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Resumen Science
Every person has a different pace of development, so it is difficult to say when each stage of human
life begins and ends.
HUMAN SEXUALITY
Human sexuality is related to:
physical changes that distinguish the male sex from the female
psychological characteristics like personality, values, feeling and home life
A large part of human development occurs during puberty, all related to the biological ability to
reproduce. However, during this stage, human are not yet psychologically or socially mature enough
to have children.
SOCIAL CHANGES
In this stage, people change their relationship with their parents and establish relationships with many
people who have common characteristics (same age and common interests); this is how groups of
friends are formed
PHYSICAL CHANGES
Primary Sexual Characteristics: are developed during gestation, when reproductive organs
form and the sex of a person is determined
Secondary Sexual Characteristics: appear during puberty. Some are:
Female Male
Science 6th 1
Unit 1: Puberty
Section 2: The Human Reproductive System
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But one of its main functions is to produce and release gametes. For women, this type of cell is called
oocyte.
Another function of female reproductive system is to allow the formation and development of a
human being until it is born.
EXTERNAL GENITALS
One of its functions is to protect the internal parts from infections or physical harm
clitoris
labia minora
vaginal opening
labia majora
INTERNAL GENITALS
Science 6th 2
Unit 1: Puberty
Section 2: The Human Reproductive System
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EXTERNAL GENITALS
urinary bladder
penis
is an organ located outside
testicles are two oval shaped organs located
the body. At the end of it, it outside the pelvic cavity, a layer of skin
widens forming the glans, called scrotum protects them. They are
that is covered by skin the male gonads. Male gametes called
called prepuce spermatozoa are formed inside of them
many tubes called seminiferous tubes,
that are inside the testicles
INTERNAL GENITALS
urinary bladder
Prostate and seminal vesicles are accessory glands the produce secretions + spermatozoa = semen
These cells are very important because they allow humans to reproduce. They have different
structures and formation processes.
Science 6th 3
Unit 1: Puberty
Section 2: The Human Reproductive System
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SPERMATOZOA
They are formed in the testicle, specifically in the seminiferous tubes, were
millions of spermatozoa are created daily. The process of formation is called
spermatogenesis and starts at puberty and continues during a man’s entire life.
After spermatozoa are produced in the testicles, they move through the
epididymis, were they are stored for approximately 4 weeks, they mature and
form their shape, preparing to move more easily
Spermatozoa are long and thin, there are many of them and are
much smaller than the oocyte
OOCYTE
zona pellucida transparent layer between the egg anf the corona radiata. Protects
and stops more than one spermatozoon from fertilizing the egg
cortical granules located inside the egg. Release enzymas that change the structure of
the zona pellucida once a spermatozoon has fertilized the egg
corona radiata layer of follicular cells that surround the egg on the outside and give it
nutrients and protection
SPERMATOZOON
Science 6th 4
Unit 1: Puberty
Section 2: The Human Reproductive System
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The menstrual cycle is about 28 days long, but it is different in each woman and can last between 21
to 35 days. During this time, two processes occur:
The egg is released from the ovary (ovulation)
The uterus prepares for the possibility of pregnancy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
menstruation ovulation
Science 6th 5
Unit 1: Puberty
Section 3: Physical Activity and Hygene
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Science 6th 6
Unit 1: Puberty
Section 4: Drugs and the Body
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DRUGS
Are natural or artificial substances that, when consumed, alter a person’s natural state of mind
TYPES OF DRUGS
Drugs can be classified as legal or illegal, or according to the effects they produce when consumed
Science 6th 7
Unit 1: Puberty
Section 4: Drugs and the Body
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ADDICTION TREATMENT
When an addict stops using drugs, he experiences withdrawal symptoms, which can provoke serious
physical problems to him.
To cope with withdrawal symptoms, the addict needs to seek help in a detoxification or rehabilitation
facility. They also need support from family and friends, psychologists and doctors.
