tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;\ 0de,usrf;pmrsm;t& Ak'¨ y&d
taomurif;vufxuf jzpf&yftcsKdU edAÁmef pHNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; ESpf&mhwpfq,f odkYr[kwf
Tāranatha (1575–1634 A.D.),
History of Buddhism in India, p. 68
t&Sifauvmoo? "r®mp&d,? B.A. (Philo.)
M.A. (Buddhism) jrefrmjyefonf
t&d,umP(umV)tm;1 "r®udk roifMum;rD t&d,"D
wdu rax&fonf emwm&Snfa&m*g jzpf\/ xdktcsdefu
t&Sif"Dwduonf rmv0(Mālava) EdkifiH aumorÁDNrdKUü
oDwif;okH;\/ t&Sifjrwfonf y&dowf av;yg;tm; w
&m;a'oemrsm; a[mMum;awmfrl\/ odkY&mwGif a0om
vD &[ef;rsm;u ]udk,fwdkif emrusef; jzpfaeaom om
0u (sthavira) wpfyg;xHrS opömw&m;ESihf ywfouf
aom w&m;a'oemrsm;udk tb,fodkYvQif arQmfvihfEdkif
ygrnfenf;}[k qdkMu\/ xdk&[ef;rsm;onf t&Sif"Dwd
uxHodkY oGm;&ef jiif;qdkMu\/ wm;jrpfcsuf q,frsKd;udk
csKd;azmufMuvsuf ¤if;wdkYu ]þ0de,onf "r®jzpf
onfrSm aocsm\/ þodkYaom q&mt&Sif (Ak'¨)\ "r®rSm
rSefuef\}[kqdk Mu\/
t&Sif,o2 tygt0if &[EÅmckepf&mwdkYonf ESvkH;
romr,m jzpfMuvsuf vdp>0Drif;rsKd; eE´Dbk&if\ t
axmuftyHhjzihf ukokryl&D (Kusumpurī) 0d[m&ü Ak'¨
\ w&m;awmfrsm;tm; pkpnf;NyD; 'kwd, oH*g,em wif
&ef pnf;½kH;cJhMu\/
,cktcg xdk&[EÅm ckepf&mtaMumif; (udkjyqdkthH)/
NrdKUBuD; ajcmufNrdKU\ e,fedrdwfrsm;udk owfrSwfcsdefü a0
omvDNrdKU ywf0ef;usif twGif;rSmyif Obawm bm*
0drkwå &[EÅmrsm; &SdMu\/ odkYjzpfí 'kwd, oH*g,em
onf ,if;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktaygif;jzihf jyKvkyf
jcif; jzpf\3/ xdkoH*g,emtaMumif; tjynhftpHk &Sif;jy
csufudk ck'´tm*rü azmfjyxm;ojzihf ,if;onf xif
&Sm;\/ uREkfyftaejzihf ,if;udk þü r&Sif;jyawmhay/
þtcsdefü 'kwd,oH*g,em wifcJhaMumif; bm!
Cm#d (Bhā¹aghāti) usrf;ü azmfjyNyD; acrdE´b`'´ESihf
uREkfyfonf uREfkyfwdkY\ t,ltqudk ,if;ESihf tnD jzpf
ap&ef ,l\/ taMumif;rl wdAufü ,ck awGU&onhf 0de
,usrf;wGif jrwfAk'¨ y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; wpf
&mhwpfq,f tMumwGif 'kwd, oH*g,em wifonf[k
azmfjyaomaMumihf jzpf\/
1
ESpfaygif; ESpf&mhESpfq,f tMumwGif 'kwd, oH*g,em
wifaMumif; jyqdk\/ ,if;rluGJ ESpfckudk wlnDoGm;ap&ef
tdE´d,ü ordkif;usrf; rsm;pGm a&;om;cJhMu\/ ,if;
ordkif;usrf;rsm;u t&Sift&d,"Dwdu rax&fESihf tjcm;
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; taomurif;ESihf acwfNydKiftjzpf azmfjy
Muaomfvnf; (wpfcsdefwnf;wGif) ,if;usrf;rsm;t& 'k
wd,oH*g,emudk r[mok'óeESihf taomurif; ewf
