelter for
victims or refugees;11
. Calculating population density in disaster-prone areas;
. Rapidly identifying hardest-hit disaster areas in order to provide early warning of
potential disasters;
. Pre-disaster assessments to facilitate planning for timely evacuation and recovery
operations during a crisis;
. Monitoring reconstruction or rehabilitation after a major disaster; and
. Developing, maintaining or updating accurate base maps.
Different sensors can provide unique information about properties of the surface or
shallow layers of the Earth. For example, measurements of the reflected solar
radiation give information on albedo (fraction of light that is reflected by a body or
surface), thermal sensors measure surface temperature, and microwave sensors
measure the dielectric properties and hence, the moisture content, of surface soil or
of snow. Remote sensing and its continued development have added new
techniques that disaster management experts can use in a large number of
applications. This work includes a review of the existing Earth resource satellites
in orbit, which are of great help for disaster mitigation studies. Sensors and their
capabilities with reference to disaster mitigation are discussed in separate sections.
A case study, conducted on the Upper Thames River watershed (mainly
monitoring the extent of major urban development around the city of London)
illustrates the use of satellite data to monitor changing land use and its impact on
river channel flows over the last three decades.

2. REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

The Earth observation using satellite remote sensing technique has made it possible
to obtain uniform data covering the whole globe in a relatively short time, and has
also made it possible for these observations to be continued for a long time in the
future (Figure 1). The two main components of the space-based sub-system of the
EOS, Polar-Orbiting and Geostationary, continue to improve with every new
launch. Geostationary satellites orbit the earth with the earth’s rotation so that they
observe the same point on the Earth continuously, but from a much higher altitude
approaching 36,000 km. Geostationary satellites are the primary meteorological
observation platforms and provide continuous but somewhat coarser spatial data.
Polar orbiting satellites generally fly in a low Earth orbit (hundreds of km) and
provide relatively high resolution measurements with repeat times of days to tens
of days. Typical polar orbiting satellites (Table 1) are the NOAA-AVHRR, the
French SPOT and the US LANDSAT and TM series. The data received from
polar-orbiting satellites is very useful in understanding and monitoring the natural
hazards. Also, the effect of the space and time distribution of water accompanied
by phase changes on the water and energy budget at the earth surface from the
point of view of understanding and control of the mechanism of environmental
changes can be better evaluated with satellite data. Remote sensing data are
acquired in predetermined spectral bands (wave lengths). Visible 13 and near
infrared spectral bands (which can be displayed as colors as shown in Figure 1)
are chosen to amplify or separate specific earth features such as vegetation, rocks,
urban area, snow and water. This way one can separate a chosen land feature from
other land features by choice of the wavelength.
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1][2][3] This condition progressively reduces the
effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to
opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a
mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as
blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.[4][5] This
transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated
hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy,
childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.

Cause

Sexual transmission

Sexual transmission occurs with the contact between sexual secretions of one
person with the rectal, genital or oral mucous membranes of another. Unprotected
sexual acts are riskier for the receptive partner than for the insertive partner, and
the risk for transmitting HIV through unprotected anal intercourse is greater than
the risk from vaginal intercourse or oral sex.

Exposure to blood-borne pathogens

This transmission route is particularly relevant to intravenous drug users,

hemophiliacs and recipients of blood transfusions and blood products. Sharing and
reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-infected blood represents a major risk for
infection with HIV.

Needle sharing is the cause of one third of all new HIV-infections in North
America, China, and Eastern Europe. The risk of being infected with HIV from a
single prick with a needle that has been used on an HIV-infected person is thought
to be about 1 in 150 (see table above). Post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-HIV
drugs can further reduce this risk.

Perinatal transmission

The transmission of the virus from the mother to the child can occur in utero
during the last weeks of pregnancy and at childbirth. In the absence of treatment,
the transmission rate between a mother and her child during pregnancy, labor and
delivery is 25%

Prevention

Sexual contact

The majority of HIV infections are acquired through unprotected sexual relations
between partners, one of whom has HIV. The primary mode of HIV infection
worldwide is through sexual contact between members of the opposite sex.[92][93][94]

During a sexual act, only male or female condoms can reduce the risk of infection
with HIV and other STDs. The best evidence to date indicates that typical condom
use reduces the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission by approximately 80% over
the long-term, though the benefit is likely to be higher if condoms are used
correctly on every occasion.

Exposure to infected body fluids

Health care workers can reduce exposure to HIV by employing precautions to

reduce the risk of exposure to contaminated blood. These precautions include
barriers such as gloves, masks, protective eyeware or shields, and gowns or aprons
which prevent exposure of the skin or mucous membranes to blood borne
pathogens. Frequent and thorough washing of the skin immediately after being
contaminated with blood or other bodily fluids can reduce the chance of infection.
Finally, sharp objects like needles, scalpels and glass, are carefully disposed of to
prevent needlestick injuries with contaminated items.[106] Since intravenous drug
use is an important factor in HIV transmission in developed countries, harm
reduction strategies such as needle-exchange programmes are used in attempts to
reduce the infections caused by drug abuse.[107][108]

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)

Current recommendations state that when replacement feeding is acceptable,

feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, HIV-infected mothers should avoid
breast-feeding their infant. However, if this is not the case, exclusive breast-
feeding is recommended during the first months of life and discontinued as soon as
possible.[109] It should be noted that women can breastfeed children who are not
their own; see wet nurse.
education, health literacy and cognitive abilityOne way to change risky behavior
is health education. Several studies[citation needed] have shown the positive impact of
education and health literacy on cautious sex behavior. Education works only if it
leads to higher health literacy and general cognitive ability. This ability is relevant
to understand the relationship between own risky behavior and possible outcomes
like HIV-transmission.