JANUARY 2020

FORMWORK

eMag - Lounge
Constrofacilitator
Digitized knowledge for Construction
 Focus on Formwork

Considering the benets that formwork brings, it is certain that its demand will only continue to shoot
upwards. In today's competitive market, contractors and builders are facing tough competitions which
necessitates the use of formwork even more. India is expected to become the third-largest construction
market globally by 2022. The rapid growth of urbanization, major investments in the infrastructure segment
will drive the Indian construction market. With such growth prospects across construction segments, there
are opportunities in the Indian formwork market.

The construction industry is constantly changing, as structures grow taller and oor plates bigger, end-
users are looking for formwork systems that are cost-effective, light, reusable, safe, easy to assemble and
dismantle, durable and exible. In this edition of Emaglounge, we have focused on the different types of
formwork, good practices of formwork, the design aspects of formwork and the demand for formwork for
mass housing.

January 2020 • Constrofacilitator 2

 Different Types of Formwork Used
04
in Construction

FORMWORK
08
- A guide to the good practises

Design Requirements of
14
Formwork System

Formwork Technology demand for mass

19
housing

4 8
14 19

3 Constrofacilitator • January 2020

TYPES OF FORMWORK USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Different Types of Formwork Used in

Construction

O
ne essential reports. There is a need to meet the growing made from timber or plywood. This type of
ingredient used demands for building and industrial mate- formwork is typically built on-site and while it
in concrete con- rial manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers. is easy to produce, it has a short life-span
struction is Formwork system is one of those systems
formwork, which inhibits economic structure with less
which are tem- time needed to complete a project.
porary or per-
m a n e n t Discussed below are different types of
moulds into formwork system, traditional as well as inno-
which concrete vative one which are available and in prac-
is poured until the concrete is self- tice in the market.
supporting. In addition to building materials
like timber and steel, the demand for sus- Traditional timber formwork
tainable and environment-friendly products
such as aluminium formwork and used One of the earliest types of formwork is tra-
materials has also risen, according to ditional timber formwork which is generally

January 2020 • Constrofacilitator 04

 TYPES OF FORMWORK USED IN CONSTRUCTION

and is very time-consuming, particularly for
large structures. Today, timber formwork is
still used where labour costs are low, or
where there are complicated sections that
require very flexible formwork.
Steel Formwork
This consists of panels fabricated out of thin
steel plates stiffened along the edges by
small steel angles. The panel units can be
held together through the use of suitable
clamps or bolts and nuts. The panels can be
fabricated in large number in any desired
modular shape or size. Steel forms are
largely used in large projects or in situations
where large number reuses of the shutter-
ing is possible. This type of shuttering is con-
sidered most suitable for circular or curved
structures.
made with steel or aluminium the form can Stay-In-Place structural formwork sys-
achieve up to two thousand uses depend- tems
ing on care and the applications).
This formwork is assembled on site, usually
Reusable plastic formwork out of prefabricated fiber-reinforced plastic
forms. These are in the shape of hollow
These interlocking and modular systems tubes, and are usually used for columns
are used to build widely variable, but rela- and piers. The formwork stays in place after
tively simple, concrete structures. The pan- the concrete has cured and acts as axial
els are lightweight and very robust. They are and shear reinforcement, as well as serving
especially suited for similar structure pro- to confine the concrete and prevent against
jects and low-cost, mass housing environmental effects, such as corrosion
schemes. To get an added layer of protec- and freeze-thaw cycles.
tion against destructive weather, galvanized
roofs will help by eliminating the risk of cor-
rosion and rust. These types of modular
enclosures can have load-bearing roofs to
maximize space by stacking on top of one
another. They can either be mounted on an
existing roof, or constructed without a floor
and lifted onto existing enclosures using a
crane.

Flexible formwork

In contrast to the rigid moulds described

Engineered Formwork System
This formwork is built out of prefabricated
modules with a metal frame (usually steel or
aluminium) and covered on the application
(concrete) side with material having the
desired surface structure (steel, aluminum,
timber, etc.). The two major advantages of
formwork systems, compared to traditional
timber formwork, are speed of construction
(modular systems pin, clip, or screw
together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs
(barring major force, the frame is almost
indestructible, while the covering if made of
wood; may have to be replaced after a few -
or a few dozen - uses, but if the covering is
Permanent Insulated Formwork
This formwork is assembled on site, usually
out of insulating concrete forms (ICF). The
formwork stays in place after the concrete
has cured, and may provide advantages in
terms of speed, strength, superior thermal
and acoustic insulation, space to run utili-
ties within the EPS layer, and integrated fur-
ring strip for cladding finishes.
above, flexible formwork is a system that
uses a lightweight, high strength sheets of
fabric to take advantage of the fluidity of con-
crete and create highly optimised, architec-
turally interesting, building forms. Using flex-
ible formwork it is possible to cast opti-
mised structures that use significantly less
concrete than an equivalent strength pris-
matic section, thereby offering the potential
for significant embodied energy savings in
new concrete structures.

05 Constrofacilitator • January 2020

TYPES OF FORMWORK USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Slab formwork Growth of innovative formwork sys-

Slab Formwork essentially consists of a hori-
zontal load-bearing structure which sup-
ports the formlining and transfers the forces
into the shoring. Some of its types are - Tim-
ber beam slab formwork, Traditional slab
formwork, Metal beam slab formwork, Mod-
ular slab formwork, Table or flying form sys-
tems and Tunnel forms.
tems
The advent of innovative designs keeps
prompting formwork manufacturers to
come up with new and custom solutions to
meet the needs of abstract projects. Dis-
cussed below are a few of the innovative
formwork technology adopted across the
globe.

Modular Formwork

Modular Formwork Systems are generally

Climbing formwork
Climbing formwork is a special type of
formwork for vertical concrete structures
that rises with the building process. While
relatively complicated and costly, it can be
an effective solution for buildings that are
either very repetitive in form (such as towers
or skyscrapers) or that require a seamless
wall structure (using gliding formwork, a
special type of climbing formwork).
Various types of climbing formwork exist,
which are either relocated from time to time,
or can even move on their own (usually on
hydraulic jacks, required for self-climbing
and gliding formworks).
easy to assemble and much faster than con-
ventional Formwork, saving time, allowing
you to pour sooner.
In addition, with the option to hire, Modular
Formwork Systems save contractors by
reducing the costs associated with conven-
tional purchases. This eliminates the need
to recover purchase costs by reusing or
reselling materials once the job is complete.
There are many advantages to using a Mod-
ular Formwork System that can assist you in
your scope of work. Adding value to your
project by providing innovative time saving
solutions but never at the expense of safety
and quality.
Wireless temperature monitoring
formwork system
The constitution of the existing wireless tem-
perature monitoring system is in Korea. The
system transmits the temperature data mea-
sured from the sensors wirelessly in real-
time into the personal computer in the site
office, and estimates the maturity and con-
crete strength. The data are also stored in
the computer server, and information is
shared with related experts for technical
support.
Fiberglass Shuttering formwork system
Fiberglass Reinforced Plywood System is
the key to that perfectly cast roof with the
smoothest finish that requires no plastering.
This fiberglass shuttering building systems
represent a revolution in the area of shutter-
ing because of their lightness, simplicity,
durability, solidity, resistance to tempera-
ture changes and their price competitive-
ness. One of the major advantages with
these systems is that they offer simplifica-
tion of shuttering with the same mechanical
properties of other systems.

