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    AS 5100.4:2017 peosiat? ‘Australion, STANDARD Bridge design Part 4: Bearings and deck joints Fp Austroads ®SAIGLOBAL LICENCE for ‘AS 5100.4 2017: EN: COMBINED POF LUconeee: PSA Dae sean ane0 a Le se ne oft Prem) Ahi el, 0 pS Se HS ost eget |cocurt cos msn te asnanruna so bss ho eel nome, oe um et est forcrasee |0 stun ra Sinai yh arto Cpwiaan Sandro (30). th SA Clb wm sod |x stan mar Sans puted he arate Ekta Conese JE) ere 8 Gn oer tees mate oh Pt tine Lesnar |rce means nengaionces te Me Pet fae ean ptr ao Pi Inept sri 80 Str EC See pcan rane sen nd © _Leam about LexConrec, Al Jurisdictions, Standards referenced in Australian legislation © know when a stander has changed © Wise ou store to fnémore Pubiestions nn an TOE ATI gna, eebet aceatnenetensece eee iene Sinaia saameoan “Tre ftog a regaic er Canin BOD ‘ae Se este ‘re senate tra “is tc waa nda or crn a OA S1OD4201 ‘Sur Aina wes to acre be pagan own at ‘cru tot Gantt of ie Str aah tr epecraron e SSrmans wd teugibepuss erent grt Keaping Standards to-date ‘stl andre hing Somers hat ofc rogram ca chy ee ‘Share oma ey. denne aeons tac yb an, Rn aro ere ebieahcetiecandean cad ita oman sku uence, alamo er rept can Sette by atrgwivaandads oe aca Aue we sone rpoveatts, se enciape no ey ny ary appre race gd: Cnc at alan hota sly CPO Box 47, Srey, NSW 200 AS 5100.4:2017 Australian Standard® Bridge design Part 4: Bearings and deck joints anand 6 7410, PREFACE, ‘This Standaré was prepared by the Standards Auta Committee BD-090, Bridge Design to supersede AS 510042004, ‘his Standard is aso designated as Austoads publication AP-GS1 417 ‘The objectives of the AS(ASINZS) $100 series are to provide nationally acceptable requirements for (2) the design of oad, el, pedestrian and eyeit-path bids; (©) the specie pplication of enerete, ste! and composite steel/eonerete construction, ‘which embody’ principles that may be applied to ater materials in association with relevant Standards (©) theasessinent ofthe load capaciyof existing bridges. “The objective of this Pan (AS $100.4) is to specify requirements for the dsian and section of Deavings and deck joint for bridges in Ausra, ‘The requcements of the AS(AS/NZS) 5100 series are bast onthe prineples of structural mechanics and knowledge of material properties, for bah the concept! and detailed ‘esi, to achieve seeptable prabailiis that the bidge oe associated stuctre being ‘designed wil not bevome fit frase during its design ie ‘Whereas earir editions af the Bridge design series weve essentially administered by the infracture owners and applied to their own inventory, an Ineeasing numberof bridges fe being but under the deign-constractopertte principle and being handed ver to the Televant statutory authority aftr several yeas of operation. This Standard includes clauses Intended to feat te eciication othe designer ofthe functional requirements ofthe ‘ner, to ensue the longtorm performance and serviceability ofthe bridge and assoeiaea Significant ferences hetvoen this Standard and AS 5100.1—2004 ar the flowing (Tables of standard elastomeric bearing properties have all been updated to add ‘nko numbers of elastomer layers seach pln sie (4) The eguremens forthe sealing rings of pot bearing have been modi ii) Spherical advanced smposie material bearings have been iatoduesd (is) The movement rage deck joints neo to be designed for have been modified () Load distribution fom bearings o concrete surfaces bas been introduced (i) Projectspecifie requirements (Appendix F) have been added, (i) Provisions for moda bridge expansion joint (MBES) have been added In tine with Standards Atsallapoley, the words “Shall and “may” are used consistently thoughout this Standard ndiewe, respectively, « mandatory provision and an accepabie tor permissible alteratve, Statements expresod in mandatory term in Notes to Tables are doomed 10 be requirements tthe Standard ‘The term ‘normative’ ant “nformatve’ have been used in this Standard to define the pplication ofthe append to which it applies. A “normative” append san iatogral prt ‘tthe Sandu, An inforsative” append sony for information and guidance ° " 2 a 4 15 6 ” 1 » 2» ‘CONTENTS SCOPE NORMATIVE REFERENCES snnnnnnn DEFINITIONS seven [NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS wn FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS. LOADS, MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS [GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS, MOVEMENT RESTRAINTS so ALIGNMENT OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS, ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS. [LOADS RESULTING FROM RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS, POT BEARINGS, SPHERICAL APPROVED SLIDING MATERIAL (ASM) BEARINGS, PLANE SLIDING CONTACT SURFACES. MECHANICAL BEARINGS. LOAD DISTRIBUTION FROM BEARINGS TO CONCRETE ELEMENTS. BEARINGS SUBJECT TO UPLIFT. DECK JOINTS MODULAR BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS (MBE). APPENDICES mmo eee TABLES OF STANDARD ELASTOMERIC BEARING PROPERTIES, TESTING OF ELASTOMER—CATEGORY I TESTS MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES FOR LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS TESTING OF LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MODULAR DECK JOINTS, TEST PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENTAL MODAL. ANALYSIS. BIBLIOGRAPHY. se 2 86 96 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA ‘Australian Standard Bridge design Part 4: Bearings and deck joints 1 score, “This Standard set out misinam design and performance requirements for bearings and eck joins forthe arculion and accommodation of movement of bridge structres. It flies to elastomeric, pot spherical and mechanical bearings and deck joi, all of which fe loeations where rotation or waslation, or both can take place, Ii does not apply to ‘onerete hinges. 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES, ‘The following are the normative dacument referenced i ths Standard NOTE: Documents referred informative purposes ae iste in he Bibliography As To Methods oftest fo elastomers 1683.11 Method II: ‘Tension testing of wileanized o thermoplastic rubber 1683.12 Method (2: Raber, vuleanied or thermoplastic Determination of tear sttegth (rouser, angle and crescent test pieces) 1683.14.1 Method 14.:Adhesive stength of vleasied o thermoplastic rubber—One- plate net 1683.15.1_ Method 15.:Ineratona rubber hardaass 683.182 Method 152:Darometer hardness 1683.22 Method 22: Determination of vulcanization charctrstis using. the oilating die euremote 1683.24 Method 24: Determination of the resistance of vlcauized or thermoplastic ‘bers to ozone cracking State strain test 1683.26 Method 26: Rubber, vuleanized or thermoplastic—Accelerated ageing or hestreistance ests 5100 Bridge design 51002 Part Design loads 51005 Pat S: Concrete unas ist ‘Structural sel welding 15545 Part Welding of sel structures subject o high levels of fatigue loading m2 Guide to te protection of stractral tel apsinst atmosphere coresion by the use oF potestvecaatings 100 Bridge design 51006 Pre 6; Sue and composite construction Iso 15 uber, vulcanized or theamoplastio—Determination of compression st S11 Pa Avambien or cevated emperors 13000 —_—Plasties—foyeetrafluoroetylene (PTFE) semifinished products 15000-1 Pare I= Requtemeats and designation EN 1337 Struct earings 1337-5 Pare: Pet bearings asTu [A24Q{A240M035 Standiel Speciation for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Sel Plate, Sheet and Swip for Pressure Vessels and for Genet Applations cns.t4 Stand Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of lastomere Joint Sealants Under Cyelie Movement (ackman Cycle), 2 son Stand Specification for Elasiomeric Sip Sess with Steel Locking age Ralls Use la Expansion Joint Seating NoHRe Report 467 Peeformante Testing foe Modslr Bridge Joint Systems| 3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard the dei 3A Bonded tyer A layer of elasiomer bored on both faces to metal plate, achieved by a vueasization process 3.2 Deck jo {A structural discontinuity between two clement, at last one of whichis a deck element, ih i designed to perait cements ive vansation o rotation, oF both, of abutting struct ‘An clastomerie bearing wi to or more metal pes bonded into the elastomer. 