½GmpHNyD; aemufrS wifcJhaMumif; awGU&\/
ck'´tm*rü þodkY qdk\ ]xdkt&Sif(udpöe)onf "r®
udk t&Sifr[mok'óetm; tyfESif;NyD;aomtcg qif
ajymifBuD; ckepfpD; (oHCmhax&frsm;) onfyif y&dedAÁmef
pHawmfrlNyD; jzpfojzihf xdktcsdefwGif Ak'¨ y&dedAÁmef pHNyD;
aemuf ESpfaygif; wpf&mhwpfq,f MumjrihfNyD;jzpf\/ Ak'¨
0pe\ t"dyÜm,f zGihfqdkcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí r&Sif;
vif;rI tcsKdU jzpfay:vm\/
taygif;0gusudk cGJpdwfonhf enf;vrf;t& tdE´d,
a0g[m& jzpfonhf ,'gpdwudk ]rnfonhf tcsdefü}ESihf
]xdktcsdefü}[k ESpfrsKd;vkH; t"dyÜm,fjzihf tokH;jyKEdkif\/
þusrf;ü ,if;udk rnfonhf tcsdefü[k bmomjyef\4/
*k½ky@dwu þodkYqdk\ ]ESpfaygif; ESpfq,f [kqdk
jcif;rSm ESpfaygif; wpf&mhwpfq,f[k qdkjcif;ESihf twlwl
jzpf\/ taMumif;rl yxr ESpfumvrSm ESpf0ufudk wpf
ESpf[k a&wGufaomaMumihf jzpf\}/ y@dw £E´'wå\
tHhMozG,f a&;om; csufü ]Zde y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf 15
ESpf ajrmufwGif t&SifOy*kwåonf bdu©KoHCmudk OD;
aqmifol jzpfvmNyD; ESpfaygif; wpf&mhwpfq,fh ajrmuf
wGif Mum\/ ,if;aemuf taomurif; arG;zGm;\}[k
qdk\/ ,if; azmfjycsuftm; rSwfcsuf jyKonfudkvnf;
],if;onf (Ak'¨\) BudKwif a[mMum;csufESihf rnDñGwf
acs/ xdkYjyif ,if;azmfjycsufonf tdE´d,\ ta&;ygonhf
rl&if; rSwfwrf;rsm;ESihf qefYusif\/ odkYjzpfí ,if;azmfjy
csufrSm tawmftwef rSefNyD; rQwzG,f&Sdaomfvnf; t
rSefrl tajctjrpf r&Sdacs/
ta&SUzuf&Sd t*Fwdkif;ü tvGef <u,f0aom ol
<u,fwpfa,muf &Sd\/ ¤if;\ tdrfü ¤if;\ ukodkvf
aMumifh aygufa&mufaeonhf opfyif wpfyif&Sd\/ ,if;
opfyifü &we\ toGifjzifh toD;rsm; oD;\/ xdkol
<u,fü om;orD; rxGef;um;acs/ odkYjzihf ol<u,fonf
r[ma'0? AdoQPkESihf umPwdkYtm; udk;uG,f\/ tusKd;
tjzpf om;wpfOD; arG;zGm;NyD; umP[k trnfay;\/
t&G,fa&mufaomf vli,fonf oabFmjzihf c&D;
oGm;ojzihf oabFmom; ig;&mESihftwl &wemuRef;odkY
qdkufa&mufcJh\/ ,if;\ oabFmc&D;pOfrSm atmifjrif\/
odkYjzihf vli,fonf tcsdef wdktwGif; ajcmufBudrf wdkif
wdkif oabFmjzifh c&D;oGm;NyD; ae&mwdkif;ü tvGef &uf
a&maom ukefonftjzpf xif&Sm;\/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
¤if;\ rdbrsm;onf uG,fvGefojzihf vli,fonf t&Sif
t&d,"Dwdutm; MunfnKdol jzpfvm\/ ukefonf tzGGJU
0if wpfa,mufonf ajrmufydkif; a0;vHaom t&yfrS
¤if;xHodkY a&mufvmNyD; ¤if;ESifhtwl aemufxyf oabFm
c&DD;xGuf&ef qdk\/ vli,fu ]uREkfyftaejzihf vlwpf
a,mufonf atmifjrifonhf oabFmc&D;udk ckepfBudrf