Formwork based on ubiquitous comput-

ing

The recent development of ubiquitous com-

puting has resulted in an improvement of
management performance through real-
time monitoring and control. Especially in
high-rise building construction with rein-
forced concrete structures, form work
requires effective management systems to
reduce the duration and cost of structural
framework and subsequent activities.
Recently, a concrete curing management
system by adapting a ubiquitous comput-
ing environment has been developed as a
method for effective quality management.
Tunnel Formwork system
Tunnel form is a formwork system that
allows the contractor to cast walls and slabs
in one operation on a daily cycle. It com-
bines the speed, quality and accuracy with
the flexibility and economy of in-situ con-
struction. Construction durations are
reduced significantly by this rapid system
when compared to conventional methods.

January 2020 • Constrofacilitator 06


Tunnel Form System brings speed, quality
and accuracy to concrete construction and
provides big savings in finishing and M&E
works. Hi-tech technologies for steel
formwork production make tunnel forms
strong & durable. The system creates effi-
cient load-bearing structures which are
known as the most earthquake resistant
structures.
The result is a cellular reinforced structure,
the surfaces of which are sufficiently high
quality to require only minimal finishing for
direct decoration, while the end walls and
facades are easily completed with thermally
insulated units that can be clad as required.
The system creates an efficient load-
bearing structure for use in a wide variety of
applications. It is particularly effective in pro-
jects suited to repetitive cellular construc-
tion such as residential blocks, hotels, stu-
dent accommodation, barracks and pris-
ons.
Concrete Forms Lining formwork
Architectural concrete has developed into
one of the most important means of design
in modern architecture. No other building
material can be used and processed in
such a versatile manner. Therefore, archi-
tectural concrete is used for almost all con-
struction tasks.
Through the design capabilities of the fresh
concrete, virtually any shape and quality
can be economically realised with the help
of appropriate formwork systems and
formlining.
Semi-system formwork
This is a more advanced formwork type
than the modern conventional type as there
TYPES OF FORMWORK USED IN CONSTRUCTION
are prefabricated formwork items. For exam-
ple there are prefabricated formwork for
slab panels and supports and other struc-
tural parts.
Fabric formwork
Fabric formwork is a building technology
that involves the use of structural mem-
branes as the main facing material for con-
crete moulds. Unlike traditional formwork,
the material is highly flexible and can deflect
under the pressure of fresh concrete. The
resulting forms exhibit curvature as well as
excellent surface finishes that are generally
not associated with concrete structures.
The Perfect Aluminium Panel Formwork
System
The Perfect Aluminium Panel System is a
long life and easy maintenance formwork
system which guarantees 200 times mono-
lithic pouring. A special extruded profile
made from a robust aluminum alloy pro-
vides the Perfect Aluminium Panel with its
high level of rigidity and versatility. Com-
bined with superior quality 15 mm thick
formwork panel, birch plywood and plastic
overlay the Perfect Aluminium Panel System
can absorb high levels of concrete pres-
sure. The Perfect Aluminium Panel System
with its systematic modular design and cor-
rosion resistance offers high assembly effi-
ciency and good construction quality mak-
ing it an ideal formwork for the modern con-
struction industry.
Potential of formwork system market
The global formwork market size is
expected to reach USD 6.06 billion by 2024.
The growth is attributed to rapidly expand-
ing residential and commercial construc-
tion sector due to new construction activi-
07
ties and renovation of old sites across the
globe. Demand for residential spaces due
to rising population will also present poten-
tial growth opportunities for the global mar-
ket. Timber and plywood are the key raw
materials used in manufacturing form-
works. However, aluminum formworks are
increasingly gaining popularity as they are
lightweight and have low density. Aluminum
formworks have longer lifespan compared
to their counterparts made of timber and ply-
wood and therefore are more economical
as well. Over the years to come, the market
is expected to derive significant growth
from aluminum formworks.
Construction companies are growing at a
rapid rate where overall formwork market
size is estimated to reach around USD 6.12
billion by 2024 from 5.21 Billion in 2017 reg-
istering a healthy CAGR. This growth is tak-
ing place because construction companies
are paying high attention to labor and
severe time-saving methodologies.
Conclusion
Formwork makers are situating their R&D
towards turning out on account of item
developments keeping the interesting work-
ing states of India. Enter a period of gigantic
advancement of moderate lodging ven-
tures. Numerous sorts of formwork are
accessible for any building venture. In light
of sort, the formwork market is delegated
designed formwork system, conventional
timber formwork, re-usable plastic
formwork, stay set up auxiliary formwork sys-
tems, lasting protected formwork, and
adaptable formwork.
Image and info:
cassaform.com.au, hilti.com.my, kmw.pl,
jjo33.com, doka.com, wikiwand.com, uni-
span.com.au, archiexpo.com,
r i n c o n r e a l t y. i n , d i r e c t i n d u s t r y. c o m ,
polytek.com, liveprojectsnetwork.org,
meva.net
Constrofacilitator • January 2020
 FORMWORK
FORMWORK
- A guide to the good practises
I
t is important to understand
that each project is unique
and with this, requirements
for architectural concrete solu-
tions need to be customised
and matched to each con-
crete element and to the
requirements of each struc-
ture. Helping support in the
selection process, the great-
est results arise from close collabora-
tion amongst all stakeholders involved
in the construction process – from con-
tractors to architects and also the
formwork supplier. There are various
types of concrete surface finishes
achievable and which can be consid-
ered for those working with in-situ solu-
tions specified by the building stake-
holders. There are various types of con-
crete surface finishes achievable and
which can be considered for those
working with in-situ solutions specified
by the building stakeholders.
Formwork is a temporary structure that
supports part or the whole of a perma-
nent structure until it is self-supporting.
Individual components of formwork, for
example frames, are plant. Once
assembled the components form the
temporary structure. Some formwork
systems are designed to remain with
the permanent structure. Generally
work carried out to design, construct,
erect, alter, maintain, dismantle or
remove formwork will be defined as
construction work. Formwork means
the surface used to contain and shape
wet concrete until it is self-supporting.
This includes the forms on or within
which the concrete is poured and the
frames and bracing which provide sta-
bility. Although commonly referred to
as part of the formwork assembly, the
joists, bearers, bracing, foundations
and footings are technically referred to
as falsework.
A safe practice for formwork during con-
struction at site is important for safety
08 Constrofacilitator • January 2020

