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to(65o^65035o(066 3(6(0-3(6(053 3(0(o63535'35oo6 (06305-3^6500 05s;j3j^(6(o6*35oo ^330500,(6(085005 563-3650350(060
680630 5536 6^(0835(066 66 0(0635(066 ^6(68(oj86o5 5865 (oco6(o(6-35o-6^035(8)(o(6-35oo 83(j66o58o(o. 63o(o 60556356
6806305 '3(6(oo3(6(o^83co356 ^3650(066,82)6335(066 506 83(8)650(06 36(8)0(0635(066:
NH3+ np ?± NH3-H20 ^ NH/ + OH- NH3+ HCl->NHp
^3650(066 (036^006 ^3j033<^o6. ^3^50^^^ 365560500 6806305 85(05o{0(d 800(03 66^0500 6(o535{o55 0(063505
565o(0, 8o5o *383(8)350 66^0500 30 8(05033-3503505 565o(066 (^Co665^(0(0(o56 36CD65(o05006 86(O056o3) . 680^(08,
6806305 ^365o5566(o5 6806305 5-360 .)j35.
6806305 3503^^(0(0650(06(0(0-3500 0030535350 32:00650356, •)3(o3or)33, 50000(060)6 0(06350)66 30085503^-2(00
86(^0503505 ^6(o8(o^36o565 (o5. 3.1).
680630 0^305 2)«>63565o3o (863(^68 6(o6 363(0^0) ~ 1000®C ^0853(^6^-3(06*153,6*b(o(8)o5 ^6(^3(0(j36oo), 86^06
(O(O06 5506^0605 (36^6500*66(^(0(00) 0)666(o5o565 (03.5^0005 5(0(050-3^^0 65(0^(11)-o5 cojbojoo6:
4NH3 + 30, -> 2N, + 6H,0 4NH, + 50^-> 4N0 + 6H,0
(0650366 6806305 8(05033-250630 65(0(^5 6^5 -28006350 2j'5633o5 566o55o (-3),2j»56336-6c;)50336o(n 636^0035^0
NHj 6350365 85C050C050 650850336 0030535355:
3CuO + 2NH3 -> 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O 2NH3 + 3CI2 ^ Nj + 6HC1
iSoBojjg-ggo (—NHj) a353iog4.> r<)(og66o'b8n5 (3bc)3acj9o593£53i')^ 3p)6.i^ocja 9(^')3«)CJo iooEjog^Gjoolj (.)8o6r)3^3gio, (jocjgio,
S"3JCjao(8)ocoQio, G-g3cjgo63jj.)33io co.i 553.) 3gE03g6oc>ni.)3o. 60 6,)g6a)giotj Sg^iinjoo'bSoL ^3(533050 bjogio o3o6jol» ^A63coj36.>.
\»o5bjo'3o (pH=7,4) 030 OKWD^l) 0<nc|)o.)66(o .^SoBo^d-onBob 5.)boo).).). Sogbgtoig,)!® .)do5),35 ncoBg^o g-Hoob -gjtt'iacoob SgSi^iGijBo,
ojigob-gig^cjo 63n.)3nb Sncjaj-gcjgio (~1%) 30 ojogoc^jAso .ibat^bgib .)36b, ^aocj^agb -32C(^3i5ob SgSij^BiBo joi .)b{oQ6b (SicoJboj-gt^
'b33co333{03i->b .>(o.^3n.)6ob (n.)3ob (S^goGbg.
65(0^0 *9668(0^8605 ^385033 (O(J5o50355: N^O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N20^, NjOj, 6(083500)6366
50633500 (060 866o5o66^668(o8<j3635oo6.
NjO -20336(0,565063(036(0 5-2G05,8(0(8)35(0 338(05 8(j(o63 60606. 80063 c?"'b35oor) 030 6506356355 6363-250
5o5(8)3365, 6o5 368(00 *'8685066-25035350 6o65" '3*9<o503536. 500500 66(05036(0500) 8o5o '335-26o)(]36 -33(06(0
8503(08663(05656 506 363-3(5365 0*93335.
.)bo(8)(I)-ob njbojoob (giX^Sigoig-gcjo .i(^g3.>(^».)(8)o) 2J-)Gai.)(ooD,>5 6j(f)ggo B.)(#>gn'b-3{oo b^'S^icjgbA); ^jSnoggGgio ;jo(^-g6go-j)(oo
(•)3g(^6(3oaiob, (Sj^ogS^cjo ^job (ot^inb b.^Sg-jjC'iGijoCT G^f^gnb^jo — 8o(>ig^(^soo-g0ob oG<gA(o^(8^ob jofTob.
65(o(8)(n)-o5 (o^oj^o -3^36(0 60606,563653 8305036650 02)663356 65(0(8)o5 6oo(o^o6oo5 ^668(o^6oo). 3o5
3ro5ro33-35065 6J35 360)0 36-3^33050353500 3503^^6(o6o(-N=0), 6(0835000 66500365005 5-363565 660^355 506
3666506(05355 8651)650 ^080-36 6(]^03(o565. 65co^o5 3(o6(ojbo5oo5o)3o5 5o.)86565o6(y)3535oo6 6(03(060 6508503360,053
48
o>goTjo&oio. a-j^GaAggiOTiG -afoOTogCGOTdagcogioljilj NO ^gcngGlj ^jo3coao6 (ngoligigili. aig^cjooDijo,
o^^a3iA,l5r)C>r) (^)gAaoeGgio\iAl> ^s(hdcoiSSo\i 6o5fon*boc:>fcn<ooj:ol>:
2N0 + 0\ 2NO2 2N0 + Clj ^ 2N0C1
agnogfo .ic>ajoag6gio>66 6g6ao(^>3iob6l> i*br)5ob afoGnjbofioo igcjgGb a-j^gig (ngobg&gib:
2N0+ 2H2-)'N2 +2H2O
6'btn(8)(III)-ob o^ofoo a^^o Qobggfoo bombgi, focoagcjoo towilSob (§)39agCo6(8)-3f#)6*ba o^cogi^ iTsco^ob
anGco^oj^ijD joi jBOoJbojD^. ^g^cn^o obbGgi^ 6*bco(^(»)g6Ga^g6b (8)'35ggio)^ (ogigofogiobib
Go^t^o^gib ^6(^a(»>j36ob:
N2O3 +H^O -> 2HNO2 N2O3 +2NaOH -> 2NaN02 +H^O
(o6jog6G.iQ Go^fno^gi'ao .i%n(8)b ^jgb ^itCjgfio'a^" t)^830^ b.it^)obbo (+3),a60f) "agodcogii g^aco.igcno6nG
(ncognt^Q ^Gjogj^o, obg a^6Gg.igo ogobgigio.
GoAt^Aabo PxGa.iGo'bago anbaocDe^iocjo Boftrt^ftobols ^cjtoaaGoo):
NO3- + 2H^ + 2e NO3- + Hfi
6o5<To5gbo J«.>, aiGTwjTpt^oboo), AlSDj^naiBa^gA ftnaiioj^tGo eogoogrtQbQboA, 306^)10^6 olioBo 13463^306 B-ggcjaoSaTgiggb^
ilSCT^ngiBo g-adggbolj ^aoBnjsa-gigabb 156 oTioiBobaB c?Ba-li. BwaaacogbA gcjoBjoob^ JganacjcnboBoli {oijpBagcMniQ -
Fe'*-'9o, boE^ a^antjci^ocjo NO JaacoacjnboBtniB ^^(GanjaSob Bo(8)(#»n'bc)3a3r>>acjt^boBb:
HHb(Fe^O + NOj- + 2H^ ^ ao<nHHb(Fe^O + NO + H^O
HHb + NO ^ HHbNO
aQOT^ganacj^^^Bb iw>> Bo(8)<^'bco33anacj'^^Bb {j^Babi^^^
B.i5<^^3ob Go(»,(oo(8,o (gjt^a^jnba^o - bbobancjob-^ b^^-g^abj*^, o-gaoA coRJOolwingob tnoojaob oagBobaG,
(Gjjoa^ aaojJoacnac^cnboG^o JobDjboob a^an agodcjabA nAa^Bobago a'><^o>-3c;ab3bo a^o^gonb.
i*b(»)(8)(IV)-ob n^oioo a-3«06 ^ooDgcijo ^gAob $^6 co^a^b.^boioogigcjo b-gGob anG^^coigo 6ofoo6, (^toGgcooQ
ijno'bcwGgib bib-gGoj g'bgib. acocngg-gciji^o g-i-g^aaofCja^OC?" ac?0d6^^^"^ ^fobginiob g^oo j»%(»>(8)ob cooojbofioo
"S'SO^'*' boo)bob (NjO^) ^6^Bco^dSocn'.
2NO2 N2O,
fog^^QOi 3g^gg.>J®o ggTsnogt^a-gtioo^. -11°C 5a9^a<^'^6'3'^"^''^a 9co6.ib^n<or>86 3<o6j(8)og'3c^i£o aogno^G^
g>i£?<i^gXJC?f>^ 9i(^3£gGog, 140®C-*bg go —a^t^QbGog.
i'br>5(IV)-ob njbofioo ac;>og(^o G^-iGgigo^. Gib^o Gt^ig^cjo Gogo)og<og86 o^gob:
2NO2 + 2C ->N2 + 2CO2 NO2 + SO2 -> SO3 + NO
g^bbGob^b NOj ^^Gn^aGob ^bro^G^g^b.^ ^bn^cog^GG^igib, bncon ^-g^gg^^
•gfoOTogfnwJGgcogiobtib —Go^ioi^gibib j:o6 Go(8)(^o^gib:
2NO2 + HjO -> HNO3 +HNO2 2NO2 + 2K0H KNO3 +KNOj + H^O
ib(^5(V)-ob ojbocoo •3<gg<oco, g6ajgoi^)giC:;ja gfoob^icn-^eoo GogoDogiogi^^. ogo fo-i ooo^bob
(8)ga3g<^6(8)'3eo.ibg(3 go ^jogoco^co o^cijgii ^^GgftijiDob g^Gngn^oo):
2N2O5 -» 4NO2 + Oj
.>3ob g^an ac:nog<oo a^.!kGg.igo.i fioA Gt^^g^cno cofngiG-gcjo Gigt^ooo GiboD^G ^gbgiob^b .i.!»c>s:ooi->' 9gA<o
35ogro3,i<^gr>8c>'Go ogo Go^(on6o'3Gob Go^(^6^ob (NO^^NOj") biboo) ^6bg8nbb.
^giC^j^o NjOj ^.b(^3r)jGGob ^bn^Ggig^b, bcocijro 6*3630^^6 <3(^o)ogtoa>jGgcogJSobib - Go^t^i^gib:
N2O5 + H^O -> 2HNO3 NjOj + 2NaOH ^ 2NaN03 +H^O
ibco^ogiGG^igi b'gb(»)0, iioiGcogeo^joo Gg^g^i, f^JOjGgcooo ^fobginib Ggnogf^ S-^Bb^ggi-acj bb66<^>g8^o $56
6o953(^^5"3<ogibg. bbGi^ob goGQgG^t^iQoob gibfofoobib iG "ft" o^Cijgii:
2HN02->N02+ no + Hfl
6bro(8)ao)6go», ^bo(8)DgiGGfl6g^b^g^G gj.Gbbg63gioo>, djEoogfoo G^ig^^. Gbob bboggiob Gco^Ggiogioa) ^G
ai^bgcirgioWlj
4HNOj ^ 4NOj + Oj + 2HjO
6bcn(8)a^6g6,g6Gb^g"30>(ngSoor) go gnG(3g6(8)(^)o<^g8'3Coo,dc:;>og{oo G^^Ggigo^. Gg^ic^gioco^G G^bcn^G ^6 ^g^gof^gbb
GbDcn^jo Au, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ti joi Ta. (om^bob 6ga3g<o^(8)'3(^)6bg ^bn^G^^g^ <^>g6go(^>g8b e#>goGj.ba)j>G, ^coGo)^
joi 6c:>-3ao6o>iG, fo^iog^G G^o) bgco63o<^)bg ^^t^jGojGGob Qog groGQgG^^of^ga-aco Gg^gi^o -gbbGico ojboj«-3<#)
^bgb. 63o5c«>G gcoG(3gG(8)(^)o(^g&'gc:jo ^bco^Gg^g^b g^joi^^Gi ^godj^jgi^ ^G Gg^^cogiobig^ so^ab^gi-acjo
9g56c:>gio)^G f#>g6gof^>g8ob6b 6bD(8)G-jigi ^cjcoggii bbg^jo^bbgi 3f#)coco^^5gb6Gcog h'Bo(h6fo ibo(8)ob
GtoGr)- to6 (oonjbojo^g). ^ifoGco^Gocj d(^)coco-3^(a>a)i 3gEoggGocjnb.b fo^Grogocogi-acooi Gg^^c^job i-gGgiibg,
49
JP>6(3g65<o.iQOA%g. 8Aa^sn|»oof).ifio, 86360*380)66 (^363o<n3iolj6l5,83636lj 3n6Qg6(«)tf)6(3oolj
80IS3C0300), 6{:ojD3g6ol5 3(^50*3^(8)0 3308203^6 o^nliNO^ ,N0, NjO, N2j:!06 NH3.