atmifjrifonf[lí rMum;pzl;yg/ odkYjzpfí uREkfyf tae
jzihf roGm;Edkifyg}[k qdk\/ odkY&mwGif tjcm; olrsm;\
jyif;pGm wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh vli,fonf aemufqkH;wGif
oabFmjzihf c&D;xGufcJh\/
ukefonfrsm;onf &wemuRef;odkY qdkufa&mufcJh
MuNyD; &wem wifxm;aom oabFmjzihf jyefvmcJhMu\/
¤if;wdkYonf tpdrf;a&mif opfawmjzihf zkH;tkyfaeonhf
uRef;wpfck yifv,f rsufESmjyifay:odkY xdk;xGufaeonf
udk awGUMuojzihf xkduRef;ü tem;,l&ef pOf;pm;Mu\/
xdkuRef;ay:odkY ,if;wdkY a&mufoGm;Muaomtcg yifv,f
raumif;qdk;½Gm;wpfrsKd; jzpfonhf aumÍöDukrm&D (Krauñ-
cikumari) trnf&Sd &u©oD (&u©otrsKd;orD;)onf ukef
onfwdkYtm; zrf;,lvdkuf\/ ukefonfacgif;aqmif um
Ponf t&Sift&d,"dwdu rax&ftm; tm½kHjyK qk
awmif;\/ umPudk ESpfoufMuonhf ewfa'0grsm;
onf xdkowif;pum;ukd t&Sift&d,"Dwdu rax&f
xHodkY ydkYay;Mu\/ t&Sift&d,"Dwdu rax&fonf wef
cdk;jzihf &wemuRef;ü ay:vm\/ bDvl;ronf t&Sif
jrwf\ ukd,fa&mif ukd,f0gaMumihf xdwfvefYoGm;NyD; t
a0;odkY xGufajy;oGm;\/ odkYjzihf ukefonfrsm;onf ZrÁLU
'dyfodkY ab;uif;pGm jyefvmEdkifcJhMu\/
xdkYaemuf ukefonfrsm;onf teD;ywf0ef; usif&Sd
&[ef; oHCmawmfrsm;tm; okH;ESpfwdkifwdkif ¤if;wdkY\
ypönf;Opömjzihf axmufyHhMu\/ ukefonfrsm;onf omr
aPjyKNyD;aemuf t&d,"Dwdu rax&fxHrS &[ef;tjzpf
udk &&SdMuvsuf aemufqkH;wGif &[EÅm jzpfoGm;Mu\/
2
t&Sift&d, "Dwdurax&f y&dedAÁmefpHcsdef a&muf
aomtcg t&Sift&d,umP rax&ftm; "r®udk tyf
ESif;\/ t&SifumPonf xif&Sm;onhf ukefonf rd
om;pkrS qif;oufcJhaomfvnf; &[ef;jyKcJhol jzpf\/
y&dwfowf av;yg;wdkYtm; a[mMum;onhf t&Sifjrwf\
w&m;a'oemrsm;onf jynfhpkHjcif; av;rsKd;qDodkY ¤if;wdkY
tm; a&muf&Sdap onfh tpOftvmudk xdef;xm;\/
xdktcsdefü ykPÖm;rdom;pkrS arG;zGm;onhf t&Sif0o
trnf&S5d uo®D& rax&fwpfyg; &Sd\/ xdkrax&fonf
Murf;wrf;NyD; aumufuspfvsuf (xdkt&Sifonf) ynm
A[kokw jynhfpkHaomfvnf; wnfNrJonhf 0dnmOfaumif
&Sd0g' (ātmakavāda)udk ESpfoufol jzpf\/ xdkt&Sifonf
xdk rSm;,Gif;onhf t,ltqjzihf &[ef;awmf trsm;pkudk
pnf;½kH;Mu\/ ,if;odkY jyKjcif;onf oHCmtrsm;pkESihf
tjiif;yGm;rIudk jzpfay:ap\/ odkYjzihf r½k (Maru) t&yf&Sd
yku&dPDausmif; (Puşkariņīvihāra)ü ywf0ef;usifrS &
[ef;oHCmtm;vkH; pnf;a0;Mu\/ uydv &u©oonf
t&SifjrwfwdkYtm; ulnDaxmufyHh\/ xdkausmif;wdkufü
(yd#uwfudk) jyefvnf jyKjyifjcif; tpDt&ifudk aqmif
½GufMu\/ t&SifumPonf oHCmawmf tm;vkH;tm;
wnfNrJaom t&mr&Sd[laom tewå0g'udk a[mMum;
\/ okH;veD;yg;cefY Mumaomtcg ,cifu ox0D& t
