Chapter 2 Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 2.0 NOTATION a Compression face to point on surface of conerete where crack width is caleulated a Centre-to-centre distance between bars or groups of bars A Point on surface of concrete to nearest face of a bar Ac Gross area of concrete in a section Ay ‘Area of steel in tension A Area of steel in compression Ay ‘Area of steel in vertical links 6 Width of reinforced concrete section b. Breadth of compression face of beam mid-way between restraints & ‘Width of section at centroid of tensile steel be Average web width © Coefficient of torsional stiffness Cin Minimum cover to tensile reinforcement (e Torsional stiffness a Effective depth of tensile reinforcement a Effective depth of compressive reinforcement ay From tension face of concrete section to centre of tensile reinforcement E Modulus of elasticity of concrete E Modulus of elasticity of steet & Service stress in stee! reinforcement h Characteristic yield strength of steel t Revised compressive stress in steel taking into account depth of neutral Characteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement used as links Coefficient for calculation of cracked section moment of inertia Tensile foree in a bar at start of a bend Shear modulus Overall depth of a concrete section Thickness of flange in a T-beam ‘Maximum overall dimension of a rectangular conerete beam Minimum overall dimension of a rectangular concrete beam Moment of inertia Clear span or span face-to-face of support a42 Reinforced Concrete zzEeee RAISE A Br. Etfective span Centre-to-centre distance between supports modilar ratio = B/E Applied bending moment Design bending moment modified to account for axial load Moment of resistance of concrete in flanged beams Axial load Percentage of tensile reinforcement Percentage of compressive reinforcement Imeral radius of a bend in a bar Spacings of bent bars used as shear reinforcement Spacing of vertical inks Applied torsion Proportion of total torsion carried by each rectangle of an, T- oF section Shear stress in concrete (N/mm?) Design concrete shear stress (N/mm?) Shear stress in concrete duc to torsion (N/mm?) Ultimate permissible torsional shear stress (N/mm?) Design concrete torsional shear stress (N/mm*) Shear force in concrete section Shear force carried by bent bars ‘Shear force capacity of concrete section. ‘Shear force carried by vertical links Ubimite maximum shear forees allowed on section Shear force capacity of concrete section with minimum vertical links Design shear resistance of concrete Maximum crack width (mm) Depth of neutral axis from compression face Centre-tocentre of two external vertical legs ofa link Centre-tocentre of two external horizontal legs of a link Depth of lever arm Angle of inclination to horizontal of sheat reinforcement ‘Angle of inclination to horizontal of concrete strut in truss analogy Ratio of redistributed moment over clastic analysis moment Factor governing moment of resistance of concrete T-section Material factor Calculated strain in concrete at depth ft ‘Strain with stiffening effect corrected Strain at centre of stee! reinforcement Yield strain in steel reinforcement Strain at centre of compressive reinforcement Strain at depth h corrected for stiffening effect Caleulated strain in concrete ignoring stiffening effect Poisson's rat lent diameter of a group of barsDesign of Reinforced Concrete Beams 43 2a ANALYSIS OF BEAMS, 2.1.1 Effective spans ‘SK 2/2 Continuous beam SiC 2/3 Cantilever beam, SK 2/1 Simply supported beam, ‘Simply supported or encastré —_,= smaller of (I+ d) or fy Continuous k= ad Cantilever = 1+ 5 2 Where /, = centre-to-centre distance between supports ie = effective span = clear span or span to face of support d = effective depth of tension reinforcement, 2.1.2 Effective width of compression flange > Kp a! 71 5K 216 Etective with of Hk tly» ~ G Compson Tange Secrin = 8 & Simply supported beam akan, ‘Simply supported L-beam Continuous or encasteé Teams 6 = = 4 p, Continuous or encastré L-beams44 Reinforced Concrete where 5 = effective width of compression flange by = average width of web. Note: Use actual if it is