6%ro^8^636,3661»63*30)(^3ioo> 30 3006(336(8)60633*35100,366363!) 6663g(8)65i;o3ilj6(3 931)636301) 83^3o3«i3i?o:
S + 6HNO3 (30)60) -> HjSO^ + 6NO2 + 2H2O
3P+ 5HN03(366'b) + 2Up -> SHjPO, + 5N0
®o)b^o)6o. go)l)go)6o 3*3633690 1)6386050 3636035033*350 36::oo3365g31) 8o33-30)36336, 00*3806, ^080*360
6j(8)03o3ol) 3680 866(8)030 6030003633330I) l)6l5ooo 66 33153500^- a«^3<^G3C?0^'3C?"'^ gol)go6o(8)ol) - Ca3(P04)2
jotS 636^o^33o1) —3Caj(PO^)2 "CaXj (X= F, CI66 OH) l)6l5ooo.
0301)^060 oo63ol)*3g65o 85030866303690 ^668o^6o1) 6681036083 6500(8)6030*350 l)6lS3l)l536o36l)i 003006,
^000350 J06 963 <gol)<go61). 0030060 ^ol)go6o 0305001)8633660 603000363366,608500!) 36ol)(8)650'36o 831)360
(^3(8)663506*3500 650663030I) oool56^o8o66o 805033*3503301)6366 (P^) 93503336 (68000 030 3«i61)l536350336 6^08*360
36o1)(8)6jo*36o 831)60!) 3^063 l)li36 650056080*3500 80500^036003301)6366). 030 0'36o6io olsl)6336 ^36po9o,
§63668 06366*350 36831)6350331)6 506 0bo8339o 366365033665006. 03o8339o 33665oo3ooo66 3668060333*3500
8o3o 8100360 50^303*360 80^8350336 (80*36500500 65068o66o36o)3o3 506635003300 0,13 03060 <go3«J3o6o
363o335oopoo6). 03060 ^o3go6o 8636*33 oo63o3 *^3"C?*^ otI*!»63336. 63500 ^66330363
03060 ^o3go6o3 3^3663 660336 ^080*360 36363003 3o6605oo3 363630650 366506^8663 *336390610336.
go3<go6o ^080*36650 850036 6j5o'36o 666335«i52jo<i' 650056080*3500 3o5oo<go360o33o3 ^0*360 6j5"3f^^'^
860936350036650 3663336350336 36086630036366. 86365000650, 03060 <go3<go6o 8636*33 665050336 60°C-*33,
^003500 - 270°C-*b3,30500 9630 3636005? 0B363 66503303 *36663. 333SI?«> ^0^or)^303*^^'' «go3^o6o3
^3o363 80050336 <go3<go6(V)-o3 oJ3o5oo (^663365003 6635033o3o363 66 63500 ^330363 <go3<go6(in)-o3
0^0500 ^66800^86336):
4P + 5O2 -> 2P2O5 4P + 3O2 -> 2P2O3
363*36330363 go3<go6o 83565033066 636306333 ^o3<go5033o3,30500 666835«HS?0^«'>'^6 —go3go6(III)-
o36 50.^ «go3«go6(V)-o3 663603303 ^6680^600:
3Ca + 2P-^Ca3P2 AI + P-^AIP 2P + SClj ^ 2PCI3
2P + SClj -> 2PCI5 2P + 3Br2 -> 2PBr3 2P + 3S P2S3
<go3«go6(ni)-o3 0^30500 0og ^365090 o336336 ^o3<go6og66836363 ^6680j36oo, 30500 03350 ^365090
8085006663033 5oo386o8o60oo3 ^66336-65050336000 636^006;
P2O3 + 3H2O ^ 2H3PO3 2P2O3 + 6H2O PH3 + 3H3PO,
<303^0603668^636 *3^360, ^365090 36636503366500 83660 60300363366. 030 06^*380660 836366.
^663oj86o3 369*36500 («go3<go533o: Na2HP03, CaHPOj io<i ^^3-) c?*^ ^^36 (8oco6o<go3<go53io: NaHjPOj,
Ca(H2P03)2 106 333.) 866050333.
<go3<go6(V)-o3 0^3050*33 80063 66050360300 0030 ^ycoob 80^83503300 80050336 8356^c»)3<go68^636,
60835000 ^3650066 50*3500500363 66 6o.)303633o363 o6oogo3<go6836366D (363,633"3sc?0^"3' ?3t*>3o3o6836363
*3^0503336) 3661060^86336. 33 *33^663363500 80050336, 6363033, P2O5-03 500500 66050360300 03350 ^36co9o
3633600:
P2O5 + H2O -)• 2HPO3 HPO3 + H2O H3PO, P2O5 + 3Kp -> 2H3PO,
go3<go68g636 03060 36o35'>6so*36o ^365090 36636503366500 60300363366. 030 368^*380660 836366 50
^668oj36o3 368o ^o3o3 866050333: <go3<g6(^333,8o5o6ogo3^6^3336 50.) 500805060^03^6^333,
PO^^ 0063303 66080363606 Ag^ 006330:
Ag^ + PO,'--^ Ag,PO,i
(go3g6(8)-oo6o3 33666^3 336035003 6o^66^o3 80^83503300 368030^0500 5006 33003500 66503J0 —
AgjPO^, 603060 3336IJ6 o5n3<g6^o, 8500360 836363 sD686^g3o363 0336336.
<go3<go68g6363 200°C ^388366^*3663503 3603350330363 ^668oo(]36336 8o6o<go3^o68^636
(6oogo3<go68^636):
2H3P0,^ H,Pp, + Hfi
33 8^636 oo3<g'38o66o6, 863668 ^663o^o3 86605006 06 6033 - 066666035033*3503 50.^
0036666035033*2503.
Rn8Bbn1>, *33S<^3lo*3CJo 3g8irf>A6g6olj6 C9.> 6-3^1030533^306011 l>(5)<'>"g56"3'^'3C? 30360636^3611
^.><^3c-)»(og361i. 33CJ01J 811030^^0 do(oo<n.){o.ico ~ ^^10(^^4)6(^^)2^ .Xwli ia36'jjioo, '33C<^3CS*3C?o 8386^6360 —
gnli^oc>o6o{036oli.)3is6, 6-j)3C!J3o63^336o 30 <00601)0- .)6 E03l)o81io^>o6o1)oge»li^i(8l'j)<®)o 3t«)3336oli.)j.)6 ^3103366.
6oc»>o<g<»)lngo(8>36oli 860^631:^103^60 ^*36800^ (0^3^601)990 3i53o3a<^3o61i 363(^130011 .)3*33*3coo<^o6ili6 co.) 3a'^''>3'^a'3C?"C?'>6
36ioo3rt3*j)lo (^13^8003^^ 3oli 3.)Go.)^6.)9o.
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3obgi03oo)iQ oGgigbb "a^^g^' "«g-3dg" '^^(on <q6^coo 9oGi^<Gbo ^d3^, 305063 i^gGb^gco-cocra^ob oognrtoob
Sobgcogoo).
cj^obob O)66db8d£0; 60301036356^, 6r)83CjoQ 93n063b 36306^:360 <n65o^6CJ35ob 8:J(n63 6^o>8b
3Cn3d(8>6n6gc?o 633oc?35ob 8ob6in3a6co (3C?3d(&6n635ob 6jjQ33^(n6o), bncjcn ^^83 - 60301036356,
6fn83cjb6(3 6^36 36'3666ocn353CJo 3Cj3d6'*''*'^'3C?" ^asocjob 8jJoi6g oi"36co60 36010 6(8^0180 3n36cj36^:36o
58350b 6668oib6d863c?6co (3e?od6'*''^®0^'^^ jo(n6r<i6o).
6g6doo6 63o6gb6 £oo> 5n6ob ^(oocQcnco^ofol 9(o6ob S^ogobo jd6 cj-gobob g-gdgb 9co6ob 636dooob
gc;;i6bog'g6o aogocoooioo:
BF3 + :NH3 <:± FjB^-NHj
636o36j:D,cT)'gobob o>gro6o6 6g66oiog5b 03'33g-3g6g'g6 6g6dQ06a)6 ^6gb {oo GnnQOgb 6g6dQog5b,6n3cng59o(3
66 3o)G6^oc^gco5b 36ro5(nGg5o. oigooi 36ro(8)nGo 9godc;>g56 fioooigocncob ^[i-gobob S^ogofo, 6650306 9g-gdc?o6
0C?0d6^"^'3C?" ^ggocoob 6^33^506356.
(06^<Q 3o6bri686,6d3g55n6*gc:oo (»>65o5'iC:jg^ob 5'gGg5ob 36o>36cnob^oGg5oor),3co6b5ooG6 gn-gobob o>gco6oob
301500^0306356 506 ^oanoggGo bob^o 56 65ocno 8^6335060 joo ^-3833506 86063080 (bfo8t3 36063080). ogo
<g'gdg-336g'g6o •g6o>og6a)d3g5og5ob g^gd6"3^'^^"^ o)gobg56ogo 6n:)^g6ob60)gob g63noggGg56 506 3oc:)g5'gcno6
gdb8g6o3gG5"gc^o g6Gbr>g65orog5ob b662^bg. 63 86oG3o8ob a)6G6b365o, bob^o 3g6gg5o "gggo) 301(0650060650356
bob5 ^•gdgg5or)6G, bcococo 65oc:;>o 3g63g5o - 65oco <g'gdgg5a)6G. 8o6btoGob 30)63303306 lo^<g'3dG35-gc;)06 o36bg,
6o)3 gGg6gog5oo) obc^jjoib 35ogo)3o o)65o56c:;ig5ob •g6o)og6o)d3g5og56 •gg6o) go33d6"3^^'^' <^c:?og6
g6Gbbg6gg5'gc:oo gGg6gog5ob a^oiGg o)65o5'^CJ0^f)l^ •360103601^3350356.
636og650j3g6g35o 506 ^-333350 93odc;>356 sooogoib 016 J^atl'S'^ ~ 65oc;»65o 506 bob565o. bob^o 8^)63350 - pn-gobob
83633506, 6o)3c:o35'3o3 3c:?3d6<^t^66d3385o)6'gc:o 65o)335b 83063 bo)335o, 36506cno 3c:o3d5<^f^"3'^<^{pg™""^'^
83063 8o)c;>66o'b3565oo>56 6dgb. 65o5::o 83633580 - 8060^001,3co3d5<^roG6d3385o)6'g5::;i 65o)335b 500500 'bo)335o,
50656c^o 3c^3d5^to'g66goigoo)0)56 506 865065:^0 8o)c^66o*b3565oo)56 6dgb (3b6. 9.1).
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'p32;jol) o)3oo)o(o6o*b6(3oooo:
2H2O ^ H3O* + OH- (9.1), 66 86(65030 l)6lioo) H^O ^ + OH-
•^9 ^odo03'^^ 6(6(0(33l)ol) *^(0661)^(0(6(060!) 8'2co9o36
[H^O]
1)60)0666(3, K [H^] = [H1[0H-] (9.3)
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^3200!) l)6^3ol)o 8(O20«3(6o 3(060365^660001) (1000:18=55,56 8(0200/20) 368(o8£oo66(63,
K^-pjO] = 63(630033, 82)jo9o3 botoofogl) ^6(68(o6£03361). 861) 632?"^ nmS^grt 668(«)63co1> <""3
363000362001)^063600 (9.3) 3665<o2oo^«^li> 90301:03600: K= [H^][OH"]. 25®C ~ US'IO"'^.
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3.0. [H"][OH"] =1,0-10""' (9to20()/2o) (9.4)
l)*3igoo6 ^3620^0 [H'^]=[OH"]. (9.4) 3665(o2036o£066 363(o3£oo66(63 [H^]=[0H"]=/1 0 '^= 10"'(3(O2oo/2o).