34 Modular deck joint A joint that consists ofa numberof transverse beams and seals th series of support meshanims that provide s large movement capil. 35 Plain bearing se comected 0 a ‘A beating nade up ofa sitgle unbonded layer of elastomer. 36 Pot hearing [A being that carries vertical load by compession of an elastomeric dise confined in Stel eylnder and which s:commodate otaton by angular deformation ofthe di. 37 Rated toad ‘The calculated maximum permissible compressive load tht i applied to bering when i¢ Issubjocted atthe sume tine to specified sew strain and watson, A layer of elastomer bonded on one face to etl pt 3.9 Spherical beating Bearing consisting of a pate witha convex spherical surface and a plate witha concave spherical surface between which a Tow fetion sheet and a mating material form a curved sliding surface 3.10, Strip beaeing [pln bearing pain which the length it more than 10 tines the width 3411 Unbonded layer Acsngl ayer of elastomer that isnot bonded to tl plates. 4 NOTATION AND ABEREVIATIONS “The symbols wed in this Standard are a sted below. Unless a contary ineatir is given, the following applies (©) Where non-dimenscnl ratio ae involved, both the numerator and denominator are exgussed in identi unis. (©) The dimensional uns for length and sess in all expressions or equations are to be taken ae millimetes (mm), Newtons (N) and mogapascals (MPa) respectively, unless sporifeally noted oteewse (©) Amastersk (2 placed ater symbol asa superset denotes a design action effect ‘ve othe desig load forthe ultimate fini state (UL). Symbot Definition [onde surfs are reduced coma aes ofthe curved sliding surface etetive loads plan area, nomially equal tothe projected area common a top and bottom when a beulag is ditorted angel projected cont are (Length ofthe seating times the ameter of hepa) otal ruber pan area sTectve load area athe interface ofthe attachment ple andthe mora pad or concrete substrate “th [maximum dssibutionaea based on dispersion angle fom the eective loaded area trough the mortar pad and concrete @ [plan dimensien ofthe edge ofthe banded surface of rectangular bearings pare t the span ofthe bidae H__[outk mods of elastomer “2. [wid of cent Beam atop “Be [eontact width of dua euek Gres ‘> plan dinensicn ofthe edge ofthe bonded surface ofa retangula Bearing [ransverse to he span ofthe bridge [lesser of and for rectangular bearings ‘nl sribut on wid tthe interface ofthe atachment pate and motor pad ‘i Jlod isbn wid based on the dispersion angle trough the motor pad and concrete G63 _feonsten dependent on baring shape ‘Design life ofthe component, in years “dan gamete of crcl bearing at edge of bonded sorte [iameter of te elastomer ad within the pot bearing [iameter of te projected plan area ofthe approved sliding material (ASM) sing surace [erective compression modus of elastomer Inomogencous compression modulus effective talon modulus of elstomer [vouna’s modal of elastic eccenticyy lessor ofthe 28 days compressive elinder Hrengih ofthe moar or conerte ebatate he compassive srength of approved sliding at Je [oormal sess fz [sues used in alclaion of anchorage of laminated bearing & —[rincipal sess [restart tes “ie [fatigue dtl eatogory dein in ASINZS $100.6, which is the oresed fatigue siren (in MP) 2» 10° cycles fens sreng used in desion “J [pominalyeldsvegih of metal platen or nominal yield sess used indesign G__—_Jetil stegor, fatigue strength at cot of init (G|ebond shear dls ‘&. [zap beewoen cere beans al appropriate joint opening 7H Yrorzonal for or [shear foee, serviceability init sate (SL.S) 7 Prorizona ore Jeu force, timate lil state (ULS) or lesan longitudinal force 1 |inimum peotusin of ising material above the ces in curved backing plate of a spheres bearing 1 [second moment of ares ofthe plan aren ofthe easter about isan ah lnaximum ulinate opening between edge beams of modular deck jit compressive aiffnss of betring Jompressive aitfess ofan individual layer n of elastomer In liad beating lateral horizon wits ottona tices of being rotons sess of ayer star stifnes o an elastomeric bearing Te Tovre conta legth in rerio ato ofthe sides ofa vectangl [fecive comprersionsfinese [diate of ths projected aten ofthe sing mara or length of the elise elo wale rviated bearing [compressive ladon a esting, serviceability iit state (SLS); or [sign bearing load umber of cere beams supported ona suppor bar Jninimum permanent compressive load normal to the bearing anchoraae interface eonorent with H, serviceability Timit tte (SLS). minimum compressive load, due to permanent load effects, normal othe caring anchorage neraceconcueent with [design ail force at ultimate mit state (LS) [minimum consuret lod ating in compression normal fo ie bearing ochorage interface, ultimate limit state (ULS) F | le. g umber ofbesrngs contributing to adverse fitional load numberof effstive eycte of vibration flowing exctation umber of besrngs eontbuting to relieving tional load uesign numberof seis eycte eased by the design loud vertical loa uric primer for Inminted lastomerie bearing infaion pressure [verte design force [ward rebound force onthe yoke of a modular deck expansion joint due tothe Inssag ofa wice oud across the joint [support reseon stgue resistance forthe appropriate dtl ategon) lune seen or member capacity ofa component of e modular deck joint enaractersticukimate shear capacity of mechanies anchors dius of vlna role or rocker; or radius of sphialosker rus of the eoneave seating fips Cavin ofa nye of elstowers or Ithape factor othe thickest nner ayer [design action effet (oes, stress, stress ange, et) forthe appropriate ini [design atonin genera sca sess Jeansverse dean force sip being or hickness of te overying concrete and permanent surfacing layer nikness oF cover layer of laminated elastomeric bearing estectve thickness ofan individual elastomer ayer in compression ue etc tad rotation) tikness of av individual ine ayer of elastomer laminated bearing kicks of atypical layer of elsiomer hikes of te pate [with of sin [maximum angle of oaton, thats shange ln angle between tp and bation Juraces of being in ectieal rection: or [ayaamicloadallowance gle of ftaton parallel othe span of the bide angle of rotation uansvere to the span ofthe bridge [distribution fctor [factors depenient on the numbers oF bearings mand m, [éynamie amplification fst (DAF) ownwvard component overall dysanie api lower tound value ofthe dynamic amplifieaton factor lbpper bound valu ofthe dynamic amplieaton factor lpward component maximum shee displacement tangential to Bearing suface ia the dation of [dimension a de to movements ofthe sricture and tangential forces naximum shear displacement tangential to bearing surface inte discon of [dimension b de to movements of the srcture and tangential forces aximum resstant vector shear displacement tangential to the bearing surface, [considering novemens ofthe suture and imposed shear force Jaco the onlin force inthe dieetion of afi to dhe concurrent erica oad lato or the toe perpendicular wo the direction of wale to the concurrent erica load leapacty eduction Tcior apeity dustin factor for ton design capacity of mechanical anchors compressive drain due fo loads normal othe beating sees ster strain atedge of bonded surface de o Td nora to beating surfaces Tar [ies sain age of bonded surface dus to force angen tothe Dearing surface or movement ofthe structure, or bt Ta [aber stan at edge of bonded surface de wo relative rotation of bearing surfaces 7 [load factor [hart salient of ftom [taractristi low rein coeffcent [diverse oetisient of tion ‘sieving coeiclen of fietion {@_|imgl of inclination of opposing bearings haiFinciuded mle ofthe curved sliding surface isu [compressive aress on approved ling material (ASM) ae | ok i Sabre Dataton valve at fatigue limit state = rave ac lveraze [downward component “fora component 42. Abbreviations ‘ASM | approved suai matevit ‘ASP | accumulated sie path ‘ct | cenvetine average AF | aynumie amplieston fator FEA | Hate etementanaysis Rr | hequeney ssponse function 1RHD | ineratonal ber hardness depees ‘ner | modular bridge expansion joint Mio. 1sis_| mutiple supper bar modular joints conv —[opesing movenent