of workmen. Improper erection of
formwork can cause damage to struc-
tural element as well as pose a threat to
the safety of workmen. Given below are
good practises that needs to be main-
tained for a safer formwork construc-
tion.
Abide by a code of practises
The Formwork Code of Practice is to
give hands-on guidance about ways to
manage the formwork in terms selec-
tion of materials, design, assembly,
and dismantling procedures and miti-
gating / informing the risk associated
with that and also to minimize failures.
Because failures or unsafe formwork
practice will cause financial losses,
accidents some time which involves
fatal, time loss etc. Certainly the losses
in time and money that go along with
construction mishaps are strong
motivators for safe activity.
A code of practice applies to anyone
who has a duty of care in the circum-
stances described in the code. In most
cases, following an approved code of
practice would achieve compliance
with health and safety duties, in relation
to the subject matter of the code. Like
regulations, codes of practice deal with
particular issues and do not cover all
Constrofacilitator • January 2020 09
hazards or risks which may arise.
In accordance with the Factories Act
1948, an occupier of an establishment
has to ensure the health, safety and wel-
fare of all workers while they are at work
in the factory.
It is obligatory for an employer / occu-
pier to ensure the provision and main-
tenance of plant and systems of work
that are safe and without health risks.
Arrangements should be made to rec-
tify risks involved in use, handling, stor-
age and transport of articles and sub-
stances.
The establishment should be moni-
tored to check the quality of the pre-
mises; cleanliness; disposal of wastes
and effluents; ventilation and tempera-
ture; dust and fume; artificial
FORMWORK
humidification; overcrowding; lighting;
clean drinking water; latrines and uri-
nals; and spittoons.
Safety of the worker must be ensured
by installing and maintaining the
machinery, mechanisms, transmission
apparatus, tools, equipment and
machines in the best possible safety
c o n d i t i o n s . To o l s , e q u i p m e n t ,
machines, or products used must be
organized properly guaranteeing the
safety of workers. The employer is
obliged to take care to protect the
worker's health and safety by providing
the means of rescue, first aid, and the
cleanup; and arrangements and orga-
nization of the workplace health and
safety duties require duty holders to
consider all risks associated with work,
not only those for which regulations
and codes of practice exist.
Formwork Construction work inclu-
sion
Formwork design whether it is Simple
or complex requires certain information
prior to commencing of design. It is
also the responsibility of the formwork
designer to ensure that he has all rele-
vant input to complete the schemes
and the design. In case of any missing
details, the same has to be sought from
the relevant person. Most of the
branded system formwork company
before submitting quote or before prep-
aration of schemes & design will have
format to be filled by the contractor / cli-
ent containing project details etc.
which are required as Input.
A good practise in formwork should
 FORMWORK
adhere to the following:-
Ÿ Installation or testing carried out in
connection with an activity referred
to in the definition the removal from
the workplace of any product or
waste resulting from demolition
Ÿ The prefabrication or testing of ele-
ments at a place specifically
established for the construction
work, for use in construction work
Ÿ The assembly of prefabricated ele-
ments to form a structure, or disas-
sembly of prefabricated elements
forming part of a structure
Ÿ The installation, testing or mainte-
nance of an essential service for a
structure
Ÿ Work connected with an excava-
tion
Ÿ Work connected with any prepara-
tory work or site preparation
including landscaping as part of
site preparation carried out in con-
nection with
Ÿ An activity referred to in the defini-
tion above, and an activity referred
to in the definition carried out on,
under or near water including work
on buoys and obstructions to navi-
gation.
Safety provision for formwork
A person conducting a business or
undertaking has the primary duty to
ensure, so far as is reasonably practi-
cable, workers and other people are
not exposed to health and safety risks
arising from the business or undertak-
ing. This duty requires the person to
manage risks by eliminating health and
safety risks so far as is reasonably prac-
ticable, and if it is not reasonably practi-
cable to eliminate the risks, by minimis-
ing those risks so far as is reasonably
practicable.
It also includes ensuring:-
Ÿ So far as is reasonably practicable
design, provision and mainte-
nance of safe formwork plant and
structures
Ÿ Safe erection, alteration, disman-
tling and use of formwork, and
Ÿ Safe use, handling, storage and
transport of formwork plant
Designers, manufacturers, suppliers
and importers of plant or structures,
including temporary structures, must
ensure, so far as is reasonably practi-
cable, the plant or structure is without
risks to health and safety. This duty
includes providing information to manu-
facturers so that plant can be manufac-
tured and erected to the design specifi-
cations. Designers must give the per-
son who commissioned the design of
the temporary structure a written safety
report.
People installing, constructing or com-
missioning plant or structures must
ensure, so far as is reasonably practi-
cable, all workplace activity relating to
the plant or structure including its
installation, use, decommissioning or
dismantling is without risks to health or
safety.
Officers, such as company directors,
have a duty to exercise due diligence to
ensure the business or undertaking
complies with the WHS Act and WHS
Regulation. This includes taking rea-
sonable steps to ensure the business
or undertaking has and uses appropri-
ate resources and processes to elimi-
nate or minimise risks from the
formwork activity.
10 Constrofacilitator • January 2020

