EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)

Annex J (Informative)

Detailing rules for particular situations

J.1 Surface reinforcement

(1) Surface reinforcement to resist spalling should be used where the main reinforcement is
made up of:
- bars with diameter greater than 32 mm or
- bundled bars with equivalent diameter greater than 32 mm (see 8.8)
The surface reinforcement should consist of wire mesh or small diameter bars, and be placed
outside the links as indicated in Figure J.1.

x As,surf t 0,01 Act,ext

A ct,ext

(d - x) d
600 mm

As,surf

sl d 150 mm st d 150 mm

x is the depth of the neutral axis at ULS

Figure J.1: Example of surface reinforcement

(2) The area of surface reinforcement As,surf should be not less than As,surfmin in the two
directions parallel and orthogonal to the tension reinforcement in the beam,
Note: The value of As,surfmin for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value
is 0,01 Act,ext, where Act,ext is the area of the tensile concrete external to the links (see Figure 9.7).

(3) Where the cover to reinforcement is greater than 70 mm, for enhanced durability similar
surface reinforcement should be used, with an area of 0,005 Act,ext in each direction.

(4) The minimum cover needed for the surface reinforcement is given in 4.4.1.2.

(5) The longitudinal bars of the surface reinforcement may be taken into account as
longitudinal bending reinforcement and the transverse bars as shear reinforcement provided
that they meet the requirements for the arrangement and anchorage of these types of
reinforcement.

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J.2 Frame corners

J.2.1 General

(1) The concrete strength VRd,max should be determined with respect to 6.5.2 (compression
zones with or without transverse reinforcement).

J.2.2 Frame corners with closing moments

(1) For approximately equal depths of column and beam (2/3 < h2/h1 < 3/2) (see Figure J.2 (a))
no check of link reinforcement or anchorage lengths within the beam column joint is required,
provided that all the tension reinforcement of the beam is bent around the corner.

(2) Figure J.2 (b) shows a strut and tie model for h2/h1< 2/3 for a limited range of tanT .
Note: The values of the limits of tanT for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value of the lower limit is 0,4 and the recommended value of the upper limit is 1.

(3) The anchorage length lbd should be determined for the force 'Ftd = Ftd2 - Ftd1.

(4) Reinforcement should be provided for transverse tensile forces perpendicular to an in-plane
node.
Ftd1

z1 h1

V Rd,max
z2

V Rd,max
Ftd2
h2
(a) almost equal depth of beam and column

Ftd1
Fcd3
T Ftd3 = Ftd1
'Ftd Fcd3 tlbd
Ftd3 = Ftd1
Fcd3

Fcd1

Ftd2 Fcd2

(b) very different depth of beam and column

Figure J.2: Frame Corner with closing moment. Model and reinforcement
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J.2.3 Frame corners with opening moments

(1) For approximately equal depths of column and beam the strut and tie models given in
Figures J.3 (a) and J.4 (a) may be used. Reinforcement should be provided as a loop in the
corner region or as two overlapping U bars in combination with inclined links as shown in
Figures J.3 (b) and (c) and Figures J.4 (b) and (c).
0,7Ftd VRd,max
Fcd

Ftd

Fcd Ftd

a) strut and tie model (b) and (c) detailing of reinforcement

Figure J.3: Frame corner with moderate opening moment (e.g. AS/bh d 2%)

(2) For large opening moments a diagonal bar and links to prevent splitting should be
considered as shown in Figure J.4.
VRd,max
Ftd2
Fcd

Ftd
Ftd3
Ftd1

Fcd Ftd

a) strut-and-tie model (b) and (c) detailing of reinforcement

Figure J.4: Frame corner with large opening moment (e.g. AS/bh > 2%)

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J.3 Corbels

(1) Corbels (ac < z0) may be designed using strut-and-tie models as described in 6.5 (see
Figure J.5). The inclination of the strut is limited by 1,0 d tanT d 2,5.

Fwd

Figure J.5: Corbel strut-and-tie model

(2) If ac < 0,5 hc closed horizontal or inclined links with As,lnk t k1 As,main should be provided in
addition to the main tension reinforcement (see Figure J.6 (a)).
Note: The value of k1 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is
0,25.

(3) If ac > 0,5 hc and FEd > VRd,c (see 6.2.2), closed vertical links As,lnk t k2 FEd/fyd should be
provided in addition to the main tension reinforcement (see Figure J.6 (b)).
Note: The value of k2 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0,5.

(4) The main tension reinforcement should be anchored at both ends. It should be anchored in
the supporting element on the far face and the anchorage length should be measured from the
location of the vertical reinforcement in the near face. The reinforcement should be anchored in
the corbel and the anchorage length should be measured from the inner face of the loading
plate.

(5) If there are special requirements for crack limitation, inclined stirrups at the re-entrant
opening will be effective.

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As,main A A

6As,lnk t As,main B

As,lnk t k1 As,main

A - anchorage devices or loops B - Links

(a) reinforcement for ac d 0,5 hc (b) reinforcement for ac > 0,5 hc

Figure J.6: Corbel detailing

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