VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

CARNOT REFRIGERATION CYCLE

The Carnot cycle refrigeration performs the reverse effect of the heat engine because it transfers
energy from a low level of temperature to a high level of temperature. The refrigeration cycle
requires the addition of external work for its operation. The diagram of the equipment and the
temperature entropy diagram of the refrigeration cycle.

The process which constitute the cycle are:

1-2 Adiabatic compression.

2-3 Isothermal rejection of heat.

3-4 Adiabatic expansion.

4-1 Isothermal addition of heat.

All the process in the Carnot cycle are thermodynamically reversible .Process 1-2 and 3-4
isentropic.

The withdrawal of heat from low temperature source in process 4-1is the refrigeration step and is
the entire purpose of the cycle. All the other processes in the cycle function so that the low
temperature energy can be discharged to some convenient high temperature sink.

VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE

The vapour compression cycle is the most widely used refrigeration cycle in practice. In this
cycle vapour is compressed, then condensed to a liquid, following which the pressure so that
fluid can evaporate at low pressure.

The standard vapour compression cycle is shown in temperature enthalpy diagram.

The process constituting the standard vapour compression cycle are:

1-2 Reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated vapour to condenser pressure.

2-3 Reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure, causing de-superheating and condensation
of refrigerants;

3-4 Irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from saturated liquid to the evaporated pressure;

4-1 Reversible addition of heat at constant pressure causing evaporation to saturated vapour.

PERFORMANCE OF THE STANDARD VAPOUR COMPRESSION

CYCLE

With the help of pressure-enthalpy diagram, the significant quantities of the standard vapour
compression cycle will be determined. These quantities are the work of compression, heat
rejection rate, refrigerating effect, COP, volume rate of flow per KW of refrigeration and power
per KW of refrigeration.

The work of compression in KJ per kg is the changes in enthalpy in process 1-2 of (H1-H2).The
difference in enthalpy is a negative quantity, indicating the work is done on the system. The heat
rejection in KJ/kg is the heat transferred from the refrigerants in process 2-3,which is (H3-
H2).The value of H3-H2 is negative, indicating that the heat is transferred from the refrigerant
.The value of the heat rejection used in sizing the condenser and calculating the required flow
quantities of the condenser cooling fluid.

The refrigerants effect in KJ/kg is the heat transferred in process 4-1, or H1-H4 .

The COP of the standard VCRS is the refrigerating effect is divided by the work of the
compression:

COP=(H1 -H4 )/(H2 -H1 )

The volume flow rate in m3 /s is computed at the compression inlet or state point 1, the volume
flow rate is the rough indication of physical size of the compressor. The power per KW of
refrigerant is the inverse of the COP, and efficient refrigeration system has low value of power
per KW of refrigeration but high COP.

ACTUAL VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE

The actual vapour compression cycle suffer from insufficiencies compared with the standard
cycle. There are also other changes from standard cycle, which may be intentional or
unavoidable.

The essential difference between actual and standard cycle appear in pressure drops condenser
and evaporator, in the sub cooling of liquid leaving the condenser, and in the superheating of
evaporator leaving the evaporator .The standard cycle assumes no drop in pressure in condenser
and evaporator. Because of friction, however, the pressure of the refrigerants drops in actual
cycle. The results of these drops in pressure are that compression process between 1-2 require
more work than the standard cycle. Sub cooling of the liquid in the condenser is a normal
occurrence and serves the desirable functions of insuring that hundred percent liquid enter the
expansion valve. Superheating of the vapour usually occur in the evaporator and is recommended
as a precautions against droplet of liquid being carried over in the compressor. The final
difference in actual cycle is that the compression is no longer isentropic and there are
inefficiencies due to friction and other losses.
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work titled “DESIGN OF CAPILLARY TUBE FOR AN AIR
CONDITIONER” submitted by Nikita Mishra (07119030), Sourabh Das (07119049), Tushar Raj
(07119052) , Vikram Kumar Yadav (07119055), Ramlesh students of B Tech final year of
Mechanical Engineering during the academic year 2010-11 in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology ,Raipur is a presentation of
work done by them. This certification does not necessarily endorse or accept any statement
made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn as recorded in the report. However , it only
signifies the acceptance of the report for the purpose for which it is submitted.

APPROVED BY: Under The Guidance of:

Dr. S.Sanyal Mr R.Salhotra

H.O.D Reader,
Deptt. Of Mechanical Engineering, Deptt. Of Mechanical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, National Institue of Technology,
Raipur Raipur
 Acknowledgement

We would like to extend our profound gratitude to our guide, Mr. R.SALHOTRA for his
kind help during initial stages of our work. We are deeply indebted to him for his valuable
guidance, suggestions and constant encouragements throughout the work. It is our pleasure to
acknowledge the cooperation given by other staff members of Mechanical Engineering
Department.

No work can be completed without the encouragement of family members and friends.
We thank them all for always being there for us. We thank all people involve directly or
indirectly in completion of work.