UNIT 111 MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTION

Chapter 1. OBJECTIVE-RELATED PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

Guiding Principles in Determining and Formulating Learning Objectives

1. "Begin with the end in mind" - Covey Begin your lesson with a clearly defined lesson objective
2. Share lesson objective with students -Make your students own the lesson
3. Lesson must be in the two or three domains - cognitive, psychomotor and affective
4. Work on significant and relevant lesson objectives -Our lesson objective must be connected
our students' life experiences
5. Lesson objective must be aligned with the aims of education as embodied in the Philippine
Constitution and other laws and on the vision mission statements of the educational
institution of which you are a part.
6. Aim at the development of critical and creative thinking
7. For accountability of learning, lesson objectives must be SMART, Specific, Measurable,
Attainable, Result- oriented and Relevant, Time- bound and terminal

Taxonomy of Objectives
- With educational taxonomy, learning is classified into three domains namely:

 Cognitive
 Affective
 Psychomotor
Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Domain – Benjamin bloom led his group in coming up with the list of
instructional objectives in the cognitive domain. Arranged from Lowest o the highest level, they are as
follows:

 Knowledge or Recall Knowledge or Recall – includes knowledge

 Comprehension – relates translation, interpretation and extrapolation
 Application – uses abstractions in particular situations
 Analysis – relates to breaking a whole into parts
 Synthesis – puts part together in a new form such as communication, a plan of operation,
and a set of abstract relations
 Evaluation – judges in terms of internal evidence or logical consistency and external
evidence or consistency with facts developed elsewhere.
 Anderson's Taxonomy of Cognitive Domain – in the 1990s, Anderson, Blooms former student,
together with a team of cognitive psychologists, revisited blooms taxonomy in the light of the 21 st
century skills.

 Remembering – can the student recall?

 Understanding – can the student explain ideas or concepts?
 Applying – can the student use the information in a new way?
 Analysing – can the student distinguish between the different parts?
 Evaluating – can the student justify a stand or decision?
 Creating – can the student create new product or point of view?

Krathwohl's Taxonomy of Affective Domain – David Krathwohl’s affective learning is demonstrated by

behaviors indicating attitudes of awareness, interest, attention, and values of concern and responsibility
ability to listen and respond in interactions with others and ability to demonstrate those attitudinal
characteristics or values which are appropriate to the test situation of the field of study.

 Receiving describes the stage of being aware of or sensitive to the existence of certain
ideas, material, or phenomena and being willing to tolerate them. Examples include: to
differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to.
 Responding describes the second stage of the taxonomy and refers to a committment in
some small measure to the ideas, materials, or phenomena involved by actively responding
to them. Examples are: to comply with, to follow, to commend, to volunteer, to spend leisure
time in, to acclaim.
 Valuing means being willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or
phenomena. Examples include: to increase measured proficiency in, to relinquish, to
subsidize, to support, to debate.
  Organization is the fourth stage of Krathwohl’s taxonomy and involves relating the new
value to those one already holds and bringing it into a harmonious and internally consistent
philosophy. Examples are: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine.
 Characterization by value or value set means acting consistently in accordance with the
values the individual has internalized. Examples include: to revise, to require, to be rated high
in the value, to avoid, to resist, to manage, to resolve.

Harlow's Taxonomy of the Psychomotor Domain - Anita Harrow's taxonomy for the psychomotor
domain is organized according to the degree of coordination including involuntary responses as well as
learned capabilities. Simple reflexes begin at the lowest level of the taxonomy, while complex
neuromuscular coordination make up the highest levels (Seels & Glasgow, 1990).

 Reflex movements are actions elicited without learning in response to some stimuli.
Examples include: flexion, extension, stretch, postural adjustments.
 Basic fundamental movement are inherent movement patterns which are formed by
combining of reflex movements and are the basis for complex skilled movements. Examples
are: walking, running, pushing, twisting, gripping, grasping, manipulating.
 Perceptual refers to interpretation of various stimuli that enable one to make adjustments to
the environment. Visual, auditory, kinesthetic, or tactile discrimination. Suggests cognitive as
well as psychomotor behavior. Examples include: coordinated movements such as jumping
rope, punting, or catching.
 Physical activities require endurance, strength, vigor, and agility which produces a sound,
efficiently functioning body. Examples are: all activities which require a) strenuous effort for
long periods of time; b) muscular exertion; c) a quick, wide range of motion at the hip joints;
and d) quick, precise movements.
 Skilled movements are the result of the acquisition of a degree of efficiency when performing
a complex task. Examples are: all skilled activities obvious in sports, recreation, and dance.
  Non-discursive communication is communication through bodily movements ranging from
facial expressions through sophisticated choreographics. Examples include: body postures,
gestures, and facial expressions efficiently executed in skilled dance movement and
choreographics.

Moore's Level of Learning in the Psychomotor Domain

 Imitation
 Manipulation
 Precision
Key Words for the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

Keywords for the Taxonomy of Behavioral Objectives Psychomotor Domain