less than the calculated using the above formulae. ‘A typical example may be a precast T-beam. 2.1.3 Moment of inertia Method 1 Gross concrete section only Find moment of inertia of gross concrete section ~ see Table 11.2. Method 2. Uneracked transformed concrete If reinforcement quantities are known, find moment of inertia of trans- formed concrete section using Table 11.2. Method 3 Average of gross concrete section and cracked section ‘SK 2/5 Doubly reinforced beam. 108 (San + us) c Where [= moment of inertia of rectangular concrete section b = width of rectangular conerete section +h = overall depth of rectangular concrete section F = factor — see Fig. 11.1 for values of F. 4 = 10 42 Pe ed where A, = area of tensile reinforcement d = effective depth to tensile reinforcement. A bd pt = 100 rea of compressive reinforcement.Design of Reinforced Conerete Beams 45 5 E ‘The graphs in Fig. 11.1 have been drawn for p' = 0 and p = p’. Intermediate values may be interpolated, ‘m = modular ratio Note: The preferred method is Method 3 for rectangular sections. Where reinforce- ‘ment quantities are not known, an assumption may be made of the per- centage of reinforcement. ‘T-beams and L-beams in a frame or continuous beam structure should be treated as rectangular beams for the purpose of determining moment of inertia. The width of the beam will be taken equal (0 by. 2.14 Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement steet £, = 20kN/mm? Modulus of elasticity of concrete, £., for short-term and long-term loadings is given in Table 2.1 ‘Table 2.1 Modulus of elasticity of concrete: short-term and long-term loading. Be Short-term loading, E, Long-term loading, E. (Nim?) (kim?) (Nim?) 20 4 2 25 25 2s 30 ey B 0 cy 4 30 30 1s 0 32 16 ‘Note: Wind load is short-term loading and dead load is long-term loading 2.1.5 Torsional stiffness For a rectangular section the torsional stiffness, C, is given by C= Chinihmax ‘coefficient from Table 2.2 ‘maximum overall dimension of rectangular section ‘minimum overall dimension of rectangular section. where ¢ Poa sin46 Reinforced Concrete bao bie i bain Train i SK 216 Componsat rectangles of « Lae | Beam to fd Corso tiie ‘The torsional stiffness of a non-rectangular section may be obtained by dividing the section into a series of rectangles and summing the torsional stiffness of these rectangles. Table 2.2 Values of coefficient e. 1 ois 2 3 5 wo « 0.14 020 023 026 0.29031 ‘The coefficient ¢ is given by the following formula: BD 2.1.6 Shear modulus Note: Shear modulus, G, is given by GE + w= 0428, for concrete where = Poisson's rati In normal slab and beam or framed construction, torsional rigidity of RC beams may be ignored in the analysis and the torsional stiffness may be given a very small value in the computer analysis. Torsional rigidity becomes important only where torsion is relied on to carry the load, as in curved beams.of Reinforced Concrete Beams 47 OT se Merreg Beas 7 2.1.7 Poisson’s ratio Poisson's ratio for concrete = 0.2 2.1.8 Shear area Note: 2.1.9 Thermal strain Shear area of concrete = 0.84, Where A.= gross cross-sectional area of concrete. ‘The shear area of concrete is entered as input to some computer programs when the analysis is required to take into account the deformations due to shear. ‘The coefficients of thermal expansion are given in Table 2.3 for different Uypes of aggregate used. ‘Table 2.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion, Aggregate type Coefficient (x 10-%e) Flint, Quartzite 2 Granite, Basak 0 Limestone 8 Note: Normally for ultimate limit state no specific calculations are necessary for thermal loads. Thermal calculations should be produced for structures in ‘contact with hot gases or liquid. 2.2, LOAD COMBINATIONS 2.2.1 General rules Note: ‘The following load combinations and partial load factors should be used in carrying out the analysis of beams: Le: Ly: Ley: Lee LCs 14 DL +16 LL +14 EP + 1.4 WP 1.0 DL +14 EP + 1.4 WP 1.4 DL + 1.4 WL + 14 BP + 1.4 WP 1.0 DL +14 WL +14 BP + 14 WP 1.2 DL +12 LL +12 WL +12 EP + 1.2 WP Load combinations LC; and LC, should be considered when the effects of dead load and live load are beneficial