NIGEL WISEMAN was born in England on April 21, 1954. He received a Bachelor's degree in Spanish and German interpreting and translation in 1976 from Herriot Watt University in Edinburgh, and has lived in Taiwan for the last sixteen years. For the past six years, he has been a lecturer in Chinese medical English and medical Latin at China Medical College, Taiwan. He is the author of a number of Chinese medical works including Fundamentals of Chinese Medicine, Fundamentals of Chinese Acupuncture, and An English Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He is currently completing his doctorate in Complementary Health and Applied Linguistics at the University of Exeter, England. Nigel Wiseman(®Riizs): 3, ‘iF 1954 4F, GRA, RI RCEEML, AEA PKR EPA SEM, MAR Met BRE 20 RAE, PEAR, AS A Baie gS FENG YE was born in Taiwan on November 26, 1967. He graduated from the Chinese Medical School of China Medical College, Taiwan in 1994, and holds R.O.C. licenses in Chinese and Western medicine. He received his Master 's degree from the Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences in 1997. He is a resident doctor in the Chinese Internal Medicine Department of China Medical College Hospital, and a lecturer in Chinese medical diagnostics at China Medical College. His special fields of interest other than general internal medicine include pulse theory. The shang Han Lim (“On Cold Damage”), acupuncture, and external injury. AAR (Féng Ya): 5H, EF 19694F, HALA, HBT. PBEM, Sey I Be aye DEH PERL, SUE KRIS TR BEYER AN AETG BEI, KBE RR SHEE IA KR OR SURO A HARI TT A AE EBA AR BEI, LARS CT ARE a a BA AHr 38 5G «GA ek — AT A RY — FT A Re FO AGRA Of Ah TY A RL, OPE RO BA PU RA AE A «A SS AAT A SB oa SEED EE Ht NEAL (Paradigm Publications) 1998 AH NE, SHER AREA LR A. Hea EAA — Ep SCD AA ae | ST A A oP EAE a OR, 9 a A ESM AT RAMI BR DAL ate, RUBE IME A AOS AR PBR TA TL A A PCBS: «ALAR E ACEP AH AEA ON DL i BD EEA) 9 3 9 FELT PBS LR ATES IY AT BE PAG DO ECA, LA EA ES SAREE JL Ee — BB a EL AE ZH EB SB URL mG ACH A, DG AH LE AEE fc AT A 0 Da i 8 A PE FV a BE 89 Ae, A UN BEE HE Lay RR a fh IPE A AS 2 TL FF URC A, OS a BREA IN Jy AAR 5 PE AH BR RAG ERE HAE SAE AA A A HR, ARATE PET CR OI ESR CE Be AEG RSL TA BG OLIN A A BER RI EE Ul NAY SL UR EF a eA A Hey A RT BP MA AIA UL T HEFL AL. ch PC AB ARE OY A SA HE RE BE AA IF ETI SAR REE), EMT Rw Ua SC CARVE RE, LSA AF “PBR” Caraditional Chi- nese medicine) 15 REBT HA SE 09 AEA. RO Ak. BS Hey PAE BR i eB, A HT FARIA BE SBC C5 33 — eT EA A a 5 AS PA OO A HB ROD, LAST Ay CARL pe EH Tew, SRE, AESEEDR MOAT APG ERR WW ATR RRR. AEDT (ar PR ct ob OR a SR H9 HB 45 5 LR FN IR FB TEA RR a AE VB DBS YE FL TE Es 1 BY EPA A PG FL al AEE A, SE ETE AEA He AO AER TA Za, BE 2000 FW Ra EZ TTA FE RL BR”. SRT ABE ION Tb Ea OY A A SP A TR (HOB Ab, AR 7 ACS 5 NL ADS A oT PETAR 9 BLES EA RE 3 RB ATE — FE I HAIL, A HE AT BS At ee IEE OPS SB TBAT AC A EP BSAA, (EL 1 EB RR I A s.e FEMEAL PRAIA, AOL EB SLAIN SA BH A ITI PLA OU BEER A BS Oh AGH, WAS EMEA BE PD AL A. GOR RATE Ar TR AA eA A eh, EAT AA i me Bf eo HS AeA BE A Hh 9 aE a EO RR eH ETT RR EAR PU ZT (HS Rr Ae A TY — EL, PRADA “OLAS” ELPA wind-five eye, TEIESIE S509 BE AY acute conjunctivitis BHR "HE mt Se” FEC AUE D0 RL ek o ak PDE RESTA, EGR IR RABE REP RCE (BH: HE RACH” FEN acute conjunctivitis), HRA] AYA we AG HL ARR AT, ae BESTE US BOE AY ORE TP OS HS 9 EES HE. A Ay SATA 0 A A, HR Poh AR AD Ho BB A La a op OR I ‘HEI BR 940 A Sp” 5 EAA HR EG GAR BET Me tA Fo RR WRAR AZ HG RM MERE 5, BE Ee RELA ca UB CE aR TE PE ae a APA AE EE HR A TZ. BT ERE we Te eR A BE, BRR E25 PY EK AE A ko AS AR, A EB JE BRAGA ELIE MAE RAE AAR ERA ri BA DS BA A OE J A A Df RC oO LAI I BSP BR HL FZ, AT A OO EH BE mee. FASO A RAE RE, BLA i BET 2 AR Pe A. BR a ML A Aes AAR A — BR TC A OR AO PL A a Ma ae A, FEOAR EBA RITMTE Hk, RUA IES RATING. EA OTM, mI ECE Be SA RF RA — A A A Sh, HT ae OC EA AA fk SA fol — eA A AB AB A AE RO SEA SOL BREE. EFAS A BSE RD SE A ib RHA HEL HE DL AY A A Ra #1) BI JE TDA A Cea SE AR LT OE HL RE ROC TR RE, RE, ARIES, CREAM Rh MOAT ETON. GEMDOR, Je BL Aen RAB Me SHEAR RZ NIE. WIM L T ARTF IRS RTT A, RA AA SRO a A OL, a SAA Ai A ORES AEs Fy i, BE A AAR aL SR RR, PR Re he A AST es PR I J CS FS a I, ER SETA AR HE NH SE ER PS aE SR PEA HAE AF St RAL A A EB He 1, RM — Ste, Ok, ROR LK ARR TRO Lm, A, Ae LARP roe Hh — Se TL A A OT ET I, PI TAR AT MR ONS DE Se Se A AT, A He OR EE Dr MA RE, -2eREADILY HEMET LA, Ak A AE IT Chinese Medical Témms and Acupuncture Points (3218) Paradigm Publications 1990 4) 2745 i EVR MOUS CUR, ARAL TT Be Hy COTE oh RD CTE A A 1995 $F). GRAS ot MIE], $B AEA A aD AA Hh eR A RT, ES ad SO tL (4) (Paradigm Publications #1 Blue Poppy Press) #78 29 3 i Ai 2 96 SCA. Hie i BE HEL yA EB DI, FR ELBE RB 25 NL A 2 tL EP SE A RASA NE — A 2 9 HR AL I TA, ERA AID RE. HAR LR TDI, AT SI A Be eA 5 TE Be 2D A FN BO ER TAMAR AH Ce SO END RE EA ate, EAGLE ARS AT Be ACE A Ha AE FERAL «PAS HA RT RC ADH 9 oh a BE IE ERE MOREA, UAB ESF RFA AS a9 I BR A Lk SH mi. SHE SR AT PIB EAA, GIES BE Rh HR AL BON a Ap SF RAR AOL 2 eI a AS AE A Ei TE BEAK, EMM LEMAR ITE AIF AAO IT RR. Mea OT ROR AL SP, ARGC 49 RU PARES A fe Ae YS , a BAAN P BRE AN RE. BF IR A EH LA, SS AA SA 5 GAA A A AL ACT EE I Co SRY ESL AYRE. IN A HEB Bk AE BETA ERS Sh IE IE IBLE ABR MEE 9 EAC DH a ee A oF RU fe Be aR thi. RT 3Compilers’ Preface to the New Edition In the transmission of knowledge from one language community to another, bilingual dietionar- ies can serve a number of different purposes. In the early stages of transmission when the terminolo- 4 of the recipient community is in a state of flux, a bilingual dictionary is the means by whieh term translators propose a comprehensive set of target-linguage terms as a standard that all members of the field can follow. The Westward transmission of Chinese medicine is still in its initial phase because , despite the growth in popularity of Chinese medicine in the West over recent decades, there is still no universally used English terminology of Chinese medicine. A Practical Dietionary of Chinese Medicine , which was first published by Paradigm Publications in 1998 and which we now present to Chinese readers, meets the present need by proposing an English terminological standard for Chinese medicine and by forming a major element of a broader effort to solve the linguistic problems of trans- The reason why no standard English terminology has been universally aecepted to date is that there are different approaches to the translation of Chinese medical terms. Some believe in the liber- al use of Western medical terms to represent traditional Chinese medical concepts wherever possible. Others, like ourselves, believe that only loan-translation (literal translation) can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. Still others in the West, believe that Chinese medicine possesses only a small number of core terms and hence the need for term standardization does not exist. Although a debate about the selection of English equivalents for a few Chinese medical terms has occurred the last decades. it has failed to reach any agreement because it has failed to examine the assumptions underlying approaches to translation and their logical consequences The Chinese medical com translation unity is only just starting to realize that the choice of approach to is influenced by different expectations about the result of the transmission process. Both in China and abroad, those who propose the liberal use of Western medical terms as equivalents for traditional Chinese medical purposes generally believe in the integration of Chinese with Wester medicine. ‘Those who favor loan-translation believe that Chinese medicine as traditionally understood and practiced in Chinese can and should be transmitted to the West without having to be wedded to Wester medicine to gain acceptance. ‘Those who believe Chinese medicine only possesses a few terms—many of them writers with no linguistic access to Chinese sources—are less interested in the transmission of Chinese knowledge to the West than in adapting it to the demands of their own alter- native health-care philosophies that exaggerate the importance of holism and the relationship between body and mind t about term translation is a disegreement not about choice of words; it is about the a Disagreemdirection of the development of Chinese medicine in the West. Few people understand all of the is- sues. English speakers are confused about what Chinese medicine is because works in which Chinese medicine is simplified, biomedicized, and adapted to the alternative health-care environment are all labeled a: (and are only just starting to discover the need to learn it), they have no access to primary sources raditional Chinese medicine,” and since most English speakers do not know Chinese that inform them what Chinese medicine is in China. Chinese people, on the other hand, are gen- erally unaware of the influence alternative health-care values on the development of Chinese medicine in the West, and do not realize how successful the translation efforts of those trying to present Chi- nese medicine faithfully. ‘The fact remains, however, that it is only when we view translation methods in terms of trans- mission goals that it becomes obvious which of these three approaches to transmission is the most ra~ tional and viable. ‘The liberal use of Westem medical terms is obviously most suited to a form of Chinese medicine that is integrated with Western medicine; by transposing Chinese medical concepts into inexact Western medical equivalents, it cannot hope to transmit a traditional understanding of the elaborate body of Chis only se medical knowledge. Those who believe Chinese medicine possesses ull terminology simplify Chinese medicine, or even adapt it to perceived Western needs, neglecting more than 2 ,000 years’ clinical experience when they try to “reinvent Chinese medicine.” Both these approaches to transmission