and vibration wom [potyonymetigtene PTF | polyetrafivorvethy lene Sis _| servicebiiy iit sie 0 | set phot 51 _ | single support ar modular joints tuts [timate time ate 5. FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS “The function of beatings isto provide a special connection to contol the interaction of loads and movemeots beneen parts of the stuctre, usually between superstrctire and substactare, “The function of deck joins st provide a taficable surface actos permanent openings in the bridge deck between parts ofthe dack or betveen deck and abutments with the width ‘of such openings varying With environmental effects, loads and overeat, ‘The cumber of deck joints ina road bridge shall be minized {6 LOADS, MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS. ‘The load and movement capabilites of bearings and deck joins for any bridge shall be compatible with the assamptions made in the overall design of the bridge and the requlrement ofthis Stina ‘The effects of movements ofthe cente of pressure due to roltion andthe moment cased by horizontal loads and fition frees shall be considered in the desigh of beans and in the calculation of bearing pressures on substructures and superstructure, Movements including rotations shall be identified fr each ofthe main axes, [Bridge dawings shall include a diagrammatic pln view of all bearings, by indicating the varous actions and degrees of restraint fr each bearing by tsing appropriate symbols. The foals and movements at the appropriste limit state shall be specitid. Testing requlrement, chiding tet lots, shall sea be spied, Bearing loads and bridge movements of skewed and curved bridges shall be assessed, Including variations of birng loads aeros pies and abies, Detailing and construction of sevice, pipelines, railings, parapets and other bridge urnture shall be sich a: to ensure that movements and rotatons ofthe bridge ate not Impede. 7, GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS, 7A. Design considerations ‘The following sal be eocsdered inthe design of bearings and deck ons (2) Properties of the materials in the structure, including coeticiens of thermal expansion, modulusof elastity, Poisson's rato reep and strinkag, (©) Tolerances on material propertics, chiding tolerances on compressive shear and sotatioal characterises. (6) _Etoetiveemperaue range of elements of the bids (@ Sizes of several elements (©) Method and sequense of constriction ineluding prestessng effets and concrete {reap ad strikes releva oT Construction toleranes of elements ofthe beige and bearings. settlement and movement of pers and abutments. (0) Properties ofthe bearing in repad to restraints oteanslation (Static and dynamic response ofthe bridge including tat, wind, Mood, earthquake, collision and sip impact ous 0) Changes to bearing lads de to the longitudinal and wansverse effets of temperature ‘radi Install indeterminate trace, 6) Fatigue requirements (0) Secondary effets resulting fom excensc load or movements not along bearing axes Shall be considered in bth the design ofthe bearing and adjacent structural elements NOTE: Adon egrenens for modal deck joints ar specie in Appeal ‘Where beatings with dfring characteristics sre used in the same line of support the resting interactive elect shall be considered inthe design ofthe bearings andthe ridge. 712. Specification of beating design requirements ‘Non-standard nminsted eistomerie bearings and other bearings’ performance requirements stl be speciid oa the drawings 'NOTE: Lamina lsoneric brings ave nrllyspciied by pat number The part nue Should be shasen fom the tbls of andar earings even Appendix 8 bearing schedule sal be provided with suficient information allow the bearing tobe propecy designed forall etal lead eases. [NOTE Several load combination may ned o be specified for a pacar bearing (eg when Fatigue loud te to be designed for where lads doe to enthuse elfects ae signin when ‘Split ocr or when sped! Bearing es are equ). ‘The bearing schedule shall nominate the load combinations for which fietona assistance for anchorage of bearings shall be discounted [eg combinations including earthquake fects and other extreme dynamic lool Muctatons (ee Clause 10.1) ie ‘Bearings and desk joints, xeluding exsily replaceable components such ss deck Jolat seas, sll be designed fora minimom design life of $0 years. Castin components shall have the same design fe asthe big. | 13 De 7A Lilt state requirements |All bearings and desk joa sbll be designed to accommodate the eelevant imposed loud, loa effect nd movements a the required lait tte [ULS movements shall be derived ffom the nominal movements factored by the relevant lon ctor specified in AS 5100.2. Mechanical bearings shall be designed to accommodate ULS movements and to sustain serviceability abd wkimats mit tate loads. In addition, mechanical bearings shall main Anaad efter ulate state oad testing, ‘iter pes of bearings, sliding contact surfies and deck joints shall be designed to ‘sccommodats ULS movements and t sustain serviceabiliy and ultimate limit tate loads ‘without damage, except where relaxation ofthis regutement I approved by the relevant uthrity or permitted by nhar Pas of the AS(ASINZS) 5100seris, 115. Provision fr construction tolerances Bearings shal be designed to accommodate the eaeulated rotation, including an allowance {o account for constuction tolerances and erection procedure. Where superstructure ‘members are erected directly onto previously prepared bearings, construction tolerance fon allowance shall 6 taken af not less thas 0.008 radians at SLS for clasomere ings and 0:05 radians at ULS for all-oter bearings, The constuction tolerance rotation maybe akea a ro where either — () the supersrocture members are Intlly supported above the bearings and the remaining paces ae then fully prsted; of (©) thesuperstucture seas directly onto the installed bearing, 7.6 Provision for replacement Provision shall be made » faciliate the removal and replacement of bearings. Provision shall be made in both the superstacture and substructure design for jacking points. Jacking points and Toads shal be shown onthe desing. Deck joint components subec to wear shall be detailed to facilitate their eplacement, 17 Provision for resetting ‘Where itis known tat exasive substructure setlaments of roatons, or other movements due to mining subsidene or other effects are likely to occur In the life of « bridge, Provision for resetting earings shall be made and the joints shall be designed 10 ccommodate these movers ort facilitate reseting. 78 Provision for handling Svitable handling atachments and iting points shall be provided for heavy beatings and joints to feta handling, placement and lotion 19 Access ‘Adequate space shall be rovided around bearings and major dec joints to faite their Inspetio, maintenance an replacement 740. Durability All surfaces of bearings ard deck ois shal be protected against corosion Wherever possible, beara shall be placed on podestile to protect thet agsinst water or it spilling fom deck joints and apaast accumulations of dirt and deri, 8 MOVEMENT RESTRAINTS, 8.1 General ‘Whee itis equled to esi the movement ofa bridge totaly, pally of in sles livetioa, restraints shall be proved. [NOTE These rests my be provided apart for separate fom the beings, and my take he Fum ofkeys eepers or side estan Restraints shal be desigied to ress, atthe ULS, citer the design load effects or the relevant component ofthe minimum itera resent capacity as specified In AS 100.2, ‘whichever ithe pester In addition to forces due to extemal ouds, design load effects duc to longitudinal and lwensveese movements of the supestture and ialigamen of restraints, shall be considered If restraint against tansaton is to be provided by several bearings, consideration shall be dlven ote etfcts of ty clewrces betwocn working past wf the beings and thee iuides and the eects ofthe stifiness ofthe structure onthe disuibution ofthe resulting Toads Between the bearing 9. ALIGNMENT OF HEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS 1s shall be psitioned sch that they function a¢ assumed inthe earings and deck j design earings shall be st leve. Where bearings ae required tobe ston an inline, allowance ttl be made forthe longitudinal and transverse components of vera loads on the bearings For al bridges, especially those with wide, skewed or horizontally curved superstructure, ‘doe consideration shall be given to the lignment ofeach bearing in regard to the actual ‘irectons of movements and rotation of he superstructure. 