Science 6th 8
Unit 2: Energy in the Environment
Section 1: Photosynthesis
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Light
To fabricate glucose, a nutrient from which they obtain the energy
Water to perform it functions Carbon dioxide enters
plants through pores
located in leaves, called
stomata
Through stem, water can
reach leaves and contribute
to photosynthesis
Leaves capture light (energy form
sunlight), through very small structures
called chloroplast that are in the cells
of all green parts of a plant, specially
leaves. In them is found chlorophyll,
the green pigment that gives plants
Roots capture
its green color and allows them to
water from the
capture energy from sunlight
ground
Photosynthesis:
Carbon dioxide + light + water = Glucose + Oxygen
Science 6th 9
Unit 2: Energy in the Environment
Section 1: Photosynthesis
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oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Science 6th 10
Unit 2: Energy in the Environment
Section 2: System of a Food Chain
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Individual: each living thing that belongs to the same species (group of living
things that have similar characteristics and that reproduce among
themselves, creating fertile descendants)
Population: group of individuals of the same species that live in the same
space and at the same time
All living things are called biotic factors, while non living things, are called abiotic factors.
Through this process, heterotrophic organisms can obtain the necessary nutrients; they are called
consumers.
TYPES OF CONSUMERS
Herbivores: eat plants (leaves, flowers, pollen, seeds, nectar or roots)
Parasites: feed off other animals, but without killing them (can live in or outside the
body they eat)
Science 6th 11
Unit 2: Energy in the Environment
Section 2: System of a Food Chain
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Transfer of energy
Transfer of matter
Food chains are not isolated, as organisms from one species can serve as food to many other
organisms.
In this way, trophic chains cross over to form food chain systems.
Science 6th 12
Unit 2: Energy in the Environment
Section 2: System of a Food Chain
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Science 6th 13
Unit 2: Energy in the Environment
Section 3:The Effect of Human Activity on Food Chains
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Independently of the cause, the damage done to a food chain can be so serious that it can cause
the disappearance of an entire ecosystem.
In Chile, a group of scientists studied a central coastal zone to examine the repercussions of human
intervention on a food chain. They maintained a1 km zone on the coast free of human interaction for
2 years. Their observations were:
Science 6th 14
Unit 3: Energy
Section 1: Energy
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Energy has the capacity to produce changes in the properties of bodies, affecting the state
of matter, its position, movement or size
Energy can be found throughout the whole world and universe, it is a component of all
matter
It can be measured. Units of measurement:
o Calorie (cal) amount of energy in food
o Kilowatt-hour (KWh) amount of energy used
o Joule (J) an internationally recognized unit
FORMS OF ENERGY
a. Mechanical energy: depends on the position of a body and its velocity.
a.1. Potential energy: related to the position of a body. Has 2 different forms:
a.1.1. Elastic potential energy: energy accumulated as a consequence of the
deformation of an elastic body (ex: bow)
a.1.2. Gravitational potential energy: energy associated with the relative position of
a body in space close to the Earth’s surface (ex: airplane)
a.2. Kinetic energy: associated with a body in motion. The larger the mass and greater the
velocity of a body, the more kinetic energy it produces (ex: car crash)
b. Chemical energy: is stored in material and then released when the matter changes its
composition (ex: fire)
c. Thermal energy: produced by the movement of the particles that form their material, or
kinetic energy
d. Heat: mechanism where energy is transferred between two bodies or zones of the same
body, from the zone with the highest temperature to the zone with the lower temperature
e. Electric energy: produced by the movement of electric charges of the particles that move
through conductive materials
f. Radiant energy: transports light, radio waves, ultra-violet and infrared rays and other forms of
radiation. They don’t need matter to transport them
g. Sound energy: energy that transports sound waves. Needs matter to be transported
h. Nuclear energy: contained in particles that make up matter (ex: uranium and plutonium)
PROPERTIES OF ENERGY
The most important property of energy is the law of conservation of energy: “energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, but can only change form and flow from one place to another” (the amount
of energy remains the same)
Science 6th 15
Unit 3: Energy
Section 2: Energy and Changes
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Needs electric energy to function, which obtains from the electric network to
which it is connected. It transforms it into heat and light
Uses electric energy to function, that obtains from chemical energy stored in
batteries. It transforms the energy into light
Needs electric energy to function, which obtains from the electric network. It
transforms it into mechanical energy, moving the blades of the fan, which
create wind energy
Uses sunlight to function, transforming it into light and heat to cook food
Uses wind energy from breath of the person playing the instrument, then energy
changes into sound energy
Uses energy of the water’s movement (hydraulic energy) and transforms it into
mechanical energy
The food the person eats, transforms into chemical energy, and then it is
transformed into mechanical energy (with pedaling)
The human body uses energy from food for 3 main things:
1. To maintain basal metabolic rate (minimum amount of energy an organism’s cells need daily
to stay alive) 60%-65%
2. To do physical activity 25% - 30%
3. To produce heat 10%
Science 6th 16
Unit 3: Energy
Section 3: Origin of Energy Resources
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ENERGY RESOURCES
Are all forms of energy present in nature and that can be used by humans.