decide what elements of Chinese medical knowledge are suit- able for Westerners and what elements can be discarded in the transmission process; both methods deprive Westemers of the opportunity to view and understand Chinese medicine in exactly the same ed and understood in China. Only by recreating all the terms of Chinese medicine in English by a translation scheme largely based on loan-translation can Westerners hope to see the way that it is v tue face of Chinese medicine . Such a loan-translation scheme is superior to the other two approaches because itis least in con- flict with any transmission goal. While the other two approaches described above prevent English- speaking readers from understanding the traditional form of Chinese medicine, our adopted approach to translation precludes neither the transmission of a new form of Chinese medicine that is integrated with Western medic nor adaptation to a Western environment. It asserts only that whatever the fu- ture development of Chinese medicine in China or in the West, Westemers should have access to a comprehensive description of Chinese medicine in its traditional form Furthermore, the approach to transmission of knowledge based on loan-translation that we are proposing in Chinese medicine is in fact the most commonly used method of translation a cross-cultural transmission of specialist knowledge and is notably exemplified by the highly successful transmission of Western medicine to China. Thus, when we propose, for example, that Ki be translated literally from Chinese into English as “wind-fire eye,” the rationale is identical to that by which acute conjunctivitis was translated from English into Chinese literally as 2 4E84 88. This ap- proach to translation creates a terminology that faithfully reflects the Chinese medical understanding +6:of concepts. Unlike the practice of liberally using Western medical terms to represent traditional Chinese medical concepts (e.g. translating MUX AK as acute conjunctivitis), our scheme preserves the integrity and independence of Chinese medical thought while retaining its utility in presentations of integrated medicine Many Chinese people believe that only a biomedicized presentation of Chinese medicine will be acceptable in the West. In his Zhongyt de Xiandai ya Weilai ( +} 65H) BL(tTAAE “The Present and exe Medicine”), Zhang Wei-Hut (3k 8 8F )sa fone cannot render classical literature literally... China's achievements in the integration of Western Future of C = in the process of translating, and Chinese medicine are the proper interface between Chinese medicine and world medicine.” (. NE LE AS Es EC ff 2 HH 8 4r-.)1 believe that Zhang speaks for the authors of many PRC English texts written for English-speak- ing students. When one surveys these texts, one finds that many uniquely Chinese concepts are e= liminated, presumably to reduce the level of difficulty and to minimize criticizable elements. In oth- er words, a special form of Chinese medicine has been created for foreign students. While 1 would ‘agree with Zhang that it would indeed be difficult for the international community to accept traditional Chinese medicine in its raw form, there are absolutely no grounds for stating that the traditional form of Chinese medicine cannot be transmitted or accepted. Our own experience, as well as objective measures of the demand for Chinese medical literature, show that there are many non-MD students and practitioners of Chinese medicine in the West who are eager and able to learn the traditional form of Chinese medicine. ‘The tendency in the PRC to equate the internationalization of Chinese medicine with efforts to convince the international medical community of the value of Chinese medicine has unfortunately caused China neglect opportuniti to present its fine medical heritage faithfully to foreign students Because no agreement about the goals of transmission has been reached, the problem of how to translate terms is not a matter of word choices, so that it cannot be solved by producing bilingual term lists that would encourage the adoption of one or another of the competing terminologies. Quite 4 number of bilingual dictionaries that propose English terminologies have been produced by Chinese scholars, but most of these have not been accompanied by any explanation of the translation method- ology that could promote discussion. To my knowledge, there are no translated texts that specifically state that they adhere to the terminology presented in any of these bilingual dictionaries. Given the deep divisions with regard to transmission goals, is not enough to simply produce a terminology and hope that people will use it. Any proposed terminology should he supported by argument and ex- ‘emplified in translated texts. A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine forms part of a broad strategy that encourages the adoption of the terminology it proposes. One element of the strategy is our insistence that term trans lation should be based on integrated principles thet derive from the abundant experience of term translation gained in other fields as well as the theories of translation theorists. From the very begin= oening, we have included explanations of our translation methodology in all our works. More recently, ‘we have strengthened the theorctical basis of our approach by using modem linguistic theories to demonstrate the relationship between methods of translation and transmission goals. Another important element of that strategy is insuring that term translation goes hand in hand if there is to be any guarantee of their applicability. On the other hand, the terminology must be ex- with text translation. On the one hand, term translations must be tried and tested in pra ‘emplified in actual literature before people will use it. Furthermore, the resulting terms translations must be clinically accurate. My colleagues and I have developed the terminology we present in A Practical Dictionary by creating databases to record our English equivalents for Chinese terms countered in the process of text translation. Whenever we found that any English term was unsuitable in a given context, we would adjust the translation through the whole text and database, in order to ‘ensure translation consistency. In this way, our term choices have been based firmly on the practice of translation. At the same time, the translation process has led to the generation of texts that have introduced the terminology to users. Also, because we all have clinical training and many of my colleagues are working clinicians, there has been no challenge to the clinical accuracy of our texts. tors to us For a terminology to be widely adopted, it must be made available for other tra Our terminology was first published in Glossary of Chinese Medical Terms and Acupuncture Points (Paradigm Publications, 1990). After revi practice of translation, it was republished in English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. (138018 +} Bal , Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1995). As a result of these two publications, our terminology has not only been used by numerous translators, but has also mms and additions that reflected our experience in the been adopted by two of the three major Chinese medical publishers in the United States (Paradigm Publications and Blue Poppy Press)as the standard terminology for their publications. Any terminology proposed as a standard not only needs to be exemplified in translated texts and made available to other translators; it needs to be presented in a dictionary that explains the con- cepts represented by the terms and that serves as a practical companion to all the texts using the tet minology. This is precisely the purpose of A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Containing not only terms, but also definitions and clinical information, it enables students and practitioners of Chis medicine. The wealth of clinical informat 1ese medicine to understand the concepts and leam how they are applied in the practice of 1 it contains has ensured its popularity among students and clinicians. It has made many Westerners aware that Chinese medicine has a large number of terms and that without clear equivalents in English the concepts they represent will be lost. Further- more, by explaining concepts and their medical significance, A Practical Dictionary has enhanced the value of all the textbooks and clinical literature that apply our terminology, and in so doing has won greater acceptance. In a field wheve for decades marked differences in translation methods have confused and ob- scured concepts in the English literature of Chinese medicine, A Practical Dictionary has helped iBEnglish-speaking adherents to gain a clear view of the complexity of Chinese medical concepts and to understand the need for terminological management. The terminology proposed in A Practical Dictio- ier in size than that of nary is used in a steadily expanding body of literature, which is now far gre any other published terminology, creating a welcome clearing in a forest of terminological confusion. For this reason, the terminology we propose has the highest chance of universal recognition as the standard English terminology of Chinese medicine. ‘The westward transmission of Chinese medicine may never dispense with the help of Chinese. This edition of A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine by the People’s Publishing House is pre- sented to Chinese readers to enable them to scrutinize and evaluate our proposed terminology. For A Prac- tical Dictionary offers a terminology that enables them to do so in @ way that most fully asserts the Chinese translators wishing to contribute to the westward transmission of Chinese medicine. value of China's traditional medical heritage in the eyes of its Wester recipients ‘Nigel Wiseman and Féng Ye +98RF 01% EAB BA PLO LS A A A ZI A