10 ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS. 10.1 Pot, spherical and mechanical earn Pot, spherical and mechanical besrngs shall be anchored at all stages, including ‘constuction, ty 4 combation of fietion end mechanical anchors. For incrementally Taunced bridges, Searing may be anchored othe superstructure by fieton alone “The anchorage capscty cf these bearings shall be calculated to resist the resultant shear Ioroe (2s flows: 1 SAithain Xen +8 to. where ‘r= capacity elution factor fr tietion = 06 ‘Aan, ~ sharcterisic low fiction oefficent for the contact interface at given ia ‘Table 10.1 or determined by tests to provide 95% probability of excedance rium soncereent load acting in compression normal © the bearing ttchorage interface calculate in aecaedance Wilh AS 100.2 4 capaciyretueton actor Ras ~ cesign capscty of mechanical anchors, caleulated in accordance with [AS 5100 ASINZS 5100.6, a appropriate For the design of berings tht incorporate longitudinal or transverse restaints and for the ‘esign of separate testalning devioes on bridges where exteme dybamle effects ean occu, ‘hoa sal be taken 4 20. The bearing lad schedule shall indicate i etion fot to be accounted for in determining the anchorage espacty of earings. ‘The requtetent specfid in ths Clause shall be met fr the ULS at all stages, including uring constuction [ridge designers shal specially indicate ithe value of pn shall be taken a8 ze while producing performance eteria forte bearings. TABLE 10.1 (CHARACTERISTIC LOW FRICTION COEFFICIENT () OR ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS. of (nae) “Sela gta, mentsne a Selon el sean wil ale ries ae 102 Elastomerie bears Elastomerie bearings to be anchored by fieton only shall satisfy the requirments of ‘Clase 12.6.7 and the contact surface shall be suite rough to ease that he fition ‘orrestiaaed fore ean be developed, Where fitonal estat, a specified in Clause 126.7, insdequate to restain the bearing in positon andy ths, pevent slippage or cling, then restant shall be provided. Restraints shall be removable to allow bearing replacement ‘Adhesives ineuing epoies shal not be used to provide estat or fixing of elstmeric beatings 1033 Restraint of superstructure for earthquakes and acsietal impacts Where the horizontal restant of conventional betrngs are inadequate under earthquake effects or accidental imparts, additonal restraining devices, such ase, shear key, sts ‘and dowels, shall be prvided withthe specific am of preveating dislodyment of the Superstuctte fom the spor stricta, 11 LOADS RESULTING FROM RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT ALL General Bearings and deck joints thelr connections and assoiatd supporting elements shall be dssigned t tananit foes arising from resistance to movement due to friction of ‘mechanical and siding couponent, andthe atonal, compressive and shear stinesees of tlastomerc element, In considering the effet of Bearings on suuctures, the fore component dv t fctonal effets on siding contact surfaces shal be ealeulted for permanent effec oa. [AC ULS, the fltional “ree shall be caleulatd using the lod factors specified in AS Soo, 112 Frictional restraint of sling surfaces, For desion purposes, the appropriate characteristic maximum and minimum coeticents of fmeion “() for pollea salales tel siding on permanent Iubisted | pure Polytettafluroetiylene (PTFE) atthe SLS sal be taken as 03 and aero respectively. The ‘characteristic maximum c>efiient of tletlon () for pute unluieted PTFE on polishes ‘Sainlssstoe shall be taken 4 0.06, For alternative approved siding material, these ftw coefficients shall be validated by Inhoratory testing forthe rnge of pressures the sliding srfae wil be subjected to, 113 Reaction to siding of multiple bean Where a numberof besings are so aranged tht the adverse frees, resulting fom rection fo movement by some, ne partly relieved by the forces resulting from the reaction to ‘movement by others, the respective eoeficintsoffction (1) and (j) shal be estimated 8 follows, oles a more jesse investigation has been made 30) 110) ‘ge ~ adverse cafficlent of fietion ju ~ telivingseticent of fetion y= characteritic coefficient of fiction for he bearing, as given in Clauee 112 ‘a ~ facors dependent on the sumbets of bearings sd, which are exerting verse and reliving fores respectively, as given in Tables 11.3(A) and 11308) ‘TABLE 11.304) VALUES OF TABLE 11.8) VALUES OF 6, 114 Shear resistance of elastomeric bearings For elastomeric bearings wheve shear movements are sccommodsed by sheat in the ‘asomet, the shea free), ds t-a movenent (8), shall be elelated as follows: HK’, na where i. = shearstifies of an elastomers beatag & maximum result vector shear displacement tangent surface 12 FLASTOMPRIC BEARINGS 1A Genera “This Clause sets out mininum requirements fr the design of single unbonded lye lain ods and tps) and laminsted elastomeric being, [NOTE Wiereter osu ltomere heating shoul be selected fm standard sizes given Appendix Ay nd checked for mee the citar he Sanda 122 Physical properties af elastomer ‘The clstomer used inthe manufacture of bidge earings shall comply with Appendix B, ‘Values ofthe chord shear moculs (G) andthe bulk modus (2) relevant othe elastomer hardesses detailed in Appendix B shall be as given in Table 12.2, For plain pads and srps, the elastomer hard shall be nominal IRHD 60 Appropriate valves of Gand B shal be adopted for alternative elastomer formulations based ‘on appropriate test results “The physical properties of natural ruber vary significantly st temperatures below -10°C: For areas where the Tovest one-day mean ambien temperatures fall below 10°C, ‘variations inthe value of G of the elastomer shall be asessed or the use of alternative Formulations considered, e both, TARLE 122 ELASTOMER PROPERTIES ‘o, im 12.3. General requirements Laminated elastomeric Barings shall hive aside cover of elastomer with a minimum design thickness oF 6 ma protet the edges of te ste plates Tolerances forthe manutcture of laminated elastomeric bearings shall be as given in Appendix ‘The steel pats shal be tonded tthe elastomer daring vulanizing, and the edges of plats shall be lightly round and te eomere chamfered. For non-stadad bearings having Uiekerlyers of elastomer under high compeesion, plate thickness shall be checked to ensue tht the plate does to fil Ia tension (see Clause 12.68). Contact surfaces of «beara shall be construed at leit SO mm larger around al sides of the baring NOTE: This allows adjutment or posioning the berlags to acommodate constuction “Tocnsure adequate edge sappot, there shall be a minimum clearance of 20m Relatively lege tolerances shall be provided to meet the speed siffess properties of clistomerie bearings and also inherent variations of stiffs that ace in elastomers with ‘variations of strain. Where stain i signiiant, the effects ofthese tolerances and variations stall be considered in the design of the seucture, They may be asumed to be ofthe ftal fonder of $2086, mip snes Gel nae TP rn rt ee a pee 124 Design principles 124.1 General _Eisomerie bearing shal be designed to ess LS loads and movements 1242 Bearing rations “The structural elements ofthe bridge shal be detailed with the objective that, at completion ‘of eonstrvetion, the loaded faces ofthe elastomer Bevig ae parallel. “The elastomeric bearing shall then be designed to accommo rotations due to trafic loading and other transom effects, thermal effets and long-term permanent effects n combination with an na Tack-of-parleism doe to contruction tolerances. 125 ‘Basis of design 128.1 General Easlomerc bearings accommodate translation and rotation by elastic deformation. The Aetetion ofthe elastomer under compressive Toad is lafluenced by is shape. Where reinforcing plates ae bonded fo the elastomer, the design shall be based on the assumption that here fs lative movement atthe steel and elastomer interface ‘The design of claslomeic besrings sll be in accordance with Clause 126. Special ensidertion sall be ghen in the design fee pais, strips and laminated elastomeric bearings with shape factors outside the limite specified in Clause 12.52. 