Managing risks in formwork activities
Control measures to manage the risk of
falls must be implemented in an order
of priority and implemented before
work commences. In many developed
countries, risk management is consid-
ered important for all hazardous indus-
tries like construction. It is mandatory
for all workplaces, and is enforced
strictly for high-risk activities such as
work at height. Accident investigations
by the Ministry of Manpower (MOM)
often highlight the absence of or inade-
quate risk assessment as a cause.
Ÿ To properly manage risks, a per-
son must
Ÿ Identify hazards - find out what
caused the harm
Ÿ Assess risks that may result
because of the hazards - under-
stand the nature of the harm that
could be caused by the hazard,
how serious the harm could be
and the likelihood of it happening
Ÿ Decide on control measures to pre-
vent, or minimise the level of, the
risks and implement control mea-
sures, and
Ÿ Monitor and review the effective-
ness of the measures
The risk assessment should look into
the following areas, but not limited to: -
Formwork structure erection, alteration
and dismantling procedures, - Base
Constrofacilitator • January 2020 11
support capacity; - Formwork structure
stability - Placement of rebar; - Con-
crete casting; - Working at height; -
Monitoring of formwork; - Formwork
leakage; - Formwork structural failure; -
Settlement of formwork structure; -
Repair of formwork structure; - Emer-
gency escape route; and - Emergency
response plan.
All reasonably practicable steps shall
be taken to eliminate any foreseeable
risk arising from the work to be done.
Where it is not possible to eliminate the
risk, control measures and safe work
procedures shall be implemented to
minimise and control the risk.
FORMWORK
Consulting workers
Consultation involves sharing of infor-
mation, giving workers a reasonable
opportunity to express views and tak-
ing those views into account before
making decisions on health and safety
matters. Consultation with workers and
their health and safety representatives
is required at each step of the risk man-
agement process. In many cases deci-
sions about construction work and pro-
jects are made before engaging work-
ers so it may not always be possible to
consult with workers in these early
stages. However it is important to con-
sult with workers as formwork activities
progress. By drawing on the experi-
ence, knowledge and ideas of your
workers you are more likely to identify
hazards and choose effective control
measures. You should encourage your
workers to report hazards and health
and safety problems immediately so
the risks can be managed before an
incident occurs and you must consult
your workers when proposing any
changes to the work that may affect
their health and safety.
Design of formwork structure
All formwork structures (including but
not limited to beam, slab, wall, column,
cantilevered, curved and sloped
 FORMWORK
formwork) shall be capable of with-
standing the total dead load, live load
and impact load imposed on it with a
minimum safety factor of 2.
A Professional Engineer shall be
engaged to design a formwork struc-
ture that is: - supporting a slab or beam
to be cast that is greater than 300 mm
thick; - greater than 9 m in height; or -
constructed in 2 or more tiers.
The Professional Engineer who
designs the formwork structure shall
take, so far as is reasonably practica-
ble, such measures to ensure that his
design can be executed safely by any
person who constructs or uses the
formwork structure according to his
design. The Professional Engineer's
design should include the following
considerations, but not limited to: - Ver-
tical and horizontal formwork compo-
nents; - Bracing members; - Connec-
tions; and - Support on which the
formwork rest. The formwork design
should encompass all sides, corners
and bends supporting the concrete to
be cast. Bracing and coupling details
should be provided in the design to
ensure clarity.
The Professional Engineer who
designs the formwork shall also pro-
vide to any person constructing the
formwork structure all design docu-
mentation, including all relevant calcu-
lations, drawings and construction
(erecting, dismantling and reshoring)
procedures to facilitate the proper con-
struction and dismantling of the
formwork structure according to his
design.
The drawings of the formwork structure
should also include the safe means of
access7 and escape routes for work-
ers involved with the formwork struc-
ture. These should be clearly shown on
the drawing plan.
Concreting
Every responsible person undertaking
any work including erecting / disman-
tling the formwork structure, installing
steel reinforcement or concreting
works is reminded to conduct a thor-
ough risk assessment on his work pro-
cesses and implement the necessary
preventive measures to ensure that his
undertaking can be and is carried out
safely. Formwork structures are to have
suitable edge protection to prevent
formwork and concreting workers from
falling from height. Measures to pre-
vent falling from height as highlighted
in the Fall Prevention Plan are to be
implemented. Where a formwork struc-
ture is designed by a Professional Engi-
neer, placement of concrete shall not
commence unless the formwork struc-
ture, including any alteration thereto,
has been inspected and certified safe
for its intended use by a Professional
Engineer.
During concreting, the formwork sys-
tem should be regularly monitored by
the formwork supervisor for move-
ment, stability and soundness. The
formwork supervisor and any other
workers should not work under or in
close vicinity of the formwork structure
while the pouring of concrete is in prog-
ress. Proper risk assessment shall be
conducted to ensure that the formwork
supervisor watching the formwork is
not exposed to the risk from formwork
structure collapse.
If, during concreting, any weakness
develops and the formwork shows any
undue settlement or distortion, all work
shall be stopped immediately. Prior to
the commencement of any adjust-
ment, strengthening or repair works, a
thorough assessment of risk shall be
conducted and all necessary mea-
12 Constrofacilitator • January 2020

sures to be taken to ensure that work-
ers will not be exposed to risks from
formwork structure collapse.
Erection of Formwork Structure
The Occupier shall ensure that every
formwork structure shall - be of sound
material, good construction and ade-
quate strength; - be free from patent
defect; - be suitable and safe for the
purpose for which it is intended; and -
be properly braced or tied together so
as to maintain position and shape.
Formwork components used to erect
the formwork structure shall be of good
condition and free from corrosion. As
the structural capacity of the formwork
structure is expected to be reduced
over time, for example due to corro-
sion, Occupiers may consider, as an
additional safety precautionary mea-
sure, conduct a load test (in the testing
laboratory) to verify the design
assumptions of the strength of the
formwork structure and their support-
ing bases, especially for casting of sig-
nificant structures. Couplers used for
bracing and tying the formwork struc-
ture together shall be fit-for purpose, ie.
right-angled couplers used for perpen-
dicular members and swivel couplers
used for bracing. Using the wrong com-
ponents could reduce the structural
capacity of the formwork structure.
Responsible persons shall establish
and implement a Fall Prevention Plan
to ensure that their workers who are
Constrofacilitator • January 2020 13
erecting and dismantling formwork
structures are prevented from falling
from height. Measures may include pro-
visions of safe work platforms with
proper guard-rails and personal fall
arrest system, complete with safe and
secure anchorages. Where it is a
requirement for a Professional Engi-
neer to design a formwork structure,
the formwork structure shall be con-
structed in accordance with the design
and drawings of the Professional Engi-
neer.
No alteration shall be made or allowed
to be made to a formwork structure
designed by the Professional Engineer
unless its design and drawings have
been reviewed and endorsed by a Pro-
fessional Engineer. After erection, the
Professional Engineer appointed by
the Occupier to oversee the construc-
tion of the formwork structure, shall
take so far as is reasonably practica-
ble, such measures as are necessary
to ensure that the formwork structure -
is constructed in accordance with the
design of the Professional Engineer
who designed it and is safe for its
intended use when completely con-
structed and if so, issue a certificate
stating that the formwork structure is
safe for its intended use.
Dismantling of formwork structure
A formwork structure should only be
dismantled after the concrete has suffi-
ciently set and after a period of time as
FORMWORK
determined by the Qualified Person.
The manner of dismantling a formwork
structure should be in accordance to
the Professional Engineer's disman-
tling procedures, taking into account
that the formwork structure could be
unstable during dismantling.
Conclusion
The Construction Industry is a multifac-
eted industry, characterized by a broad
range of high risk activities and com-
plex work arrangements.The inherent
risks in the building and construction
industry makes it one of the priority
areas for providing a safe environment
for Contractors, subcontractors and
their workers to face risks from hazards
that must be managed to prevent
deaths, injuries and illnesses.
As already stated earlier, Formwork is
an important activity which needs to be
given major attention when it comes to
Safety during Construction. Even
though the safety and construction is
the responsibility of the builder or con-
tractor, it is necessary that formwork
designs and drawings are reviewed
and approved. In these cases, the con-
tract document shall clearly specify
that the designs and drawing of
formwork will be reviewed and
approved by Engineer – In-Charge. In
order to bring the standard of construc-
tions in India to International levels, the
consultants should specify, systemise
and implement the right formwork sys-
tem for the projects and also the stan-
dardization body of India also to look to
bring in more detailed Code of
Formwork practice in India to suit the
available materials / system and
formwork practices in India.
Source
w s h c . s g , w o r k s a f e . q l d . g o v,
thenbs.com, acchelp.in, iijrte.com,
ihsti.com, metsawood.com,
formworkscaffoldingsystems.com,
mevaformwork.com, concrete.org.uk,
paschalindia.com, cassaform.com.au
directindustry.com,
 FORMWORK SYSTEM