Bo ARIAL AE MAR ORAS BA Ae SEH A RT, MIE AA, Oa A St AeH PEE TAA SS OVE 2 RAE — ER, Cea A MEE, SAK ARIK ASTON, Oi AGB AS oy ATA IAE, ATA S AR A OA Ah 5A OSE AL ME, RH PF) SOLO ML. A TI ET HY Sh AR A BE RDP LE ACS a |S a BNA, WPI A ALO LA RAST RE AP BE aA BCR 5 REE ACA E. E 20 EAE, Wiseman Wit: BIE FEAR 2 We NB LL, BP MS A A MN DE a A eT CE EL BIR SED , GA ASA HATAT aE 3-70 ae. i WU A Re a 9 OH dR OE, LAT. RLF T SES FT I TA A 1 SER I. SCE FAP REA SPORE ATR TRIER AOR SMT. ERA AB SULIT MY IAA EA TA YE, TAR IE FR, HROAPAL, RT KOE LI, WRT FAR, FRO ia, BEE J WI A AT A, NL EEDA ME Ai LOLS, a, AT EL eR eT Tat AYALA, ULI a 4 A fe 9 YD Ai BATT, AAS FL FMT A AG HA A EC TRANS AM ARES PREZ THEME. Ail, THREAT ER AS HERAT SAAS! P RL AAMT ME, AM MM TE EM AT RA MATT He RO EL BOR SSPE IT RS RA 2 se PRE AR BLL EB SESFRASAPESRAVEDY SUSESAASARTOBK PRPEAAROSESLMARAMM KR, HAR. PLES ee 2002 10 F TabRForeword by Zhu Jian-Ping Any discipline is composed of a system of concepts reflecting its knowledge, and concepts are represented in corresponding terms. Terms used in disciplines that are expressed in different lan- guages need to be translated in such a manner as to reflect the concepts adequately. Only in this way can knowledge be transmitted accurately and efficiently a rich in the unique characteristics of Oriental culture that differ greatly from those of the West. Many e medicine is the only a traditional Chinese discipline that is still developing today. It is Chinese medical terms ate in Old Chinese and are difficult to express in the modem language. For this reason, translating Chinese medical terms into foreign languages presents considerable difficulties, and this is an obstacle in the intemational transmission of Chinese medicine. The erux of the problem is that English and other have failed to develop terminologies that can adequately express Chinese med- ical knowledge. The standardization of English terminology has proceeded slowly, not only because of disagreement about how to translate C medical terms, but because also the utility of term stan- dardization has not been fully recognized The Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine is only a part of what is undoubtedly the most com- prehensive and systematic effort to standardize the English terminology of Chinese medicine. For twen- ty years, Dr. Wiseman and colleagues have developed a comprehensive English terminology of Chi- ished in 1995 by Hunan Science and Technology Press, which contains nearly 30 ,000 Chinese terms with their Eng- nese medicine. The English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Medicine pul lish equivalents, is probably the largest bilingual list of C medical terms ever to have been published. More importantly, however, this terminology is based on cogently argued principles that are recognized in other fields of specialist translation. It rests on translation principles that that have crystallized through long experience in translation. It has stood the test of practical application in the tsanslation of ancient and modern texts. Furthermore, having been revised in response to insights and criticisms of readers, it is has reached advanced maturity Unlike bilingual lists such as The English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese ‘Medicine principally intended for translators, The Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine reaches a wide readership. Because it contains not only definitions of terms but also copious clinical informa- tion, it is not just a dictionary but also an encyclopedia of Chinese medicine. It is for this reason that it is the most widely used bilingual dictionary of Chinese medicine in the English-speaking world. Because The Practical Dictionary presents a complex array of clinically meaningful concepts that Westem readers can lear about only when each concept is carefully labeled, it has fostered awareness that term translation issue is not just a purely academic issue concerning translation meth- eds, but also a question of preventing loss and simplification of information in the transmission pro- ‘The ty of The Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine for readers in the People’s Republic 2+of China is that it exemplifies the most dynamic and successful trend in the transmission of Chinese icine. In particular, it demonstrates the feasibility of a literal method of translation whose suit- ability for the Westward transmission of Chinese medicine has been doubted by many in China. ‘The Committee for Terms in TCM (CTTCM)of the China National Committee for ‘Terms in Sciences and ST) is working to standardize both the Chinese and English terminology of Chi- ‘ine, and The Practical Dictionary will provide great stimulus to this work and help us Technologies (CN greatly in completing it, I was fortunate to discover this book soon after its original publication and to be able to act as bridge between the author and the publishers. I sincerely welcome the book's ap- pearance in China ‘Zhu Jian-Ping Member and Vice-Secretary Committee for Terms in TCM (CTTCM), China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST) Vice-Director, Professor and Doctoral Studies Supervisor, China Institute for History of Medicine & Medical Literature, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing, October, 2002 arForeword by Hen-Hong Chang ‘The transmission and development of Chinese medicine has a style of its own; reference works have been few. Since the founding of the Republic of China, the burgeoning of schools has brought change in education methods and in knowledge itself. In the early years of the Republic, Hsich Kuan of the Shanghai Chinese Medical School compiled The Comprehensive Chinese Medical Dictionary (zhong yé dé ct didn). His work, as some would have it, was an answer to the challenge of modern sciences, yet from a broader perspective, it was “following Heaven and responding to Man” —a natural response to the changing times. Seventy years later, Wiseman and Feng's English dictionary represents a new milestone in the development of Chinese medicine. ‘The creation of dictionaries is the work of “rectifying the names.” When the names are not right, discourse is foiled. Academic study must have a common language. However, in Chinese medicine, with its vast academic history, it is exceedingly difficult to establish a common language. Nigel Wiseman, by his own account, has poured ten years of sweat into his research on the subject. He journeyed east to obtain the scriptures and fathomed the riddle of words in the magic books. It takes little to imagine his assiduity. The author's powerful command of English is a call to study, and his insistent expression of the hope that Western students will take up the study of Chinese so as to be able to “enter the hall and behold the wonders within” is an admonition that naturally springs from deep inquiry, and is one mark of his sincerity and rigor. Any academic discipline that moves onto the world stage receives worldwide contri- butions and challenges that infuse it with life and promote its transformation through development. This is implicit in Kuhn’s notion of paradigms in the evolution of science. This English dictionary of Chinese medicine is a brave start in the progression from a com- mon language to a world language. What is more, in its scope and in the standards it sets, it will reflect the sophistication of Chinese medicine after its reception in the West, which with persevering innovative effort will undergo constant development. Scholars should view this book as a bridge and, even more, as a path. Hen-Hong Chang China Medical College, Taiwan, Summer 1997Compilers’ Preface to the Original Edition ‘The dictionary has an important and thus far undeveloped role £0 play in the expansion of West- ern knowledge of Chinese Medicine. In compiling the present work, we set ourselves the somewhat daunting task of making a dictionary that would bbe useful to practitioners, students, and teachers of Chinese medicine in the English-speaking world, whether or not they know Chinese or are familiar | with the terminology presented Over recent decades, a number of English die- tionaries of Chinese medicine have appeared, but in goneral they have not been popular. Chinese- English translator's lists have naturally only at- tracted the interest of the limited usership for whom they have been intended. Dictionaries containing definitions and other information in English have apparently failed to provide teachers, students, and practitioners not possessing linguistic access to Chi- nese texts with a useful tool to learn about Chi- nese medical concepts. Owing to the current lack of standardization of Chinese medical terminology in English, terms are difficult to access, and given the lack of useful information provided, even a suc- cessful lookup is poorly rewarded. Deficiencies of particular bilingual dictionaries of Chinese medicine published to date may account for their lack of popularity, but they do not explain | why the dictionary has not been developed to per- form the role that it nowadays regularly plays in the interlingual transmission of specialist knowledge in other fields. In the interlingual context, the spe- Cialist dictionary, in addition to being able to pro- vide definitions and other information about con- copts as regular monolingual specialist dictionaries, also performs the function of establishing relation ships between source-language and target-language terms~those intended principally for translators, indeed, serving only this function. The bilingual specialist dictionary has played an important role in the transmission of Western scientific and technical knowledge to non-Western communities. However, it has apparently not been identified asa useful tool for acquiring Chinese medical knowledge. The lack of importance accorded to the bilin- gual dictionary in Chinese medicine is