1252 Shape fector “The shape fastor(S) of layer of elestmer shal be the are under compression divided by ‘he area fee to bulge, and shal be alelated fo ayers without holes as follows (0) For laminated elasiomerte bearings sae 12820) where Ao bonded surface wea P= surface perimeter 1, ~ effective hikes ofthe individual elastomer layer in compression (due to verti load oF rtaton) yer 12520) Ite fora cover layer 12520) 8 fer an inner ‘= thekness of the individual Inge layer of elastomer in laminated ‘testomerie bearing 1 = thickness oF cover layer of laminated clestomere beating (6) For plan pa boorngs: rs nasa) total ruber plan aoa fe be 1545) 1 = tol thickness of elastomer in laminated elastomeric bearing thiskness of plain pad a sup Bearing (©. Forstrip bearings: os 1326) whore ve = width ftp iat 12820) Where dowel holes are tobe provided, «special atsessment of he shape factor () shall be made, llowing forthe holes and the estan o bulge provided bythe dowels, For the design erteria specified in Clause 12, the shape factor (5) shall be a follows (©) Foe plai pas and strips Isss4 (For inert layers of taminated elastomeric bearings. Asssi2 1266 Design requirements 126.1 Maximum shear svain in laminated elastomeric bearings To ensure thatthe total shear sain developed in the elastomer is not excessive, the following requirement at oe ede ofthe bonded surface sal be satisfied 26 sent sth 126.10) where 4: = shear sean edge of bonded surface due to loads normal t baring surfaces ‘a = shear stun at edge of bonded surface duc to celative rotation of bearing surfaces ‘54 = shear strain edge of bonded surface duet forces tangential to the hearing Surface or movesent ofthe strut, er both ‘The values of shear stains shall be called follows 4, e, 1246.10) whore 1» compressive stan due to fads normal to the betting surices [based onthe etfective loaded plan atea Ca] — = Easy for ieena ayers only 126.10) 1 = compressive load on a bearing, SS ay = effective loaded plan area, nominally equal to the projected area ‘common t top and bottom whe a bearing i distorted tangentilly 44) ob 161) + Aas for circular beatings 126.45) ‘4 ~ maxim shear dlsplacement tangential to bearing surface in the dtetion of dimension a due to movements of the stctre snd tangential ores 12 ~ plan dimension ofthe edge ofthe bonded srface of rectangular earings parallel tothe span athe bide maximum shear displacement tangential to Bearing sufece In the direction of dimension b dus to movements of the structure nd tangential forces lan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of the rectangular bearing transverse the span ofthe bridge {5 = maximum resultant vector shear displacement tangential to the Dearing surface iamete (foe crear besrngs S = shape fir of the thickest ana layer For bearings supporting a bidgesuperstvuctare that is fxed against orion tana both longitudinally and warsversly, the stability limit may be increased by 50%, 126.6 Thickness of metalplates “The minimum thicknese of me plates (1) in elastomeric beings shall conform tothe following @ 43M > AM ana 166 af “0 © 425mm 126.62) NOTE: For replacement of earns he thickness of he sel plates In he replacement arags may match esting Besa where fy = lela steength of he metal plate Far steel plates with dowel holes, f shal be atored by 0. 126.5. Fixing of bearings lastomeri bearings in divest contact witha metal plate shall be mochanialy restrained ‘Under the provisions of Cluses 10.2 and 10.3, borings may be restrained by fetion only, provided that under all SES Toad combinations Nag 210H~2f,Aa naa) bere Non isthe minimum permanent ompresive load normal t the bearing anchorage Interface conarren with H, and under permanent Loads on} Neare 22264, 12.670) where Naase = anim compresive fond, dve to permanent load effects, nowmal othe bearing aschorage inefaceconcurent with ‘fo = stress sen caloultion of anchorage of laminated elastomeric bearing 1268 Compressive dftesion “The total compressive dfltin (ofthe bearing shal be determined a follows 4,Ute,) 126.40) ‘The vale of the compressive stan (¢) in a layer ofa laminated elastomeric bearing to be used in deriving the compressive deflection () shal be determined a follows N RA 12680) where [B.~ effective compression modulus of elastomer, as calculated for an individual layer ofa lomnoted elastomers bearing +S" Tes ++ 12680) “(SS C. = aconsan dependent on the Bearing shape 4, ~ homogeneous compression modulus, calculated as follows: For reciongular earings: aod saan 296.865) 12686 ~ bla whichever ites 12680 (0) For clear bearings: Bo 36 1680) on6 (©) For plan pats and wipe ‘The value af the compressive stain (eto be used in deriving the total compeessve detection) shall be determined 35 follows + 12680) 4s6s02(%)] 12.7 Bearing sit 12.7.4 Compressive sifrese “The compressive sliess ofa bearing (X) shall be determined a follows 1 net hata Tlie where Ka = compressive sitfnes ofan individual layer of elastomer in a laminated bearing - BA 12210) 2B, = see Clause 1268 fe > thickness of typical layer of elastomer 12.72 Shear siess "he shear stitness oF an clastomeri Bearing (K) shal be determined 8 follows KAS 272 ‘The value of shal eased tallow for any layer of uber nt fee to shea, ‘The value ofthe shear stitnss() ofan elastomeric beating under varying compressive or shear stresses, of both, ray be calulaed from Equation 127.2 using Gas defined Clause 122, yim ny 2 ena aa Th 12.73 Rotational siffvess The rotational tines of esting K.) shal be the rotational moment (4) 0 produce wit fotaion and determined follows (2) Rotational stites oa layer m(K) ofa laminated elastomeric bearing a x «12730 where (MC rotations moment re of the bonded elastomer about its = second noment of area ofthe pl feof ation (© For individual layers of laminated elastomeric bearings: 5,,| Se 12.930) "| 633) Co constant dependent onthe bearing shape (i) Foe ectangularbesings: (eal 12730) a eal 122.30) 1 = rao ofthe sides of a rectangular laminated elastomeric bearing ~ als or rotation about an axis parallel othe long dimension of the nad ting (li) For irl bearings: Base 127308) cad 12136) (6) Total rotational tess of beating (0): newt 12239 tz) 5 = tae ne of be ihe ee 12.74 Inclined elastomeric bearings lastometric bearings shal be installed level. Sti, plain pad and laminated elastomeric ‘beatings may be installed on a incline, provided the following criteria are met () The strip, plain pad or laminated elastomeric bearing ie mechanically restrained on both te Yop and Boron faces, (©) The shear deeeon ofthe beating eases by the application ofthe sefowsiht ofthe supersiacare is les than 6 ms. Where the bearing is inetined about bath ake, the shear deflection shall be taken as the vector sun ofthe longitudinal and transverse defection NOTE: The designer shold be amare thatthe Inte ties of elastomeric bering can be {ute lo and the componeat of force parallel to th incline my result in spniiant movement ‘Adina esis my be required both drag Sonscton and inservice cont shot tem ad longtem deine Inclined elastomeric besags may also be used in opposed pairs of identical hearings to permit an inreasd transverse shear tfies of the pal of bearings without increasing the Fengitudinal shear sifness or vice versa. Fits principles shall be used to determine the combined effects, ‘he effective lateral hoizontal sins (Ki) of a par of identical bearings of shear Excessive tensions may develop nthe bearings dae to superstrctre rotations, especialy if the compressive defections ae not sufficient In this ease, overall performance of the bearing assembly shall beassessed from fist principles. 