Design Requirements of
Formwork System

Shamanth Kumar M
Project Engineer and
Manager of Design Services
Salarpuria Sattva Group

14 Constrofacilitator • January 2020


F
ormwork is used as a tempo-
rary structure to support the
fresh (i.e., uncured) concrete
until it is strong enough to sup-
port itself and the applied
loads. Formwork is a very significant
portion of the project, as much as 60%
of the final cost of the finished concrete
project.
INTRODUCTION
A number of fundamental principles
apply to all formwork.
Consideration must be given to:-
Ÿ Acceptable tolerances permitted
Ÿ Use of appropriate materials
Ÿ Standards of workmanship
Ÿ Construction for ease of erection
and stripping
Ÿ Care and maintenance of the
formwork, so that the maximum
number of re‐uses can be
achieved.
Formwork is a temporary construction;
however care must be taken to prevent
Illustration 1
damage to permanent work. Three gen-
eral principles govern formwork design
and construction:
Ÿ Quality accuracy of the concrete
shape and the final finished sur-
face quality.
Ÿ Safety strength of the formwork
structure. Personal safety of peo-
ple, both carpenters and the pub-
lic.
Ÿ Economy: The structural frame is
usually the most significant cost
component, a dominant and criti-
cal factor in the time of construc-
tion.
Design Requirements of Formwork
When designing formwork, consider
the following:
I. Strength: Forms and shutters have to
be designed to support dead weight,
live load and hydrostatic pressure.
Sheathing must be rigid enough to
resist bulging.
Formwork for vertical concrete ele-
FORMWORK SYSTEM
ments i.e. columns and walls are sub-
ject to pressures on the form face. This
is caused by the fluid action of the fresh
concrete. The pressure of the fluid con-
crete on the vertical faces increases pro-
portionately with the depth of con-
crete. The maximum pressure being at
the bottom of the form. This maximum
pressure for the full depth fluid con-
crete is the hydrostatic pressure for con-
crete and usually occurs when the con-
crete is placed very quickly.
It should not be possible for the bracing
to be dislodged by impact, or wind, act-
ing from any direction. Refer to illustra-
tion 1.
II. Speedy erection and dismantling:
The formwork design and the methods
of assembly must be as simple as possi-
ble to reduce time spent in erection and
dismantling. The formwork should be
Simple to remove without causing dam-
age to the concrete.
III. Tightness of joints: The liquid
retaining properties of the formwork
must be adequate to prevent leakage of
cement and fine aggregate from the
concrete.
IV. Rigidity: Brace formwork and sup-
port to ensure no movement may take
place under wind pressure, or when the
concrete is being placed and vibrated.
The shutters must be rigid enough to
keep the concrete member within the
allowable tolerances.
V. Reuse: Design for unit construction,
if possible, so that you can strike and
reuse as soon as possible. Use clamps,
wedges, and similar devices to hold sec-
tions of formwork in place. Avoid nail-
ing as much as possible, nail holes and
bruising of the timber will spoil
formwork for further use. The
formwork material must be durable
and capable of producing a good sur-
face finish.
VI. Ease of handling: Forms and shut-
ters must be of a size and weight that
can be handled by the labour and plant
Constrofacilitator • January 2020 15
 FORMWORK SYSTEM

available on site.

Adjustment: Arrange all props, shores,

and struts so that they can be properly
adjusted. They must bear on sole
plates, so that the load is safely distrib-
uted on to the structure below.

Removal of debris: Provide all formwork

with special cleanout holes to allow for
the removal of sawdust, shavings, and
other debris from the bottom of the
formwork before the pour begins.

Factors Relating to Formwork

To design and construct satisfactory

formwork an appreciation of the types
of loads and combinations of loads that
act on the formwork is required.
The heaviest load on forms usually
occurs when the concrete is being
placed. As well as the weight of the con-
crete itself, (i.e. dead load), allowance
for the concreting gang and their gear
must be considered, (i.e. live load).
Depositing wet concrete in heaps cre-
ates uneven pressure on the formwork.
It is important to evenly place the con-
crete in layers, distributing loads
equally on the formwork. In walls, wet
concrete exerts horizontal bursting pres-
sures on the vertical soffit. The pressure
Fig 2: Timber formwork for columns
is reduced as the semi‐liquid concrete
hardens and becomes self-supporting.
Formwork construction must be able to
withstand the loads imposed.
Economy in Formwork
The following points are to be kept in
view to effect economy in the cost of
formwork:
Ÿ The plan of the building should
imply minimum number of varia-
tions in the size of rooms, floor
area etc. so as to permit reuse of
the formwork repeatedly.
Ÿ Design should be perfect to use
slender sections only in a most eco-
nomical way.
Ÿ Minimum sawing and cutting of
wooden pieces should be made to
enable reuse of the material a num-
ber of times. The quantity of sur-
face finish depends on the quality
of the formwork.
Formwork can be made out of timber,
plywood, steel, precast concrete or