1.2. Renewable energy resources: they are clean, respectful of the environment, endless and
have low emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases.
Solar energy: comes from the sun and reaches the Earth in the form of light and heat, it
is used in two ways:
o Thermal energy: to make hot water
o Photovoltaic (PV): transformed into electric energy
Geothermal energy: comes from the heat stored in the Earth’s core
Hydroelectric energy: comes from dams that use water stored in rivers reservoirs. The
potential energy stored in water turns first into kinetic energy and finally into electric
energy
Tidal energy: is obtained from the movement of the ocean’s tides to make electric
energy
Wind energy: is a type of kinetic energy produced by the movement of the wind
Biomass: is organic material produced by living things that can be used as an energy
resource
2. Secondary energy resource: all the products that are a result of transforming primary energy
resources
Science 6th 17
Unit 4: Matter and its Transformation
Section 1: Matter
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STATES OF MATTER
1. Solid State
Particles are attracted to one another by great force, so the distance between
them is very small, so they have little kinetic energy and don’t move from their
position things in solid state are rigid and have a defined shape
2. Liquid State
The force of attraction between particles is weaker, so they are able to move freely.
They have more kinetic energy than solids, so can vibrate, rotate and move more
easily. They don’t have a defined shape, but they have a fixed volume and are able
to flow (liquids change their shape to fit the container they are in)
3. Gas State
The force of attraction between particles is almost nonexistent, so they are able to
move freely. They have more kinetic energy, so are further apart and occupy all
available space. Gases don’t have a defined shape and flow easily, they don’t have
constant volume (they can compress or expand)
Science 6th 18
Unit 4: Matter and its Transformation
Section 2: Temperature and Heat
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TEMPERATURE
Is a measurement that allows us to know how much kinetic energy the particles of a body have.
When particles of a body have more kinetic energy, the temperature is greater.
THERMOMETERS
Are used to measure the temperature of a body
Alcohol thermometer: similar to a mercury thermometer, but inside it has a
colored alcohol
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Scale Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin
Measurement ºC ºF K (Kelvins)
Freezing point of water 0ºC 32ºF 273K
Boiling point of water 100ºC 212ºF 373K
Division 100 180 100
HEAT
Heat is the transfer of energy from a body with higher temperature to one with a lower temperature.
Science 6th 19
Unit 4: Matter and its Transformation
Section 2: Temperature and Heat
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Science 6th 20
Unit 4: Matter and its Transformation
Section 3: Changes in State
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Changes of state of matter are produced by absorption or release of energy in form of heat.
Boiling is the process in which all the particles of a liquid, including those on
the interior, change temperature and state
Science 6th 21
Unit 4: Matter and its Transformation
Section 4: Changes in the State of Water
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TRANSFORMATION OF WATER
sublimation Progressive
changes in
state
fusion vaporization
deposition
Science 6th 22
Unit 4: Matter and its Transformation
Section 4: Changes in the State of Water
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Science 6th 23
Unit 5: Earth and its Resources
Section 1: The Layers of the Earth
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Water in Earth is in 3 states (liquid, solid and gas) and is divided between oceans, continents and the
atmosphere.