124 Creep AE is a mpi an Opn un ae hbo Sao alee stows 4 Ky =2K, sin? 9424, cos? 0 17.41) Fw Ost at ofinnsiono hs ops E) Simin ete camps sia (hal be ae fos iB Ky =2K,cos? 062%, sin? 122.402) Hepat itn ne tte tein taal been ht y Wy Kamo E eReeeers 174) a provided 0 5 {er signin tansvne rotation ofthe seperate occurs atthe Benings doe t H ‘eccentric load effects, the effective value of Ki, shall be reduced as follows: H 2K. y eee rar 4 i | Long duration lads intoiuce time-dependent effects in elastomers tough ereep and For most applications, the effets of creep and stress relaxation nee! not be considered. However, when considering dew omulaons and synmede rubber, creep vss sll be peeformed, ‘NOTES: 1) For nate aber, cium compresive cep values of sout 25% ofthe nstantanenat (efomation may bo wed 2 Cheep effects ae logit fntons of time a te lo dependent on temperate, sts Nisory and loner formation 129° Load testing of elastomeric earings All linated bearings shall be losdtested in compression to 1.5 times the rated load at ‘er shear and ero tain, ‘Compressive and shear stiffs testing shll be on rpreseatative samples of bearings. The ‘ctu number of bearings checked for sfitfness shall be determined by quality contol procedures and previows tot dats ‘When acceptance let for shea siffess are requited or wien determining effective values ‘of G, bearings shall be sbjected to a moan compresive sess of 2 MPa andthe shear ffs or value of G, dived from the mean shear stfhess, measured between 5% and 259g shear sain, ‘estng laminated elestmere bearings sal bein accordance with Appendix D. Representative samples opin pa and strip beavings shall be subjected to compressive Toa test to 1.5 times the design vertical fore (0) 13. POT BEARINGS 13d Design The components of pot bearings including asiociated sliding contact surfaces, shall be designed for ULS effet. ‘The following primary design parameters and fabyication deals of pot bearings shall be adopted (@)- The maxinnum mear compressive sess onthe elastomer shall be SO MP. (©) The thickness and formulation of the elastomer shall depend on the required rotational captity and he smoothness of the iner surface ofthe pot; however, n no fase shal the lta pad thickness be Tess than the larger of oe fitecnth of the ‘iameter ofthe elasamerie pad oe 10 am (© The maximum displacement due to the ULS rotation at the perimeter of the lastomeri pad shall be not greater than 15% of the ttl pad thickness, including Sealing rings (To prevent extrusion ofthe elastomer, the pot shal incorporate a seal around the top owner ofthe elascmerie dias, The interaal sal shall be either set of brass rings, POM chain or carSon-filled PIPE seal complying with requirements oF EN 1337-5, “The maximum accrued sige path (ASP) ofthe internal seal, defined athe sum (he relative movements ofthe Sal he ot wal to yet f rotation of the bearing cnsed by tafe loading shall be taken Yo be 2000 efor POM chain and Cartons filed PTFE: sals and 1000 m Tor bras lags. Pot bearings with talc sels shall not be wed for rll edges or for road bridges Ivete te number cf vehicles per lane per day is predicted to exceed 1000 lathe st Year of service, whe the numberof vehicles pe lane per day sas defined for road feafie fatigue loads in AS 5100.2 (©) Po bearings shall be anchored in accordance with Clause 10.1 and, where required, ‘movement tests shall be provided in accordance with Clause & antic, tras tga cnsmioers pai homeo nous boas need angen, (16 requited, provision for horizontal movements shal be provided by a signg surface in accordance with Clause 1 Pot hearings sal be designod to secommodate the calculated ulate oaton iacluing an allowance to account far constuction tolerances and ection nocedue ‘The load and rotation capcity of pot beatings shall be tested in aevordance with Clause 13.2 NOTE: Po beings are romally supplied a a propitary podt where the detalleé design of ‘he bearings isthe responsi ofthe anata 132 Lond testing Bearings shall be tested for compliance withthe specified perfomance and load testing requirements, apd shall met dhe velevan requirements ofthis Standard A least 1 in 1, or par threo, ofeach type of bearing shall be tested to confiem design ad fabrication ofthe bearings are acceptable Bearings tha ar o betes shall be separately loud-tstd as follows the (2) In compression, tothe maximum timate compressive lo (©) In shear, tothe maximum ultimate lateral shear lod (vector sum in the ease of fixed ‘bearings in conjunction with the eonurrent maximum ultimate compressive loa, (6) In shear, to dhe masimam ultimate lateral shear lod (vector sum in the ease of fixed ‘bearings in conjunction with the eaneurrent minimum ulimate compressive load NOTE: Fr bearing sbjeco uli se Ch 6 (@) In roution, tothe maximum wlimateroiton wit 07 tines the maximum ultimate compressive loud ‘After loa-tsting, the beng shal be dismantled and examined for rubber extrusion, PTFE damage, warping, scoring o other effects that may affect the daablity of the bearing. 133 ‘Bearing dentifeaton and movernent sale Bearings shall be fed with a nameplate iadssing the manufacturer, bearing, model or ‘ype, year of manuficte and the desion verti! ood In adition, bavings incceporating sliding contact srfae shall specify the movement capac, a appropriate [A movement scale and pointer shall be fied! to nominated betrings so as to be cleanly sie onthe installed beings 1M SPHERICAL APPROVED SLIDING MATERIAL, (ASM) BEARINGS 14 General |A spherical ASM bearing isa bearing consisting ofa backing plate with a convex spherical ‘surfce and a backiag pte with a concave spherical surface between which « siding ‘materia and the mating material form curved sliding surface, Spterical ASM bearings may be used in combination wit lt sing elements and guides to fom fice sliding and gided siding bearings. Spherical ASM bearings combined with Plane siding surface maybe used together with a restsining ving to frm fined bearngs NOTE: Examples of spies! beings combined with Mt sing slaments ae given In Figure ta Woy (ed by entra gue or (09 Feed bya FIGURE 14.1. SPHERICAL BEARINGS COMBINED WITH FLAT SLIDING ELEMENTS. 2 Desi ‘The components of sphercal beings, including stsocited sliding contact surfaces, shall bedesigned fr ULS ees. ‘The compressive sreser on ASM at the ULS shall be aot greater than the values emonstated by suitable testing and shall not exceed the values given below without the fpproval ofthe relevant authority. Where the bearing temperature may exceed 35°C, the ‘Mlowable bearing pressure shall be reduced by an appropiate factor approved by the felevant autor. SER gecnanone, “The following primary design parameters and fabrication dtalls of spherical bearings shall be adopted: (@) The maximum mear compressive ses onthe projected reduced area ofthe spheres! conttt surface shal be 120 MPa. (6) The maximum contact stress under oF above a spherical bearing. shall be In accordance with Clase 17 1 p i i (©) Spherical bearings shall be anchored In accordance with Clause 10.1 and, where required, movernent estas shall be provided in accordance with Clause 8. (6) Curved sliding const surfaces of «serial Bearing sal comply with Cause 14. (©) Pane siding contact surfaces ofa spherical bearing stall comply with Cause 15 | i i i i i (te reauited, rovisin for horizontal movements shal be provided bya siding surface in geordanoe with ase 15. ‘Spherical bearings shall te designed 1 accommodate the calevlted tina rotation about procedure. They shall be capable of transferring, the specified Tees between the ipestrucare and retretre. “The lood and station cpacty of spherical bearings shall be tested in accordance with Claws 163. NOTE: Spericl bearings are normally sup 8 « rovstry product were the deal sign ofthe bearings she esposTtyo the manafaturer. 143 Load testing ‘Bearings shall be tested for compliance with the specified performance and load testing requirements and shall moet the relevant requicements ofthis Standard [Ac least 1 in 10, or pat hereof, ofeach te of string shal be tested to confirm that the Assign and fabrication ofthe Barings ave aeceptaie Bearings that are tobe tse shall be separately Load tested follows (In compression, tote maximum ultimate compressive load (©) In shear, to the maximum ultimate lateral sheat lod (veto sum in the ease of fixed bearings) in conjunction withthe concurrent maximum wlimate compressive loa, (©) In shear, tothe maximum timate lateral shear laa (vector sum inthe case of fixed bearings) in conjunction with the eoneutvent minimum ulmate compressive load (8) In rotation, tothe maxim ultimate rotation with 0.7 tines the maximum atimate compeesive load. ‘Ate load testing, the Bea‘ng shall be dismantled and examined for ASM damage, warping. ‘scoring or oxer eects hat may affect he durability ofthe bearing. 