&Sif0o a[mMum;onhf twå0g' vTrf;rdk;cHaeMu&onhf
&[ef;wdkY\ pdwfudkpifMu,fapvsuf vlwdkif;tm; opöm
w&m;udk em;vnfap\/ t&Sif0o udk,fwdkifudkyif rSef
uefaom tawG;tjrifodkY a&mufap\/
xdktcsdefü oD[dkVfuRef;ü tmoeoD[aum orif;
(Āsana-Si½ha-KoŒa) 12 eef;pdkuf\/ rif;BuD;onf
nDvmcH usif;yaecdkuf ZrÁK'DyrS ukefonfwpfa,muf
onf opfom;jzihf xkvkyfxm;onhf Ak'¨ qif;wkawmf
wpfqludk qufo\/ rif;BuD;u ]xdkt&mum; tb,f
enf;}[k ar;jref;\/ (ukefonfu) Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfrS t
pjyKí t&d,umPrax&fxd q&mpOfquf taMumif;
udk avQmufwif\/ rif;BuD;onf t&d, umPrax&f
tm; zl;jrifNyD; t&SifjrwfxHrS rSefuefaom w&m;"r® em
,lvdkpdwf jyif;jyoGm;\/ rif;BuD;onf wrefawmf wpf
OD;udk (xdkt&Siftm; yifh&ef) apvTwfvdkufojzihf t&d,
umPonf aemufyg &[ef;ig;&mESifh ESifhtwl wefckd;
jzihf aumif;uifc&D;rS <uvmcJh\/ t&Sifjrwf\ ouFef;
pGef;udk qGJvsuf wrefawmfvnf; oD[dkVfuRef;\ e,fed
rdwfodkY a&mufcJh\/ xdkYaemuf wrefawmftm; bk&ifhxH
odkY apvTwfvdkufojzifh rif;BuD;onf ¤if;\ aemufyg
rsm;ESihf twl t&SifjrwfwdkYtm; BuKdqdk&ef a&mufvm\/
¤if;wdkYonf vrf;wpfavQmuf a&mifjcnfrsm; xkwfvTwf
NyD; wefcdk;rsm; tHhzG,frsm; vkyfjyvsuf aejynfawmfodkY
xGufcGmcJhMu\/ t&d, umPrax&fonf oD[dkVfuRef;
ü okH;vMum w&m;"r® a[mMum;NyD;aemuf ausmif;
wdkufrsm;ü oHCmawmfrsm;jzihf jynhfapvsuf vltaygif;
tm; opömw&m;udk odjrifap\/
a&S;,cifu þuRef;onf &Sifawmf Ak'¨onfajc
awmfjzihf csD;ajrmufcJhaomfvnf; &Sifawmf Ak'¨ y&dedAÁmef
pHNyD;aemuf "r®onf wjznfjznf; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh\/
odkY&mwGif t&d,umPonf "r®udk wpfzef us,fjyefY
pGm jyefYESHYap\/
aemufqkH;ü t&SifumPonf cwåd, tEG,f0if
jzpfNyD; ajrmufydkif;uko0eü y&dedAÁmefpHcJhaom t&Sift&d
, ok'óetm; "r®udk tyfESif;awmfrl\/ t&d, ok
'óe\ taMumif;um; þodkYwnf;/
taemufydkif; b½kup`E´ (t&yf)&Sd cwåd, tEG,f
0if y@Krdom;pkrS zGm;jrifonhf 'óe trnf&Sd tvGef
<u,f0csrf;omol wpfa,muf &Sd\/ ¤if;om;\ trnf
rSm ok'óejzpf\/ t½G,fa&mufaomf ok'óeü t
acRt&H ig;a,muf tEkynmonf ig;a,mufpD &Sdonhf
ESpfoufzG,f trsKd;orD; ig;a,mufESihf O,smOf ig;ck&Sd\/
ok'óe\ tjcm;aom csrf;om <u,f0rIrsm;udk rajym
ao;bJ aeYpOf a½Tom; ig;axmif yPzdk;wefonhf yef;
rsm;udk tokH;jyK\/ trSefaomf ok'óeum; ewfrsm;
uJhodkY csrf;om\/
ta>ct&Hrsm;ESihftwl O,smOfodkY oGm;pOf ok'ó
eonf aemufygrsm;ESihftwl NrdKUwGif;odkY <uvmaeaom
t&Sifokum,e trnf&Sd &[EÅmudk awGUjrif\/ tvGef