one sign that the recipient community is currently not geared to large-scale transmission of knowledge from China. Little attention has been paid to learning Chinese, which would give more students of Chinese medicine access to primary texts, and create more potential translators. Chinese medical texts translated from Chinese are still outnumbered by texts written by Westerners without access t0 primary texts, who use English terms at their face value without be- ing able to consider whether they represent original concepts. A substantial proportion of the literature translated and compiled from primary sources is the work of Chinese people, whose command of En- lish is forgivably limited and who very often take a “conservative” approach of translating terms with the nearest Western medical equivalents. Greater accuracy in translation and greater conformity in the presentation of Chinese medical information can only be achieved by a thoroughgoing, informed de- bate. So far, unfortunately, few people have seen value in such a debate, and even fewer have made any contribution to it. Failure to come to grips with the linguistic problems facing the transmission of Chinese med- ical knowledge is rooted in various misconceptions of the nature of Chinese medicine and the possibil- ities for its adoption in the West. Chinese medicine has been identified, in contrast to Western medi- cine, as @ holistic and natural medicine that puts healer-patient interaction firmly in the foreground, With this, Chinese medicine is tacitly assumed to have little of the complex detail and “book knowl- edge” seen in Western medicine (eg., the huge com- plexity of modern anatomical knowledge, of which any doctor in his career only uses a minor portion), and that, unlike Western medicine, it does not need and therefore does not have a large and complex technical vocabulary. These conceptions derive not s0 much from actual evidence as from expectations of a desirable alternative to Western medicine. In actual fact, the learning of Chinese medicine tradi- tionally involved much book learning, including the memorization of classical texts, and the Chinese ter- minology that has amassed over two thousand years is colossal (the larger dictionaries of Chinese medi- cine compiled in this century contain up to 40,000 ‘or more entries) ‘The freedom that has generally been al- lowed for the practice of acupuncture and Chi nese medicine in the West has allowed the possi- bility for professionalization, which has—somewhat precociously—encouraged many to assume that training provided by Western schools of acupun- cture and Chinese medicine is comprehensive, if not practically complete. Yet, given, among other things, the absence of full translations of classical texts (texts which, despite modernization of Chi nese medical education in China, still constitute a major part of modern curricula there), such an as- sumption is indefensible. The issues surrounding the accurate transmis sion of original Chinese medical knowledge have been eclipsed by the argument that a premodern medicine of a distant culture must undergo adap- tation before it can be of use to modern Western sareCompilers’ Preface society. Yet, until the West has « comprehensive tnderstanding of Chinese medicine, which can be tained only through attention to such iesues, no de bate concerning possible or desirable adaptations can be well informed or democratic. Al of these misconceptions exist only because of the language barrier, which not only prevents Chinese medicine from advancing beyond its ini tial stage of transmission westward, but also de- prives the majority of Western teachers, students tnd practitioners of the ability to asses how much | knowledge has been transmitted and how much re mains to be made available. The key to acquiring Chinese medical knowiedge—as indeed any” foreign body of knowledge—lies in mastering the language that has traditionally served as the vehicle of transmission from one generation to the next. Without this key, the recipient community is prey to the tendency to form ideas about Chinese medicine not from direct knowledge of it, but from expectations prompted by a 20th-centity Western word view. The work | of investigating Chinese terminology, developing a rational approach to translation, and presenting terminology in dictionary format form a necessary first step toward developing a language of Chinese medicine in English that is designed to ensuce max- imum Sdelity im the translation of original text. cally, such an effort should go hand in hand with the development of Chinese-language teaching to | enable more students to escape the tangle of words and. meanings that unavoidably results fom a unsystematic approach to translation If there is any justification forthe view that the westward transmission of Chinese medical know edge can dispense with any attempt to ensure ter minological parity through the creation of bilingual slossaries and foreign-language dictionaries, it must Iie in the traditional inattention to the terminol ogy of Chinese medicine in China. Indeed, Chinese medicine traditionally never developed its own spe- Cialstlexicogeaply. ‘The reasons for this are to be sought in the nature of the expression of Chinese medical concepts in language and in the nature of Chinese medical knowiedge itself. Tn the traditional conception, derived from classical Chinese, the single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to our notion of a “word” (loosely defined as a string of letters demarcated by space). Unlike the modern Western sciences that have created new “words? in profision, often combining Latin and Greek word. Toots, Chinese medicine uses few “words” that are not to be found in general dictionaries, and conse. quently the notion of a technical term as a word | formally distinct from any word used in the ordi nary language never arose. Most of the terms of Chinese medicine are ordinary words used in spe- cial senses and in combinations unfamiliar to the lay. Unsurprisingly, the first dictionary of Chinese medicine did not appear until the notion developed in general lexicography in China—apparently as a result of Western influence—that combinations of characters constituted “words.” ‘The 43) :h BE SEH Zhingyud Zhangyi Dicidian (Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese Medicine) compiled under the editorship of Xié Guan (iff 81), which contains single-character and multiple-character terms, ap- peared six years after the SFU Cf Yudn, which is generally taken to be the first dictionary to include combinations of characters as entries. ‘An equally if not more important reason for the traditional absence of dictionaries of Chinese medicine lies in the lack of integration of its know!- edge. In the pure and applied sciences of the mod- ern age, knowledge is constantly revised and ex- panded by the community of researchers as a whole on the basis of an agreed methodology. ‘The un- equivocal linguistic expression of knowledge at any given time is ensured by terminological rigor ori ented to the (not always achieved) ideal of a single term denoting one and no other concept. Within this framework, a technical dictionary displaying all terms together with precise definitions provides both a key to understanding terms and a standard for their usage. As Paul U. Unschuld has demon strated, Chinese medicine at no time in its entire history developed an agreed methodology for de- termining reliable knowledge. It continually gave birth to new ideas, but never laid older ones perma- nently to rest. Because authority was always con- sidered to lie in particular authors and works, cer- tain concepts—and hence certain terms—continued to appear in literature, ensuring great continuity of thought down to the present. Consequently, in modern texts, many terms are used as they were in much-revered early texts such as the 387% 09 #8 Huéng Di N&i Jing or the HA Shing Hén Lin. Nevertheless, many terms were used again and again in different senses, and a single idea ac- crued different linguistic expressions. Terms were, as already said, composed of the lexical material of the ordinary language, and were interpreted against the background of context. No urge ever arose to isolate terms from context and give clear definitions of the concepts they represent (as in a dictionary), Jet alone to standardize their usage. Yet, somewhat paradoxically, the failure to link terms to clearly de- fine concepts in some respects raised the importance of the term above that of the concept, turning the word into a concept in itself In the literary tra- dition that is based on the doctrines of the early medical classis, there is certain slavery to words, which is evinced by the eternal annotation and re- annotation of ancient texts. It might surprise some Westerners that in some Chinese medical traditions +1g+Compilers’ Preface there is actually much more “book knowledge” in- volved in the process of learning Chinese medicine than there is in learning Western medicine. ‘The traditional absence of Chinese medical dic- tionaries cannot be taken to mean that Chinese me- dicine does not possess a terminology, that is, a set of words and expressions that either do not exist in the ordinary language or are used in senses unfa- miliar to the lay. The existence of concepts such as the =%R sdn jido, ‘triple burner’, # bi, ‘impedi- ment’, 74%) ma 86, ‘puffball’, and — FLA yf qudn sian, ‘All-the-Way-Through Brew’, which are just as obscure to lay Chinese as the English equivalents are to lay English speakers, is certain evidence of this fact. ‘The belief widely held among Western- ers that Chinese medicine does not really possess | a terminology beyond a handful of specialist terms cannot be substantiated. In the modern age, the word “terminology” is associated with certain no- tions that have arisen in the modern sciences and technologies, namely