1H.A Bearing identification and movement sale Bearings shall be fited witha nameplate indicating the manufactures, bearing model or ‘ype, year of manufacture and the design vertieal oad In aditin, beatings inarporating a sliding contact surface shall specify the movement capac, a apogee ‘A movement scale and pointe shall be fited to nominated bearings 50 as to be clearly sie onthe installed beating, 145 Carve siding contact surfaces 14841 Materials ‘The materials fr curved sliding contact surfaces shall be of @)_@ suitable high conpresive sess, Iw fiction and high wearresstance sliding ‘material ASM; and (©) © mating sufoe of polished stainless steel in accordance with [ASTM A240 Type 1621 or BA having a surface finish not rougher than 0.1m (CLA in both drectons and a Brinll hardness not less than 125 or chrome-plated el, ‘The sliding material onto curved surface of spherical bearings shall be & minimum of 5.0 mm thick and recessed int the curved backing plate so potrudes by where ho =25+11%00, nd where 1 = diameter fhe projected are of the sliding material 1482 Approved sliding materials (ASM) For ASM tobe permanently lubricate, the following shall spy () The ASM shall be dimpled or grooved ta form lubrication resorts in the sling sures, (©) The lubrication reservoirs shall cover Between 20% and 30% ofthe tot pan area of he ding materi and shal be 2 deep. (©) The lubvication rese-voire sll be led with loge silicone grease, under factory Constios. After ilang the itietion reserva, the conte surface othe ASM and the mating surface shall tbe allowed to separate a any tine. 146 Design egulrements 146.1, General “The fllowing sal poly: (@) Under ultimate rotaion, the metallic mating srfae shall be proportioned so tat i ‘completely covers le sliding materia, (©) Ther shall be no contact bstoeen the upper and the lower pat ofthe bearing or any ‘ther netlic component inthe ULS movement ange and ration. (The backing plates shall be sufficiently rigid 19 avoid deformations that would ‘Gamage or ease premature wear ofthe sliding material 1462 Deslgn verfictin for ewrvedsldng surfaces 14624 General For the purpose of cleus in Clases 14.62.2 and 14.6.2 the curved siding surface Shall be replaced By projection ona plane surface as shown in Figure 14.6.2.1 FIGURE 1462.1 CURVED CONCAVE SLIDING SURFACE ‘me total ecceticy 4) ofthe axial fore stall Ue « embination of concurrent interna forces and moments acing on the curved sidiag surface due t frictional resistance, ‘externally applied hoizotl loads and the rotation ofthe being. “The eccentricity (€) shal be alelated fom Fist prneplesor other aceepable methods 146.22 Separation of shding faces Compressive stess on tie ASM (sas) shall be 20 in all lad combinations at SLS conditions, ys 20s sted under SLS when the total eccentricity () fll within the Kernel ofthe Projected area, For Spherisal hearing hie when « s% 4 where y= diameter ofthe projected plan area ofthe ASM sliding surface 1462.3 Compressive load limit ‘The following conditions sal be meta ULS: MY Shxdy where N= design aeal force at ULS. fe = design conpresive strength of ASM Aa = reduced emtaet aes ofthe curved sliding surface ‘Aa shall be determine rem frst principles a aber acceptable metho, 15 PLANE SLIDING CONTACT SURFACES 151. General Plane sliding contact suries shall only provide translational iovements and shall not be used aeconmadat roan. Siding contact surfaces shall be dsianed for ULS effects, 152 Materials Materia sel sliding contact surfaces shall consist of PTFE ASM sliding on stainless ‘The surface mating with the PTFE or ASM shall consist of poised sianess stl in sccordance with ASTM AMO/A240M03, Type 316 20 or BA having a surface fish aot ‘ougher dan 0.4 um centrtine average (CLA) ia bth directions ands Bill hardness not fess than 125, ‘The resin used inthe manufacture of PTFE sheets sll be 100% virgin PTFE, complying with ISO 13000-1 Grade For PTEE or ASM o be pemanently lubricated he following shall apply: (@) The PTFE or ASM shall be dimpled oe grooved to form Ivison reservoirs in the sliding sutce (©) The ubiction reseroies shall cover between 20% and 30% ofthe ttl plan aes of ‘he iding material and shal be a deep (©) The lubrication reservoirs sal be filled wit long-life silicone grese, unde factory Conditions. Aer filing the Tubicatin reservoirs, the contact surface ofthe PTFE and the stainless se! shal ot be allowed To separate at ay tne, For guides, ASM or other kw feton composite mess sliding on polished stainless steel, shall be ued 153 Design requiremenss “The following design requirements for besrngs with ling contac surfces shall apply: (3) A staolss soe plate atschod to backing plate shall be not less than 1.5 mm thick if sliding on PTEE and 28 mm thick i sing on ASM and shall be secured by continuous edge welding ‘The sales steel plate shall be suTlenly large so that, under the ULS movement rang, the PTFE of #SM shall no extend over the edge ofthe tines ste! pate (©) The tiaimum thiclness shall be 4.5 mm for unfilled pure PTFE and 8.0mm for |ASM. The siding material shall be eesuained by recessing i into & metal backing Plate toa depth a test hal the sliding material thickness, (©) For permanent beara, the siding material shall not be vuleanized to elastomeric bearing. (©) The maximum compressive sess at ULS on the effective contact area of the pare PPEFE sliding surface shall not exceed 60 MP, (©) The maximum compressive stress atthe ULS on the effective contact area of the [ASM sliding surfaces sall not be greater than the values demonstrated by stable testing, accounting far the effects of femperstere. The ultimate compresnive sess Shall not exeaed 120 MPa without the approval of the relevant authority. Where the temperature ofthe baring will exeeed 38°, the stess Limit shal be reduced by 10% er SC increase in tempers, Wherever possible, sliding beatings shall have the larger of the sliding surfaces positioned above the sale, so that he sliding surfaces are kept clean [NOTE The effete sont ae th reduced aren of the sliding surice whore centoid Coincide withthe pit rough wich the al Fre acs wih a exentiiy Tanseoun Torboth mechanical ad geometicl effects and assuming of sess block. 16 MECHANICAL BEARINGS 161 General The aisessment and desig» of mochasical bearings shall be earied out in accordance with this Clause (16) andthe provisions outind inthis Standar 162. Loads and tnd effete Mechanical bearings shall be designed to resist the lauds and load effects outined in this Standard [NOTH Th design Searing ods reed to in hs Cus (16) ae for SL 163 Stel and eat ion roller a 1631 General recker bearings Contact surfaces of roller and rocker beurngs shall be designed to meet the provisions of {Causes 16.32 0 163.6 at SL. only 1632 Cylinder on a curad surface “The design bearing load (of cylinder in conave seating shall sais the fellowing: melee e reat tas Ss caren ase ike ae an Se ee mma capacity redustion factor 10 fy ~ tensile strengh used in desig (Lesser ofthe cylinder or seating streneth) B= Young's mods of elasticity 11 radius ofthe soneave seating 1 rai ofthe ein 1. = length ofthe ender 163.3 Colindor on flat sce ‘he design bearing load (W) of a eylinder in contact witha flat surice sh following: ler or rocker satis the 1633 4 = capacity reduction factor = 10 1634. Sphere in phere seating The design bering oad (9) of sphere in spherical seating shal sty the fllowing: wso(t702/E\Lnr iN 1634 where 4 = capacity reduction factor to 11 = radius ofthe concave seating 1 = radius ofthe sphere rocker 163.8. Sphere on oft face ‘Te design beating loa (9 of sphere in lt surface shal sat the following where ‘ capacity redution factor 1 = radius of he spherical rocker 163.6 Moliple rollers For bearings having more than two rollers, he Fnitng values of design load effect shall be taken a two-thirds ofthe value speciod in Clause 16.3. 