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pH 5,4-7,4);
2. bgb^o Q'gdg jod 3obo jd^otnGo. 9i>g.3c;>oa>6co, i'3<30^'3C!?f> bob^gSi — NHj/NH^"*"—
•^dot^jobi) (»<> ^ScoGo-gSob jjjjcofnocoob bb6»i(^3o (9oi^33co3iob pH 8,2-10,2);
3. 3^63^(OA bAB-jjicnjm SdJ'iocjo iGcn^oo $^^3^ ^GonGgfto. 9A^Ac;>oa>Ai:o, 3Afobn6A(^'3c;;>o
bob(8)39A —COj^'/HCOj" —6A^<oo"g9ob jjA(^in6A^obA (oa Jo(o<o(*)3A(oi(o6A(9)ob bb6A<n3o (9(»>^3j:og6o'b A<ogAc;oo
pH 9,3-11,3); gcobgA^-gt^o <^'3'go^"3C;jf> bob^39A — HP0^^"/H2P0^~ — 6A(8)(^o'29ob Joj^t^ngobgA^obA
(OA (ooJofio^nojob^gA^ob bbGAfoBo (9fnj9g(ogbob a^^qajjoo pH 6,2-8,2). 9a^o(;oo)A gb bob^g9gio ^godc;»giA
9o3Ag'2a)3Br)(n i'3«g3<^'3C!?<> bob^g9giob ^ot^gggo ^o3b, 9AgAcooa>A(o, gcobigA^-gfo bob(8)g9A^o
H2PO4- b-gb^o 9gA3AA.
4. A3Q(nc!no^3&nb nnGgbn aG 3r>(»o3j-gc^gio. 9A(n 9ogg*gtngGgiA A9oGr)9gAg'g<oo (oa QOcongAGo b'gggtG'gci^o
bob(8)g8gio. o*brog{rogj^fo"gc;) ^gfo^ogo^o (A9o6fo9^A3Aa)A 9rocog3'g{|nrjgio, do<noo>A(oA(o, o9gfo«ggiA io ^njioAfo-gcoo
onGgiob bAboo)) AdoGnd^ggbobA (oa Qojjijgiob bbGA(ngio a6aa b*g<gg6*gc!J"- <"'3 Abg<n bbGA^b (OAgdA^giA
GgAgAb aG ^•g(5)ob gAt^ggg^gcoo foAco(og6cobA, a9 ^gdoobgggA^o Qogogbob GA^ogoo gAjoAfioob "(3ocoA-9gAgA"-b a6
o3co(^9a3o (OA ^A(^9cooj8GgbA b*g<gg(o'gcoo bob^gdgbo: a) b-gb^o "QojioA-dgAgA" joa a9 dgAgAb
9a(oocoo; i) bgb^o "Qoj^oA-^-gdg" joa a9 ^"gdob dAfoogoo.
R-CHCNH3)C00 - + H» R-CHCNH,)COOH
R-CHCNH,)COO- + OH- R-CH(NHj)COO- + HjO
bA(OA(3 R 0OC;>ob dAg(0(*)d(*)(logg-g(»oob Ga^odoa.
dgAg'g^^)0 (^o3ob,dAgAcoo(nA(o,A0g(8)A^'gfoo b'g<gg<^"3C:;jo bob^gdobAcngob bbGAfoSoH"^ ocoGgiob gco6(3g6(^foAQoob
gAdooDgcoA ^godc^gbA ddAiodgAgAb (oobooQOAQOob gAGjSjcoj^ogbojoAG:
CH3COOH ^ CH3COO- + (9.6)
_ [Hn[CH3C00-]
[CH3COOH]
rxT., T. [CH3COOH]
a8 gAG(8)(ocogbo(DAG In J —1\ [01.13000"] ^
b-gcggfo-gj'oo bob(^gdob dgnfog gndbnGj^^ob, GA^foo'gdob <>(33(5)"^^^^ oAGAcobobAb, (ocndgoob (oobroQOAQoob
btocoQgbo ^g-gjoggAjooA, (9.6) gAG^nj^ijgboa) gAdcobAb"gc;jo ^(oGAb^nfG(obA g^^oGAQg{s;>gib dAfoQbGog. AjgjoAG
gA9rod(ooGA(og, ddAtodgAgAb AfoAcoobcoQot^gb-gCoo dcocijgg'gc^gbob g<^bQgG^<oA0OA bJ^A^^og'gcoAjo Ad d^AgAb
gnGQgG^foAQOob (8)(*)cooa, bfopioco AQg^A^-onGgbob gnGQgG(8)(oAQOA —dAfoogoob jroG^gG^foAQOob. ^gbAbAdobAjo,
(9.7) gA6(^ncogbA Abgo) bAbgb doo(ogbb:
[H*] = K (9.8)
®[dAf^ocoo]
pH = pK
• [3a^3'^]
bngAjoAjo g3gC!J«> ^o3ob b*ggg(o*g(i2;jo bob^gdgbobAogob JgGjog(obcoG-3AbgcobAbob gAG(^(»)jiogbA Abg
fiAo^gfogbAl
„ .^1 Pa'3g;g;oi^-3g;"
• [33^3'»]
dAgAdjooOTAjo, ojrobgA(8)'g(oo b-gojgfoobAoogob Ad gAG^cojjogbAb Abga>o bAbg A^gb:
pH= pK(H,PO,-) +
74
9.4. Q;3dO-8dC>3?f^O 3n80r)bd3%0
(jnybicjo r)(^3j6o1>83iolj •335o336j)c:jCT366gl»o o)3ol»Qij.> ioncjcogo-gf^o liomlSggfto'l, jlM»)3ocj3iob6 c?«> nt^jjBoQbolj pH-ob
8"2jo9o3P)iob 336i><^B"3GgiA — ^•383-8363^60 3p)83nb^6%o. 6c^8o66ob n6366n%8b 366^606 pH-ob6 {o6 ioncjngou^ boo)li33i'3o
bb36{06bb36 6o3<nn363i3iob ^38(j33cor)bob r)8(B(o86c?>36o 36o8363cjtni3inb,(8)3ai366g)^ob,^633ob J56 bb36 <g6j(8)o63bob jroc^rtjooGiooob
d6cj'b3 g6^bo 83j66o*b83io. 68360330^0 ojoboncj^aob 336n6ob ^oC6co6co3io(n, 68 3on6soo66(306b Jo83(»)b^6'bo (43688.
"homoios" - 8b363bo, "stasis" - 8jo3n8663r)46) 3^^0(06. 030 bp»6(jo3cjc9346 ^•38n6-3c?o (c?>>o>- "humor" - boo)b3) bobbcjob,
Jbn3oojn366o boojbob, cjo8^ob cf«i bb36 4ono?'^3^'3^'' boo)b33bob6 4o(»>ojt^3f>"366£o 6j^o"36o 86360)3408 (^36838(8)340,3068016340
£06 bb3.) 6363-3CJO 8^633'3c?o<^aioc?" 83^680*883408 833330400). 3'g8o6'30?<' !?•> 5363"3c?o 30840838^)340 83o£o6oco66 jo63633o634'gc;"
360)86630)0)66 £06 j85o8 63o6o-3'g8o6'3o?o <^3a'3C?'>0'"'^ 83^660*888. 063660*880 q£oocjo48 ^334366(8)'36o8, 36^608008, 304808
36363008,8088(5086 £06 ^8030(50348 3o6o8 800)833430 36^0063408,660063408,368860(500 6063408 3o6(336^66(joo8,o88o8'g6o ^633086
£06 pH-08 o4(^o86(50"36o 3603363J5J043408 33666B'363468.
08336(00 6633408 8^630660408 8'3£o8o3o4o8 336668^63468 '3C®oco38o 8803363(50046 6J38,66(0366,5^36 3600 H'*' 006340 86636(500
4oo(jo8o'36o 460(33808 36(8)6(50086(^0606; 83063(3 - ^36836^340 £06 406806340 400(50030-36 6(J^o3o468 68^(06363436 880(500(0
a«>6868(036-3(5oo pH-08 06(8)3636(5030. 68680066633,8088(5086 (06 ^8030(50348 3o6o8 80008330 ^36(5046(0-006006 306(336(^66(3008
•33603363(500 (33(^00(50346(3 30 338688633 83363(503668 68(5368 68 8000833408 08808-360 ^63308 80(00(0383.
pH 8088(5008 333(50683 •30360 8o8g)0 466683(8)606. 80680(566 (7,36) 8080 -38603363(500 36(5.)866(} 30, 3(553408 (6(30(5080)
66 86(^3408 (6(5036(50080) 8o866o)-3(5034oo), 0^3338 ^36836(^006 6(](8)03o4o8 (56 -33&63(oo8 838466608 3663(506(50408 (33(5068,6683400
836348 366336-6(5(53360000 460(3383408 808(50666304630 £06 8836 (566(5333348,66(3 0636608808 6o686(5o-26o ^•36^(3006063408600308
86800J6006. pH-08 0,3 3603-3(5000 338(306346 66 3686(56 0^3338 3086(8)08-36 8(53086630468,0,4 36o3"3{5ooo 36(06866 30 8033^36
8033(50(5008 808380 8(5346. o«>C533-3(E!; ^0^^3030^^"* 0636608808 338-38^34-3(500 085)60(^3(8)08 (5608, 4600(550303408 808380
^308(55346 pH-08 0,1 36o3'3(5ooo 3303(5060 30 368(538.
8o88(5o3o ^36(5046(5-00606 306036(8)66006 ooo(]8o8 80(550666(5 3660868(536346 4o(56o3664o66(8)-oo6o86 (56 6683o63^368
O666g66(5o4oo; d6oo 338(^3(55046 8^0(560(5 "3363306(5346 6683o646(5o8 (500^80(508 36(56(^6668 58030(55340(566 ^0(55(8)33430.
368860(550 COj c;ooj-36(5o6348 36006000^3430. 6^ *336836(8) 366406640(566868 86336(553400 8(5346 8o8o 40(566(8)6006
668306836368 ^668058600,6083(5100 (5080006(5346 ^36(5546(5- £06 4o(56o3664o66(8)-oo6346(5;
COj + HjO ^ HjCOj ;j± HCGj" +
36006000(8)3430 (5636030(550 HCOj~ 0063408 66^0(550 306036(8)660008 366(5036(^08 66834o4o8 3.180 36(56(508 4(5568863o
£06 3o8 6(530(558 0363348 C1~oo634o, 6606 3C5356^3C?'' 8-38(8)08 o666466o 3666^0(55346 66 (5606(5338. COj-08 66^0(550 3308(55346
(56'33633o6(538 43803(55040608 oo(Cjo)3<^8o 30840636^08 680602^3-3^8 366468068^6368 663(no8 (-NHCOOH) ^668058600).
40(5603664066^-00608 306036^66(306 6o6863o 8088(5508 366(8)3o 2O-2536 ^664o48 668306836368 306036(8)660068 (56
60686(55-360 pH 336666-3634-3(5506. 68 7)36668363(1:508 33(33(5568 3^0666(53(533346 4"3oj36-3(55o (56 6384066^06-3(550 808(8)38340
(<go)55(8)334o8 366063346,336(8)0(556006).
ojo(55^3343o 8088(5508 363(550868 8088(5508 36006000^3486 £06 4(556*88630 8(5346 *83800 6(56036-3(550 636^003408 86^0666(58(5330
460038340:
HCOj- + ^ HjCOj COj + HjO
38 0868 6036638,608 8088(550(566 COj-08 368030^0868 (5668(5503400 3j3036(5536(9)'36o 660(5360408 l-P0063400 3680030536.
6^3(566 36808(506663, 87)8o(j36 8603383(550368 60(558 686-3(55348 o}'3<J3-8363-36o ^o868^o6o4o8 338666-3634630. 8636(55006(5, 0-3
83^640(5508808 (566(533308 33(5336(5 8088(5508 8j)63066o46 086(5346 £06 30066(5346 60O(5o8o, 86(8)'3(55o48 530(55(8)33408 3660633408
06(8)36803046 (40436338(8)0(556006); 33(5336(5 3680030536 (50(50 66015360408 COj, 3386468086(5, H"*" 00G3408
jo60360660O6 8006(5346 (56 pH 86^308 (50838 -346'36(5346. 83(8)640(55-360 6(5536c5o8o8 (5608 4o6o(joo, 8006(5346 8683o646£oo8
£oooj8o(5o8 368030036 (4o4o336(8)OC560o6), 086(5346 H'*'0083408 3(^6038(8)66006 (56 pH-o8 86(508 308438806346 8o60O3C5(5346.
53-383-8^63-360 ^o668^o6o4o8 633'3(55o6346 8(5346,6363033,0)06383(553408 86^6(553400,608(553400 68333436 063680880(568 H"''
008348 £06 68(53638 86(8)60-3808 40(5603664086(8)08 63648o640o68.