that every term should have a clear, concise and unequivocal definition and that, each concept should be represented by a single term not used to denote any other concept. Chinese me- dicine traditionally never perceived the need for this. | degree of rationalization; writers tended to define only those terms that were not self-explanatory in context, and rarely paid attention to the possibil- ity that they might be using terms differently from other writers. Yet this in no way lessens the tech- nical, that is, non-lay, status of words and word ‘meanings in the language of Chinese medicine. Es- pecially in highly-revered texts, where the concept attached to the word may be unclear, the word takes ‘on importance that it is not accorded in the modern sciences Recognition of the technical status of Chinese medical terms explains why Chinese medical le ography, despite its traditional absence, has under- gone considerable development during this century. With the new importance given to Chinese medicine in the People's Republic (PRC), dictionary-making activity has increased. Over recent years, there has been a veritable profusion of Chinese medical dictionaries, the largest one, similar in size to Xié Guan's, being the ‘EEX 8 4 Zhongyt Dicidian (Dictionary of Chinese Medicine), which finally ap- peared in 1995 after publication of a trial version (Zhongyt Dacédidn, Shiyongbén) and a concise ver- sion IBA SHEE S38 Jidnming Zhongyt Cididn (Con- | cise Dictionary of Chinese Medicine). Numerous other general dictionaries as well as single-character dictionaries and specialist dictionaries of acupun- cture, warm disease (ii # wen bing), manipula- tion (ff # tuf nd), and so on, have also been pub- lished. In addition, there are a number of dictionar ies and concordances on particular classical works such as SCH PYSE Hudnodi Neijing and the (Ii Shanghénlin, reflecting a continuing preoccupation with words in the absence of clearly defined con- cepts, Furthermore, given the priority accorded by the PRC Government to the internationalization of Chinese medicine, PRC scholars have also created a number of bilingual dictionaries of Chinese medi- cine Chinese medical dictionaries are not merely an additional too! in the study of traditional Chinese medicine. They are part of the change that Chi- nese medicine has undergone in the modern era With the decreasing reliance on classical texts in the teaching of Chinese medicine during recent decades, the dictionary helps to maintain a link by indi- cating the source and usage of terms in classical literature~a function that could be further devel- ‘oped. In the long-term process of conceptual ra- tionalization that the principles of modern science have unleashed, it may also contribute to a new standardized usage of Chinese medical terms that would reduce the polysemy of the past. However, the stride in this direction falters since it would en- tail a break with the past insofar as new definitions would fail to reflect the more varied usage of the past. AAs has already been noted, bilingual dictio- naries perform the important function of pegging target-language terms to source-language terms. During the initial transmission of knowledge from one culture to another, when target-language equiv- alents have not been standardized or have not been devised for source-language terms, the bilingual dic- tionary most naturally serves a normative func- tion, making a set of target-language equivalents for source-language terms available to all transla- tors. Insofar as translators adopt these terms, it courages the standardization of the target-language terms; insofar as translators reject the terms and offer rational alternatives, the target-language ter- minology is refined. It is for this reagon that we began our terminological work 15 years ago with the creation of a bilingual list of terms. ‘The list was first published by Paradigm Publications in 1990 under the title of A Glossary of Chinese Med- ical Points and Acupuncture Points, and a very ‘much revised version with the addition of drug and formula names was published in China by Hunan Science and Technology Press under the title of ‘An English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. ‘The computer database from which both publications have been generated con- tinues to be revised and expanded for future edi tions. Because the absence of a unified English ter- ‘minology of Chinese medicine is not only due to chance differences in choice of terms but also to completely diferent approaches to translation, both of the above-mentioned publications have accorded sigsCompilers’ Preface considerable introductory space to the discussion of | ‘translation principles and term choices. | Until terminological conventions are estab- lished in the target-language (in our case, English), any attempt to devise an English-language dictio- nary of Chinese medicine intended for users with no knowledge of the source language, that serves the general functions of specialist dictionaries, such as providing definitions and other information, en- counters accessing difficulties. When alphabetical ‘order of English terms is chosen, a reader who knows fa given concept by one name may fail to access it if it is listed under a name with which she or he is not familiar. The alternative is the thematic order, whereby items are arranged according to subject matter. In theory, the thematic order is seemingly preferable since it presupposes less knowledge on the part of the user. This probably explains why ‘makers of bilingual dictionaries of Chinese medicine have invariably chosen it. In practice, however, the concepts of Chinese medicine do not form a closely integrated conceptual system; the task of devising a logical thematic order is problematic, perhaps im- possible, especially when larger numbers of terms are included (to date, most bilingual dictionaries of Chinese medicine have been very small). ‘The the- ‘matic order of course can be supplemented by an in- dex of foreign-language (in our case English) equiv- alents, which would be useful insofar as the English terms are familiar to readers. However, bilingual dictionaries of Chinese medicine published to date lack English term indexes. On the other hand, since Chinese indexes are often included, the intended readership is clearly not foreign readers without lin- guistic access to primary texts, but rather people ‘with linguistic access to primary texts wishing to translate or ereate texts for a Western readership. ‘The disadvantage of the alphabetical order has not been proven by practice. Chinese medicine has ‘a large and complex terminology, but many key concepts such as organs, body parts, and disease- ‘causing entities are not only relatively standardized in translation, but also form the first element in a vast number of terms. For example, entries be- sinning with ‘liver’, heart’, ‘spleen’, ‘wind’, ‘cold’, ‘vacuity’, ‘tepletion’, and so forth, comprise a sig. nificant share of terms, In devising the present dictionary, we have rejected any attempt to categorize concepts, and have sought to overcome the difficulty of accessing by providing copious references (printed in SMALL | carrrats). For example, under the entry header ‘eye’, there are numerous references to terms de- noting parts of the eye, eye signs, and eye diseases. Users familiar with Chinese terms or researching concepts in texts that have provided Pinyin translit- erations may access definitions through the Pinyin index entries. Any chosen arrangement of terms has its de- fects, However, a factor that is probably more i portant than choice of order in determining utility of the dictionary is the nature and amount of the in- formation contained. Although term definitions are the main item of information in most dictionaries, these are not the only interest of clinicians. In the present dictionary, therefore, we have maximized re- wards for consultation by including large amounts of clinical information. For example, disease term entries provide signs and possible treatments, and term entries denoting physiological functions indi- cate symptoms that arise when the said function fails. We hope that this information will encour- age the use of this dictionary, and thereby enable it to perform its function of increasing awareness of, terminological issues among users. ‘We have rejected the completely bilingual for- mat whereby all information in the entry is pro- vided in Chinese as well as English. This format is observed in a number of bilingual dictionaries pro- duced in the PRC, in which definitions and clinical information tend to be written in a modernized id- iom of Chinese to minimize translation problems. ‘We take the view that the traditional expression and terminology can be duplicated in English, even if this involves coining new terms. When, as in this work, all terms, or at least all the major and poten- tially problematic terms that appear in the defini- tions and clinical information are included as sepa- rate entries, the value of including original Chinese text declines, Given the present state of transmission, an English dictionary as comprehensive as the large ‘monolingual dictionaries would be of limited utility, ce it would contain too many terms unfamiliar to readers. We have limited our selection to fewer than, 6,000 terms commonly used in modern literature. In selecting terms, emphasis has been placed, for ex- ample, on modern pattern identification, and in fact we have included many patterns that have not yet appeared in Chinese monolingual dictionaries. Our selection of terms nonetheless is wide enough to em- brace many terms of lower frequency literature, no- tably a substantial inventory of disease categories much neglected in English literature published to date. It is hoped that copious clinical information and interreferencing between entries will encourage readers to look beyond