Fig 1: Formwork to Retaining wall

16 Constrofacilitator • January 2020


fiberglass used separately or in combi-
nation. Steel forms are used in situation
where large numbers of re-use of the
same forms are necessary. For small
works, timber formwork proves useful.
Fibre glass made of precast concrete
and aluminium are used in cast-in-situ
construction such as slabs or members
involving curved surfaces.
Types of Formwork (Shuttering) for
Concrete Construction:
1) TIMBER FORMWORK
Timber for formwork should satisfy the
following requirement: It should be
Ÿ Well-seasoned
Ÿ Light in weight
Ÿ Easily workable with nails without
splitting
Ÿ Free from loose knots
Timber used for shuttering for exposed
concrete work should have smooth and
even surface on all faces which come in
contact with concrete.
2) PLYWOOD FORMWORK
Resin bonded plywood sheets are
Fig 3: Plywood formwork for Retaining Wall
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER
1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams
2 Slabs (props left under)
3 Beam softs (props left under)
REMOVAL OF PROPS TO SLABS
4. (a) For slabs spanning up to 4.5 m
(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m
REMOVAL OF PROPS TO BEAMS AND ARCHES
5. (a) Spanning up to 6 m
(b) spanning over 6 m
Table: Period of Removal of Formwork
attached to timber frames to make up
panels of required sizes. The cost of ply-
wood formwork compares favourably
with that of timber shuttering and it
may even prove cheaper in certain cases
in view of the following considerations:
Ÿ It is possible to have smooth finish
in which case on cost in surface fin-
ishing is there.
Ÿ By use of large size panels it is pos-
sible to effect saving in the labour
cost of fixing and dismantling.
Ÿ Number of reuses is more as com-
pared with timber shuttering. For
estimation purpose, number of
FORMWORK SYSTEM
TIME PERIOD
1 to 2 days
3 days
7 days
7 days
14 days
14 days
21 days
reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.
3) STEEL FORMWORK
This consists of panels fabricated out of
thin steel plates stiffened along the
edges by small steel angles. The panel
units can be held together through the
use of suitable clamps or bolts and
nuts. The panels can be fabricated in
large number in any desired modular
shape or size. Steel forms are largely
used in large projects or in situation
where large number reuses of the shut-
tering is possible. This type of shutter-
ing is considered most suitable for cir-
Constrofacilitator • January 2020 17
 FORMWORK SYSTEM

cular or curved structures. SL TIMBERWOOD PLYWOOD STEEL

DESCRIPTION
NO FORMWORK FORMWORK FORMWORK
Steel Forms Compared with Timber
Formwork: Lesser compared to Compared to steel Compared to both the
1. COST PER sqM plywood and steel formwork this is formworks it is bit
Ÿ Steel forms are stronger, durable formwork economical. costlier.
and have longer life than timber No of repetitions is
formwork and their reuses are No of Repetitions is No of repetitions is
2. DURABILITY more compared to
less more.
more in number. timber wood formwork
Ÿ Steel forms can be installed and dis- Ancient way of Modern way of Modern way of
mantled with greater ease and 3. TECHNOLOGY
Technology technology technology.
speed.
Fixing is bit difcult
Ÿ The quality of exposed concrete sur- 4. HANDLING
Fixing is easy but Fixing is easy but
difcult. but deshuttering is
face by using steel forms is good difcult to deshutter
easy.
and such surfaces need no further
Bulging may happen if Bulging may happen if
treatment. there’s is no proper there’s is no proper Finishing is good.
5. FINISHING
Ÿ Steel formwork does not absorb support support
moisture from concrete.
Ÿ Steel formwork does not shrink or
warp. Ÿ Cleaning and surface treatment sides should be removed first as
they bear no load but only retain
Construction of Concrete Formwork Order and Method of Removing the concrete.
Formwork Ÿ Shuttering forming soffit of slabs
This normally involves the following should be removed next.
operations: The sequence of orders and method of Ÿ Shuttering forming soffit of
removal of formwork are as follows: beams, girders or other heavily
Ÿ Propping and centring loaded shuttering should be
Ÿ Shuttering Ÿ Shuttering forming the vertical removed in the end.
Ÿ Provision of camber faces of walls beams and column
Rapid hardening cement, warm
weather and light loading conditions
allow early removal of formwork. The
formwork should under no circum-
stances be allowed to be removed until
all the concrete reaches strength of at
least twice the stresses to which the con-
crete may be subjected at the time of
removal of formwork. All formworks
should be eased gradually and carefully
in order to prevent the load being sud-
denly transferred to concrete.

Conclusions

Productivity rate is very important in esti-

mating cost and duration for construc-
tion projects, and any labour productiv-
ity loss would affect the whole project
in time and cost.

To prevent productivity loss, factors

that affect productivity mentioned ear-
lier rates should be examined as possi-
ble.
Fig 4: Steel formwork for slab