75
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76
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77
10.2.
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bgjoiiofoob bofoocoob 'b'gbjSjo g6Bb6'bc;>g(n6 ^g'gdc^ogigjr^o.i. 69o(8)(*)9 6o(nob bggcof#>oooo ijobnfoiQO^
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ojGii gcjoQg(*iAc?IS0^"I9'*»^"8cjob 3i<^0bGog- 3i<o2^gGog3b(^'j]G.ig gG^G^ocoGgiogib 3o6^g(^gb gtsGbAbcogf^-gjnjjo
gnG<gog*g<^ii0Oii c°<i i^jGo^Ggb, 3gbiibi3obij3o, D- £OiN L- bo3bp)c;>{*)gioo) (b-g^. 12.6).
CHO CHO
H- OH ^H HO- H
fcH,OH HOH,
OH
CH3 HX
12.7.<<idg8-jd36b gGdS^omSgi'igan
H- OH HOHjC; OH HO CHjOH
CHjOH H H
103
a6o^3Ggcor)36G GAg6of)0)6 anpngg-gsnogiolj •386i3cjgW6 <oi8cogGo3g 03^6^^
^30(363^. 8ia)a)3olj G^gfognolSnagt^Oiolj (^io0b3olj 3680003513^ bjogii 2" (gcot^S^coooo.bito^Q n aocngg-gco^go
jo(^>6cn^6o ooG^^ogiob <o6oj:ogGcoi6. -38506 6cooGo3Go1j, <^>o8 ^03 gg8oob3g36^ ^gb6dc:oco b(8)g<#)goo*bco836oo6
(^O0b3o 68 bocoocogbg G63co3bo6.
^ci
c= c c= c
CH3O CH3O ^ ^C1
Z —o'boo3g6o E —0*8008360
104
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b56-g^5'g(^>6b.
(3ob-(8)(^6Gb obn8g(^o6 ha^cn^o,
00^08650 i8ob ^Gicofogogfo^fo, 68^b(^'g^gib w^gob-gg^cj iio^gGgib, <oob 56800(3 B«i38603c:jgic:!?O^
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68336^0 <Ho36g>g6r)io 3flC>>J3G(O0^6 in vitro rtgijooQiSo, 8i'9o6 (00(36 invivo qIj 663(^0)3^0 oBg61j I)(8)3(o3oli5g(3o«go3-3(<)oi6lj.
686I1 6(061)^^(^3411 o)'j)6(o6(3 ol) ^6^(8)0, (^08 (3O0b6co co(^366o%8i9o 8o8(oo66(^3 (^36^(3060)6 4o(036j*)6C!)o'b6(8jn(^34ol) —^3(^336(2>34oli
8051033^(06016 3gc»336o(oo46'3o 33^350346 8l5op:;)oio L-(X-68o6o3o636o>6 66Bo)34o.
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a- 66i)34o4oo), 6083500)6 1)63736503400) 0I060 0360)3436 815050050 jcatraa^^ ^a^oaoc?
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ooi5'36o 66 4o5o,>6g5oo 3(;a"3^a^^ 360)0360)^3503401)6 506 336836(8(ob 'b35o,)4o6'b3 66b3435o 6650686334350 65030503430 b*341)(8)66(8(ol)
366333*3500 3663836(8)3401) 8(*oo)63l)34ol) 156(654153.
336836(8)1), 6n835olj60 366^6 63034^)06340 6685036083 5S3*33ol) 3ob636o)34so65o, 6503050^50 33*385006 3666(8)00)8363401) q(6o)-
366qo)o1)6366 366B336. 33(60)50346 66 63034(^0)6*350 036(2)6341) *3^(60) 83(8)0 543*3^00), „b35ob636Qsoo" 3666(8)00)8360 *3330) 6(ol)o)6-
40650346,305063 3ol)o o)4(8)OJ"3(6o 66(8)o4o>5oo. 680b 3680), b3o6 338o)b3336^, 400)500)30*360 6j^o30)4oo) 3680)066336 6636o)ob 8bo5oo)5o
360)0 3666(^oo)3q6o,863o6 (6o)06 830)63 66 1)635oq4oo) 6666 6^(8)0*3(60,06 641)o)5o*3(^*g665o 3661)b36334g(oo 400)500)30*3(60 80)^83503400)
b6l)060)50346.
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3*36 63034(8)0)6340)66. 686llO>66,68 *360)0360)^3503401) 1108500363 506,6^35066 3680)81506663, 4634666(8)o1) <3668630)500)30^60 6j(8)030)46
50680)30(034^5006 338650336350 30)840)636^0)6 8o)so33*3coq4o1) 6(o6630)46%3. 68 80)5033*350341) *36(06 4^0)65031) obQooo 30)6^3*366006,
6o)8 660 330850346 8(8)300350 506*3363306(031) 63034(8)0)63411. 3o)6go3*3660ool) 33(53506 8ol)o 66(^0 40)15001, 60)3060 ^q1»o, 0^3331)
<g668630)5oro3036o 6j(8)030)4ol) 83330)6 (56j33oo)Q46b 630g4(8)O)(^66 66360)01) 33363306340I) b66obbob 3380o6g4ol) 3680). 8636500-
0)6(0, ^668630)500)30*360 6^(8)030)5^00) 368o)o6Bg36 8bo)5oo)io D-(-)-6(^3665ooGo. 8ol)o 0)4(8)03*360 66^o4o)c^l) —L-(+)-6(563865oo6ol)
^06650*36 036^60)66 (5636330634*3500 4oio(wjbo5ool) 34a'3^" 1k'3<^0D^ a^b36334*3co.){o66 0)6036(8)0634*3500,601) 3680)0 65^036*3500
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1)68o6), 660 <g66863o>5oo)3036o 6j^o30)4ob 3380O6346I) 0^3331).
666500)30*36 80)350361^1) 6J3I) 65530500 86636500 l)b36 1)6833656500) 6030)0363401) 338o)b33363o. 86365000)655, ols6(56o6ol) 866-
523603846*36630 1)(8)3630)o1>o)836o1) 46o)5jo)3636<g66o)ng435oo 80)^8355346 63661)3236 6(0386(8)346 3obo o)4^03g6o 66^o4o)i5ob 6^^030)46l),
bo)5oo) 1)o81)036o1) 1)6^0666(58(5330) 4634666^0 1)6630)5501)060 86601)603346*36630 3666(8)00)83606, 86^06 6o)06 3ol) 866323603846*3663
l)(8)363(ool)o)3g61) 1)683^666500) od3o1)3434o 1)6360)0)55 66 366B606.
HO
<oVCH-CH2NHCH3
> ^ OH
HO ^ OH
CH-CHjNHCHCCHj),
HO^ HO
6556366(0060 o1)6(5(^)o6o
(CICHj-CHj)jN -/ Q VcHj-CH-COOH
^' NHj
1)6630)5001)060
105
CH, CH
'CHj rtj)l5o6p>C?o
1
CJLCH3 CH, CH, d31jo6o
+
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ll-A<^o61»-<^3(8)o6ocjo
hv
CH, CH
3 11 12 O nobobo
rtoiocoiboSo
^Nu -H,0
CH, H
Il-(3ol»-<^gi5)o66cjo
106
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H>^O.lMBa^H
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P-3o6(o(B,o6o
63(8,060550 63(8,06(01.50
O N
H
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13.2.56n80)5 "Ofnmofnmbd^o^b
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109
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r*
CH,= CH-C
0^
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62030(500 (83000(500,3(7)0(500 +i -
3(503^(0006(00060^0
(06 6. 8.)
-NH^-NHAlk, -NAlk,) -I +M 3(503d5^'^9coo6o(oo
-OH -I +M 3(503(]5(oo6coo6oAo
6(50300^60 — (83oo(0(j6o-30)(o- -I +M 3(5:>3^5'^"^"6oAo
(J60- (O6 6. 8.)
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-I 355,3^56066^345060
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110
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CH3OH > C2H3OH >(CH3)3CH0H >(CH3)3C0H
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+ X* X*
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OH-8363'3(no (3gG(8)(#>o,<i<i8gcj>o(3 0-H b8ob S^i^jicio boicji^nbob 3^801 3.iG^3o<ioibgbb 3<^ci(«)0iGob 8oi^33g(8)ob
ggb^dcogicicibob; G-33c»gci«goci^(^o foi n-g-gdoig^Go (3gG(8)(oo - 3^-3G6^oc:ogbgc:io oc:>od(8)f^£n6-3c>o ^ggos^job 8^oiGg
-j^G3bi{oob ^50180; ocjoj6<^n<goco'3(^>o ogG(8)<io - a-Gib^6ii{oi(8)oi8o,<noi8gc::>bgO 0C?0d6^"^"3C?" boSggt^iogob
joggoQo^o 368t^^3g-3c:>oi 8gboibgc:io Jojo^^oi^ociob jCb'S'S"^ -I-0<30d6"'"» p-CH-8-]A3-36o ygG^^^o,<00183511^00
C--H i8ob 3coco6<oob^0o6 3^Gbo6oib3a'3c:io.>, 63<o3o)33, 3oco<^)oijboc::>ob 5sa'3"3"^ OC2?ad6^"^'^dOO'^6^^"3C?f'
^^gCogGoo).
R—CH-^CHj-^O^-H
OH-8^A3g<^o
HOCH,CH,OH
2 2
+Na • HOCH^CHjONa _H^
NaOCH^CHjONa
139
2-
CH20H
2\ + Cu(0H)2 + 2NaOH 2Na^ + 4H2O
CHjOH CHp OCH2J
C,H,OH + + H,0
CHjOH + -* + CHjCOOH
140
g<<io)i^n3o.i6o "biot^^gioli .iG.ijinn^o'gtn.iCo, Joj:o(^r)^ocooli ^00352?*^ J^cnnggGo'U
^^o8g6oo) l5o(^QogE;>cogi6 o8.>3g ^og-iggB^giocn, ^.^b-gt^gioli 3ot^r)ig63o:
Qfa)»H,SO..I30°C 0 ^
joro'vj -yg(^o ticogocjj^ Bojoob SgbiSg'jjcjo b3oA(5)J)bob (;og2oco(^.ij^6QOi (80-100 C, HjSO^);
CH3 CH,
CH3—C—CH2CH3
I
H2S0^90°C^ (CH3)2C=CHCH3 + CH2=C—CHjCHj
-HjU
OH
dDc^oDcogiob {ogJocof^i^^QOobib, dot^nigiob^ joi 3oco<or);jboc>ob jea-g^goiob •g(no)og<na)3iGc;>63gaob
3obgj53oa), bb3^C06bb3i 3(onco"3^(8)gbo 8oocogi6. goQoG^c^-a^o sooncjgiob ai0bgc:;>gboa), 3iGb.>3gi-3SC;>o 83i3gbob
.iG cn-jjoooob jco(*)(^ocoob <n.i6^nbob.ib, 3.>(nicnGocj>'3(^o G.ig(^cr)gbo 8oocogb6 ((ngiijyoob ^"3«iCi;jgi®"3<^o ^^nnjo-g^^gio
g6coc;)gio^):
ZnCl.j f *1
CH,OH "CH^OH [CH^- CHOH] -CH3-CHO
gtijl^o-^Gob iob'j]c;ooj.i(8)a)ii6 ^^b-jutogiobib bjogi^ aJSJOQg^njsijob c50'^"Cs^'^(S)'^O'^'^ ^.i<o8r>o^86gi^ 9330'^^"»
•i<'>Ab6bo^8o36r> b-gGob 8^Gg "gj^gt^o .ic;>cog3o{oo —^gt^cojsjgoGo, <^r)8gcoo(3 ^tnoboi^Ggib a)3.>c|7ob.i co6 b-ib-gGojo
gbgiob confo^ngiiG ^^(obgib:
t®
CH^OH - CHOH -CH2OH [cH2=C=CHOH] CH^^CH-CHO
R-CHjOH ^
R-CHOH-R' ^r_c_r.+h
II ^
o
63 830)o)i:oob -3606650^^^^'^ 3680)3363600) 366bo)6(3032036-32o 830)0)10360)66 ^31:0663600) o86'3o
81:030)86630)61), 6o)8 66 bi:o366 620(03Jo}:o36ob 3381:030)80 <06366336 36660)6836336610.