the bounds of their current focus into the broader realm of Chinese medical con- cepts. Ideally, readers will find this dictionary to be not only a book of definitions of terms, but an en- eyclopedic dictionary that invites browsing. The decision to accommodate a Western fo- cus of interest has led to one novelty not seen in monolingual dictionaries. Most Chinese dictionar- ies include treatments for pathological states, but these are mostly medicinal therapies, and acupune- 20+Compilers’ Preface ture treatments are rarely given, reflecting the much greater importance accorded to drug therapy than to acupuncture in China. Since Westerners have a ‘greater interest in acupuncture, we have included treatments given in modern acupuncture literature, In s0 doing, we may be courting the danger of giv ing the false impression that Chinese medicine is a single body of theory with two distinct treatment ‘modalities for each pathological state, but at the present time an English dictionary that failed to take account of this Western focus of interest would probably attract fewer potential users ‘The information under entries has been gath- ered from numerous sources (the texts consulted are listed at end of each entry). This information is not necessarily a translation of a particular text. Def- initions have sometimes been conformed to mod. em terminological conventions when Chinese defi nitions are unclear or insufficient. This is the most significant area in which we have prioritized com- prehension over fidelity to a specific Chinese text. Key concepts given little or no coverage in Chinese dictionaries have been explained from our own re- search. Detailed information given in source texts (especially textbooks containing large amounts of detailed information) has often been compressed for the sake of brevity. Information has been reorga- nized to comply with the format adopted in the present text, Medicinal formulas likely to be more familiar to readers have in some cases been substi- tuted for more obscure ones. Generally, however, we have tried to ensure that the information given is ex- pressed in the terminology of Chinese medicine, so | ‘that even English text created by the authors could be easily and meaningfully translated into Chinese Finally, mention should be made of translation issues. We have discussed these in detail in previous works, but given the normative nature ofthis dictio- nary, itis fitting to sketch here the basic approach adopted in the selection of English terms. ‘Many terms in Chinese medicine are are simple everyday words used in their primary senses, with very close equivalents in everyday English. Exam- ples of such close equivalents can be seen in phys- Tology (HH van, eye; MM bf, nose; +s rin, heatt; 2ién, drool; FR ido, urine); in pathology (Ji feng, wind; 9% Adn, cold; % ré, heat); and in treatment (AH ging, clear; 8 ie, drain). ‘Once equivalents for basic words have been chosen, many compounds can be constructed in En- ‘lish much as they are in Chinese. Thus, ‘clear heat and drain fire’ is a word-for-word literal translation Of PAE ging ré aié hud (only the word ‘and? be- ing added in English); ‘iver fire flaming upward! is a literal translation of BF a gan hué shang yén. (For more about the translation of single characters, see Single Characters with English Equivalents on age xii.) Some terms are everyday Chinese words used in extended senses, whose English equivalents. do not share same literal meaning. For example, Hi eng, literally ‘collapse’, ‘landslide’, is used in me- dicine to denote heavy non-menstrual discharge of blood via the vagina, which in everyday English is commonly referred to as ‘ooding’. In some, but not ‘many, cases, a Chinese term composed of more than one character has a ready-made English expression of different composition. For example, #2 md ‘mii, whose English equivalent is ‘numbness’ liter ally means ‘linen and wood’ (presumably from the numbing effect of linen clothing and the insenstiv- ity of wood). The Chinese #°F dai rid, translated in this text as ‘vaginal discharge’, literally means ‘below the belt” (and originally referred to all gyne- cological diseases). Some Chinese terms that have no ready-made equivalents can be translated etymologically. For example, 5 ding is a disease (f"), in this case a lesion, that, having a small head on the surface of the body and a long root penetrating the flesh, is likened to a nail or clove (T). This is rendered in this text as ‘clove sore’ (‘nail” having been re- jected because, having two specific meanings in Bu- lish, fingernails and iron nails itis ambiguous). By the same procedure, # wei, denoting any condition characterized by atony, wasting, and in severe cases, paralysis of the limbs is rendered as ‘wilting’ since the character is none other than % wéi, wilting or withering (of plants), rewritten with the sickness signifier #* chudng instead of the grass signifier “* cto We have avoided translations of terms that might encourage readers to attach any modern Western ideas to them. Thus, for example, we ren- dor FAK feng hud yan as ‘wind-fre eye’ rather than as ‘acute conjunctivitis’ as many PRC trans- lators have proposed. This literal translation pre- serves for the Western reader the Chinese medical etiology of the disease and avoids the impression that Chinese medicine has either the anatomical concept of the conjunctiva or the pathological con- cept of inflammation (“itis’), as well as obviating the need to establish whether feng hud yén corre: sponds in all cases to the Western medical notion of conjunctivitis. Terms used in Western medicine have only been chosen where they per se reflect no uniquely Western’medical view. For example, we have chosen ‘strangury’ to render # lin, as the En- glish term, like the Chinese, means ‘dripping’ We have rejected not only term translations that introduce Western medical connotations but also any terms that might invite interference of ideas alien to Chinese medicine. We translate # rié, an ‘acupuncture stimulus used to treat repletion pat- terns, as ‘to drain’. ‘The commonly used ‘sedate implies a notion that is not only alien to Chinese sareCompilers’ Preface medicine since it rests on the interpretation of qi as some kind of energy, but also confuses the learner's understanding of the concept because its connota- tions of quiescence and non-movement are precisely | opposite those of the Chinese zie. In a few cases, either for want of a better | word or in deference to current usage among En- slish speakers, we have adopted an unsatisfactory translation. For example, we have rendered 7% rué as ‘point’ rather than by a more literal translation such as ‘hole’. We have rendered i zhéng as ‘pat- tern’ or ‘sign’ depending on the context, rather than by alliteral rendering such as ‘evidence’ ‘A common method of dealing with the seem- ingly untranslatable is to borrow a word from the foreign language. In translation from English to Chinese, this naturally takes the form of represent- ing a Chinese sound in the English alphabet. We have adopted transcriptions only where they are al- ready established in the English language or where no English word or words can cover the meaning of the original term adequately. ‘Thus, we have adopted yin-yang and q} (previously chi, or accord. | ing to Wade-Giles Romanization, ch’i), which en- tered our language centuries ago, but we have other- wise resorted to Pinyin transcriptions sparingly. Al- though many Chinese medical translators and writ- fers use Pinyin transliterations for i jing and # shén, we believe that ‘essence’ and ‘spirit? reflect the meaning of the Chinese terms more adequately than ‘jing’ and ‘shen’, which without clear defini- | tions are meaningless to English speakers ‘This maximally word-for-word literal approach to translation has two great advantages that it does not necessarily possess in other realms of transla- tion (e.g, literary). First, it ensures faithful English ‘equivalents that shod light on the Chinese under- standing of the concept(s) they represent and that cover the various senses in which the original terms might be used. Second, such an approach provides an English terminology that can be mastered eas- | ily by translators by memorizing the equivalents of | key Chinese characters. It is well worth noting that the translation of Western medical terminology into Chinese has adopted a similar approach in having standard Chinese translations for Greek and Latin morphemes used in compound terms. Finally, we would point out some term changes. Ideally, a terminology is devised and then adhered { to, without chopping and changing. However, ad- equate terms are not always found immediately, so that errors have to be corrected and improvements made. Since we began compiling this dictionary we have found superior choices for many terms. Inso- far as the concepts in question are as yet largely unfamiliar to English writers or are not represented by any well-established English term, this should ‘cause readers little inconvenience. We have, for ex- ample, substituted ‘excrescence' for ‘outcrop’ as our rendering of BETS) ni réu since itis a more meaning- ful expression in the pathological context, and ‘cen- ter burner’ for ‘middle burner’ as our translation cof shift zhong jido since ‘center’ is the word that best renders 4 zhong in most contexts. We have replaced ‘deep pulse’ with ‘sunken pulse’ because iL has the primary meaning of sink and because this pulse is traditionally described as like a stone cast into the water. ‘Sunken’, rather than ‘deep’, is the natural opposite of ‘floating’, so that ‘sunken pulse’ better expresses the relationship of this pulse to the ‘floating pulse’. For 24 zido ké, we have changed ‘wasting-thirst’ to ‘dispersion thirst” since ‘we have not found any traditional explanations of the term that interpret 7H zido as 21, emaciation or wasting. Traditional