18 Constrofacilitator • January 2020


Formwork Technology demand for mass
housing
C
onstruction is
one of the sig-
nificant sec-
tors of the
Indian econ-
omy and is an
integral part of
the develop-
ment. Today
India's urban
population is the second-largest in the
world and its future development leads to
increased demand for housing to cope
with this problem India should desper-
ately need to plan for acquisition of land
and rapid creation of dwelling units. One
of the most important factors in determin-
ing the success of a construction project in
terms of speed, quality cost and safety of
workers is the formwork used in the pro-
ject as it accounts for about 35 to 40 per-
cent of the total project cost of the struc-
ture. When considering a construction pro-
ject both the client and contractor want to
finish the job early as the client wants to
January 2020 • Constrofacilitator
use the building for the intended purpose
as soon as possible. The contractor wants
to finish the construction as soon as possi-
ble to gain a higher profit. The most effi-
cient way to speed up the work in mass
housing construction is by achieving a
very short floor cycle. The floor cycle of a
building mainly depends on the formwork
type, as it is the main time factor of a
building project.
According to the Federation of Indian
Chamber of Commerce and Industries
(FICCI), keeping in view the existing
housing crisis, the country shall need the
addition of more 2.5 million new dwelling
units annually. The recent years voiced
the active participation of private sectors
in finding the solution over the prevailing
situation on the housing front. Keeping in
view the gigantic task of providing afford-
able shelter to masses, the adoption of a
cost-effective technology assumes
greater significance. The present strain on
the Indian economy and the overgrowing
FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY DEMAND
demands for housing calls for adoptions
of appropriate building technology which
could lead to economy and speed in con-
struction. As a result of experimentation
of innovating construction techniques and
modern construction management, it is
now possible to achieve an overall saving
to the extent of 10 percent in the total cost
of housing construction compared to the
cost of traditional housing. There is grow-
ing realization today that the speed of con-
struction needs to be given greater impor-
tance, especially for large housing pro-
jects. This is not only essential for the
faster turnover of equipment and invest-
ment also leading possibly to the reduc-
tion in the housing cost - but also for
achieving the national objective of creat-
ing a large stock to overcome the shortest
possible time.
The disparity between the supply and
demand for affordable housing is tremen-
dous. Rapid urbanization has resulted in a
geometric increase in the housing
19
TYPES OF CLAY IN CONSTRUCTION
demand, which cannot be fulfilled using
conventional materials and methods of
construction. The traditional or conven-
tional method of construction for mass
housing is comparatively, a slow process
and has limited quality control, particu-
larly when a large size project is involved.
It is, therefore, obligatory to work out a
method or a scheme where the speed and
quality of construction are controlled auto-
matically by a systematic approach.
Therefore Formwork System identified to
be suitable for Indian conditions for mass
housing construction where quality and
speed can be maintained at a reasonably
high level. It is adaptable for any design of
a building and establishes a kind of assem-
bly-line production.
Formwork technology is one the best
choice for mass housing owing to its flexi-
ble design nature and cost. Formwork is a
die or a mould including all supporting
structures, used to shape and support the
concrete until it attains sufficient strength
to carry its own weight. It should be capa-
ble of carrying all imposed dead and live
loads apart from its own weight.
Formwork has been in use since the begin-
ning of concrete construction. New mate-
rials such as steel, plastics, fiber glass and
Aluminium are used in formwork. Greater
attention is being given to the design, fab-
rication, erection and dismantling of
formwork as a temporary structure. Form
work includes the surface in contact with
the concrete and all necessary supporting
structure.
20
Formwork technology vs traditional
method
In typical floor construction, around 20
percent of cost saving is possible in box
type structure over framed structure.
Almost 40 percent savings in project dura-
tion in Box type structure over framed
structure. Construction cost escalation,
Labor rates increases every year at the per-
cent of 2 to 5. Cement and steel price
increases every year at the percent of 10 to
15. Around 5 to 8 percent Savings in pro-
ject cost is possible on reducing over-
heads by early completion of projects.
High return on investment is possible.
Housing built with formwork technology
are positively discriminated against other
building systems in our country, which is
face to face with the reality of earth-
quakes, with their durability, high tech-
nology and superior earthquake perfor-
mance. This technology also allows for
the opportunity to provide very special
comfort conditions to the users and pro-
ducing buildings with maximum energy
performance by means of its flexible
design criteria provided in the architec-
ture. Efficiency and productivity is
increased by eliminating unnecessary
material usage. It is built 3 times faster
than traditional building systems. On the
other hand, high quality and low cost prod-
ucts are offered to the users.These hous-
ings, built with 90% recycled steel, are
environment-friendly and examples of
sustainable architecture by their nature.
The system stands out with its advantages
in fire and insulation with A-1 class
incombustible and eco-friendly fiber
cement used in the coating of all steel car-
casses. Therefore, designs created within
the frame of green building/ecological
building are realized in maximum produc-
tivity with this technology.
Popular formwork construction for
mass housing
There are several types of formwork con-
struction but perhaps alumunium, tunnel
and climb formwork are the most pre-
ferred ones for mas housing.
Aluminium Formwork System
Aluminium Formwork System is a con-
struction system for forming cast in place
concrete structure of a building. It is also a
system for scheduling and controlling the
Constrofacilitator • January 2020