6o)2ooo)2036ob co<^3-i533ob ^6680)0^86366 636j0oob 66o)io-3^5o>'^ ^66330. 86362000)610,
30)0203632oo30)2oob I5«i3«i6336 6*60)5836360)0 66 ^o)8 (Ill)-ob o)Jboiooo) 6b3 80810066630)61):
CHO COOH COOH
30Q06620-360 I)6o65g6o 03663366, 63630)33, 00)10836360)0. 63 i:o6o)b bio366 C-C 680b ^>>^3335'^
3666(06020-360 6636o)36ob 66 3666o)683636b ^6680)J356:
+HIO,
CHjOH-CH^OH 2HCHO + H2O
-I-2HI0,
CHjOH-CHOH-CHjOH 2HCHO + HCOOH + H^O
142
go^BngpocojG ojngigB i-g^^fioogBb, cooga)ocj>gor)g(^lj, b6bo.i9ng6r> b-gBob SjnBg focn-gjio gwgt^gib
("bociaob gbgB0ogio'*),{J3,i68g6g6b £06 8<oig,>c:j bbgi Bogmogeogi^b. go).>6oc:j)ob b.ioj-gdggco'bg iBISiiogigB 86.i36c;>o
b^Bg-gfoB^Cnn B^gB^f^ob B.>ggBb. BgjwoQoBd^o 8^b oggBgigB, igfogmgg, g,><^ggj»B 0>6(8)obg3^og'g(^ b^'Sg^CJOi'^Co.
ga)oj»;i>gBgc;>ogncno 8co(8)git»> ggBnb B^oBg boa)bg,>. 8cjog6o '3b.^8n.>. ogo g-^BnoggBgi^ 3nc;oogo)g(^gc;>o
in^gcob (8^g^5:;;>oo>6£o, ji:n^gb,>Bob) boBoDg'bob.iODgob. 8obo 50%-o.iGo bbBit^o 66(8)ooj<no%,ico obBiXogft^.
^g^CIJo gg8oob B^nBg ic;>.iB(8)o boobgi. igGgi^^o 5>i3<^(3gc;!jgigcjo^ fomgcno gog^giob
(QboBgio) b,iboof). g^gcijn aCJOQgfoncjjo Biijnjbg 3og<^r)bgco3ogc;;>Oii (J-ig^oco^B '3o)^Bo>Jj>gb 40%-8cog
60^^) • 36<ogog8g<^gc;>o (D<i B^^^t^Bgiobi jjo^ b.i0bgigiob gn83nBg6^j»(o, jggiob
Bt^g^ggcijobib^ jo^ ^g-^Sob ^it^Bngi^^o. Bobo (oofoo <o,>nEogBr)b.i ob.><02^gbi
CHjOH (8)<ooBo^^iS^ob joibiBb^cogicO'^j:?*
nor)b6(8)CoBo6B b3o('S(8^gib gfoooX^o^gib 9'^o>o g(^cr)-g<oo)o
HOH,C-C-CH,OH ^liioBcoBicoggBgcjo, 3gB^^g(^oo)(no^o (2,2-cooJoco^^n^o8go)OE;>-1,3-36n366cooc)c:oo)
I ggg(^(*),^g65;j>^o bbBifioo g(oob{9).icog^o Bo3a»og<ngi5^,<^p)Bgc;ob.>(3 ^bi^bo^ogib ligngoBr)-
CHjOH C;>g3ob.ia)3ob jo.iB6b.ibo,>o)gigcoo g3QC!;jii (ngobgft^ gClooBoBot^giob <^g«^^Qogiob
3gB^.>g(noa)(^o^o Bobo (8)g^(oiBo(8)(^6^o —biBggt^Biijijor) 3(^g3.3(ni^o g^oBo^o g^BnoggBgb.i ^^f'boggc^o
gr)t^DB^(ogji;|70 ggBiifooboiob fofncnb. g<^o6o(^b g6iRBo.> Bo^^^ocogciJOQgfooBob Bb^^gbo
^.^(oBdgncijngogf^o mgobgigio, B.ig(ooiB Bobo biiBggfoB^c^o g<ggj{5)'^ Sigj^jgbijw 9330o><^o a>>Goc]jgboo)
b^B^^^Bcjjogoi.
17.1.2. ?30Bnc?0aO
OH
>H
O Q D
3n<'wojO(0)ggn5n 3ofnmjo>Cnncjo
('iQ'brofnyoBo OH
(l,3-o!n3n„«i<ndbnJo6V«,.) (1,2-con3nco('irogboSg6'bmc:jn) (1,2,3-(8)(^o3nco('i(*>gboi35'bmcjf>)
(1,4-(Do3ntDCifngbn5g6'broc?n)
idiag Eo<^cob ggBncj-gtno Joiofnco^ocjob g-gdg coi G-gggngncgojicij'gt^o ODgobgigbo, baoin^-gcrjoDiB ^gcoi(ogboo),
ggayof^gi-ac^joi.
Jocofoco^oc^job 2ia"3'3"^ +M-D'30d6"^ "Oac?0^'^ ^Ar"^ aibiboiogicogio, oao -gojt^n ^ngcijgi,
gofo^og C-0 Mi bboio^gb^ foi, ^gbiiiaobifio dg^oi dobo bod^goQgQ. ido^cod C^-OH Mob a'^^8ao6"®^
dodjooGifng ^ogi^Qogbo ^ggBcocogb'do dig^bg o^goiooi.
g!3do-d-)ig^<«>o wgobgbgbo.
^jrit>j(T,^o(o-ocoGgM)iB ^gjioitogboo) ggBn^oco-ooBob "gg^oco dic;>ij::;oo b^iioj^-gfnnbob g-^^n «ggBo>c;jgiob
dgia"g<no ogobgbgbo •g<g(on dgoogC^oi, gojofog — bdofo^gbobi. ic|»giBnc;;>gbobiaiG a"^Gbbgiggboa), o3gGnc;^o
•gfoOTogfntnjdgcogbb i^^i di<^^r> ^'g(®)g {^[jocnnBgbOTiB, i(oidg£o ^"g^ggboDiBiQ joi ^it^dcnjdGob 03gB(*)c;;;)i^gbb:
ICqHsOH + 2Na ^ 2C6H50Na +H2
CeHgOH + NaOH ^ CeHgONa + H2O
ijT^gfoaocjai^gbo a^BiJ(^og"gj;[;;>ico bfo'gcjJ'^C? aocot^jofj^obfogii ^gc;;>oa),di3o6 focoQi <gg6nc;)i(^ob Joco^oncjjobob
a^DQgbo ^gjQggiC®oi coi ggBncoi^ocoiB <ggBnc;oob dobicogbifio dgigii bi^o(^D. idiboDiB, ggBnji^ob dgigi
(ngobgbgio odcogGico b-gb^ifioii a<>9o)bi(8)'gc;?o»<ggBo)c;>i(8)Oj:Di6 ojgBocjjob a'^^^'^OdO^'^ Bib^ofodgigiooQ go
3godc;^gbi:
CgHgONa + CO2 + H2O »• CeHgOH + NaHCOg
gCijg^^focnBcocoGn^'gcno BidBiQggngiciJobo foidfiogBicodg idyotngib ggGnc^jgbob dgig-gt^ 0Dgobgbgib,di9oB ^ncoQi
gC;>gJ^<nnBijQga(8){»)(^«j«j{roo BidBiQgciogbjnjgaob a'^adJO^""^ dgigoiBcoii dgggoofoico ob(^c°gb<>. bgdc»>iE;jBo^6"gc];>ojBi6
aidndcooBi<^g, dgtnfog iojot^njbocjob gcjgJ^focoBconBnfo-gjQoo ogobgigbob dnbijJijnjioBgjioo og(*>
HOCgH^O" ocoBob b^iioc;n"g(oniobi (oi, ^gbiiidobijo, dgigoiBnbob ^gdQofogii n(ni^ndoi6 ojgBcoc^gb'do.
boBidcogocijg^o diooo dgigoiBnii (oidfiogBicodg ^ifobnib «ggBooc>)obib. idob dobgbo, bigi^oi-gcoojo, rX^i^odoiBo
<gg6ncngiob, fongnfoQ '3«g<or) 3(»)c;;)ifo'gcoo Big(^o>giob, iBoroBgbob b(8)iaoji[nobiQoi^o bnc;;7gi(8)i0oob go3gj(8)ob
coojoo ^gcjocnoi.
3o<oP)gi^g^Bo (gi(8)g^cjo) ^gigo^gbb (S^ggoob i0g(^i(8)a)i6 -gbbBicoo dit^ognob ^i<^dcnjdBocn. gb <^gi^QOi
aidooggBgii bbgifoibbgi Bigfocngb^o gi^g^CJ'g'oo ^(^iadgB^ob icodnbiBgBico;
144
I (^ogob 8<i35^Qg5[ngftgc;oo (ob. 16.4), 030 libcogBb ib^cjo
fi.iSGiQgcngicno'b n(oog6^.i(30.>b nfooco- jo.> 36(^6-3co3(»)8i<^g{»>i.>^n.
Jocj^agGoJ^gbi. •ggGcncogbob J^con^gGofogii ^ignbg «>co3ocn.sco 3o9coo6.i(«>gnib noDibob (®)3333(<i^(8)'3(^6'b3,
b(nr)3o66o .>6 jc;;>n<oo.>6o ^ycjjob 300^331:03^00). i(^ro3o.i6 ^g^coOiiG (^gti^ol^giobib 2,4,6-(^<ooitnco3<g36cocj>ob
oogoofoo Giiciogjo ^.)(n3oooj353i.i:
OH OH
+ 3Br, + 3HBr
OH
0~S "C II
or + HNO, -H,0 o
OH
O'
H+ 66 HO-
a CH,OH
a°" + HCH=0 OH
HOCH-
OH
TQT rCHj-CHj-CHj-CH-CHj-CHj-CHj-CH-CHj-CHj-CHj-CH-CH,
110*''^^'^''^^''''''^ a-(8)n3c*i«3g<^Cjo
CH3
IjbgiS (p—, y—, 5— !»» i.3.) (JjojrTggi^ocjgi^, <^n3gccjo>J aonc;ngo-g<^o .^j^ogroa^ ii6ci3i>(8)-j)c:j aortmgSo
BoG^QgCjga-jjcno Sgmociolj jig-g^gaob (^lyncogGnai .>6 3g30o(^3a>gj»|noi, iS gli gCfitRJO^ ljig(^o)ni5 li^hu^nih. a—(Sjngn^gt^ncjo'b
9"$S?0<j'3C?'^^ .X^ljga-gcjjo ^g6"CJ'3<^o Jotoroodlocjolj 268"!y3"^ ^36c?a6{o.>g)<»)3o ag^njlojo-gt^ <^<>C?oj^'bg g^60(^^ga.). ^^fndnjdSog^nn
^hocon cggGnJloto-gi^ (^JCDoj.iCjo G^jcjgaojgjo-gAoi, (^oli gi3o0 c^^naocogaoli jj-iGggoli JC^^g-gl^o ^acSO^-^* «>3<'wg.JE0t CC-
'>"3i'a2i'^0'?'3C?" tnl^goGgjnjgaoli 3g3a(^c>G6o)i <gcili<gncnoaotogaol ^gtoggGocjnaj^
injnjo'gjjgA QboSog^ 3tJ^3a^l» ag6rojljcHo>jjfw ^ggolig^. ^jSjcnS 3j1> (o^ 3(«>J3^c? "aoKcncj-g^o (Joiol) G^gt^olj .>G(«)OCTjljnjo^(8)gaij
•g^rtjogagG.
E J30(8)o3nGr)'bo .ico-iSo-iGgiBo gcjoGjoga^, (Joi^ooiijo-HOi ^gScxMn^ (loljbj^jG.igcjigaoa.i) joi 6g3(^(ncjngo"g<^o lio3a(8)n3gao<n. .sGgSoob
SobgW g6oo)(«>n0o(«)gaol 3g3a<^.jGol» ^a36coggGcj(»)ai3o 3g3^3.>cjo gjsgJ^o yboSng^Go S-j^ggaol ag<#>nJloco-g<w gjGggi.l^olj Sgcoga^^
glWit^itnyo^gaolj ItoQCiybcjolj bjGgl^idcjogoaA 3j33ar)<<>,icB OOO^'^' 30(8)63oGoo) 3£ooco6<<)Oi: boi^acjg^jroo, cjroaon, ibgofi^o, gggt^^bo, rtdg,
Cjgodjjjo, gcjgGot).> joi <noAj8f^Qio.
giGob.mg^cjgaoli (o^ oiSob iogGgG^o 3g{j>i6o6o oGcorocn-5,6-doGnGolj 3ncjo3g(^»o.i. •igjGo^-gcjo Gig(^)mo ofog^obSSo ^.irt3(wd36aai
o3oGn3g^36 iggGocj-icj-iGoGolj 3a(8)ianc:no'b3olj 3g£og8->co- -^3 3Aj»3icj\ji<gab-g(noj6n it^Dygbob g<*)or>-g(#Kno b(«)ic^.ii ao(^n3.>(8)gdoG'g(<)o
<grtig3gG§ob SgSyggcjo G:>g<#»o)ob - c^3oco(^njbo<ggGocn6jroiGoGob co^iGggi ioo«gjdrtn36co (b'gi*). 17.1). .>3 (<)a.vj0oob aj;^Mgofoga.i
o^gggb .^c;>ao6n'b3b.