commentators argue that ido refers to the dispersion (or disappearance) of stain and water that causes increased intake of food and fluids. The boldest term change we have made is the substitution of heat (effusion)' for ‘fever’ in the ren- dering of (# ) #4 (fa) ré. The primary meaning of #4 ré is heat, In Chinese medicine, the term can denote both a manifestation of sickness or a cause of disease, As a manifestation of sickness, it can mean objectively palpable heat or heat that is only felt subjectively. Heat is a manifestation of disease (wind-cold can manifest in palpable heat), and nat- urally invites us to equate it with our word ‘fever’. However, the word ‘fever’ in its lay usage tends to refer to palpable excessive bodily heat occurring in acute diseases (notably influenza); patients suffer- ing from chronic illness in which there is palpable heat are more commonly described in English as “hot? rather than ‘feverish’. ‘The technical modern medical usage of ‘fever’ as denoting a higher than normal body temperature has no correspondence in Chinese medicine since it is measured in the interior of the body (oral cavity or anus), taking no account of body surface temperature or the patient's sub- jective feelings, precisely the factors on which the Chinese medical judgment is based. ‘The exclusion of the word ‘fever’ from an English-language medi- cal text might contradict the notion of using clear, simple language wherever possible. Nevertheless, the notion of fever is to some extent culturally de- fined. Chinese describes hot states of the body in terms of heat” and sometimes specifically as ‘heat effusion’ (giving off heat), and Chinese medicine's articular attention to hot states that we might not describe as ‘fever’ either in lay or modern medical language calls for the more generic concept of ré to be reflected in translation as ‘heat’. ‘The choice of term is not without clinical significance, since an English-speaking learner or practitioner of Chi- nese medicine who applies a narrow definition to a common English term (one for which he supplies wazCompilers’ Preface his own definition when reading) might fail to cat- | U. Unschuld for sharing his expertis egorize a patient as suffering from ‘fever’ where a | Chinese person reading (fa) ré would not. Acknowledgements ‘This dictionary has taken nearly ten years to compile. Such a time-consuming project would have been impossible without the continual moral, tech- nical, and, not least, financial support of the pub- lisher, Robert Felt. Special thanks go to Prof. Paul in the histor- ical meanings of terms, and to Lawrence Grinnell and Martha Fielding for proofreading. We would also thank Hong-chien Ha (If ¥8 #81), Hen-Hong Chang (388), Mason Chen (B44), Chiung- Chung Wang (#61), and Robert Liu Chung-Min (#1 MLA) for their indispensable support for this project. N. Wiseman and Feng Y. 23+A Guide to the Use of This Dictionary 1. Entry Headers Each English entry term, or entry header, is printed in bold letters flush with the left-hand margin of each column. It is followed by the original Chinese term and Pinyin transliteration arched-back rigidity ff 53K jido gong fan shang: Where the English term is an equivalent for two or more variant Chinese terms, the Chinese variants are also given, fear acupuncture HEE} ér zhen, WALT ik é shen Tico fi 2. Arrangement of Entries ‘The entries are arranged in alphabetical order of the letters, regardless of space, hyphen, or punctuation that may occur between letters, and regardless of upper and lower case. ay lips gi-moving technique dry mouth, Qin dryness Qing dryness damage cough i occlusion Homographs and English terms serving as equiva- lents for distinct Chinese terms are listed separately, preceded by a superscript number. 'moxa 0} ai yé: The prepared leaves of mug- wort (di y2) used in the technique of moxibustion, and, Ymoxa 34 ai jai: vb. mozaing, mozaed. To per- form moxabustion; to treat with moxibustion. depression fb yi: Stagnation; reduced act depression #3 win win: A concavity or in- entation, as in the surface of the body. ‘needle $f zhén, 9 zhén: n, Any instrument, usually of metal, used to puncture the skin and flesh in acupuncture needle $+ zhen, i shen, BI cl: vb. trans. To puncture with a needle as in acupuncture. 8. in. trons. To perform acupuncture. © Chin zhén, to needle; ci, to prick, stab, scab ff id: The crust that forms over a wound and protects it until the flesh has grown back. [43:355) scab ji, HERE ji? chung: A disease character. ized by small papules the size of a pinhead that are associated with insufferable penetrating itching, 3. Information under Main Entries The entry header may be followed by a synonym or synonyms. dryness evil invading the lung HAE zio an fin fei: Synonym: dryness qh damaging the tung Synonyms marked as (obs) (obsolete) are terms previously, but no longer used by the compilers. controlling vessel ERK rén méi: Synonym: conception vessel (obs). Abbreviation: CV. In some cases, it might be followed by a book title in which the term was first noted strangury iM Wn: From Elementary Questions (sis wen, Iid yudn shing jt dé lin). A disease pat. tern characterized by. After any synonyms and source books comes the definition. Multiple definitions are highlighted in bold Arabic numerals, 1.,2., 3., ete mammary toxin sore FL 3% ri di: 1. A boil of the breast unassociated with pregnancy or breast- feeding, 2. A postpartum MANMAM WELLING: ABSCESS. (26:377] Definitions are often followed by clinical infor- mation. Large amounts of information are often broken down into sections, e.g., Pathway, Method, Application, ete. Modern’ medical equivalents of pathological states (which are often only rough) are given under [we] (Westen medical correspon- ddences). ‘Therapeutic information is introduced with [eb] (Medication), [Aou] (Acupuncture), and occasionally (7¥r] (Treatment). ‘Where a pattern analysis is given, the pattern name often appears in bold type. ‘abdominal pain BL fi ting: Pain inthe stom- ach duct, in the umbilical region, in the smaller abdomen, or in the lesser abdomen. Abdominal Pain is attributable to external contraction of one Of the six excesses... Cold pain is pain that is ox. acerbated by exposure to cold and likes warmth, and... Heat pain is pain that, 4. Cross References References to other entries are set in SMALL CAPI- ‘TALS. A term written in small capitals can be found as an individual entry. bladder damp-heat bloody urine BRM PAR IM pang guang shi ré nido 2ué: Synonym: lower burner damp-heat Bloody wrine. BLOODY URINE attributed to bladder damp-heat. | See introduces references to terms that relate to the originating term in different ways. 1. It refers to an entry containing the definition. of the originating entry. sound of cicadas in the ear HEM ér ud chén méng: See TINNITUS. sareGuide 2.1t refers to more specific or more generic terms, malodor 1% chiw qi: Any unpleasant or of- | fensive odor. Seo ANIMAL ODOR; FISHY SMELL: PUTRI SMELL; FOUL SMELL. [48:284) 3. It refers to an entry that provides more infor: mation about the term or related concepts. See also indicates another term whose relationship with the originating term is more tangential Compare provides a reference to terms of similar, but distinct meaning, or to terms of opposite mean- ing. smaller abdomen “fi ziéo fi: Lower abdomen, i.e, the part of the abdomen below the navel is referred to as the smaller abdomen, Compare LESSER ABDOMEN scant menstruation F] 821 -> yud jing gud shao: ‘Smaller menstrual fow (in some cases reduced to spotting) or shorter menstrual period than normal.... Compare PROPUSE MENSTRUATION. References are often given in tables, { 5. Word Origins and Meanings Explanations of word origins have been provided for some terms, and are introduced by © . The ety- mology of Chinese terms (introduced by C1N) has been given where it illuminates a concept (especially one that is represented by a new coinage in En: lish), or where literal meaning of the English term differs from that of the Chinese (e.g., zué, unlike the English point, meaning a hole or cave). English etymologies (Eng) have been given in a few cases to elucidate difficult words (e.g., cholera, glans) or to explain translation choices (e.g., scab, glomus). 6, Abbreviations Word-classes of English terms have been abbrevi- ated as follows: | n. noun (oF noun phrase) vb. verb (or verb phrase) pp. past participle adj. adjective prep. preposition ‘comb. combining form root word-root pL plural The word-class of a term is given where it is not clear from the context, and for terms that are used in distinct word-classes (e.g., clear as an adjective and as a noun), | NB: signals a note by the compilers. Very often it | signals a problem in defining the term in question or interpreting the concept. Gk. Greek F. French L. Latin Jap. Japanese MP. French Du. Dutch Swed. Swedish © apply moxibustion Channel Name Abbreviations BL bladder (channel) LR. liver (ch.) CV controlling (vessel) LU lung (ch.) GB gallbladder (ch.) PC pericardium (ch.) GIV giedling (ves.) SI small intestine (ch.) GV governing (ves.) _SP_ spleen (ch,) HT heart (ch.) ST stomach (ch.) KI kidney (ch.) ‘TB triple burner (ch.) LI_ lage intestine (¢h.) 7. ‘The Names of Medicinals, Formulas, and Points Medicinals are referred to by English names, with Pinyin enclosed in parenthesis. In lists of medici- nals, the Chinese terms are also provided. English names, chosen in preference to Latin pharmacenti- cal names for their brevity and theit ease of spelling and pronunciation, are common names (e.., peat peel, oyster shell, stinkbug, earthworm), simplified Latin names (eg., angelica, ceataegus, veratrum, coptis), or, rarely, literal translations of the Chinese (ea, dragon bone). ‘Names of formulas are written in English with a parenthesized Pinyin transliteration Acupuncture point names follow a similar format. Channel points are written in alphanumeric code, with Pinyin transliteration and English rendering in parenthesis, Non-channel points are given in their English rendering with Pinyin in parenthesis. The alphanumeric codes are those used in other works by the compilers. They largely coincide with the alphanumeric codes proposed by the World Health Organization, but notin cases where the WHO term g0e8 against the translation principles applied in this text (e.g, TE, triple energizer). 