Science 6th 24
Unit 5: Earth and its Resources
Section 1: The Layers of the Earth
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97% of total water is in the oceans. Only 3% is fresh water (with less salt), most of it is in solid state. So
there is little fresh water available for living things.
USES OF WATER
1. Energy: movement of water can be used to create electric energy
2. Industrial processes: food industry, mining
3. Agroforestry activities
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LITOSPHERE FOR LIFE AND OBTAINING NATURAL RESOURCES
In the lithosphere are different materials necessary for living things. On the soil of the Earth, are minerals,
organic matter and air.
Science 6th 25
Unit 5: Earth and its Resources
Section 2: Changes in the Layers of the Earth
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Industries can:
Improve their production process, reducing the waste they produce
Science 6th 26
Unit 5: Earth and its Resources
Section 3: Soil Formation
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SOIL FORMATION
Soil is formed through a process called weathering, that takes place over thousands of years
1. The outside layer of rocks breaks down because of climatic factors
2. The fragments of rocks mix with organic matter
3. The accumulation of organic matter and minerals on top of the soil permits the development of
plants and small organisms
4. Organisms like worms move the soil as they move, helping air enter the soil and making it fertile
SOIL LAYERS
Horizon 0: top layer of soil, also called topsoil. Is dark brown, mostly made of
organic material. Plant and animal waste decompose in this level, forming
humus
Horizon A: has a large amount of humus and organic matter. Formed by rock
fragments and crystallite minerals. Plant’s roots reach this layer, and worms,
insects, fungi and bacteria live in it
SOIL PROPERTIES
A. Physical Properties
Texture refers to the amount of particles of different sizes that make up the soil (from smallest to
largest: clay, silt and sand)
Porosity refers to the measurement of the pores in soil
Water retention capacity corresponds to the amount of water that soil can store. It depends on
texture and porosity of the soil
Science 6th 27
Unit 5: Earth and its Resources
Section 3: Soil Formation
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Color is an indicator of the soil’s components, varies depending on the amount of organic
matter and humidity it has
B. Chemical Properties
Exchange capacity: soil’s ability to transfer nutrients to plants
Fertility: presence of nutrients that plants need to grow
Salinity: amount of dissolved salt the soil contains
C. Biological Properties
Presence of humus: make soil more soft and spongy and gives it more water retention capacity
Presence of living things: diversity of organisms that exist in the soil
TYPES OF SOIL
Clay soil: mainly made up of particles of clay. Is less permeable (retains water and doesn’t
let it flow easily)
Silty soil: formed by silt particles, has low water retention capacity
Sandy soil: porous and permeable, doesn’t retain water very well
Rocky soil: formed by rocks of all sizes that are hard and impermeable. It doesn’t retain
water
Peaty soil: made of abundance of organic matter, is permeable and spongy, rich in
humus and very fertile
Far North: soil is rough, contains high levels of salt and is dry
Central Region: soil is more permeable, spongy and contains more organic matter,
having more water retention, so it is more fertile
Southern Region: soil contains large amount of organic matter and humus. It is spongy
and permeable, very fertile
Far South Region: soil is very wet and mostly made of organic matter, allowing growth
of dense vegetation, but making it difficult to develop agricultural activity
Science 6th 28
Unit 5: Earth and its Resources
Section 4: Erosion
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Erosion is an external process that transforms the crust of the Earth, in which soil is worn down by water,
wind and human activity.
TYPES OF EROSION
1. Natural Erosion
1.1. Pluvial: force with which raindrops impact the soil and wash away the particles on the
surface
1.2. Fluvial: occurs when rivers and groundwater currents wear away the matter that makes up
the soil
1.3. Glacial: produced when huge masses of ice move because of the force of gravity, as they
move, they ware away the ground underneath them
1.4. Wind: rock particles are blown off and deposited in a new place
CONSEQUENCES OF EROSION
Soil can be eliminated by erosion if it is not covered by vegetation. The loss of soil by erosion is called
desertification
Overexploitation (overuse of soil for agriculture), makes the soil lose all its nutrients, losing its fertility
Extracting mineral resources can also damage soil, because vegetation and soil are uprooted (pulled
out of the ground)
Science 6th 29