HO
10]
HO-/qVCH.-CH -COOH jl •
m,
i:oo3n(^6njlK)a3gEnc;>d(>:n,)6n6a (c^i>) (or)<gijAn3a
aasj.606.
-CO3
oGj^cnco-S,6-^06060
17.2. 6:>0(^>cnoao
66b^n<^>^y6coa6to<g(#>o (h^foa^^^oh a-gGgiob Sobgcogoo) 6<oBg3g6 6coo«g65'g(^> (G65<ig(o (d^ "aSdO'^) t?<>
6(^p)36(8)gco 6coEog3ojogib6 {o^ 306'^^0^^- dO^t^Gb, (^>co3coob 3<oc;»g3-gcn63o 36<oir>6ocoob j^g-ggo •g363'3o(^ga6
to(o g(ooDG6o(o (o6£oo36c;>b, bo3g(8)(oogc;|ib •g'^nc^Qiob.
6fo3o6jc?i>(!>^<«ii» (?i> obroSg^ioA. a)*g 6pocog3ocoob ggb6a63ob 3^636b 653b (8)<#)0306co-g(#)0 b6bgco^tocooi6,
36'3oG 3obg6G 3godji[ogi6 dnjogb-gjcj ojG6b 6cocogioj:oob ^<^ogo6co«g(oo b6bgco^niogi60:
H-Ct° CHa-ct^ CH3-CH2-Ct° CH2=CH-Ct^
5o66^3gc:>6c>tog3oj50 d3(f)ob 6Kj!:og3oj50 3(#>r)5onGob 6c>csa«iocso 63<tf>ocjob ^jmcoQ^ocoo
(«gnA86cocogJocoo) (6(3a5"^C?CO0'^*'<?")
147
3bnco(*>co 66l5^o<nii£o,>^(«>3giolj 2J«>^golj o*br)3g(^Oii.
jg^oGgiolj coils^bgcjgioljilj '9gli.ii,i3obo li^bgcn^cTjogiib g3^(8)oii 1»o6a3"^ d06"^"*
lj6g6o>i'3cn(oobco Bp>3g6jc:>i5'3(^oa) 33(5)n6giob bibgcj^nfiDgbgiob 3olj.>cogiic» 66b3o6b^co.i5p)3(no o3.>gg (^oybgob
3j(^6g Gib^t^^g^coi^gbob b^bgcj^njogigbb g3.i5gi6 b-gigojbo "coGo". Ar-CO-R 5o3ob gg(8)nGgb^,(^n3ejgb^o3
g.i^ioGojm'a^^o 2^3*3^" igGlscocjob ^G G.yga>.iEjoGob bo(oa)gb '33'i3^o(^cogi.>, ^Qog^ob ^-ijoog-icjob (R-CO-)
b6bgen^(»)jogbj>3o "-oj^)" jo^cjcogii oQgcjgb^, ^gb.^i3obij:o, "-oggGcoGoo)" ^G -nG.i<go>r>Goa)". GibSo^b^jo-gcjo
j^^^gob obcnGg^ooob gg^nGgiSo agbgjogi^ git^ioGocijob jca'a'gob 3jogaie#,gp>iob obr)3g(^o.i0, (^>ob a^GcoQ
.>3 '33<iG<ibgGgc[oob 3j:ogi6(^>g(*)iob 3oa)oo)gb.> b.ibgc;»^ncogb63o <>"3QOC!!J0^0C?^'^'
CH,
I
CH,- CO - CH,- OH, - OH, OH, - CO - OH - CH, CH,-CH,-CO~CHj-CH,
o'bm3rtf<J.lo$-a3<T,„tn.,,3ftr)G.) ji.03<nnK;.j36r»R«)
(2-.l3G(|^66c»6o) (S-SgnDopn^Ti^AfioBo) (3-.)365>^B<'>Bn)
1 2 2-5 6
CH
O O
0
igGbnggGoGo 2'-v^gJb.>GnG.i<ga)coGo
^(n<')3"j3ci7A bobgcjBrjcogio t ®C
i«*P>.
t tPTTi.
°C
HCHO <gn(^3oc;>j:og3ocoo (3g(noGoc;;)o) -92 -21
CH3CHO (gmoGognn) -123,5 +21
CH3CH3CHO 3<on3or)6ob oj^jjogiocoo (3(^n3oGiiq;;>o) -81 48,8
CH3(CH3)3CH0 g(^iDb Od>cog3ocoo (i"g^<iGoc;;;>o) -99 75.7
CH3(CH3)3CH0 3'^CJJ0<^ooGob ocncogiocDo OgG^oGoji^no) -91,5 103,4
CH3(CH3),CH0 go3<o(*)Gob ogocogJocoo (3g^«iG6c[oo) -56 131
CH3(CH,)3CH0 gGoGj^ob ocnioo^ocoo (Jg^^oGog^o) -45 155
CH3(CH3)3CH0 go3Aoc;)ob ocjcogJocoo (t^J(5)<iGoci:no) - 163,4
CH2=CH-CH0 og^ognob ocojogJocoo (iAcn^gGocjjo) -87 53
CHg-CH=CH-CHO gt^co^roGob OEjcogJojoo ((Z)-2-i"g^gGoc;jo) -77 104
C.HgCHO bgGbocojogJocoo -26 179
CH3-CO-CH3 (ooGgOTocjgg^t^Go, ^0g(8)nGo (3(oco3oGcoGo) -95 56,5
CH3-CO-C3H, agooogngooogogg^toGo (i-g^oGroGo) -86,4 79,6
CH3-C0-C3H,(G) 3go)og;;>-G-3<'^n3og;;)gg^nGo (2-3gG(8)6GcoGo) -77,8 101,7
CH3-CO-C3H, (0) agOTOgJIjobnif^co^ogijggjSjcoGo -92 93
(3-3go>og^-2-i'g(8).iGcoGo)
CgHg-CO-C^Hg jwogcnocjgg^nGo (3-3gG^o6coGo) -42 102,7
C.Hg-CO-CHg 20 202
C,H5-C0-C,H, bgGbcoggGnGo 48 305
R-C^
5+^^" R^S+/>f
^C=0^
5_
H R
C=0 2)8ob gGg^goA (708 33i/9cog:jo) 8g(8)o.i, gogotng C=C 680b gGg(ngo6 (620 33c/8ng]jo), btog^co 8obn
bogfodg (0,121 G8) Gotggngio^ C=C i8ob bog(^dg*bg (0,134 G8). gifninGogcijob jig-gogob 3ng;jo><^ob.i(3o,i "^303^
8(*)g*>ggig{ro^3o (^cogcnt^Q b'^ggjjgcxgog^'jg^^o (G6^og^co&(^ogo go^gogiotno 8'jgb^ob 8^nGg Gib3o<oi.igo,i^(*>8o), obg
0CI?0d(2)'^"*8"C? "jg^fogngoOTo dgb^ob 8JnGg ^.iGgi.igo,i(8)(»)8o) ^g^ggob Qgb^t^giob ,>(obgicoi.>b.
g6'jg66^ogj>gigg;;>o gc;!jgj^^^t*>G"j)g;;>o ^ggog^job 8^oiGg ^iGgiiigo6^r)8o <g"jgdo^Gniob Qg6^(oo.i, bng;;>co g6(^ico6og;;job
5(;g-3«3ob -I-g«ggj(8)0 a-CH d^^g-^tno 0gG(8)(^ob ^i<o8roj3Gib o^gggb. id^btn^Gigg, -gj^gfo ^G ^<on86(8)-3cn
Gj>b^o<o^gig:oii{0'2(o fMJjgoogigiugi'bg 3godg:;)gi.i gJ»Gbco<o0ogg:|)gogb gc:::>g^(§)(nn«gog]j'36n J.6 6'3gg::>gno30g:;>g(no ^g(8)ggi.
3<^30C!?o3g bg8cn>ic;>Go?G'jgg;;>o g.i(^icoGog;;>'jg(no Giigfocngiob diigoigjj (ogii^Qoob'jgG.ifooiiGnbi^b gisG63o(^c»)ig2>b.
n-«y'gdoi)6(»)<Sob (3365(^0
aci.'Ot)0'^"'3"K?'a<^" C3a^6<^"
a-CH-aa,^g-g(<>o 03^6'*'
^iGggob ('igAjj^ogbo. (n-g boGgj-X^^^o 30^^obg;;>ob n^bogoob •idoiig'jgfo bbG.i(ob <ig:;>gog3ogob c»<>g"38.i(^g6a) goi
Go><oggb g«>g6Qbggog<!KX),^g:;)gog3ogoo o^^Gggb^ G,>b3o(^b.>goi^ci8giob ogogg fooQbgob ^gd^ggg]^ g.>(^bnG8;gig.igo,b(*)g:;»n
30^O^C?^ g"^9nogng^gii boGg^-X^ob 33C°C^3^'bg b^C^gob b.iboa) (gg<^Qbg;;>ob b^t^gob (^g.ijQOi):
R-Ct°H + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH Un
^^9 + 4NH3+HjO
6G6g;jr)go"jg(^6go 8o8goo6.it^g(nbb <ic;!jt®g3ogogbob g<iGgg.> b3og^gGd(II)-nb Jogotncojbogooo). ^8 '3g"i5iibg6gg;oob
.jbg^^godogogi-gg;^ Qob<gg<o G.>g;;>g^'bg ^gjjgogJogoob bbG^t^ob i:o,i8^^gboa) go,i Gi(^ggob 3'i(3bgg;ogboa) gsg<o
^^(n8noj36gb^ b3ogi>gGd(I)-ob Jogot^n^ogoob ggocnggoo 6.ig:;>gjo, (^»n8gg:;>oQ 86g];>g ^ocn^o <gg<nob b3ogi)g6d(I)-
ob njbogoigo g,>(ogo6oJ8Ggb.i:
33^0632)0 6(^6o^'3joo (^3633653^00) 6(^ 036633^6. o1jo6o 8l5ojoD(o 836(3(^) 8o(^oi3b'3o 3660(3(0066 366336!)
8(003(00 83663633^00). 686bo)66,b(03i,) C-C 2)8ob 36^333^6 co6 b6^3ob 335060)1)6 33(o.)(o3ioo) 66b^o(^)2)6(oi5o83iol)
^(00 8(30(^3 (#)0(3b3ob ^38033(00 366330b 8(^o(o'g^53iob (do(^)oo)6(oi(;o, 3.)(tf»io683633iob) ^6(080^866:
^ H^R' -^R-c-oh
R-c-cC^„ [°1 „ -<.0 + R'-c-R"
i?
8oo(«)0)obob («)36(J(303bn. C=0 36(^)io6o(oob 2C37)«g3o 7t-i86 8(003(00 8o(06(oob6(3oob 3680 6(030(oj>co
^3(03^6 H®^-X®"5o3ob 8o(o.)(#)'3(;foo 8o(033'3(03bob 'b38o^83(53bob ^3(0336(0. ^036(06(0,3b 8(oo03bo ^sodjojjii
^38(0330 bj38oo) 363oob6bob:
8+^0^8+ 8- ^OH
R-C; +H-X »-R-C
1
I
1
I^H
X
150
a) "gt^OTogfoojSgjogi'U ^g^cjo^G ^gliiiiiSolio JocD^^^^2ioli ^6(^8ro^35oo>:
^O H^OH
R-CC^ +H0H:5=t R-Cvq^
aocogi-gjn, 1j3o(^^'3o gfoo) 6^b'9o<^5,>coo'b i(8)e)8o)66 n(no JotDt^cnJbogno'b 2Ca'3^"'^
(^n^ntoQ QGnioc;>o.i, .ibgoo £ooc»)c;>gio ,i(^i3cog<o6too6. ii3o^(*)3 (ngi^QOi SSOC?*^
ojcot^iS^CijCogJotoo'b (^a^^Qoob ^n6ib^n6nii 36(<>0b6ogo>^ go>coib<^)ocoo. «gr)fG3.ic:oiogiocoo jo, (nr)3j[:;>ob
Gj»b^o<^i.iC06^m3'bg Ijo3gg(^ogolj c^ggoQO^o bigSjiDco coocooo>, ^g.Nc:;)bb66(<i'9o b'^co^gco ^bgo)o
ioco<^i^'3C;jo gr)<G3oa) ^(obgicoib. ^gic^ijbbGifogi'So gg^coGgiob 3ofD<o^^.i0O6 bjogb^.