8. Bibliographic References References to sources translated or consulted are given at the end of each entry in brackets, eg. [26:98]which means page 98 of [chen] in the bibli- ography at the end of the book. ‘The index can be used to locate Chinese (Pinyin) terms, Latin, biomedical and acupoint nomencla- ture. English entries are not included and may be directly accessed alphabetically in the text. +286Single Characters with English Equivalents Following is a list of commonly used key single characters commonly appearing in Chinese terms. The characters are ordered by their Pinyin pronunciation. The commonly used Eng lish equivalent or equivalents are marked in bold face type. The word-class of the English term (not necessarily the same as the Chinese) is given in italic (n., vb., adj, ete.). Other forms of the same English word belonging to other word- appear in regular type. Example compounds in which the term appears are given in Chinese, Pinyin and English, with the English key term highlighted in slanted roman type. Gi og belching n. o% ai gi, belching. an & quiet vb. HF an shen, quiet the spirits 2.7 '® xin shén bi an, disquicted heart spirit. bit €1 white ad)., n. color associated with lung-metal WEL mi white face bat 9 bad adj. Wittt.s bat aud chong xin, bad blood surging into the heart ban BE macule n. EAE ban 2hén, maculopapular erup- bio & sudden adj. HH bio ming sudden blindness, fulminant adj. $A bao tuo, fulminant deser bei % sorrow n. one of the seven affects. 480i 26 gi zido, sorrow causes qi to disperse bet HF back n. Wai bat tong, back pain; HF bis hén, cold back bai #8 stone-bake bai forearm n. ben # run vb. BK ben tin, running piglet. ben A root n. bi bide ben, root and tipi AFA. ® WZA gan zhé, pe ji zhi ben, liver is the root of resis. tance to fatigue ‘eng HH flooding 1, Hil beng lou, flooding and spot if be BF M nose n. MLA jH ha bi, drinker’s nose. nasal ad). Rif bY yuan, deep-source nasal congestion 61 §& constipation n. lit. dense. 42 buén bi, consti- pation. 81 1m block vb... HHUA Fé Bi, heat block. bi BF repel ob. UF AY Bi hui, repel foulness bi RE cloud wb. lit. cover. BER RAL LL tdn shud meng bi xin bao, phlegm turbidity clouding the pericardiurn, 44 MH impediment n, [LM feng bi, wind impediment. ‘adn (8 stool n. lit, convenience. 84K bidn tang, sloppy stool. urine nurinate vb, urination n. > G8 mide bidn, urination; “(878 { ido bian ging ching, loug void ings of clear urine, bidn % transmute vb, transmutation n. bido 4% tip m. AA Bido ben, root and tip. ido % exterior adj, n. MK jd bido, resolve the ex: bing i disease n. 465 zin bing, heart disease. ille illness. sickness n. ‘morbid prominence. bd thin adj. A EMM dé bid ting bé, thin stool, ‘BM tai 86, thin tongue fur bu 48 supplement vb, supplementation n. th bu gi, supploment qi. *8%& $4 fa, supplementation, ceding W store vb, storage n. AFR gGn edng 2ué, the liver stores the blood. edo Wi rough adj. Kz cao fa, rough tongue fur, chan j* childbirth n., + j= shing chin, childbitth. delivery n. 87 zio chan, premature delivery. par- tum n. (i chan Adu, postpartum. birth n. (7 chan mén, birth gate chang K long ad}. {1p chang més, Jong pulse, (8 iC zuio bidn ging chéng, long voidings of clear urine. chang % normal adj, BK chdng mai, normal pulse chény intestine n. XB da chdng, large intestine, chéo 1 tidal adj. 2M chdo ré, tidal heat [effusion chdo £9 stir-fry vb. MLAS wet chdo, light stirfrying. chén [8 minister n. BE (i (R jan chén 2ud shi, soverciga, minister, asistant, and courier, chen ft deep adj. 2k chén mai, deep pulse. sink vb. RIN) chén jrdng ydo, down-sinking medicinal chéng 3% overwhelm vb. AR: mi chéng ti, wood overwhelming earth. exploit vb. ShIBARRE wii xié chéng 2, external evil exploiting vacuity. chi BB eye discharge n. I$ dud chi, copious eye discharge. cht iB slow adj, slowness n. 28K chén mii, slow pulse; {ELAR wu cht, the five slownesses chi & tooth n. G48) chi tong, toothache; ih Bi ch rid, grinding of teeth, chi 4 red adj. color associated with heart-fire. Bak mii chi, red eves chia intense adj. (+A 1988 in hud chi shéng, intense heart fire chong % fullness n. Hs SEILER shin, gf chong zhi sy the kidney, its fullness is in the bone. chang i drench vb. 3 chong fii, make drenched. chong 7 hub n. Hi zhong chong, Central Hub (PC.8). thoroughfare n. #PBR ching mis, thorough- fare vessel ching 5% worm n. 38h hui chéng, roundworm, insect 11. TAH bai chéng ri ér, insects in the ear. chong 1. Me chdng les, chong products, chéu #4 thick adj. BREA tdn hu sticky yellow phlegm chiu 5% malodorous adj. 23% chou ti, malodorous snivel. malodor 1. BBS ing chou, fishy malodor hi 5 eliminate wb., elimination n, Hei chit shi, elin- inate dampness. chudn 1 pass vb., passage n, (4% chudn jing, chan- nel passage. convey vb., conveyance n. BE Heit da ching zhi chudn hud, the lange intestine governs conveyance and transformation. chudn fA pant vb, panting n. Wi chudn i, rapid panting huang Ti sore n. INSE rit chung, bedeore. chin (8 lip n. AFA chin feng, lip wind. i fetany n, BUA te tn had ch, lege tetany. ci needle n., 0b., needling m- JLIM) jit ci, needing methods, insert ws esrten 2b Ba i, perpendicular insertion, ug nign chou, thickSingle Characters and English Equivalents ca fH rough adj. “UML gi ci, rough breathing. ci & skipping od). (25K ci méi, skipping pulse hasty adj. (8 gi chy hasty respiration, cudn M scurry vb. MUAH cudn tong, scurrying pain cin 4 preserve vb, preservation n. BF EB) jf xia cin yin, emergency precipitation to preserve yin. ein of inch n. BF F Sot gi rid san cin, three inches below the umbilicus; +fc2 etn kdu, inch opening. cun 44 3 outthrust 1b., m. ANDI Z mi yi dé she, de- pressed wood is treated by outthrust di large adj. BK dd mdi, large pulse. great adj. AF da han, great sweating. major adj. A ih da chéng gi tang, Major Qi-Coordinating Decoc- tion, massive adj. AMM da téu wen, massive head scourge. enlarged adj. IW fi da, enlarged abdomen. dat % feeble-minded adj, feeble mindedness 7. FUR cht dai, feeble-mindednese. dull adj. $1 Ri ido ing dai zhi, dull expression. torpid adj. #158 nd dat, torpid intake dig {& intermittent adj. {CK dai mai, intermittent pulse. regularly interrupted adj. changi BRAT pé mas dix fatigue m, fatigued adj. (81229 juin das fa i, fatigue and lack of strength, dis girdle n., vb. girdling ady. MBK das méi, girdling ‘vescel. nonlteral: ‘ft F dat zvi, vaginal discharge dén Fy cinnabar n. AIR chi yéu feng, red wander- ing cinnabar, #}4% dan di, cinnabar toxin. elixir n, RFE xi zve din, Purple Snow Elixir dén pure heat n. fA dan nie, pure-heat malaria. dén $8 jaundice n. Wil sit dan, liquor jaundice. dan it gallbladder n. FF IMAP gén dan shi ré, gallbladder damp-heat. GB. ddim 3 pale adj. H@ 363 min sé din bai, pale white facial complexion. bland adj., landness n. 38 #17" Fi bland percolating water-disinhibiting medicinals. ao $% pound vb. 18% dao lin, pound to a pulp. dao $ abduct ub, abduction n. 28-8 4HF xido shi 2hi, disperse food and abduct stagnation 40% flush ob, HAE dé tén, Bush phlegm. i $8 earth n. Ki tidn di, heaven and earth, didn ME vertex n. RUTALA AH dian ding t6u tang, vertex headache, ign MH vertex n. MHIBLALA din ding t6u tng, vertex headache, dian withdrawal n. 4F didn kudng, mania and withdrawal. ido #4 shaking n. i RRL. Ye REAY 2h fong diao udn, ji€ shi yo gan, all wind with shaking and dizay vision is ascribed to the liver ding fF clove sore n. £1487 hing sv ding, red-thread clove sore. ding 1H vertex n. RETA A din ding téu tang, vertex headache. 42 lozenge n. ding thy stir n. NERA) gan feng néi ding, liver wind stirring internally. dou 82 POX n. HEE dow chuang, pox sores di governing adj. governing vessel. di toxin n, toxic adj, toxicity m. thm #2 di, hheat toxin; ®&E wei di, slightly toxic, slight toxicity. ‘venom n. $29 shé di, snake venom. toxin [sore] ao duin t calcine v8., calcination 8885) duin mit, calcined oyster shell tin f@ double-boil +. duo © copious adj. 4 tén dud, copious phlegm. profuse n. 4% duo ming, profuse dreaming creased od). % 95 dud shi shin ji, increased eat- ing with rapid hungering dus & despoliate th, despoliation n. #44 dud despoliation of essence. € 8 nausea n. Bil é si, nausea; 2 wpllow nausea See also ¢ #8, wi 8 malign adj, malignity n,n & 2ud, malign blood: 4 malign complexion; ZH malign obstruc- tion; “P88 zhdng ¢, malignity stroke. See also € 3. ér 71 oar n. FAM &r tng, ear pain; THBP purulent car. fa % effuse vb, effusion n. 2K Ja bdo, efuse the exterior; 4 fa bes, efusion ofthe back. erupt vb., n. emerge vb., emergence n. BE win fi) late emergence $4 & lack vb., n, (88 2 4 juan dii fd W, fatigue and lack of strength 14 t& mothod n. /& ba J6, eight methods. {an Bt evert vb, BITE AGRE fan hua zhi chuang, everted- flower hemorthoids + Yexation n. fh fn re, heat vexation; uit 3in fn rb, vexing heat in the five heasts fin 1% blaze why ablaze adj. RFI ai ving biang fin, gi and construction both ablaze. fan Bi reflux n. 5. fan wii, stomach reflux. para- doxical adj. fi fan zhi, paradoxical, treatment. onliterak 5 BEBE sido gong fan zhang, arched-back igidity {fin invade vb, invasion n. HRM gan gi fan wei, liver qi invading the stomach. assail #., essalment fin 1% flood wb. ARK shin si shut fan, kidney vacuity water food. upflow n. 282 fin suan, acid upflow. 1380 fin suén, acid upfion. fing fy remedy n. formula n. $6 ME obese adj, obesity n. ASB fei ré dud tin, ‘obese people tend to have copious phlegm. fat adj. fatness ne REA fei chudng, fat sore J4 M8 disablement 1. 1M lung n.