Compressed gases

Oxygen displacement

Fires, explosion

Ex. Cryogenic and refrigerated liquids

Extreme cold

Extreme pressure

Asphyxiation

Fire or explosion

Hazards of Hazardous Materials

Extremely flammable

Contains gas under pressure, may explode if heated

May cause frostbite

May form explosive mixtures In the air

Anhyrdrous Ammonia

Flammable

Contains gas under pressure

May explode if heated

Toci if inhaled

Corrosive to respiratory tract

Heirarchy of Control

1. PPE – protect worker with Personal Protective Equipment; least

effective
2. Administrative Controls – change the way people work
3. Engineering Controls – isolate people from the hazard
4. Substitution – replace the hazard
5. Elimination – physically remove the hazard; most effective

Exposure to Hazardous Materials

1. Inhalataion – primary route of entry of hazardous chemicals

 2. Ingestion – can be swallowed and enter throu gastrointestinal
tract
3. Absorption – enters through the skin
4. Injection – sharp object punctures the skin, allowing a chemical
or infectious agent to enter your body

PHARMACOKINETICS

- What the body does to the drug

- Study of the disposition of the drug
- Absorption (how will it get in), Distribution (where will it go),
Metabolism (how is it broken down), Excretion, Toxicity (ADME)

Aim of Drug Therapy

1. To prevent, cure or control various disease states

2. Adequate drug doses must be delivered to target tissues
3. So therapeutic yet NON-toxic levels are obtained

Too much of a drug will result into toxic effects and too little will
not result into desired therapeutic effects

Routes of drug

1. Enteral
- Oral (most common route, most variable, most complicated,
cheapest, non-invasive)
- Sublingual (under the tongue; allows drug to diffuse in the
capillaries & therefore to enter systematic circulation;
ADVANTAGE: bypasses intestine and liver; avoids 1st pass
metabolism)
- Rectal (useful if drug induces vomiting if given orally or
if the patient is already vomiting; prevents destruction of
the drug by intestinal enzymes or by the low pH in the
stomach; commonly used to administer anti-emetic agents)
2. Parenteral
- IV/Intravascular
- SC/Subcutaneous
- IM/Intramuscular
- FAST:15-30 seconds for IV, 3-5 mins for IM and SC
- 100% availability
- Suitable for drugs not absorbed by the gut or those that
are too irritant
- IV can deliver: morphine: for patient in continuous pain;
saline: for people needing fluids
DISADVANTAGES:
 - More risk of addiction when it comes to injecting drugs of
abuse
- Belonephobia, the fear of needles and injection
- Most dangerous route of administration
- If needles are shared, there is risk of HIV and other
infectious diseases
Uses:
- Used for drugs which are poorly absorbed by GIT
- Unstable drugs
- For unconscious patients
- Circumstances that require rapid onset of actions
- Provide most control over actual dose delivered to the body

Others:

1. Inhalation
a. Rapid delivery of drugs across large surface area of the
mucus membrane of the respiratory and pulmonary epithelium
b. 7-10 s for the drug to reach the brain
c. As rapid as IV
d. More addictive
e. Difficulties in regulating exact amount of dosage
2. Intranasal
a. Liquids sprayed on the nose when we have clogged nose and
sinusitis
3. Intraventricular; inthrathecal
- Introduced unto cerebrospinal fluid
4. Topical
a. Used when local effect of drug is required
5. Transdermal
a. Achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the
skin

How does medicine affect body

Digestive system: tablet starts disintegrating; To small intestine

then into blood vessels; goes to

Bioaccumulation

- Biological sequestering of a substance at a higher

concentration
- A process by which chemicals are taken up by organisms
either directy from exposure
- Net result of the interaction of UPTAKE, STORGAE AND
ELIMINATION
 - Uptake: passing of chemicals from environment into
organism’s cells
- Storage: storing process of harmful chemicals in organisms
- Elimination:
- compounds that are highly water soluble do not usually
bioaccumulate in an organism’s cells

Types

1. Organismal
- Compounds present in organisms’ environment may concentrate
in body over time
2. Trophic transfer
- Accumulated substance transfer from one trophic level to
another
- Higher trophic level, higher concentration of pollutants
3. Soil Accumulation

Rate of accumulation

- Measured in parts per million

- DDT:

Biomagnification:

- Results in the accumulation of a chemical in an organism at

higher levels that are found in its food
- Chemical concentration goes up as it goes higher in the
food chain

Criteria for Roleplaying:

10 pts. Source,

10 pts. remedy,

10 pts. elimination

5 pts. Teamwork

5 pts. creativity