{o) b3n(<|8)Qbnb 8ng(«)(nQ&6. ^cjcogiocogbo (3g(8)Ci6gio) •3<Go)og6oDj3gcogib b^ot^^gioD^vG (o<> ^,i<G3(»>J3Gob
Gibgg^<G6(3g(8)6c;>gib (Gibgg^^gg^^cogftb) iG (306"^c:?0^^) "
\ +R"OH,
^C=0+R"0H -; ^ + H^O
(R')H (R')H OR" (R')H OR"
or)"2 Giigfocnob 3njj;>gg'3C^i>^o gfoOTpofoco-gcnibCo .igjjjcogiocoob (iG jg^cnGob) JCSID'S^O'^'^ iocofonJIjocnob
2^a-g<go0, 3j>'9oG 3gb.b3c:;)g6gj::;30^ 3j»(no '9oaJ>3foc:;>gg'gc;j'3(no ^g^OTogtGoojGgcogi^ £»<> Gj>bg3.i(G60g(8)Oc:;>ob
(jG 66bggj.<G3g(8)iCnob) ^,i<^3nj36^. ^OyGb^g'gcnf^gJoor) b^o>ioE;>"3tGo^ b-goD- coj> 0"3C:?'3^"
6^bg3^6^Qg(8)6Cogio (^6 G.ibg3^63g(8)^cngao):
^O
H0CH,-CH,-CH-CH2-C'^ CH-CH^-CH^CH^-CHOHCR)
--"«> l o '
g) 3oco(*>o(«igbA. «ic;jcog3ocogio joi 3.ic;>iiji;;> (5)o9'^0^'^^"3^'^"'^0 OiiGiniob^b
og(^>a)gib ^gj»c>i^{ob ^^(«i3n^3Gob .is^jg^Gcocijgib. iS^bm^G, 3ootngai 3ofG3gc:>6Coo
b3o<o(8jo, bngon 3g(8)C^Gob ij^co^gGocn —Ggofng-gcijo b3o(^^o:
^O R^ R'
^ r-ch^oh ^:;c=0 +H2—^
3) jnGcogGb60onb <<>3Aij0ooSo. g^fobcoGoco-gfoo 2ia'3'3<^^ -M-0'30d60^"^ 9o'fc<^^OC?
Gib^o<^i6j^.i5o3bg oj3Ggio gc::?gJ5<^o6'3c:oo bo333(^o3ob i5a«go0o(8)o,eo^0,(n63ob 3b(^o3,36b(n^G io^3^3?o(ngb'3c::>o
^a^C^a^jDob 6(8)(n3ob 33(^^cocoaib a^G^aotocoigab. gb ^gicoa^coi^oGo 5'360 *^^3^" ^c::>c»o3ocoob (^6 3g(8)n6ob)
9«^C?03'3C?«^^ 3(nco(8)nGob b^botn.bDCoco co6(tf)BgGocno 3A6a6Gor>Go,6r)3r)fG0 G-ggcognojocoo,"ggig^f^jogb^
ijnrjjogJojoob 3gfo(Gg Gncj^gg'gj^ob gif^anGojuioob Gib^o<oa.iCo,i^r>3b. btoga^ .>b.ic]jo C—C a3ob
^^(^3(«>j3Gi,G^b^o(^a.>jo6(8)r)3cni 2i-i^3ob biojoi 3gcoi6gaoo) fnm-gcno 3r)c>gg-3c::>^ Goo^jga^. ^bgo) f^g^j0og<!>b
3coG£ogGb^0oob <^g<>j0ogib "g^nj^gigS- a^Ggoboj^jjno) oboGo <>0g{8).ic;>cog3ocoob G-ig^c^ooibg.
<ogo.d0oob aot^ggc^ O^'^'^'ba ^^fGGcoo^Gga^ ^Cojonj^o (^C?C°0'^"C?'^C?3'^'^^S::?")' ^>><^9000^3^
b^bgdJ^cojoga^ — Gogt^oDga^;
151
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66g6o)0)i6 a63n«jn^oo). (^qa^qooIj 3o6ggcn 33052?'^ ^oSwligogi^o, bcogii G'3jcjgtoo3oe:;)'3(^o
803(^0)3^^ foi a3a-i3o6(nlj3o<o(8)ob ^,><^800^866, (^83c;>o(3 co3Jofiof#>A56(30oL 332035^ li^icoconn
a6(^)Co.io58G3a.>. .>'b30f> <^3.iJoo3il> 8o3(<>or)3a6-8nbcj3Bolj <03^5(303^11 •3^coco3a36. 6coco33oj:o3ao {o^
•3(^o)O3(^(T)5^3C03ili 68063^0)66, Joj:o<np>5boc;)68o6or)66, Joio<!)6*bo6o)6G, g36ocoioco(^6*bo6o>66 £06 I)38o366i6'bo£oo>66,
^3li6a68ol)6£o,08063^0!) (^ogoli «g'3833ao,I),<o51)o83aoli (II), Joj:o(^6'b(o63aol> (III),o336oc:;)3o£o(S)6'b(o63aoli (IV) co6
11380j6(oi6'bco63ioli (V) ^6(^3co535oo):
s
IV \
/ C=N-R"
/
c = o
C=N-OH
III C=N-NH, /
R' O
C=N-NH-C-NH,
R'
SH-C-CC;
H
^ ?^?
H3C'"h^0'"H^CH
36(^6c;»£D3io£oo 8200360 802001180)83363200 116^^6203666.
£066620 ^336366(8)'j>j66b3 6(33(8)62O£D3Jo£00£066 ^6680)0586366 8obo (8>3^66836o - 83^620£033o£oo, 60)832000
30)<g6-Gbo)36366^ 3680)0336366 116^363620 ("8^6200 b3o6^o").
68 (8)0 3ob 6o)2oo836o'b60ooli 6365G03630 33(5>f^b36o 66 8o)66^o203o)6b.
a^9'*'ao5ga6. 620£033o£036oli Jo)3o)2oo>30'j)6o 6030I1 60633200 ^o66^3320620£03Jo£oo 66"3
«go)68620£033o£Do (2060). formica —^066^33206) B33'3io^a66o3 6060)636^0 83330)6o,666b6bo68o)36o) li-gGoli 85foG3
60606. 8obo 40%-o66o bli666o go)6862oo6oli Ii6b32o^o)£036oa)66 060)60200. go)68620£033o£oo jio35<^3b 0O2O36I1,
86(7) '9(*)6oli 665(^)36036011 B386£03362O(»)663o ^3863620 002036b £06 b6(o6b 86(7),68o(8)n8 <gD6862oo6ob 36b"j]636ob6b
^66805360200 co6(7)52ooor) 6bco3636 5''^'3^a""3S2?" o6b(8)6'g336(8)36ob6 £06 ^36o636ob EO3'bo6o3O0o6366b. 8obo
bb666o 3680)0336366 666^c»)8o'26o 6636666^36ob ?3b666b6£o £06 662o'b68o636ob60)3ob, (8)363ob ^6680)366*90,
bo)<g2ot>b 83*26630)66^ —b60)3bo 86b62oob £06 bo2oob b6063ob ^3b6^682O6£0.
<go)6862oo6ob £oo£oo b6o(7) 3366b3ob6b (366b63'2(7)636oof), £066620 (8)386366^'266'b3) ^6680)0586366 (7)3(7)60
«g36ob 6620350 —3666^o6862oj:o3Jo£do 66*3 6666<g(o68o. 68 '33666b3632oob bo6(7)3'bo ^333082006 3663obo2oo(7)
6(030)60 go)68620£og3o£oob 3o£o66^o636"22]!Jo 9t^C)?08'3CO0^"^ 3(O2oo3co6£O36b60oob (86£!)62o8(02O33'32I?'3^'>
152
e^gi^icnolj ^6(ndcn^SSo\i 8o8too6j>(^gc9il> OiiGSbcogio C0J>i^c::j9(^C?ag'3C::>'a<^o ic^cnjo-aj^ob
gii8c»>g{^goo)) ^^ocoqqIjo:
153
f uUocoCg-^ (cGc&ga3o(^P
"hd
HOs I , HOs
,D-HD- HO 0-1-10=^
Cf
•90(^CgW9,0 (qoCc0CV\O<2CGQ'IrggtJ<J<^CP
o(^C?SC.) g^o^(oC<j)c^CoJg oaJcyC?S co3 ^fj^oG^c?S couSC^Ccocog^^q^cgvcB i|oCu»:'t|o^CG9Pggco<^(^cP
•g^cC^irgu)<jjgC<^ —<|^CcCggu)^y^G o3C.Q<>gu)(^^ i^CCo^y^BC- gC^uJo o3<?c3CpC.G)^t^ j|^i|o^Cti3Cq^cg^s'o3
rj^o^GvCggux^y^G oa3C.(Jcg(jy9 oa3(2.<^Cu3C09g^y lOiSooq 'o^<;»CoJcj^a3Cqcf|^ 0(^C.i3coGo(^<^ 9^<^9gqo
(o(^C)C. q^oGu39f|^o(^SC^ OGoC.q ouSCCyop qoqCGo<^ 0(^C.oG(ou3togco^' qo(2CC^(rggcoqy<;>PooJ eo3 cogcog •^CvPggcjqc^c'P
^c^u)a3cjqc^'0£G^v?£ y^Ccwg qoaJC^ yc o8>C,9?S qou3oqPtJ^<^9P O^'qC^wi^'o^^SCCqiogC^ go c^qCcoiSJiJ^CoS
qoqCqC^ij^uSCqeq vtocGvCggcoqu^vG oou(^C.9?^PgCgu)g ocoo^CuSGOcgcg 'Cu^Cguig^u ccD c^C><e>?u3rgCgug
o^cGCpeau^^j'crxzi
32
o COOH COOH
4-3or)oc;>ig6'b(n3fli3i
R-CC „<iC-R
0-H- • •
155
QCjQj^rtogncjx)'''"
a ^ 6+«^U
R—CH—
CH-a^»3^rto (3oG(^(^(
OH-3343r3<^n
r 1 xO"'
^G R-Cf
\Ql'2
2R - COOH + Mg -» (R-€00)jMg + H,
2R- COOH + ZnO (R-COO),Zn + H,0
R - COOH + NaOH -> R-COONa + H,0
R-COOH+NH,^ R-COONH, S A
n(^)366'j3jroo 8^633^0 6g63o(^gab, 63(030)33, 860)^3 '3«g(G(o b-gb^ co6 6j(ococo6jo 8^6360)6 86(oocogio)6G,
8636cooo)6to, 36(oicoG6(^gia)6G:
2R - COOH + NaXOj ^ 2R- COONa + CO, + H,0
156
~ ac?'36'^^^?)'^3'^ ~ ac?'36"^^'^60^^> •>Eoo3oG8^j>3.b - ctfooiki^o^^h, 36cj>3o6a^636 -
365i:;;>36(9>32>1>, <g'386(^8g^36 - g'38i(^.>^gil> c?'^ ti.3.).
HOOC. ,H H, yHOOC J
c 230"C C >,3(k; HC V
II ^ II II 0+H,0
C .C^ HC. /
"^COOH H' ^COOH \
O
157
3(^oo0gb3o bfiogi.i 6ib?o(<iiiCDolj jooo^ocoob 3^3cogco(g.i jo^,
3o<onigioli 9obgc^goo>, ljb2i>c®<>bbg^ jcoibob G6g<^or)(X).i 3oc;jgi,i.