MunfnKdav;pm;oGm;ojzihf ok'óeonf t&Sifjrwf
tm; &Sdckd;NyD; teD;tem;ü xdkifae\/ &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfu
w&m;"r® a[mMum;NyD;aomtcg rif;BuD;onf wpf
xdkifwnf;üyif &[EÅmjzpfoGm;\/
ok'óeonf &[ef;jyKcGihf awmif;\/ &[EÅm t
&Sifjrwfu tdrfrSm aeolwpfa,muf taejzihf &[ef;
jyK&ef roihfavsmf? tvkyftauR; rdef;uav;vnf; r&Sd
aMumif; rdefYMum;\/ xkdYjyif oif\ zcifxHrSm cGihfawmif;
&rnf jzpfaMumif;vnf; &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfu rdefYMum;\/
3
odkYjzihf ok'óeonf zcifxHrS &[ef;jyKcGihfudk
awmif;yef\/ ,if;onf zciftm; pdwfqdk;apNyD; ok
'óetm; oHuGif;jzihf csnfaESmif&ef jyK\/ xdktcdkuf
wGif ok'óeonf aumif;uifodkY ysHwufoGm;vsuf
a&mifjcnfrsm; xkwfvTihfjcif; ponhf wefcdk;jym#d[mudk
jy\/ olYzcifrSm tvGef av;pm;oGm;NyD; ]tdk .. ighom;?
oifonf þodkYaom pGrf;&nfrsm;udk ydkifqdkifaomaMumihf
&[ef; tjzpfudk &,lyg/ ightm;vnf; oem;ojzihf cGihf
vTwfyg}[k qdk\/ ,if;aemuf ok'óoeonf &[ef;
tjzpfudk &oGm;NyD; zciftm; w&m;a[mojzihf zcif
vnf; opömw&m;udk odjrif oGm;\/
,if;aemuf zcifonf t&d,umP rax&ftm;
q&mt&Siftjzpf vufcHvsuf t&SifjrwfESifhtwl Mum
jrifhpGm aexdkif\/ t&d,umPrax&f y&dedAÁmefpHvGef
NyD;aemuf ok'óeonf y&dowfav;yg; tMum;om
oemawmfudk xdef;odrf;\6/
taemufzuf&Sd odE¨K (Sindhu) trnf&Sd t&yfü
wefcdk; pGrf;tifESihf jynhfpkHaom [d*FvmpD (Hingalācī)
ac: pGrf;tif BuD;rm;onhf ,u©deDwpfOD; &Sd\/ xdk,u©deD
onf EdkifiHtrsKd;rsKd;ü xdwfvefYzG,f uyfa&m*grsm;udk
jzpfap\/ vltrsm;onf vGwfajrmufvGef BudK;yrf;Mu
aomtcg ,u©deDonf xdwfvefYzG,f oP²mefjzihf ay:
vmNyD; vrf;rsm;udk ydwfxm;\/ vltrsm;onf EGm;
vSnf; ajcmufpD;wdkuf&Sdaom tpm;tpmrsm; tygt0if
vla,musfm; vltrsKd;orD;ESihf jrif;om;rsm;jzihf aeYpOf yl
aZmfyoMu\/
t&d,ok'óeonf xdk,u©deDtm; ESdrfeif;&ef t
csdefa&mufNyD;aMumif; odjrif\/ odkYjzpfí t&d, ok'ó
eonf odE¨Kaus;½GmwpfckrS qGrf;rsm;udk &&SdNyD;aemuf
rdrdae&mü ,if;qGrf;udk okH;aqmifrnf jyK\/ ,u©deD
onf rdrdudk,fudk vrf;aysmufaeonhf &[ef;wpfyg;
toGif,l\/ ½THUñTefa&rsm; ajrBuD;ay:odkY usvmaomtcg
,u©deDonf pdwfqdk;oGm;vsuf t&Sifjrwfay:ü ausmuf
wkH;ESihf vufeufrdk;rsm; ½GmoGef;cs\/ odkY&mwGif &[EÅm
t&Sifjrwfonf u½kPm ormywfudkom 0ifpm;vsuf
okH;wif;okH;aeNyD; ,if;(ausmufwkH;ESihf vufeufrsm;)rSm
yef;rdk;tjzpf ajyif;vJoGm;\/ &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf\ pdwf