work of other construction trades such as
steel reinforcement, concrete placement
and mechanical and electrical conduits.
The System is fast, simple, adaptable and
very cost effective. It is unique because it
forms all of the concrete in a building
including walls, floor slabs, columns,
beams, stairs, window hoods, balconies
and various decorative features in exact
accordance with the architects' design.
The dimensional accuracy of the con-
creted work also results in consistent fit-
tings of doors and windows. The
smooth–off form finish of the concrete
eliminates the need for costly plastering.
Aluminium Formwork System provides
Aluminium Formwork for RCC load bear-
ing or RCC framed multi-storied build-
ings and enables the walls and slabs to be
poured in the same operation. These
increases efficiency and also produces an
extraordinarily strong structure with
excellent concrete finish. Due to the fine
tolerance achieved in the machined metal
formwork components, consistent con-
crete shapes and finishes are obtained
floor after floor. This allows plumbing
and electrical fittings to be prefabricated
with the certain knowledge that there will
be an exact fit when assembled.
Unlike other construction systems,
Formwork Systems of aluminium forms
can be erected by unskilled labour and
without the need for hoisting cranes. The
largest panel weighs not more than 25 kgs
which means it can be handled by a single
worker.
It can be used repeatedly with low average
use-cost: Aluminum alloy formwork sys-
tem adopts the integral extrusion forming
as raw materials (6061-T6). With a nor-
mative construction, a set of formwork
can be used more than 300 times in a low
January 2020 • Constrofacilitator
average use-cost.
The assembly of aluminum alloy
formwork is simple and convenient; the
average weight is 23-24kg/m2. It can com-
plete assembly by manual without any
machines assistance. (Normally, the con-
struction workers only need a spanner or a
small hammer to assemble or remove). A
skilled installation worker can install 20-
30 square meters per day (compared with
the wooden formworks, aluminum form-
works do not require the technicians but a
simple training to the construction work-
ers before the installation).
Aluminum alloy formwork system is a
fast assembles and removal system that
shorten the construction period and save
the administration cost. A set of formwork
can build one storey in every four days
under a normative construction. Alumi-
num alloy construction formwork came
with different standard sizes and is flexi-
ble to assemble according to the require-
ment of the respective projects. Only 10-
15% of non standard board needs to be
replaced when the formwork is reused for
another new project and reduced the cost.
All parts of Aluminum alloy formwork is
assembled by Aluminum Alloy Plate.
Once the system is assembled, it will be
formed a complete framework with very
good stability and Bearing capacity of up
to 60 k per square meter.
Tunnel Formwork System
Tunnel form is a formwork system that
allows the contractor to cast walls and
slabs in one operation on a daily cycle. It
combines the speed, quality and accuracy
with the flexibility and economy of in-situ
construction. Construction durations are
reduced significantly by this rapid system
TYPES OF CLAY IN CONSTRUCTION
when compared to conventional methods.
Tunnel Form System brings speed, qual-
ity and accuracy to concrete construction
and provides big savings in finishing and
M&E works. Hi-tech technologies for
steel formwork production make tunnel
forms strong & durable. The system cre-
ates efficient load-bearing structures
which are known as the most earthquake
resistant structures. The result is a cellular
reinforced structure, the surfaces of which
are sufficiently high quality to require
only minimal finishing for direct decora-
tion, while the end walls and facades are
easily completed with thermally insulated
units that can be clad as required. The sys-
tem creates an efficient load-bearing
structure for use in a wide variety of appli-
cations. It is particularly effective in pro-
jects suited to repetitive cellular construc-
tion such as residential blocks, hotels, stu-
dent accommodation and barracks. Tun-
nel form is a formwork system that allows
the contractor to cast walls and slabs in
one operation in a daily cycle. It combines
the speed, quality and accuracy of fac-
tory/off-site production with the flexibil-
ity and economy of in-situ construction
and is recognised as a modern method of
construction (MMC).
The result is a cellular reinforced struc-
ture, the surfaces of which are sufficiently
high quality to require only minimal fin-
ishing for direct decoration, while the end
walls and facades are easily completed
with thermally insulated units that can be
clad as required.
Tunnel form systems are used to construct
repetitive cellular structures (such as
hotels and apartment blocks) and enable
the construction of horizontal and vertical
elements (floors and walls) together. Each
unit is in the form of an inverted L, the ver-
tical leg being the formwork for one face
of a wall and the horizontal leg being sof-
fit formwork. Several units are erected
together to create the formwork for a num-
ber of 'tunnels' consisting of walls and ceil-
ing slab. The normal dimensions of tunnel
form units are 8 to 11m long and 2.4 to
6.8m wide, but individual units can be
joined to give tunnels of greater length.
The forms are positioned, reinforcement
is fixed and the concrete poured and
cured. When the concrete has achieved
sufficient strength the forms are lowered
and moved to the next location.
21
TYPES OF CLAY IN CONSTRUCTION
The system creates an efficient load-
bearing structure for use in a wide variety
of applications. It is particularly effective
in projects suited to repetitive cellular con-
struction. The large bays constructed
using tunnel form provide exceptional
flexibility in the design and layout of the
building and allow a high degree of free-
dom in the final appearance.
Tunnel form has integral working plat-
forms and edge protection systems. In
addition, the repetitive, predictable nature
of the tasks involved encourages familiar-
ity with operations, and, once training is
complete, productivity improves as con-
struction progresses. The minimal
requirement for tools and equipment
when moving the tunnel form further
reduces the risk of accidents on site.
Climbing formwork system
Climbing formwork is a special type of
formwork for vertical concrete structures
that rises with the building process. While
relatively complicated and costly, it can
be an effective solution for buildings that
are either very repetitive in form (such as
towers or skyscrapers) or that require a
seamless wall structure (using gliding
formwork, a special type of climbing
formwork).
Best known in the construction of towers,
skyscrapers and other tall vertical struc-
tures, it allows the reuse of the same
formwork over and over and over for iden-
tical (or very similar) sections / stories fur-
ther up the structure. It can also enable
22
very large concrete structures to be con-
structed in one single pour (which may
take days or weeks as the formwork rises
with the process), thus creating seamless
structures with enhanced strength and
visual appearance, as well as reducing con-
struction times and material costs (at the
joints which would otherwise require
extra reinforcement / connectors) An
advantage of guided climbing systems is
that they remain connected to the building
during the lifting process.The climbing
formwork structure normally does not
only contain the formwork itself, but also
usually provides working space / scaf-
folds for construction crews. It may also
provide areas for machinery and screens
for weather protection, up to being fully
enclosed while yet staying modular
around a changing building structure.
Normally, this type of formwork is con-
structed from steel members. Concrete
form panels are attached to this frame;
some of them supported on rollers. After
the concrete walls are poured, it is
released and moved away from the wall.
Then, if self-climbing formwork is being
used, jacks lift the frame up to the next
level or to the next area where it will be
used. This is normally a relatively fast pro-
cedure.
Once the climbing formwork is in posi-
tion, the panels are closed, and the next
concrete wall is poured. The cycle contin-
ues, which is normally three to five days.
Faster times can be achieved but you will
need a really specialized and trained crew.
However, the limiting factor to faster
times is usually the construction of the
floor slabs, which are poured as a separate
process.
New age technologies adopted Housing
for All by 2022
The construction industry is rapidly
changing and new materials, construction
technologies are being introduced on a reg-
ular basis. Execution of construction pro-
jects and their delivery in a timely manner
has become a prime concern for develop-
ers in view of the buyer's agitation on
delay in construction. Especially after
RERA, which emphasizes the need of
timely completion of projects, adoption of
modern technologies has become the need
of the hour for a developer to survive in
the market.
Around 2 million homes need to be built
by 2022 to achieve the ambitious goal of
the Modi government's 'Housing for All'.
As per Colliers Research, to achieve such
a huge objective, it is imperative to adopt
newer technologies at a much faster pace.
Adoption of such technologies will not
only reduce the turnaround time but also
improve the quality and durability of con-
struction and help in generating more
interest in affordable housing projects
among buyers.
Private developers are continuously
exploring new technologies that improve
the quality, strength and safety of the
buildings. In metro cities, few developers
have started using technologies such as
self-climbing formwork and aluminum
shuttering. These technologies are not
only cost-effective, but offer advantages
such as minimal labour force, higher
earthquake resistance, more durability
than conventional building techniques,
higher carpet area, smooth finish on walls
and lower on maintenance.
Conclusion
There's no doubt that construction has
formed the basis of modern civilization.
Whether it be buildings, houses, roads,
tunnels or bridges, construction has
enabled humans to evolve by providing
the means necessary to make our lives eas-
ier and more comfortable. Since its incep-
tion, modern technology has played a cru-
cial role in the construction industry. Hav-
ing the ability to design and construct
entire structures digitally has signifi-
cantly increased speed and efficiency and
considerably reduced costs at the same
time. Formwork has developed into an
ancillary construction, where temporary
or permanent moulds are used into which
fresh concrete is poured that subsequently
hardens. Forms or shutters are the terms
used for made up sections that touch the
concrete while it is hardening.
Source
iaeme.com, iitk.ac.in, prefabrikyapi.com,
smartnet.niua.org, bslscaffolding.com,
financialexpress.com, goomaxalu.com,
ulmaconstruction.com, doka.com,
winntus.com.
Constrofacilitator • January 2020
 What is the huss about Mag-Lounge

Mag-lounge is a digital medium for interaction among the various personnel among the
construction industry namely, Manufacturers, Business to Business users and the Civil
Engineering professionals.

Project Engineers

Architects

Builders
Discussion
of challenges
of the Manufacturers

construction
industry Structural Engineers
and Consultants

MEP Contractors

EPC Contractors

If you want to feature your products, case studies, and challenging projects,
please mail us at admin@constrofacilitator.com
 www.constrofacilitator.com

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