^Coo«g65-3(^o j^^oicoGS^^ggiob nfnoDjcoob a6(8)i(^g5obib a)r)<oo'33(IV)-ob ^5 3^6aiG'g3(IV)-ob ojbofiobg
^>i('i3{noJ35gi.>
400—500 ®C
2R-C00H > R>C=0 + COj + HjO
^6^{r:jr>^o"g(oo 3<nnco'3j5gio 3ooc:>3bj. jj>(o3cnB33636or)6 j.ic::>QO*33ob, b.i<oo-33ob, a)n6o'33obo. jo»> (njoBo (ll)-olj
3^(ooc;)giob ^ib-gingbob^b:
300"C
(R - COO),Ba • R,C = O + BaCO^
Bic^nBB^igi goib-gt^gbob^b cog30>(nbnjboc:;>o<n{:ogi.3 ^gbj>ij>3ob S^j^ggbico, bcic:>c») 6coo3o63;g63J>
bbgo>,'SgjBJtf^gboo) 3o>£n0)c:;>o 3r>c:jgg"3c:ni>j(no Sibob 3jcoBg, coogo><nbr)B3^^ggbo BBfoob .iB3ocofoo£oob oDiiBjicobob^b
g-ib-g^gbob ^gfiogg-ico coggo>(^bnjboc;;>o6gbibo>j)B gj>Bo(3coob cog3oco6j»(9)0>3O0.b jjo^ 9gb6b^3ob Qogc^-g^
gg(8)CoBgb^j:o gi(5Sj:Dj>oj3Ggb6:
I t"
HOOC-COOH HCOOH HOOC- CH, - COOH CH,-COOH
-CO, " -^^2
CH,-CH,^OOH ^..(CH.CO)fl f=^;^c=0 +CO,+H 0
CH,-CH,-COOH CH,-CTC
158
gt^oDifo aib-g^igio'bj^b 8ooK>gi6 ^oiG^ggcoa^igi, bcocjco ^g^Oft
Giib^ot^i^coo'b GcoGnJUojoo:
H so
HOOC-COOH ' ^ H-COOH -> CO + Hp
-CUj
17.4.5a060a0
^aoGgbo ^ao^gob G^^i^agioi, fooacjgi^Q ^g^cniicoob gfncno, cnfha ^G b^Gogg .>(8)cnao B.i66Qgc>gb-3ei>oi
^6\>'Bo(H^<^^hs{V'^(ho (^).ijDogicngboo). dS •gg.^GibgGgjmorjA (^joybgob 3obgcogoo) .it^BgggG 3ot^)ggcn.ico (R-NH^),
90"<^0"3C? (R2NH), J06 agbiag^ac^j (RjN) .iGoGgib. 8gp)a)bg^coo iGoGgio, (^^nGjiijgboQ, dfX^ooJijo-iJ?, agbgcogi^
G^ioocjgiob biboa),6*br>(8,ob i^tnGoD^G (oo>gAg^<ogb'3Cjo oof)bo (^.icoogicjob ^gGoggcjo ^GnGo-aGob iojot^co^ofioob
G^^6<oGgbo^. G^b3o(^^gAc>a^o>6 (^j^ogicogbob b-gGgbob Gobgcogocn g^G^bbg^ggbgG C?^ it^xnG^^Sj^C;!
^GoGgbb.
botnggc^j^jpo iGoGgbob bj^bgc^j^mogb^ Goojngbi (n^coogicijob ^•gGgGcogbcj'gino b(8)<#>'3 j(8)-g(^)ob bibgc^^cnjogbibg
(lUPAC-ob GcoGgGgc^ii^'gi^oo)) -^GoGo b-ggojbob co^Si^gboo).
CHj-CHj-CHj-NHj CH,-CH-CHj-NHj
3(^(*)3oc;;)68oGo CHj
(3(^)co36G-l-iGoGo) obcob'3(8)Oc:a6GoGo Qogc^jodg^bogo^GoGo
(2-8gor)ocj3<^>c>3^G-l-^aoGo) (Qogc:>cn3gjb6G6GoGo)
boGg^^o-gtcoo Ggcot^Sg-gc^o jd.> GgbiGg-gpcijo ^GoGgbob joibibgcngbobjyb -.iGoGo b-ggo^ob G^Gg
^6h'Bo(h^i^^h6fo'^(ho (#>6ioogic>ob b^bgcj^cofiogbib gG6(8)gbi 36g^ojbo coo- iG ,iboGg^foo-gco G^gfooDgbb
go ibibgc^gbgG (^KogtofoQ N-GiG^Qgcogb-gc:;) bot^ggco-^c? iGoGgbb. iGibmiG, 3o(ogg5c;..iC°^Co oogcooiG •g«g<oto Ato-gcoo
^39(339^? -iSoSb.
CH,-N-CH,-CH,-CH,
(CH,-CH,),NH I
CHj- CH,
coogo>ocoi9oGo QcnocoGgoocob^SinbojcoiGoGo
(N-gmojijogooiG^GoGo) (N-go>oc>-N-8go)OKj3(^n3iG-l-i8oGo)
J9H€ + 'J9 +
o'h
:opCu3^g gogoa3og^0(jg)gog)(g)
s'gCiUoo0 (ougCo3C0p(j0 gou3f>^ ugcu0Gj(^ goCcoogoujCiUqjVggc? oGo(^gwgC^(09<^ goooujC^g ot3C.gg^oguJ^ ^gCgCRocogv?
coOp^Ci^ gC 0cjy 'gg(A)C(^^gu^u0 ^ccSuC^? ^?gC^u vgCu)U0(j(^g gogoaSogc 'o3cuJOai3cGv0 •coa3C.gCo3oGo3wG
ogCoOpcCy gogCtuJGOcgcy u<^tu^uC>io^(^pC(]u3C (00^? *1^6^ •co^gJg^'QgCoujuj gu9u(^ j ^o3 u^Cg
-C^GOcg0?0 uu3C!.<^(A)ga}^gu(^QpCu3C u&C.G%(A}gu09 'ug^Cgugc «!!)3&9cgu}^c cgCu3&0?gcy uu^&uSuSou^^pC^C
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189
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Trp - Ala - Gly - Gly - Asp - Ala - Ser - Gly - Glu
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030 ioAaacjo (}0C5A,Ar)8c5obo)3obA0 8ot)cjfwG^ oJGi ^063385^100 b(8)6'g^-g66 (g. baG3ja6o,1953 ^.)- i8Abo)^i3a, 030
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bobb(5ob 5636b6bo6oi3X3(5 83<g3636b) 30 333(56 b36b38(50663Xob6 50 3b36b3^oioi6 -g3663(53bo}Xob6oi3ob 3601600600.
65680660b 838013(501X060 ^668oi65aaGb 53566836b, 60183(50(3 4 b-gX36oi33(5ob6a66 83533X0. 8601306 0160 a- (830063b 141
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o686go 68360b 6663^*63,00150b 6G G36ob8og6o bbg6 3625oggGob 8og6o)g6ob -3G660 g66RGo6. 00155)60 600630
660b 00150b a66836ob 6601536066,60832500 -3360015366100 a 0bo8b. 660 •3<g6o 861562506 0015-360 600630,
8000 -35360 -33J3606 800385)250 0bo8o, 8000 5)<g6o 83^^ 06863 6836b ^go06gb 86b?o ^3^636250 0bo8og6Go
36660683636.
866(8)03 36b663G6i5 25o6oi5g6b 8033-30036366,63630033,03025360 66-3 03605360. gb 663600360 •g362>ioo^"
060803660 836336066 56 -3861525360 36006^080660 6606(8)3606 600-3250 300363606 56 0603325-360 66
8036663-3250 ^663o^o6ob66. 03025360 Ip668o^6ob 156803325 <33666 6568066066 56 060332506 36663 56
0063b 8036663366 863636253606,6636566636 5663653636066 56 63583(^0 5636633066366. 9036663-3250
2506053606 80% 030253663 80506.
0603325-360 030253606 ^353360250066^0 ^38636250 -386525360 360)6^080660 6606^360566 656660^66306
00(^025066 - CjgHgjOH 56 8060002506 - CjjHgjOH 6606(8)360. 06033 9603660 3636032536-32506,
806006565,662590^06836366 60-3250 30363606 66600. 00^025662590(8)6^0 —CjjHjjCOOCigHjj ^6680653366
66368603^06 8060065 ^^*>960636^6,60250 80600025662580^6(8)0 —CjjHjjCOOCgjHgj ^31506 ^-3(8)3606
0302506 ^386533625066^0. 860 03363636 ^66863025030666 56 30683^036^0 6636566636 862568036066 56
6606g6o6 56668665362565.
228
23.1.2. f<>CDX)C?0 C?OdOfi?OaO
CHjOH CHjOCOR
HO-1—H Q RCOO-Uh q
CH,0-P-0H CHj-O-P-OH
Ah Ah
L-3cjo(3g(^(»)Cj-3-g(«)bg6(8)o L-«g<»)b^6(8)oio8;g.ig6
(sn-acjo(33(#Knc?-3Hg(nbgA5o) (l,2-iooAOOCo-sn-ac:.o0g(#)C)^r')bgr)(#»3^)i3i)
R'COO. •H
CH3C0( •H n=15 ^ 17
o O
II
CHjO-P-O-CHj-CHj-NHg CH20-P-0-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3
A- A-
L-oj{»)lj<gA(8)Oco^jinjfjo).i6ncn,y8o6«)io
CH3-(CH2),2-CH=CH-CH-CH-CH2-0-P-0-CH2-CH2N(CH3)3 bojoGjnSogcooGgio
(0g<^68ofD-l-gnb-
OH NHCOR O" ign^tocooGgio)
HO
230
aA6ac?op»^oiS0^" aJC?ojooc;»o3osogioA,6p)83coor)6 3acoaaBoc:;)P)i.i^o 3j)cool> boAcj3i3^3^^ 663cogGo8g
6,i^o Dgnoaoli.i^t^oco'gcoo 3^6^30.' gb Bigt^oDgio iofoggcj^ 6£o8oBg6oc> 0^6 a'^Bagnogi^o co^
^siodcooQ^^ 8.^0)0 bibgco^ncoo^iQ. aiBbig-gmt^^gboof) 8ioocoa<#)06 (SjgoBob (^i-gbo Bogtnogt^gbi.
g(^>oof)(^r)0o5gaocoiB a'^9c^a"*3"C:? g<^o)-g(^>of)o •38j»(^(8)oggbo aiBacjonbofoo 3g8d(^(nbf)i5o,(^nSgciioo ^OfioaO^-^
(jg<oi8ofo(nAB toi^^g'aot^gft'gcijo acjtld"''^"^'^ a^Cjij^obob Bi^OTgaobAa-iG (bwa^^co, a«^6ac::>o(»>%ocogaob
ogpoacnb^d-it^oi^tlCJo <g<^6a8gB(8)0 ^goaffjgiA 2-10 8o>BobAj6<^»oco'3C> B^Btnb). gb "gjiBibgBgcjo 30
C-3-o)6B B.iB^(33c;>ga*3Cjoi N-6(5g(^ocj6go(<»d8o68T{|d3d<nf>.
CH.OH CH.OH
OH
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b-CH2-CH-CH-CH=CH-(CH2),j-CH3
H OH NH
I
CH.OH
C=0
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^gaA^nbofoo
H,C-C-HN
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23.2.1. <S>0<iid060b0
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(}0(^A.>C;ob n(ha iooib(8>g(«»gn3gAo - a-Qn(8>(«»»c?n <>6^) agi^i^Gndcjo (E-obciGgrto) loi P-QOi^rtdcnn oG-g Ggrtdc?o (Z-obn3g(^o):
231
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H3C-C-CHj-CHj-CH=C( H3C-C-CH3-CH3-CH=C(CH3)j
tt-00(5)(TOCJO
Pt^
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(8,g(«53o63o£5<GA(5oU lj»bo<n (gb "gg.iGil»gGgcjo g^acwggGgJi JActGojjjcjo il^G^jS^ob joAols ^twbggcjgigcj ^->'3X)^gi'Ho):
OH OH
+2HjO +HjO
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'bo8og<^oio i^iit^ongSb bobbcj«}<i<^K»ggib. 8g6o)m(ninb, GngnjioGobi joi ^GgbtngbnGnb G.»<^ggob b3o(o(8)'bbG^o
g68cToggGg3.s .>coa"C;"^'^"3 63"3"K?8'^'^33^0^0C? Gggi^t^cjgogiob, 3oic?a"0^"^'^ 6(oa)(oicja"0^^
(Gg<^gob, j-gGmobok coi bibb^gbob ^gogocjo) c^nb (3<^g36(^.J^o dgGcng^bnGn).
H3C-CH-CH3
^G"3C?'3<^ 63*^0^0^^ flogj'gogGgb'^ a-3oGgGo JO-J d'i<g'g<^- a-3nGgGn bgo3ojo,x^b do<^oo)Aioo 3g8Ajogg6gcjo
3gGoifoc;o gn83fTGg6|8)06. ogo oi^bginib ^ggocjo jjGiG(8)0{«)8grtobA (o^ (o,>(jg8,>(8)ob biboo). jo3o^o g6(^(oi^gbob.>b a-3oGg6o
obnGgAobiogbA, ^ 8obo boAo>go obcjofigb-i. S^a'^™"'^'o)6G.>r)bobib ogo og<^or)gib b,i3 Scoeogg^i
^giCjb co«i ^.i<*>8c)j8Gob (SjgAboGJojol^iSjSjb;
CH,,' CH3
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^ +3H3O, HjSO^
H,0
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CH-OH CH,OH
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246
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