wefckd;jzihf ywf0efusifü rD;vQHrsm; xvsuf&Sd\/ ,u©deD
tm; xdkrD;vsHjzihf avmifuRrf;vsuf &SdaomaMumihf
,u©deDonf &[EÅm t&Sifjrwftm; av;pm;oGm;NyD; yl

aZmf udk;uG,foGm;\/ t&Sifjrwfonf ,u©deDtm; w
&m; a[mMum;ojzihf ¤if;tm; oDvodu©mü wnfap
\/ xdktcsdefrSpí ,aeYwdkif tom; taoG;wdkYjzihf xdk
,u©deDtm; ylaZmfjcif; r&Sdawmhay/
rdrdtjyif xdkudpöudk rnfolrQ aqmifrnf r[kwf[k
odjrifawmfrljcif;ü &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfonf "r®udk av;
pm;jcif; r&SdMuonhf em*ESifh ,u©ESihf ig;&mwdkYtm; ESdrf
eif;awmfrl\/ &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfonf xdkYaemuf awmif
ydkif; EdkifiHrsm;tm; us,fjyefYpGm a'opm&D <uawmfrl
vsuf xdka'orsm;ü ausmif;wdkufrsm; oHCmrsm;jzihf
jynhfapvsuf uRef;i,f rsm;pGmwdkYü Ak'¨\"r®udk jyefYyGm;
ap\/ t&Sifjrwfonf r[mpde (Mahācina) ESihf tjcm;
t&yfrsm;üvnf; wpfpkHwpfckaom twdkif;twmxd Ak'¨
omoemudk jyefYESHYapcJh\/
þodkYjzihf vlaygif; rsm;pGmwdkY\ aumif;usKd;udk jzpf
apvsuf t&Sifjrwfonf tEkyg'daoo edAÁme"mwfodkY
a&muf&Sd (y&dedAÁmefpHvGef) awmfrl\/
taomurif;\ i,fpOfb0onf t&d,"Dwdu r
ax&f\ b0aESmif;ydkif;ESihf wpfcsdefwnf; jzpf\/ taom
uonf ¤if;\ tjypf&Sdaom b0udk avQmufvSrf;pOf
Ak'¨omoemawmftm; t&d,umP rax&fu apmifh
a&Smufvsuf taomurif; "r®&mZm jzpfaomtcg Ak'¨
omoemtm; t&Sifok'óerax&fu apmihfa&Smuf\/
t&Sift&d, ok'óerax&f y&dedAÁmef pHvGefNyD;
aemuf taomurif;vnf; ewf½GmpH\/
t&Sift&d,tmeE´rS t&Sift&d,ok'óe wdkif
atmif xdkoHCmhrax&f (oHCmhzcif) toD;oD;wdkY t
aMumif;udk azmfjyonhf t0'ge(usrf;)rsm; &Sd\/ uREfkyf
(wm&emx)onf þae&mü xdkusrf;rsm;rS acrdE´b`'´
pkpnf;xm;cJhonfh rSwfwrf;udk tajccHonhf vdk&if;rQ
udkom azmfjyyg\/
xdkrax&fpOfrsm;onf "r®udk jynhf0pGm xdef;odrf;
cJJhMuvsuf ¤if;rax&frsm;onf Ak'¨udk,f awmfwdkif vkyf
aqmifonhfenf;wl aqmif½GufcJhMu\/ ¤if;rax&frsm;
aemuf &[EÅm rsm;pGm ay:aygufcJhMuaomfvnf; xdk
t&SifjrwfwdkY\ vkyfaqmifcsufwdkYrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
udk,fwdkifESihf xdkt&Sifjrwfrsm;ESihf wlrQavmuf atmif
rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhMuacs/ 
4
--------------------------------------------
1
w½kwf ordkif;usrf;rsm;t& t&Sif"Dwdu rax&onf rxk&mNrdKU
ü zGm;jrifNyD; tdE´d, tv,fydkif;ü w&m;a'oem a[mMum;\/
t&SifumVrlum; tE´d, tv,fydkif;ü arG;zGm;NyD; &aoh &Spf
axmifwdkY\ acgif;aqmif jzpf\/
2
'kwd,oH*g,emü &[EÅm 700-yg0if\/ Bu-ston ii. 94 udk ½Iyg/