164 Knuckle and leat be 1641 General ‘Contet surfaces of ses kuckle and leaf bearings shall be designed o meet the provisions oF Clause 164.2 a STS only a 164.2 Bearing capacioy “The compressive load on tv earng (1) shal not exceed the lesser of — (NAG Myiant 16420) oo Ne#tI04, 16420) wire 4 = capacity reduction factor Lo “4; * pojeeted conte re length ofthe seating mes the diameter ofthe pin) 17 LOAD DISTRIBUTION FROM BEARINGS TO CONCRETE ELEMENTS For pot, spherical and mehaical bearings the following requirements stall spy (@) Attachment plates shall be provided between the bearing and the adjacent mortar pad Gr concrete subste ar appropriate. Unless concrete is cast dircly against the tachrnent pla, tortar pad shall be peovided between the allachment plate and Adlacentconreteststate (6) The thickness of an unreinfrced mortar pa between the bearing attachment plate tnd the adjacent coneete substrate shall be the Lesser of 80 ru, suff hecontactarea 01 Seimsero teens ar 4.15 mm (© The isperson ale from the smallest loaded interface through the bearing Components and the atachment plates shall be akon as 45" unless a greater angle justified ty a deaild structural analysis that takes into account the characterises of the Bering comporens attachment lates, mortar pad and substrate. Inno ease shall the dispersion angle exeved 60° (The design utinae bearing stength of mortar pad and reinforced conret substrate suhjeat om union sts shall be taken 2 Yap where Vag = AXL ARTA <30%f. where 4 ~eapuety seduction factor = 0465 for reinforced canette substrate, and Jf ~leser of the 28 day compressive cylinder strength of the mortar of comerte substate, in megapascals Ay. ~ effective loaded area tthe interface of the atchment plate and the Inorirpad or conerte substrate calalaed using the dispersion angle resorbed in item () in millimetres square 4k ~masionm distibution aren tw) on a daperton angle tom the fictive loaded are through the mortar pad and eonrete ta slope of 2 versal to Thorzental to a depth wire the traeated distribution Pyramid or cone first intersect & side of the concrete subst, in hls square ‘The maximum distribution area shall be geometrically similar to and coneetrc with Ay and the dimensions of the base ofthe truncated ‘ytumid or cone sll be limited to a maxim of3 times the dinension ofthe effective load area inthe same dretion, a shown i Figure 17 Where the compresive stress on the effective loaded area (A) is not uniform, the imensions of 4y shall be reduced seh thatthe seated of the axial fore ot an ‘equivalent uniform sess black coincies withthe centroid ofthe non-uniform stress block ‘The reinforcement in the concrete subsite shall te designed in accordance with AAS 5100.5 using either the strut and tie method ofthe provisions for pesressing anchorage 2am [A] tine of sctn ny) and zea) FIGURE 17 DESIGN DISTRIBUTION FOR PARTIALLY LOADED AREAS 18 BEARINGS SUBIECT TO UPLIFT Wherever practicable, the form, antculation and span lengths ofa brig srustare shall be selected to ensure tht bearings ate subject to. compressive force unde all loading ‘conditions, ‘NOTE: Whee uplift occur at bearings, parte hl-down deve rather than hearings fess. tol force, shld be povided Where bearings wre requ to sesist wi fina, ty sll be designed In secordance ‘withthe principles ofthis Sanda, including consideration ofthe consequences of aire, nd be subjet to appropriate testing to eontiem the adequacy ofthe design, The beatings shall also be designed for replaceabiliy, including the provision of alemaivelemporary means of resisting the up force as necessary. Easomeric bearings shall tbe subject to uplift either the SL or ULS, Pot and spherical bearings hall not be subjet to wit the SS, Mechanical Bearings may be designed 9 resist uplift, provided the Toads, movements and fotains at both SES and ULS and the tatigue fosding requirments are determine. All ‘iia! load combinations atthe various limit states, test loads and testing requirements Shall be specified in the contract documents, ineluding a clear statement of concurrent translational postion and rtaionl alignment, as well as any requirement for either to ‘hnge while nde the acion of the upit ere. ‘Mechanical bearings sujet to uplift at the SIS shall be designed to accommodate mmovements and rotations as applicable, while resisting the serviceability and ulinate ‘desig forces. "NOTE: For bewings subject to compresion unde al SLS lad cubation bt subst to pli Teves the ULS.itmay at be necessary 0 design the bearing To necommodatecasaion route wl the pit fc ecara 19. DECK JOINTS. 191 General Deck joins shall allow for loads and movements due to temperature, creep, shinkag, Teadiag and other eases without Inducing wnaecepable stresses in the joint or oter pats ofthe structure 1922 Joint types Soins shal be eategorize a follows: (@) Compression seas (Strip seals. (Saw toth © Finger plates. (© Flexible plug (Modular, (Ober ‘The characterises and performance history of « paicular jolt shall be reviewed to Astexmine thesia te join fo a specifi instalation, Ce gamit 19.8 Requirements 1934 General Joints shall not generat excessive noise oe vibvaton under tai. Joint components shall te conosion resistant ant joins shall be easily accessible for the purpases of inspection, maintenance and replacement, (0m footways and shared yths, the deck ont shal be covered, “The sizeof deck oie gags shal be Led to minimize the hazard for eyliss, Metal surfaces exposed to vehicular teffic with an overall width greater than 200 mn, Incanied parallel fo te veton of avel when the Jn Is Uy closed sal be provided ‘ith anand weet [Except at walkways and pedestrian bridges, metal protetion armour shal be provided for compression stl and sry sea jolts. 'NOTE: Sins plte deck joints cm genes excessive nie aed may give problems in servis, Tene ere fot ecmmended nde vebeaar ali 18.32 Design lade fr road bridges Deck joints on road bridges shall be designe forthe following concutent tafe lads (9) Vertical rfc load The AL6OE loadings specified in Figure 19.3.2 = net FIGURE 18.32 A160E DESIGN AXLE FOR EXPANSION JOINTS ‘The tyre contact length (L4) varies in accordance with the load factor and yre Inflation pressure ani given fn liners by = Foceasaon na = ge lation pressure ‘Be = conta width of dua tuck tyres (500 ma) ‘The (yee inflation yessre (p) shall be 1.1 MPa for ULS, 0.8 MPa for SLS and 0.68 MPa for fatigue respectively (©) Longitdina! wafte oad minimum of 35% ofthe vertical load ectng at vost level parallel tothe ieetan of tafe, “Te desig loads shall be epplied at any leaton on the deck joint o give the worst loading Except for modular deck ins, the dynamic loud allowance fr the design of deck joints stall be taken as 0.6. For modular deck joints, the dynamic lon allowance shall be determined in acsordanc with Classe 20 ‘The design loud plus dynanic los allowance shall be multiplisd by a load factor of L.8 for ULS effects 1.0 for SL eet an 0.6 for fatigue rexpetively. 193.3, Puigue design forroad bridges The stresses duc tothe fatigue design lve losds specified in Clause 19.32 shal be inited Such that each Joint compet sable Yo sustain an infte numberof lve eed eyes, Unless a detailed investigation fe undertaken 19.34 Movements Deck joins shall be desigaed to ascommodate limit tae movements, as required for othe Pars athe AS(ASINZS) S10 series. For strip sal joints, the movements duc to braking nay be ignored. For determining the tegured moverseat range of her types of dek joins, the SLS movement dutta arakng load shall be considered Im aditon to lonltuinal movements, consieration shall be taken of vertical movements, ‘dese rotation and tral movements. The overnent ofthe substructure shal be consiered, fneluing abutment movereas In esponse to earthworks constuction and time-dependent ses inthe earthworks, In curved and skew bridges, allowances shall be made for the transverse moverent of te deck rlaive othe abutment or ajolning deck sections caused by deck movement Movements shall be calculated at the algebraic sum of the worst combination of movements, based on insillation conditions and allowing forall imevesible movements, {eetonseguences and arbient conditions. “The deck joint movers eequiemens, istllation gap width and assumed installation Temperate shell be noninated in the drawings. The adjusinent of the gap width at temperatures ote than te nominated tempevatre shall ls be speciied. ‘Te specified joint moversnt range shall nelude an allowance for iaceuracesinerent i

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