(Bu-ston ii. 94 udk;um;cJhaom) plV0*¾ygVdESihf 0de,ck'´uusrf;
rsm;t& ,if;wdkY tm;vkH;rSm t&SiftmE´m\ wynhfrsm; jzpfMu\/
'kwd,oH*g,emudk OD;aqmif&mü t&Sif,o? ,aom'? ,o
aem? ponfjzihf trsKd;rsKd; ac:a0:Mu\/ plV0*¾ü t&Sifjrwftm;
umu@u\ om;tjzpf azmfjy\/ wm&emxonf a0omvD
&[ef;rsm;u t&Sif,orax&ftm; qefYusif &efvdkrIudk wnf
aqmufonhf rSwfwrf;tm; rSm;,Gif;pGm azmfjy\/ plV0*¾ygVdt&
¤if;wdkYu t&Sif,otm; ESifxkwfMu\/ 0de ,ck'´uusrf; (Bu-
ston ii. 94 ) t& ¤if;wdkYonf ol\ aemufvdkufrsm;tm; vmbf
xdk;cJhMu\ .. ponf/ odkYjzpfí ,oonf rdrdudk,fudk OD;pm;
ay;rIudk taxmuftyHh jyKjcif;tm; aqmif½Guf&ef ae&ma'o
rsm;pGmodkY vSnhfvnf oGm;vmcJh&\/
3
plV0*¾ (ygVd)t& þoH*g,emESihf ywfoufí ta&SUzufrS &[ef;
av;yg;? taemufzufrS &[ef; av;yg; yg0ifonhf aumfrDwD
wpfcktaMumif;udk &nfñTef;\/ t&SiftZdwtm; ae&mxdkif;cif;
owfrSwfoltjzpf cefYtyfcH&vsuf t&SifoAÁumrdrax&ftm;
oH*g,em\ oHCmhrax&ftjzpf wifa`rSmuf cH&\/ (Bu-ston ii.
91 udk;um;cJhonhf) 0de,ck'´u usrf;ürl t&Sif,orax&fu
aomPuNrdKUrS om"(ausmif;ae) t&SifoAÁumrdrax&f? ouFm
o, t&yfrS t&Sif"edu? yg#vdykwfNrdKUrS ukbZdw? o½k*erS
t&SiftZdw? r[dorwDrS t&SiforÇLwESihf o[Zt&yfrS t&Sif
a&0w rax&fwdkYtm; axmufyHh&ef yxrqkH; qkH;jzwfcJh
aMumif; azmfjy\/ Watters ii. 76 udkvnf; ½I/
4
]wm&emxonf ,if;odkY ,lq\/ ¤if;onf ouúw bmomudk
rnfrQuRrf;usifaMumif; tvG,fwul jrifEdkif\/ trSefaomf ,'g
pdw[laom pum;vkH;onf wdAufpum; vkH;\ tpdwftydkif;
jzpf\}[k S n qdk\/ odkYaomf ,if; rSwfcsufrSm rrQwEdkif/ t
aMumif;rl wm&emx wdkufwGef;cJhaom t"dyÜm,fudk ouúw
o'´g pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESihfvnf; nDñGwfaomaMumihf jzpf\/
5
þ0o[laom trnfrSm ox0d& (Sthaviras)*dkPf;rS cGJxGufcJh
onhf tapmqkH; *dkPf;wpfckjzpfonf xif&Sm;onhf 0godykwå&d,
*dkPf; pwifcJhonhf t&Sif0godykwå[laomtrnfESihf twlwl jzpf
ovm;[l onfudk uREfkyfwdkY rod&ay/
6
w½kwfordkif;q&mwdkYtvdkt& ckepfyg;ajrmuf oHCmhrax&frSm
Ak'¨eE´Dtrnf&Sd rax&fjzpfNyD; þrax&fonf tdE´d, ajrmufydkif;
om; jzpf\/ umP odkYr[kwf umV rax&fonf aps;wpfckü
awGUNyD; Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef pHvGefNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; 300 tMumwGif
Ak'¨eED́trnf&Sd rax&fonf ajrmufydkif;ü "r®udk ysHUESHYaprnfjzpf
aMumif; t&SiftmeE´mtm; rdefYMum;onhf Ak'¨\Asm'dwf taMumif;
udk ajymjyonfqdk\/
------------------------------------------